will与shall区别
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• The British traditionally use shall to express determination or intention on the part of the speaker or someone other than the subject of the verb.
• “One day you shall know my full story.” • This does seem to offer a different connotation than “One day you
The Idiomatic Shall
• It’s also possible to use shall in place of will if using will would be unidiomatic, for example, “I’ll just go buy some more milk then, shall I?” .
• The traditional rule is that shall is used with first person pronouns (i.e. I and we) to form the future tense,
• while will is used with second and third person forms (i.e. you, he, she, it, they).
• In general usage, though, you use must or should to express obligation: “You must pay your rent on time.” However, some sources say that even American lawyers may be moving away from shall because of its alleged ambiguity.
• The most common two places you’ll see shall in America are in legal documents and in lofty prose.
The Legal Shall
• Shall in a legal sense often indicates explicit obligation. If you’ve signed a lease lately, you’ve probably encountered a sentence like this: “This lease shall commence on January 1.”
will know my full story.” It makes the author sound more determined. However, using shall in this way isn't common in America.
Shall in America
• In America, will has replaced shall in all but a few cases. If you use shall in the British way during normal conversation, you might end up sounding pretentious or haughty.
• We’ll meet you outside the coffee shop. • (more common in speaking than We will meet you outside the coffee
shop)
• In England, it would be perfectly normal to say, “I shall have tea with my grandmother tomorrow.”
Shall with I and we
• We can use shall instead of will with I and we in statements. Its use is more formal:
• We shall never forget the holiday we had in Vietnam. • When we use shall I and shall we in questions, it is usually to make
• In America, that would sound odd. Americans would be more likely to have coffee and to say, “I will take my grandmother out for a latte tomorrow.”
Shall With Determination
Used in decisions and offers
• Will and shall are used to announce decisions and to make offers: • [a salesperson in a clothes shop is talking to a customer] • A: Which size do you want? Medium or large? • B: I’ll have large. (decision) • Wait. I’ll open the door for you. (offer) • Not: Wait. I open the door for you. • I shall contact you again when I have further information. (offer)
’ll: short forms of shall and will
• In speaking, shall and will are usually contracted to ’ll, especially after subject pronouns (I, we, you, they, she, he, it):
The Polite Shall
• Shall does have a couple of other legitimate uses in American English. You might hear it in a first-person question in which the speaker is being polite or offering an invitation: “Shall I take your coat, ma’am?” or using playful formality, as in “Shall we dance?”
• The bottom line is that will has replaced shall in almost all cases in American English.
Will and shall: used in predictions
We use will and shall to make predictions and to state facts about the future: There will be strong winds tomorrow in the south of the country. The year 2025 will be the four-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the university. We shall need an extra bedroom when the new baby arrives.
suggestions rather than to refer to future time: • It’s getting late. Shall we go home? • Shall I invite Louisa and Jill to the party?
Shall Is Still Used in Questions
• Shall is alive and well when it comes to questions posed in the first person (i.e., with I and we). For example:
• Shall I talk in a Scottish accent during the meeting? • What shall we talk about? • Was that the dog? Shall I open the window?
Байду номын сангаас"Shall" Versus "Will"
How British is it to use “shall”?
• Will and shall are modal verbs. • They are used with the base form of the main verb
They will go; I shall ask her. • Shall is only used for future time reference with I and we, and is more formal than will.
• “No American under 80 uses shall.” That's probably 99% true, unless you’re a lawyer or a regular citizen who is being extra polite or quoting the Bible.
The Lofty Shall
• Even if lawyers give up shall, great orators and authors will probably still use it to deliver uplifting prose. You’ll encounter shall in the Bible, and you’ve probably heard it in famous songs or speeches. “We shall overcome” comes to mind, as does the end of the Gettysburg Address: “…that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth” .
• “One day you shall know my full story.” • This does seem to offer a different connotation than “One day you
The Idiomatic Shall
• It’s also possible to use shall in place of will if using will would be unidiomatic, for example, “I’ll just go buy some more milk then, shall I?” .
• The traditional rule is that shall is used with first person pronouns (i.e. I and we) to form the future tense,
• while will is used with second and third person forms (i.e. you, he, she, it, they).
• In general usage, though, you use must or should to express obligation: “You must pay your rent on time.” However, some sources say that even American lawyers may be moving away from shall because of its alleged ambiguity.
• The most common two places you’ll see shall in America are in legal documents and in lofty prose.
The Legal Shall
• Shall in a legal sense often indicates explicit obligation. If you’ve signed a lease lately, you’ve probably encountered a sentence like this: “This lease shall commence on January 1.”
will know my full story.” It makes the author sound more determined. However, using shall in this way isn't common in America.
Shall in America
• In America, will has replaced shall in all but a few cases. If you use shall in the British way during normal conversation, you might end up sounding pretentious or haughty.
• We’ll meet you outside the coffee shop. • (more common in speaking than We will meet you outside the coffee
shop)
• In England, it would be perfectly normal to say, “I shall have tea with my grandmother tomorrow.”
Shall with I and we
• We can use shall instead of will with I and we in statements. Its use is more formal:
• We shall never forget the holiday we had in Vietnam. • When we use shall I and shall we in questions, it is usually to make
• In America, that would sound odd. Americans would be more likely to have coffee and to say, “I will take my grandmother out for a latte tomorrow.”
Shall With Determination
Used in decisions and offers
• Will and shall are used to announce decisions and to make offers: • [a salesperson in a clothes shop is talking to a customer] • A: Which size do you want? Medium or large? • B: I’ll have large. (decision) • Wait. I’ll open the door for you. (offer) • Not: Wait. I open the door for you. • I shall contact you again when I have further information. (offer)
’ll: short forms of shall and will
• In speaking, shall and will are usually contracted to ’ll, especially after subject pronouns (I, we, you, they, she, he, it):
The Polite Shall
• Shall does have a couple of other legitimate uses in American English. You might hear it in a first-person question in which the speaker is being polite or offering an invitation: “Shall I take your coat, ma’am?” or using playful formality, as in “Shall we dance?”
• The bottom line is that will has replaced shall in almost all cases in American English.
Will and shall: used in predictions
We use will and shall to make predictions and to state facts about the future: There will be strong winds tomorrow in the south of the country. The year 2025 will be the four-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the university. We shall need an extra bedroom when the new baby arrives.
suggestions rather than to refer to future time: • It’s getting late. Shall we go home? • Shall I invite Louisa and Jill to the party?
Shall Is Still Used in Questions
• Shall is alive and well when it comes to questions posed in the first person (i.e., with I and we). For example:
• Shall I talk in a Scottish accent during the meeting? • What shall we talk about? • Was that the dog? Shall I open the window?
Байду номын сангаас"Shall" Versus "Will"
How British is it to use “shall”?
• Will and shall are modal verbs. • They are used with the base form of the main verb
They will go; I shall ask her. • Shall is only used for future time reference with I and we, and is more formal than will.
• “No American under 80 uses shall.” That's probably 99% true, unless you’re a lawyer or a regular citizen who is being extra polite or quoting the Bible.
The Lofty Shall
• Even if lawyers give up shall, great orators and authors will probably still use it to deliver uplifting prose. You’ll encounter shall in the Bible, and you’ve probably heard it in famous songs or speeches. “We shall overcome” comes to mind, as does the end of the Gettysburg Address: “…that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth” .