专业英语chapter8

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管理学专业英语第四版下Unit 8 Total Knowledge Management

Close off alternative interpretation of
risk

Bounded rationality
Limited use
The problems of tacit knowledge
❖ A risk is 'the odds' that a hazard will have some impact---it is a virtual entity, and one that is dynamic and transient.
❖ Creating a common perception is not at all desirable, since this would significantly reduce the group's capacity to effectively assess hazards through bringing together diverse opinions

text(2): Barriers to Effective Risk Manangement in Knowledge Management
❖Culture and trust ❖Expert versus non-expert perceptions
of risk ❖The language of risk ❖The management of information ❖Risk is in the eye of its beholders:
diving through manuals and web sites, newspapers and books, and diving through the experience and knowledge of those around us.

工业工程专业英语PPT(共39页)

Unit 1 Quality Standards and Quality Control
7. Statistic Quality Control 8. Definition of Six Sigma Methodology 9. Key Elements of Six Sigma Methodology 10. Six Sigma in Business 11. Six Sigma in Engineering 12. Quality Control Tools
Unit 1 Quality Standards and Quality Control
1. Definitions of Quality 2. Quality in Manufacturing 3. Quality in Service 4. ISO 9000 Series Standards 5. Rules of Certification to QMS 6. Steps of Certification to QMS
trivial：琐碎的
template：模型
workshop:车间、研讨会
seminar:研讨班
demonstrate：示范、说明
preliminary：预备的、初级的
reproach：责备、谴责
forcible：强制的、有说服力的
statistic：统计的
six sigma methodology: 6δ法
Chapter 8 Quality Management
Unit 1 Quality Standards and Quality Control
Unit 2 Quality Management and Quality Cost

专业英语LESSON8

Cash control
cash
• • • • • Paper money Coins Checks Money orders Bank deposits
fang
Check (cheque)
• A check is a instrument instructing a financial institution to pay a specific amount of a specific currency from a specified demand account held in the maker/depositor's name with that institution. Both the maker and payee may be natural persons or legal entities.
• Bad check/bounced check/rubber check/dishonoured check
Postdated check—远期支票
• A check delivered now with a written date in the future, so that it can not be cashed until that date. The danger to the recipient is that such a check is legally only a promissory note due at the later date, and if the account is closed or short when the check is presented at the bank, the payee has no rights to demand payment by the bank or claim that the delivery of a bad check was criminal.

心理学专业英语PPT-Chapter 8 Self and Personality

• The terminology of r/K-selection was coined by the ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson in 1967 based on their work on island biogeography; although the concept of the evolution of life history strategies has a longer history (see e.g. plant strategies).
Color is related to effect size,with lighter color signifying a larger effect,and darker color signifying a smaller effect. PFC=prefrontal cortex.
Reading 3: The dark triad traits from a Life History Perspective in six countries
• ___1. I consider how things might be in the future, and try to influence those things with my day to day behavior.
• ___2. Often I engage in a particular behavior in order to achieve outcomes that may not result for many years.
future outcomes.
Sample items
• End, thank you!

物流专业英语Chapter 8 Physical Distribution

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8.3 SCOPE OF DISTRIBUTION ACTIVITIES 8.3.1 Order Processing Order processing is strictly related to inform ation flows in the logistics system and includes a number of operations. Customers may have to re quest the products by filling out an order form. Th ese orders are transmitted and checked.
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8.1 FUNCTION OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Physical distribution is to support market and provides the means to deliver the outputs of large -scale production. The primary role of physical dis tribution is to support the activities associated wit h production and marketing.
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As to the functions, traditional warehouses pr ovide few value-added services, while distribution centers emphasize assembly, package and other distribution processing activities. Again, traditional warehouses center on minimizing the operating c ost to meet shipping requirements, while distributi on centers focus on maximizing the profit margin of meeting customer delivery requirement.

计算机专业英语(2008影印版)课后习题答案(包括crossword_puzzle的句子翻译)

Computing Essentials 2008课后练习题答案详解Chapter 1: Information Technology, The Internet, and Y ouCrossword Puzzle Answers: (p22)Across1 、The most essential part of an information system. People信息系统最基本的部分。

人7 、Coordinates computer resources. Operating System协调计算机资源。

操作系统10 、Modifies signals for processing. Modem修改信号以便处理。

调制解调器12 、Data that has been processed by the computer. Information计算机处理过的数据。

信息13 、Unprocessed facts. Data没处理过的事实。

数据14 、Notebook computer that accepts handwritten input.. Tablet PC可以用手写输入的笔记本电脑。

平板电脑DownNum. Clue Answer2 、Uses computers to become more productive. End User使用电脑变得更有效率。

