成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA07
《成本与管理会计》习题及答案 costacctg13_SolPPT_ch12
Charles T. Horngren Srikant M. Datar George Foster Madhav Rajan Christopher Ittner
Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis thirteenth edition
This presentation includes: Exercises 12-17, 12-18, 12-22Biblioteka Exercise 12-17
Relevant-cost approach to short-run pricing decisions The San Carlos Company is an electronics business with eight product lines. Income data for one of the products (XT-107) for June 2009 are:
Sales, 3,000 units $75 $225,000 Variable costs: Direct materials, 3,000 units $35 105,000 Direct manufacturing labor, 3,000 units $10 30,000 Variable manufacturing overhead, 3,000 units $6 18,000 Other variable costs, 3,000 units $5 15,000 Sales commission 8,000 Total variable costs 176,000 Contribution margin $ 49,000 If the special order is accepted, operating income would be $1,000,000 + $49,000 = $1,049,000 Note that the variable costs, except for commissions, are affected by production volume, not sales dollars.
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Costing Systems,conts.
Management uses two basic types of costing systems to assign costs to products or services. p79
A process-costing system is used by a company that makes a large number of identical products. Costs are accumulated by department and divided by the number of units produced to determine the cost per unit.
It is an average cost of all units produced during the period. The cost object is masses of similar units of a product or service.
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Costing Systems,conts. P79
The indirect costs of a cost object are costs that cannot be traced to the cost object in a cost-effective manner and are allocated to the cost object.
The direct costs of a cost object are costs that are related to the cost object and can be traced to the cost object in an economically feasible manner.
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA04
Batch-production operations
Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of product.
Used for production of small, identical, low cost items.
The indirect costs of a cost object are costs that cannot be traced to the cost object in a cost-effective manner and are allocated to the cost object.
Financial Accounting
Product costs are used to value
inventory and to compute cost of
goods sold.
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Managerial Accounting and Cost Management
Product costs are used for planning, control, directing, and management decision
A job-costing system, or a job-order system, is used by a company that makes a distinct product or service called a job.
The product or service is often a single unit. The job is frequently the cost object. Costs are accumulated separately for each job or service.
《成本与管理会计》习题及答案 costacctg13_SolPPT_ch10
Contract 1: y = $50 Contract 2: y = $30 + $0.20X Contract 3: y = $1X X is the number of miles traveled in the day.
2. Express each contract as a linear cost function of the form y= a+bX.
Identifying variable-, fixed-, and mixed-cost functions The Pacific Corporation operates car rental agencies at more than 20 airports. Customers can choose from one of three contracts for car rentals of one day or less: Contract 1: $50 for the day Contract 2: $30 for the day plus $0.20 per mile traveled Contract 3: $1 per mile traveled
3. City water bill computed as follows:
First 1,000,000 gallons or less $1,000 flat fee Next 10,000 gallons $0.003 per gallon used Next 10,000 gallons $0.006 per gallon used Next 10,000 gallons $0.009 per gallon used and so on and so on The gallons of water used vary proportionately with the quantity of production output.
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA
The development of management accounting emerged in the 1920s, when the focus shifted from mere cost measurement to cost analysis and control, emphasizing the role of accounting in decision-making and management control.
It involves the identification, measurement, and allocation of costs, as well as the preparation of cost reports and other management information to assist management in making decisions about product pricing, production, and resource allocation.
Direct and indirect costs
Activity Identification
The first step in the activity-based costing method involves identifying the various activities that take place within the organization.
Cost allocation and collection
Cost Allocation
Allocating costs to specific departments, projects, or products is essential for accurate financial reporting and decision-making.
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA08_图文_图文
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Variable overhead spending variance
=($29/machine hour－$30 /machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =(-1machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =$4 500F
=1 728 000/57 600=30/hour
Budgeted variable overhead cost rate per output unit
5
=0.4hour/unit×30=12/jacket
Variable overhead cost variances（P208 ）
6
Flexible-budget analysis
The variable overhead efficiency variance measures the efficiency with which the costallocation base is used.
