英语语法句子成分分析和练习题
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如:They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) Time flies. (时光飞逝。)这两句话中分别由代词They ,名词Time 作主语。
主语的位置:一般位于句首,由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。
The school is far from here. 名词做主语
She goes to school by bike. 代词做主语
Eight is a lucky number. 数词做主语
The blind need more help. 名词化的形容词做主语
Predicting the future is interesting. 动名词做主语
To be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短语做主语
That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble. 他忘了告诉我开会的时间给我带来了很多麻烦。(从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)
英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词
谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成。
谓语必须由动词或动词短语充当,因此动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词,不能作谓语。且谓语动词可以体现时态,单复数的语法现象。
如:They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He enjoys singing songs.(他喜欢唱歌。)
这两句话分别由动词were (are 的过去式),enjoys singing (enjoy doing 动词短语)作谓语。其中were 体现出句子的时态为过去时态,且主语的人称为第一人称,enjoys singing 体现出句子的时态为一般现在时,且主语的人称为第三人称。
宾语放在及物动词或者介词之后。如: I play with him. (我和他玩。)
I like Chinese food.(我喜欢中国菜。)
这两句话中分别由人称代词 him ,名词food 作宾语。
直接宾语与间接宾语:
有的动词能够接双宾语,直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示行为的人。
如:He gave me a book.(他给了我一本书)
这句话中 a book 为直接宾语, me 为间接宾语。
又如:My mother bought a schoolbag to me.(我妈妈买了一个书包给我。)
这句话中schoolbag 为直接宾语, me 为间接宾语。
及物动词必须跟宾语.
及物动词:直接接宾语的谓语动词.
不及物动词:不能直接带宾语的谓语动词.
宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句构成.
I saw a plane in the sky just now. 名词做宾语
I want three. 数词做宾语
I like going shopping. 动名词做宾语
We think predicting the future is hard. 宾语从句
有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外, 还须加上一个补足语。如果没有补足语(宾补), 有时候句子的意思就不完整。这就是补语与定语状语的关键区别。
充当宾补的有:
We elected him monitor.(名词)
We will make them happy.(形容词)
We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. (介词短语)
Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(带to不定式)Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词)
I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)
接在系动词之后,其中接在系动词be 后是最常见的情况。
如They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He is kind.. (他心地善良。) 这两句话分别由名词teachers , 形容词 kind 作表语。
名词、代词、数词、介词短语、副词等都可以和连系动词一起构成复合谓语。 Your pen is on the desk.
My dream is to have a robot.
He got very angry.
My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是一个护士。(nurse 名词表身份)
This table is long. 这个桌子是长的。(long 形容词表特征)
Children fall asleep easily.(形容词asleep
表状态)
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代词)
Five and five is ten. (数词)
The picture is on the wall.( 介词短语)
The question is whether they will come.(表语从句)
可分为前置定语和后置定语,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,构成前置定语;相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面,构成后置定语。
如: This is red sun. (这是个红太阳) 这句话由形容词red 作前置定语,修饰sun.
又如:His work in the hospital is very hard.(他在这个医院的工作很辛苦。) 这句话由相当于形容词的介词短语in the hospital 作后置定语,修饰work 。 This is a red sun.这是个红太阳。(形容词red 修饰限定sun )
He is a tall boy.他是个高个子男孩。(形容词tall 修饰限定boy)
Da Ming is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world.(数词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now.(过去分词) I have an idea to do it well.(不定式)
You should do everything that I do.(定语从句)