终端用户3 、Rules or guidelines to follow when using software, hardware, and data. Procedures使用软件，硬件和数据时遵循的规则或指引。

指令说明书4 、Created by word processors. Document Files文字处理创建出来的。

文档文件5 、Specialized programs that allow input and output devices to communicate. Device Drivers 允许输入和输出设备通信的专业程序。

信息技术专业英语-第8章

一台受感染的计算机会使整个网络非常脆弱因此杀毒软件必须快速有效地隔离受感染的文件甚至是隔离受感染的计算机这是最坏的情况了
信息技术专业英语
第八章
English for Information Technology
Chapter 8.rk and Computer Security 1. Lead in 2. Passage A (Text, Words and Phrases, Notes, Chinese Version) 3. Exercises (Exercise 1, Exercise 2, Exercise 3, Exercise 4, Exercise5, Exercise6)
A white hat hacker：A white hat hacker is a computer security specialist who breaks into protected systems and networks to test and check their security. White hat hackers use their skills to improve security by exposing vulnerabilities before malicious hackers (known as black hat hackers) can detect and exploit them.
Network and Computer Security A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In socalled bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh.

材料工程专业英语8失效Failure

small cavities- microvoids
微孔
jeopardy －peril or danger
elliptical crack 椭圆形裂纹
Dimples 韧窝 Chevron 人字形 Ridgelike 山脊状 Patterns 花样
Key knowledge points:
INTRODUCTION The failure of engineering materials is almost always an undesirable event for several reasons; these human lives that are put in jeopardy (Risk of loss or injury; peril or danger), economic losses, and the interference with the availability of products and services. Even though the causes of failure and the behavior of materials may be known, prevention of failure is difficult to guarantee.
(e) Final shear fracture at a 45°angle relative to the tensile direction.
材料工程专业英语
Chapter 8 Failure
What is the real nature for the different appearance of fracture section?
Why study failure?

《会计专业英语》Chapter 8 Financial Statements

• (1) evaluate the past performance of the company, • (2) predict future performance, and • (3) assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows.
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8.1.2 Income Statement
1. The Purpose of an Income Statement ➢ An Income Statement is a financial statement that summarizes the
profitability of a business entity for a specified period of time. ➢ Tlp users of financial statements:
➢ Information in the Income Statement not only helps users evaluate past performance, but also provides insights into the likelihood of achieving a particular level of cash flows in the future.
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2. The Elements of an Income Statement
➢ The Income Statement classifies amounts into gross profit on sales, income from operations, income before taxes, and net income.

精品课件-机械专业英语-第8章

Unit 8 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
Unit 8
Unit 8
angular misalignment able to +动词原形 axial thrust thrust type of bearing take care of self-aligning ball bearing double-row radial bearing
(5) Assemble a shaft
(6) Relative velocities of ball and groove
Unit 8
3．Place a“T”after sentences that are true and an“F”after those that are false.
(1) A bearing is a connecter that permits the connected members to either rotate or translate relative to one another but prevents them from separating in the direction in which loads are applied.( )
Unit 8
Mr. Zhang: Is deep-groove ball bearing the most widely used type of radial bearing? Mr. Cheng: Yes. It is. Mr. Zhang: And why? Mr. Cheng: Because although deep-groove ball bearings are designed to carry a radial load, they perform well under a combined radial and thrust load. Mr. Zhang: You are very kind of you. Mr. Cheng: Don’t mention it.

汽车专业英语第八章

UNIT8发动机产生的动力来驱动车辆。

驱动线或传动系的发动机的动力传递到车轮上。

的传动系包括从后面的部分的惯性轮的车轮。

这些部件包括离合器，变速器，传动轴，和端子的驱动总成其中包括飞轮，离合器片，压盘，弹簧，压盘离合器盖和必要的联动操作的离合器的发动机和传输??图8-2??的之间的旋转机构。