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Variable Overhead Variances
Actual Variable Overhead Incurred
Step 3:
Identify the variable overhead costs associated with each costallocation base.
Step 4:
Compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base used to allocate variable overhead costs to output produced.
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA08
Flexible Budget for Variable Overhead at Actual Hours
AH × SVR
Flexible Budget for Variable Overhead at
Standard Hours
SH × SVR
Spending Variance
Efficiency Variance
Workers were less skilled than expected in using machines?
Webb spend more on variable overhead costs , such as maintenance?
8
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=$15 000U
14
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4500 HOURS VS 4000 HOURS
Possible causes for exceeding budget
Workers were less skilled than expected in using machines
Production scheduler inefficiently scheduled jobs ,resulting in more machinehours used than budgeted
overhead cost
Efficiency
cost-alocation base alocation based alowed
per unit of
Variance
used for actual output for actual output
《成本与管理会计》教师手册 costacctg13_im_06
Master Budget andResponsibility AccountingTRANSITION NOTESMuch of this chapter has been rewritten to reflect the five-step decision model and incorporate activity based budgeting. The decision model is applied to the process of developing thebudget given goals and objectives for the coming year. The illustrative budget preparation problem is updated and includes two cost drivers for the allocation of overhead, taking an ABC approach to budgeting. The assignment of overhead to the cost pools and then to the final cost object is illustrated. The advantages of budgeting are expanded to include“facilitate learning” as an advantage rather than just performance evaluation. This reflects the renewed managerial focus of this edition. There are a number of new or revised problems in the end-of-chapter material.PROBLEM MATERIALCORRELATION CHART13th Edition 12thEdition13thEdition12thEdition161629 New17 Revised17 30 3018 Revised18 31 3119 Revised19 32 32202033 New21 New34 New22 Revised22 35 34232336 35242437 37252538 New262639 New272740 New2828I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES1.Describe the master budget and explain its benefits2.Describe the advantages of budgets3.Prepare the operating budget and its supporting schedulese computer-based financial planning models in sensitivity analysis5.Explain kaizen budgeting and how it is used for cost management6.Describe responsibility centers and responsibility accounting7.Explain how controllability relates to responsibility accounting8.Recognize the human aspects of budgeting6II. CHAPTER SYNOPSISThis chapter introduces the topic of budgets. Budgets are a primary financial planningtool used by businesses and other organizations. The chapter explains how businesses use and prepare budgets as part of the management process. The concept of responsibilitycenters and responsibility accounting is also discussed and are related to the concept ofcontrollability. In addition, the human factor in budgeting is covered. The cash budget is presented in the Appendix.III. POINTS OF EMPHASIS1.Students need to understand the importance of budgeting, even if the budgettargets are not achieved. Emphasize the concept that a budget is the financialexpression of the goals for the upcoming period. An effective budget requires awell-though-out strategy.2.Observe that budgets are more than just a planning tool, but help achievecoordination and communication, are useful as a framework for evaluatingperformance, and can be used to motivate employees.3.Make sure the students understand the meaning of such budgetary tools asactivity-based budgeting, sensitivity analysis, and kaizen budgeting.4.In covering responsibility accounting, be aware that students often struggle withthe distinction between a profit center and an investment center. Make sure theyunderstand when each is used, and the differences in evaluation for each type.Emphasize the concept of controllability.5.As time allows cover the cash budget. This is an important budget and it is onethe students can relate to in their own lives.IV. CHAPTER OUTLINE1Describe the master budget. . . The master budget is the initial budgetprepared before the start of a periodand explain its benefits. . . benefits include planning, coordination, andcontrol1.1 A budget is the quantitative expression of a management’s plan for the future. Italso is an aid to coordinating actions that need to be taken to implement the plan.TEACHING POINT. A quantitative expression of management’splan for the future can best be seen in governmentalbudgeting. When the governor of a state, for example,presents his budget to the legislature, it includes what thatgovernor wants to emphasize during his term. If he wants tobe known as an education governor, there will be a largeappropriation for education.1.2Effective budgeting integrates the company’s strategy into the budget process.Strategy specifies how an organization matches its own capabilities with theopportunities in the marketplace to accomplish its objectives.1.3The path to effective strategies include asking questions such as:•What are our objectives?