它通过摩擦来自各部分之间的联系。

这就是之所以被称为离合器的摩擦机构。

在离合器接合之后，必须继续发送所有的发动机扭矩传输根据不产生滑动摩擦。

的离合器也被用来在发送时，齿轮传动系脱开发动机正在转移从一个齿轮比到另一个。

要启动发动机或转向齿轮，驾驶员踩下离合器踏板上，脱离接触从发动机传输的目的。

在那个时候，连接到变速器输入轴的从动部件是静止或旋转的速度是慢或快于连接到发动机的曲轴的驱动部件。

有没有离合器总成部件上的弹簧压力。

所以没有摩擦的驱动部件和从动部件之间。

由于司机让松离合器踏板，弹簧压力增加离合器部件。

部件之间的摩擦也增大。

在从动件由弹簧施加的压力来控制由驱动器通过离合器踏板和连杆。

主动和从动构件的阳性啮合的摩擦表面之间的成员成为可能。

或弹簧压力被施加时，主动和从动构件的速度应是相同的。

此刻，离合器必须作为固耦合装置和传输所有发动机的动力传输，不会滑倒。

然而，传输应该从事发动机逐渐以车顺利运行，并尽量减少驱动器上的火车，因为发动机怠速开发小功率的扭转冲击。

否则，该驱动件与从动部件连接太快，发动机将停滞飞轮离合器的一个主要部分。

所述飞轮安装在发动机的曲轴，发动机扭矩传输到离合器组件。

飞轮，加上离合器圆盘和压力板时，从发动机到变速器的动力流的建立和中断。

所述飞轮离合器总成的安装位置。

当离合器被施加时，飞轮发动机扭矩传递给离合器圆盘。

由于它的重量，所述飞轮有助于平滑发动机运转。

也有一个大飞轮齿圈的外边缘，其中从事发动机起动时起动马达小齿轮。

适合飞轮和压盘之间的离合器圆盘。

离合器圆盘有一个花键轮毂装在变速器输入轴花键上。

chapter8-大数据专业英语教程-朱丹-清华大学出版社

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An Improved Customer Experience
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As with any organization, also the 360-degrees customer view is important for the gaming industry. Fortunately, gamers leave a massive data trail when they play a game. Whether it is an online social game connected via Facebook, a game played on an offline PlayStation or a multi-player game via the Xbox, a lot of data is created in different formats when gamers start playing. They create massive data streams about everything they do within a game. How they interact, how long they play, when they play, with whom, how much they spend on virtual products, with whom they chat etc. If the gaming profile is linked to social networks or a gamer is asked to enter demographical data the information can be enriched with what the gamer likes in real life and gaming companies can adapt the game in real life to the profile of the gamer. 返回章重点退出

《会计专业英语》习题答案人大版Chapter 8

Chapter 8 Financial Statements and Financial Statement AnalysisMultiple Choice Questions1. A2. C3. B4. B5. D6. C7. B8. D9. A 10. B 11. A 12. C 13.D 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. B 20. DDiscussion Questions1. Is the measurement of net income absolutely accurate? Why or why not?The measurement of net income is not absolutely accurate due to the assumptions and estimates in the accounting process. An Income Statement has certain limitations. For example, the amounts shown for depreciation expense are based upon estimates of the useful lives of the company’s tool, equipment, and building. In addition, the Income Statement includes only those events that have been evidenced by actual business transactions. Perhaps during the year, the company’s advertising has caught the attention of many potential customers, who may be the sources of future income. However, the Income Statement cannot reflect the unrealized revenue. Only after the real transactions take place, can the sales revenues be recognized.2. What are the three types of business activities? Give examples of each type of activity.The three types of business activities include operating, investing, and financing activities. Operating activities include the cash effects of transactions that create revenues and expenses in normal course of business. This category is the most important. It shows the cash provided by company operations, which is generally considered to be the best measure of a company’s ability to generate sufficient cash to continue as a going concern. They include sales of goods and services, payments to supplies of merchandise and services.Investing activities include the cash effects of transactions involving plant assets, intangible assets, and investments. They include purchase of property, plant, andequipment, investments in debt or equity securities of other entities.Financing activities involve liability and owners’ equity items. They include: (1) obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on their investments, and (2) borrowing money from creditors and repaying the amounts borrowed.3. What types of information are presented in the notes to the financial statements?A set of financial statements is normally accompanied by several notes. Notes to the financial statements are the means of explaining the items presented in the main body of financial statements. Notes disclose information useful in interpreting the statements and are an integral part of the financial statements.Many items are disclosed in notes accompanying the financial statements. Among the most useful are the followings:(1) Accounting policies and methods;(2) Unused lines of credit;(3) Significant commitments and loss contingencies;(4) Dividends in arrears;(5) Assets pledged to secure specific liabilities;(6) Changes in accounting policies and methods.4. Distinguish between trend change analysis and component percentage analysis. Which will be better suited for analyzing the changes in sales over several years?Trend changes are the changes in financial statement items from a base year to the following or preceding years. To compute trend change, a base year is firstly selected and each item in the financial statements for the base year is given a weight of 100 percent. Then, each item in the financial statements for the following or preceding years is expressed as a percentage of the base-year amount.Component percentage analysis is the proportional expression of each financial statement item in a given period to a base amount within the financial statement.Trend change analysis is better for analyzing the changes in sales over several years.5. Explain the ratios used to evaluate profitability. Explain briefly how each is computed.Profitability ratios measure the degree of success or failure of a company in a given year. Usually the key ratios include gross profit ratio, profit margin on sales, return on assets, return on equity, earnings per share, price-earnings ratio, and payout ratio.(1) Gross profit ratio.Gross profit ratio is computed by dividing gross profit by net sales. Gross profit (also known as gross margin) is the difference between net sales and the cost of goods sold.Gross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods soldGross profit ratio = Gross profitNet sales(2) Profit margin on sales.Profit margin on sales is computed as dividing net income by net sales. Net income is the difference between net sales and all expenses (including cost of goods sold). A company can improve its profit margin on sales by increasing its gross profit rate and/or by controlling its operating expense and other expenses.Profit margin on sales = Net incomeNet sales(3) Return on assets (ROA).ROA is computed by dividing net income by average total assets. Average total assets are computed by adding the beginning and ending values of total assets and dividing the total by two.ROA = Net incomeAverage total assets(4) Return on common owners equity (ROE).ROE equals net income less preferred dividends, divided by average common owners’ equity. Average common owners’ equity is computed by adding the beginning and ending values of total common owners’ equity and dividing the total by two.ROE = Net income-PreferreddividendsAverage common owners’ equity(5) Earnings per share (EPS).EPS equals net income less preferred dividends, divided by weighted-average number of shares outstanding in the same year. The weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the year is determined by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the fraction of the year in which the number of shares outstanding remained unchanged.EPS = Net income-PreferreddividendsWeighted-average number ofshares outstanding(6) Price-earnings ratio (P/E ratio).P/E ratio is computed by dividing the current market price per share of a company’s stock by its annual EPS.P/E ratio = Stock price pershareEarning pershare(7) Payout ratio.Payout ratio equals cash dividends paid to common stockholders divided by net income (less preferred dividends).Payout ratio = Cash dividendsNet income -Preferreddividends6. Why might earnings per share be more significant to a stockholder in a large corporation than the total amount of net income?Earnings per share shows the dollars earned by each share of common stock. EPS equals net income less preferred dividends, divided by weighted-average number of shares outstanding in the same year. That is, a stockholder can know the net income he earns on the share of common stocks he owns.However, based on the total amount of net income, a stockholder