•How do we create value for the customer while distinguishing ourselves from our competitors?•Are the markets for our products local, regional, national, or global?What are our market trends? How are we affected by the economy, ourindustry, and our competitors?•What organizational and financial structures serve us best?•What are the risks and opportunities of alternative strategies, and what are our contingency plans if our preferred plan fails?1.4Well-managed companies usually follow an annual budget cycle including thefollowing steps:•Plan the performance of the company as a whole and of the subunits within the company.•Senior managers communicate to subordinates a set of expectationsagainst which performance will be measured.•Management accountants investigate variations from plans, andcorrective action may be taken.•Managerial accountants and managers take into account market feedback, changed conditions, and their own experiences in making plans for theupcoming period.1.5The master budget expresses management’s operating and financial plans for aspecified period (usually a year). The master budget is actually a series ofbudgets including a set of budgeted financial statements (sometimes called proforma statements).TEACHING POINT. Emphasize the components of the masterbudget, including the order that those components areprepared. For example, it would be fruitless to assign someoneto prepare a production budget until that person knows thesales plans for the upcoming period.(Exhibit 6-1 illustrates the link among strategy, planning, andbudgets.)Refer to Quiz Questions 1 and 2 Questions 6-1 and 6-22Describe the advantages of budgets. . . advantages include coordination,communication, performance evaluation andmanagerial motivation2.1 Budgets are an integral part of management control systems. There are at leastthree advantages of budgeting.•Promote coordination and communication.o Coordination is the meshing and balancing of all aspects ofproduction in a company in the best way for the company tomeet its objectives.o Communication is making sure those goals are understood by allemployees.•Budgets serve as a framework for judging performance and facilitatinglearning. Budgeting helps overcome two limitations of using pastperformance.o Past results often incorporate past mistakes and substandardperformance.o Future conditions can be expected to differ from the past,budgets account for these changed conditions.•Budgets can be used to motivate managers and other employees. Studieshave shown that challenging budgets improve employee performance.2.2 Despite the fact that budgets are advantageous, there are a number of challengesin properly administering budgets.•It is a time consuming process that involves all levels of management.TEACHING POINT. Gone are the days (if they ever existed)when the accountant was sequestered in his office slaving overthe development of a budget, only to emerge once it wascomplete. Budgets today involve employees throughout thecompany. The accountant is a budget coordinator, not abudget preparer—but this image still lives on.•Management at all levels should understand and support the budget. Iftop management support is lacking, the budget effort will be lacklusterand halfhearted.•Budgets should not be administered rigidly. Changing conditions maycall for changes in plans.TEACHING POINT. The misuse of budgets has givenbudgeting a bad name. Budgeting is not a “four letter word,”nor is it a hammer to hold over the employee’s head as anexcuse to deny funding requests. At one company the primaryqualification the VP for finance seemed to have was his abilityto say “No.” One manager of a department was often told tocut her budget, but she never saw her budget or knew what orhow much she was budgeted.2.3 Budgets typically cover a set time period including a full business cycle.Normally an annual budget would be prepared, but broken down into subperiodssuch as a month or quarter.2.4 Some companies utilize rolling budgets or continuous budgeting. This type ofbudget is created by continually adding a month or quarter to the existing budget,so that the company always has a 12-month budget in place.Refer to Quiz Question 33Prepare the operating budget. . . the budgeted income statementand its supporting schedules. . . such as cost of goods sold andnonmanufacturing costsThe process of preparing the budget incorporates the five-step decision process that was introduced in Chapter 1. (If necessary, review these steps with the students).TEACHING POINT. As each budget is covered, it is useful todemonstrate the preparation of each budget. Problem 6-28 isa useful problem for this purpose.