cannot know how much he earns from his shares.7. Company C has a current ratio of 3 to pany D has a current ratio of 2 to 1. Does this mean that company C’s operating cycle is longer than company D’s? Why or why not?No, this does not mean that company C’s operating cycle is longer than company D’s. A company’s operating cycle is calculated as”Operating cycle=days to collect accounts receivable + days to sell inventoryDays to collect accounts receivable = 365Accounts receivable turnover rateDays to sell inventory = 365Inventory turnover rateAlthough Company C has a higher current ratio, we cannot calculate days to Days to collect accounts receivable and Days to sell inventory based on the information.8. Which ratio or ratios do you think should be of the greatest interest to:(1) A bank contemplating a short-term loan?A bank contemplating a short-term loan should be interested in such financial ratios as working capital, current ratio, quick ratio, and current cash debt coverage ratios.(2) An investor in common stock?An investor in common stock should be interested in such financial ratio as gross profit ratio, profit margin on sales, return on assets, return on equity, return on investment, earnings per share, price-earnings ratio, and payout ratio.9. Mr. Wang, the chief marketing officer, wants to reduce the selling price of his company’s products by 10% to increase market share. He says, “I know this will reduce our gross profit rate, but the increased number of units sold will make up for the lost margin.” Before this action is taken, what other factors does the company need to consider?Gross profit rate = Gross profitNet salesGross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods soldFrom the above, we know that gross profit rate is determined both by net sales and cost of goods sold. Reducing the net sales does not always lead to a reduced gross profit rate. If cost of goods sold greatly reduces, it is possible that gross profit ratio increases. If cost of goods sold increases, it is possible that the increased number of units sold will not make up for the lost margin. Therefore, before this action is taken, the company needs to consider cost of goods sold of his company’s products.10. Mr. Gao, the chief executive officer (CEO), is puzzled. During last year,his company experienced a net loss of $960,000, yet its cash increased by $540,000in the same year. Explain to the CEO how this could occur.Profit is the difference between revenues and expenses for a specified period oftime. If expenses are greater than revenues, the difference is net loss. Net income/netloss is measured on an accrual basis, while cash flows are measured on a cash basis.Under accrual basis of accounting, companies report revenue when earned, even if cashhas not been received, and they report expenses when incurred, even if cash has notbeen paid. As a result, net income/net loss is not the same as net cash.In this case, the net loss of $960,000 is the result of revenues minus expensesduring last year. It is measured on an accrual basis. However, the increased cash of $540,000 is the net cash from operating, investing, and financing activities during lastyear. It is measured on a cash basis. So, it is not strange that his company experienceda net loss of $960,000, and its cash increased by $540,000 in the same year.ProblemsProblem 8-1A condensed balance sheet for Company E prepared at the end of the year is as follows:AssetsCash $ 90,000Accounts receivable 168,000 Accounts payable 85,000 Inventory 350,000 Long-term liabilities 300,000 Prepaid expenses 75,000 Capital stock ($3 par) 330,000 Plant and equipment (net) 520,000 Retained earnings 563,000 Other assets 105,000Total $1,308,000 Total $1,308,000During the year the company earned a gross profit of $1,550,000 on sales of$3,200,000. Accounts receivables, inventory, and plant assets remained almost constantin amount through the year, so year-end figures may be used rather than the average.This company issued no preferred stocks. (红字标黄色是更正信息)RequiredCompute the following: (Carry to two decimal places)(1) Current ratioCurrent assets = cash + accounts receivable + inventory + prepaid expenses = $90,000+$168,000+$350,000+$75,000= $683,000Current liabilities = notes payable + accounts payable= $30,000 + $85,000= $115,000Current ratio = Current assets Current liabilities = $683,000$115,000 = 5.94(2) Quick ratioQuick assets = cash + accounts receivable= $90,000 + $168,000= $258,000Current liabilities = notes payable + accounts payable= $30,000 + $85,000= $115,000Quick ratio = Quick assets Current liabilities = $258,000$115,000 = 2.24(3) Working capitalCurrent assets = cash + accounts receivable + inventory + prepaid expenses = $90,000 + $168,000 + $350,000 + $75,000= $683,000Current liabilities = notes payable + accounts payable= $30,000 + $85,000= $115,000Working capital = current assets - current liabilities= $683,000 - $115,000= $568,000(4) Debt ratioTotal assets = $1,308,000Total liabilities = notes payable + accounts payable + long-term liabilities = $30,000 + $85,000 + $300,000= $415,000Debt ratio = Total liabilitiesTotal assets = $415,000$1,308,000= 31.72%(5) Accounts receivable turnover (all sales were on credit) Net sales = $3,200,000Average accounts receivable = $168,000Accounts receivable turnover rate = Net salesAverage (net) accounts receivable=$3,200,000$168,000=19.05 times per year(6) Inventory turnoverCost of goods sold = net sales – gross profit= $3,200,000 - $1,550,000= $1,650,000Average inventory = $350,000Inventory turnover rate = Cost of goods soldAverage (net) inventory= $1,650,000$350,000= 4.71 times per year(7) Profit margin on salesNet sales = $3,200,000Net income = retained earnings = $563,000Profit margin on sales = Net incomeNet sales = $563,000$3,200,000= 17.59%(8) Return on assetsNet income = retained earnings = $563,000 Average total assets = $1,308,000ROA = Net incomeAverage total assets = $563,000$1,308,000= 43.04%(9) Return on equity (this company issued no preferred stocks) Net income = retained earnings = $563,000Average common owners’ equity = capital stock + retained earnings= $330,000 + $563,000= $893,000ROE = Net income-Preferreddividends Average common owners’ equity = $563,000$893,000= 63.05%(10) Earnings per share (this company issued no preferred stocks)Net income = retained earnings = $563,000Weighted-average number of shares outstanding = $330,000/$3 = 110,000 sharesEPS = Net income-PreferreddividendsWeighted-average number ofshares outstanding =$563,000110,000= $5.12 per shareProblem 8-2The following selected data are from a recent annual report of company F. Dollar amounts are stated in millions.Beginning of the year End of the yearTotal current assets $9,230 $9,378Total current liabilities 4,836 5,902Total assets 31,125 33,561Total owners’ equity16,028 17,162Operating income 4,280Net income $3,735The company has long-term liabilities that bear interests at annual rate from 7 percent to 10 percent.Required1. Compute the company’s current ratio at: (1) the beginning of the year and, (2) the end of the year. (Carry to two decimal places)(1) Current ratio at the beginning of the yearTotal current assets = $9,230Total current liabilities = $4,836Current ratio = Current assetsCurrent liabilities = $9,230$4,836= 1.91(2) Current ratio at the end of the year Total current assets = $9,378Total current liabilities = $5,902Current ratio = Current assetsCurrent liabilities = $9,378$5,902= 1.592. Compute the company’s working capital at: (1) the beginning of the year and, (2) the end of the year. (Express dollar amounts in thousands)(1) Working capital at the beginning of the yearTotal current assets = $9,230Total current liabilities = $4,836Working capital = current assets - current liabilities= $9,230 - $4,836= $4,394(2) Working capital at the end of the yearTotal current assets = $9,378Total current liabilities = $5,902Working capital = current assets - current liabilities= $9,378 - $5,902= $3,4763. Is the company’s short-term, debt-paying ability improving or deteriorating? Company F’s short-term debt-paying ability has declined, as evidenced by its lower current ratio at the end of the year (1.59 vs. 1.91). The dollar amount of working capital has also decreased ($4,394 million to $3,476 million) which means that the company has a lesser ‘cushion’ between its currently-maturing obligations and its most liquid assets.4. Compute the company’s (1) return on average total assets and (2) return on average total owners’ equity. (Round the average assets and average equity to the nearest dollar and final computations to the nearest 1 percent)(1) Return on average total assetOperating income = $4,280Average total assets = ($31,125 + $33,561)/2 = $32,343ROA = Net incomeAverage total assets = $4,280$32,343= 13.23%(2) Return on average total owners’ equity Net income = $3,735Average owners’ equity = ($16,028 + $17,162)/2= $16,595ROE = Net income-Preferreddividends Average common owners’ equity = $3,735$16,595= 22.51%e. As an equity investor, do you think that company F’s management is utilizing the company’s resources in a reasonably efficient manner? Explain.Yes, company F’s management is using the company’s assets to generate a strong return on both assets (13.23%) and owners’ equity (22.51%), while maintaining strong liquidity with which to satisfy its obligations as they mature.Problem 8-3The following selected data for company M and company N for the year end are as follows:company M company NNet credit sales $1,600,000 $1,500,000Cost of goods sold 1,250,000 1,120,000Cash 175,000 89,000 Accounts receivable (net) 180,000 155,000 Inventory 72,000 218,000Current liabilities $210,000 $190,000Assume that the year-end balances shown for accounts receivable and for inventory also represent the average balances of these items throughout the year.Required1. For each of the two companies, compute the following:(1) Working capitalCompany M:Total current assets = cash + accounts receivable + inventory= $175,000 + $180,000 + $72,000= $427,000Total current liabilities = $210,000Working capital = current assets - current liabilities= $427,000 - $210,000= $217,000Company N:Total current assets = cash + accounts receivable + inventory= $89,000 + $155,000 + $218,000= $462,000Total current liabilities = $190,000Working capital = current assets - current liabilities= $462,000 - $190,000= $272,000(2) Current ratio Company M:Total current assets = $427,000 Total current liabilities = $210,000Current ratio = Current assetsCurrent liabilities = $427,000$210,000 = 2.03 Company N:Total current assets = $462,000 Total current liabilities = $190,000Current ratio = Current assetsCurrent liabilities = $462,000$190,000 = 2.43(3) Quick ratio Company M:Total quick assets = cash + accounts receivable= $175,000 + $180,000 = $355,000Total current liabilities = $210,000Quick ratio = Quick assetsCurrent liabilities = $355,000$210,000 = 1.69 Company N:Total quick assets = cash + accounts receivable= $89,000 + $155,000 = $244,000Total current liabilities = $190,000Quick ratio = Quick assetsCurrent liabilities = $244,000$190,000 = 1.28(4) Number of times inventory turned over during the year and the average number of days required to turn over inventory (round computation the nearestday)Company M:Cost of goods sold = $1,250,000 Average inventory = $72,000Inventory turnover rate = Cost of goods soldAverage (net) inventory = $1,250,000$72,000= 17.36 times per yearDays to sell inventory = 365Inventory turnover rate = 36517.36= 21 daysCompany N:Cost of goods sold = $1,120,000 Average inventory = $218,000Inventory turnover rate = Cost of goods soldAverage (net) inventory = $1,120,000$218,000= 5.14 times per yearDays to sell inventory = 365Inventory turnover rate = 3655.14= 71 days(5) Number of times accounts receivable turned over during the year and the average number of days required to collect account receivable (round computation the nearest day)Company M:Net credit sales = $1,600,000Average accounts receivable = $180,000Accounts receivable turnover rate = Net salesAverage (net) accounts receivable=$1,600,000$180,000=8.89 times per yearDays to collect accounts receivable = 365Accounts receivable turnover rate =3658.89= 41 daysCompany N:Net credit sales = $1,500,000Average accounts receivable = $155,000Accounts receivable turnover rate = Net salesAverage (net) accounts receivable=$1,500,000$155,000= 9.68 times per yearDays to collect accounts receivable = 365Accounts receivable turnover rate =3659.68= 38 days2. From the viewpoint of short-term creditor, comment on the quality of each company’s working capital. To which company would you prefer to sell $65,000 in merchandise on a 30-day open account?As Company M’s working capital ($217,000) is more than company N’s working capital ($272,000), from the viewpoint of short-term creditor, the quality of company N’s working capital is better than that of company M’s.I prefer to sell $65,000 in merchandise on a 30-day open account to company M,as company M spends less days (21 days) to sell inventory than company N (71 days).Problem 8-4The following data are selected from the financial statements of company G, a retail store:From the balance sheet:AssetsCash $46,000 Accounts receivable (net) 205,000 