(Exhibit 6-2 provides an overview of the budgeting process.)3.1The process of preparing the budget incorporates the five-step decision processthat was introduced in Chapter 1. (If necessary, review these steps with thestudents.) The budgeting process includes both operating budgets and financial budgets.3.2Operating budgets include budgets reflecting the planned operational aspects ofthe business, including revenues, production, manufacturing costs, and otherexpenses for the period. It culminates in a budgeted income statement.3.3 Financial budgets consist of a capital expenditures budget, a cash budget, abudgeted balance sheet, and a budgeted statement of cash flows.3.4 Although details differ among companies, the following basic steps are commonfor developing the operating budget for a manufacturing company.Step 1:The first step budget to be prepared is the revenues budget.Although this budget looks simple, the company should put agreat amount of time into consideration of the projected salesnumbers.TEACHING POINT. Cover the various approaches that can beutilized in arriving at the numbers for the revenues budget.Emphasize the economy, competitors, company plans for newor discontinuing products as relevant factors.Step 2:Based on the numbers included in the revenues budget, thecompany can then prepare the production budget. Included inthis budget are projections about inventory levels. This budget isexpressed only in units, not dollars.Step 3:From the production budget, the company can then move to thedirect materials usage and direct materials purchasesbudgets. These are often prepared as one document. In additionto including projections about inventory levels for directmaterials, management must also make predictions about directmaterial prices.Step 4:The direct manufacturing labor budget is prepared next.Labor standards—the time allowed per unit of output—are usedto calculate direct labor costs. Since labor is not inventoried, theprocess for this budget is somewhat simpler than prior budgets.Step 5:The manufacturing overhead cost budget comes next. Itincludes a budget for each item of manufacturing overhead. Eventhough the budget looks simple, keep in mind that each line itemin this budget is also its own budget. From this budget, managerscan determine a predetermined overhead application rate.•The used of activity-based cost drivers in preparing themanufacturing overhead cost budget gives rise toactivity-based budgeting, or a focus on the activitiesnecessary to produce and sell products and services.Step 6:The next budget to be prepared is the ending inventories budget.This is simply a listing of the budgeted ending inventories inmaterials and finished goods. Units and dollar amounts areincluded. Work-in-process inventory is not budgeted.Step 7:The cost of goods sold budget is then prepared. Most of theinformation for this budget has already been generated. It issimply a matter of pulling the numbers already available into acost of goods sold format for this budget.Step 8:The nonmanufacturing cost budget closely resembles themanufacturing overhead cost budget in form. It includes thebudgeted amount for all nonmanufacturing costs the companyexpects to incur for the period. As with the overhead budget,each line item represents its own budget and follows afixed/variable separation.Step 9:The budgeted, or pro forma,income statement is preparednext. It simply follows the format of an income statement. Aswith the cost of goods sold budget, many of the items for thisbudget have already been generated during the budget process. Refer to Quiz Questions 4 and 5 Exercises 6-16 through 6-19, Problem 6-304Use computer-based financial planning models insensitivity analysis. . . for example, understand the effects of changesin selling prices and direct material pries onbudgeted income4.1 Financial planning models are mathematical representations of the relationshipsamong operating activities, financing activities, and other factors that affect themaster budget.4.2 Computer-based systems, such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) can beused to perform calculations for these planning models.4.3 Sensitivity analysis is a “what if” technique that examines how a result willchange if the original predicted results are not achieved or if an assumptionchanges.TEACHING POINT. To bring financial planning models downto a level that can be grasped more readily by the studentspoint out that an Excel spreadsheet that includes formulas canbe a type of financial planning model. It is useful todemonstrate here how Excel can be used in sensitivity analysisin a simple spreadsheet.(Exhibits 6-4 and 6-9 display sensitivity analysis results.)Refer to Quiz Question 65Explain kaizen budgeting. . . budgeting for continuous improvement inoperationsand how it is used for cost management. . . to reduce costs5.1 Kaizen budgeting is a budgetary process that explicitly incorporates continuousimprovement during the budget period.TEACHING POINT. Students will often question limits ofimprovements and cost reductions. Point out that Kaizen isabout working smarter, not working harder. The idea is to findbetter ways, not just faster ways to produce the product orservice.Refer to Quiz Question 7 Exercises 6-24 and 6-256Describe responsibility centers. . . a part of an organization that a manager isaccountable forand responsibility accounting. . . measurement of plans and actual results that amanager is accountable for6.1 Organization structure is the arrangement of lines of responsibility within theorganization. Examples of organization structure include by business function, by product line, or geographically.6.2 A responsibility center is a part, segment, or subunit of an organization whosemanager is responsible for a specified set of activities.6.3 Responsibility accounting measures the plans, budgets, actions, and results ofeach responsibility center. Four types of responsibility centers are:•Cost center, in which the manager is responsible for costs only. The accounting department would be accounted for as a cost center.•Revenue center, in which the manager is accountable for revenues only.•Profit center, in which the manager is accountable for revenues and costs. For example, the shoe department in a department store may beaccounted for as a profit center.•Investment center, in which the manager is accountable for revenues and costs, but also the investment (or assets) under his control. A singlestore or a division within the company may be accounted for as aninvestment center.TEACHING POINT. Emphasize that a key to successfulresponsibility accounting is to properly identify the costs amanager is responsible for. Any costs over which the managerlacks control should not be a part of his evaluation.6.4 Budgets and responsibility accounting may be combined to provide feedbackabout performance of managers of the different responsibility centers.6.5 These differences between budgeted and actual results are useful in at least threeways:•Early warning, These variances may alert managers to events notimmediately evident, thus allowing them to take early corrective action.•Performance evaluation. The variances are an indication of how well the manager has performed in implementing strategies.•Evaluating strategy.Variance may signal that the strategies beingpursued by management are ineffective and need changing.Refer to Quiz Question 87Explain how controllability relates to responsibilityaccounting. . . managers cannot control all of the costs thatthey are accountable for; responsibility accountingfocuses on obtaining information, not fixing blame7.1 Controllability is the degree of influence that a specific manager has over costs,revenues, or related items for which he or she is responsible.7.2 A controllable cost is any cost that is primarily subject to the influence of a givenresponsibility center manager for a given period.7.3 This controllability can be difficult to pinpoint for two reasons:•Few costs are clearly under the sole influence of one manager.•With a long enough time span, all costs will come under someone’s control.Most performance reports cover a period of one year or less, so this doesnot normally present a problem.TEACHING POINT. Emphasize that someone cannot be heldresponsible for that which they cannot control. I use anillustration in which I hypothesize that a particular studentmade a very poor grade on a test; then I blame anotherstudent for the poor grade. The students see that I cannot holdthe second student responsible for what the first student did onthe test as they had no control over the other student. Point outthat control must be equal to the responsibility given.Refer to Quiz Question 9 Exercise 6-268Recognize the human aspects of budgeting. . . to engage subordinate managers in thebudgeting process8.1 A budget is usually more effective if the lower-level managers have input intothe budget process. Through this process of participatory budgeting, the managerobtains “ownership” in the budget and is more likely to achieve budgetarysuccess.8.2 Managers frequently play games with budgets and build in budgetary slack.This is the practice of underestimating revenues, overestimating costs, oroverestimating time in order to make the budget targets more easily achievable.TEACHING POINT. Ask the students “If I gave you anassignment to report to the class on responsibility accounting,how soon could you have it ready for me?” Then probe theirresponses to bring out the fact that they have overestimatedthe time they really think they need to complete the task. Thisis an example of budgetary slack. Explore the reasons theybuilt slack into their estimates.8.3 In budgeting in multinational companies three adjustments must be made:•Operating results must be translated into a common currency for external financial reporting.