Inventory (at cost) 295,000 Plant & equipment (net of depreciation) 605,000 Current liabilities 210,000 Total owners’ equity600,000 Total assets 1,700,000 From the income statement:Net sales $3,000,000 Cost of goods sold 2,250,000 Operating expenses 525,000 Interest expense 85,000 Income tax expense 22,400 Net income 117,600 From the statement of cash flows:Net cash provided by operating activities $62,000 (including interest paid of $65,000) (68,000) Net cash used in investing activitiesFinancing activities:Amounts borrowed$52,000 Repayment of amounts borrowed (23,000) Dividends paid(21,000)Net cash provided by financing activities 8,000 Net increase in cash during the year$2,000Assume that the year-end balances shown for total assets and total owners’ equity also represent the average balances of these items throughout the year. This company issued no preferred shares. Required1. Explain how the interest expense shown in the income statement could be $85,000, when the interest payment appearing in the statement of cash flows is only $65,000.In the statement of cash flows, amounts are reported on a cash basis, whereas in the income statement, they are reported under the accrual basis. Apparently $20,000 of the interest expense incurred during the year had not been paid as of year-end. This amount should be included among the accrued expenses appearing as a current liability in the company’s balance sheet.2. Compute the following ratios/Dollar Amounts (round to one decimal place): (1) Current ratioTotal current assets = = cash + accounts receivable + inventory= $46,000 + $205,000 + $295,000 = $546,000Total current liabilities = $210,000Current ratio = Current assetsCurrent liabilities = $546,000$210,000 = 2.6(2) Working capitalTotal current assets = = cash + accounts receivable + inventory= $46,000 + $205,000 + $295,000= $546,000Total current liabilities = $210,000Working capital = Total current assets - Total current liabilities= $546,000 - $210,000= $336,000(3) Quick ratioTotal quick assets = = cash + accounts receivable= $46,000 + $205,000= $251,000Total current liabilities = $210,000Quick ratio = Quick assetsCurrent liabilities = $251,000$210,000= 1.2(4) Debt ratioTotal liabilities = total assets – total owners’ equity= $1,700,000 - $600,000= $1,100,000Total assets = $1,700,000Debt ratio = Total liabilitiesTotal assets = $1,100,000$1,700,000=64.7%(5) Times interest earnedIncome before income taxes and interest expense= net income + income taxes + interest expense= $117,600 + $22,400 + $85,000= $225,000Interest expense = $85,000Times interest earned = Income before income taxes and interestexpenseInterestexpense= $225,000$85,000= 2.6 times(6) Cash debt coverage ratioNet cash provided by operating activities = $62,000Average total liabilities = $1,100,000Cash debt coverage ratio = Net cashprovided by operating activitiesAverage total liabilities=$62,000$1,100,000= 0.06 times3. Comment on these measurements and evaluate Company G’s short-term debt-paying ability.By traditional measures, company G’s current ratio (2.6 to 1) and quick ratio (1.2 to 1) appear quite adequate. The company also generates a positive cash flow from operating activities ($62,000) which is about triple the amount of its dividend payments to stockholders ($21,000).4. Compute the following ratios:(1) Gross profit rateGross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold = $3,000,000 - $2,250,000 = $750,000 Net sales = $3,000,000Gross profit ratio = Gross profitNet sales = $750,000$3,000,000= 25%(2) Profit margin on sales Net income = $117,600 Net sales = $3,000,000Profit margin on sales = Net incomeNet sales = $117,600$3,000,000= 3.9%(3) Return on assetsNet income = $117,600 Average total assets = $1,700,000ROA = Net incomeAverage total assets = $117,600$1,700,000= =6.9%(4) Return on equityThis company issued no preferred shares. Net income = $117,600Average common owners’ equity = $600,000ROE = Net income-Preferreddividends Average common owners’ equity = $117,600$600,000= 19.6%(5) Payout ratioThis company issued no preferred shares. Net income = $117,600Cash dividends = $21,000Payout ratio = Cash dividendsNet income -Preferreddividends = $21,000$117,600= 17.9%5. Comment on Company G’s performance under these measurements.Company G’s profit margin on sales is 3.9%, indicating that one dollar of net sales results in net income of 3.9 cents. Investors and management can assess the company’s profitability by comparing its profit margin ratio with its competitors’ in the same industry. Profit margin on sales vary across industries. Retail stores generally experience lower profit margins.The 6.9% return on assets is not adequate by traditional standards to a retail store. However, the 19.6% return on equity is high. The problem arises because of company G’s relatively large interest expense, which is stated as $85,000 for the year.At year-end, company G has total liabilities of $1,100,000 ($1,700,000 total assets less $600,000 in owners’ equity). But $210,000 of these are current liabilities, most of which do not bear interest. Thus, company G has about $890,000 in interest-bearing debt.Interest expense of $85,000 on $890,000 of interest-bearing debt indicates an interest rate of approximately 9.55%. Obviously, it is not profitable to borrow moneyat 9.55%, and then reinvest these borrowed funds to earn a pretax return of only 6.9%. If company G cannot earn a return on assets that is higher than the cost of borrowing, it should not borrow money.Company G has a payout ratio of 17.9%, indicating that it has decided that it can and should pay 17.9% of its earnings to its owners. A higher percentage could mean that it has more cash than it has business opportunities to use that cash. A lower percentage could mean that it has very little cash to spare due to a declining business, or, very little cash to spare because it has many internal opportunities to invest that same cash.6. Discuss the safety of long-term creditors’ claims.Long-term creditors do not appear to have a high margin of safety. The debt ratio of 64.7% is high for American (or Chinese) industry. Also, debt is continuing to rise. During the current year, the company borrowed an additional $52,000, while repaying only $23,000 of existing liabilities. In the current year, interest payments alone ($65,000) was more than the net cash flow from operating activities ($62,000).A general rule of thumb is that a cash debt coverage ratio below 0.20 times is cause for additional examination. Company G’s cash debt coverage ratio is 0.06 times, below the 0.20 threshold, suggesting that the company is not solvent.。

专业学位硕士研究生英语教程unit 8

mit perform an act; give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause 提交;犯;使承担义务
E.g. 1) He would not commit himself in any way. 他不愿作任何承诺。 2) He committed a fatal mistake. 他犯了一个无可挽回的错误。 3) The man who had committed several rapes was arrested. 那个犯了多起强奸案的男人被抓起来了。 4) He was committed to the care of an aunt. 他被托付给一个姨妈照顾。
1. settle To put into order; to settle into a position；to bring to an end 安放；使定居；调停；解决
E.g. 1) She called in a mediator to settle the dispute. 她请了一位调停人来调解这次争执。 2) My ancestors settled in this country a hundred years ago. 我的先辈100年前到这个国家定居下来。 3) The question will be settled tonight. 这个问题将在今晚解决。 4) We‘ve settled that we‘ll stay here three days. 我们已经决定在这里住三天。
conversation with himself. He knows that the old man wanted to stay in the bar because it was clean and well-lighted, and that what the old man feared was not anything particular but rather a nothing. The old waiter emphasizes his own nihilism by reciting the Lord‘s Prayer, in which for certain words he substitutes the Spanish word for nothing--nada: ―Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name....‖ The story is difficult, not only because the dialogue is confusing and the plot minimal, but also because the philosophic idea that underlies the story is a complex existential one. The old waiter knows that nothingness--the sense that there is no God or external value in the world--is the only ultimate reality. The clean, well-lighted cafe is a little island of order in the midst of the nothingness of reality; such concrete actualities constitute the only meaning that remains.

专业型硕士研究生英语课文讲义unit 8

Paragraph 1
• There’s not a single false gesture in Frances Itani’s “Deafening.” Despite its subjects-war, romance, disability-it’s a story of careful, measured emotion, bleached of all sentimentality. The publisher has positioned the novel as a debut in America, but Canadians have been reading Itani for decades, and every page of this story betrays the hands of a mature writer.
• But “nothing will stop Grania,” Itani writes. “when she is alone she stands on tiptoe on the stoop at the back, behind the laundry, and she watches her reflected mouth in the narrow window. She takes a bite. She studies each word separately. She holds her voice as close to herself as she can. It is like pressing a pillow against her chest, the way the boy in the picture presses the book to his sailor suit.”