• A currency gain or loss must be budgeted and recognized whencurrencies are translated.•The political, legal, and economic environments must be understood.Refer to Quiz Question 10APPENDIX: THE CASH BUDGETA.1 The cash budget is an important component of the budgeting process. Thischapter illustrates the operating budget, which is one part of the master budget.A.2 The financial budget is the other part of the master budget, and includes thecapital expenditures budget, the cash budget, the budgeted balance sheet, and thebudgeted statement of cash flows.A.3 The appendix focuses on the cash budget. It is best illustrated through example.Work through Problem 6-27 to illustrate this concept. If time is limited, use thechapter quiz, questions 11 and 12.Refer to Quiz Questions 11 and 12V. OTHER RESOURCESPlease visit the textbook companion website at . To download these and other resources, visit the Instructor’s Resource Center or access them on the Instructor’s Resource DVD (IR-DVD).The following exhibits were mentioned in this chap ter of the Instructor’s Manual, and have been included in the PowerPoint Lecture presentation created specifically for this chapter. You may use the PowerPoint Lecture presentations “as is”, or modify them to suit your individual needs.Exhibit 6-1 illustrates the link among strategy, planning, and budgets.Exhibit 6-2 provides an overview of the budgeting process.Exhibits 6-4 and 6-9 display sensitivity analysis results.Download pdf images of textbook illustrations and exhibits from the Image Library or access them via your IR-DVD.Solutions to Select End-of-Chapter Problems mentioned in this chapter, which have been fully worked out in PowerPoint, are available for download and included on the IR-DVD.CHAPTER 6 QUIZ1.Budgeting is the common accounting tool companies use for planning and controlling.Budgetsa.provide a measure of planned financial results.b.are prepared independent of the company’s long term strategies.c.do not usually reflect actual results, so they are a useless exercise.d.serve as the f inancial expression of management’s plans for the upcoming period.2.[AICPA Adapted] Dewitt Co. budgeted its activity for October 2004 from the followinginformation:•Sales are budgeted at $750,000. All sales are credit sales and a provision for doubtful accounts is made monthly at the rate of 2% of sales.•Merchandise inventory was $120,000 at September 30, 2004, and an increase of $10,000 is planned for the month.•All merchandise is marked up to sell at invoice cost plus 50%.•Estimated cash disbursements for selling and administrative expenses for the month are $105,000.•Depreciation for the month is projected at $25,000.Dewitt is projecting operating income for October 2004 in the amount ofa. $105,000.b. $119,000.c. $129,000.d. $230,000.3.Which of the following is not a major benefit of budgets?pels planningb.Eliminates innovationc.Provides performance criteriad.Promotes coordination and communicationThe following data apply to questions 4 and 5.Hester Company budgets on an annual basis for its fiscal year. The following beginning and ending inventory levels (in units) are planned for the fiscal year of July 1, 2004 through June 30, 2005.July 1, 2004 June 30, 2005Raw material1 40,000 10,000Work in process 8,000 8,000Finished goods 30,000 5,0001Three (3) units of raw material are needed to produce each unit of finished product.4. [CMA Adapted] If Hester Company plans to sell 500,000 units during the 2004–2005fiscal year, the number of units it would have to manufacture during the year would bea. 505,000 units.b. 500,000 units.c. 480,000 units.d. 475,000 units.5. [CMA Adapted] If 450,000 finished units were to be manufactured during the 2004–2005fiscal year by Hester Company, the units of raw material needed to be purchased wouldbea. 1,350,000 units.b. 1,360,000 units.c. 1,320,000 units.d. 1,330,000 units.6. Which of the following does not pertain to financial planning models in software form?a.Reduces computational burden and time required to prepare budgetsb.Eliminates need to update budgets as uncertainty resolvedc.Assists managers with sensitivity analysisd.Performs calculations that are mathematical representations of relationships inmaster budget7.The major cost management concept used in kaizen budgeting is that ofa.eliminating inventories of every type but materials.b.refinements in the indirect-cost categories for costing systems.c.continuous improvement.d.sensitivity analysis using computer-based financial planning models.8.Which of the following statements does not describe responsibility accounting?a.It measures the plans and actions of each responsibility center.b.It budgets to emphasize that for which each responsibility center is accountable.c.It calculates variances between budgeted and actual accountability for eachresponsibility center.d.It identifies managers at fault for operating problems by reports for eachresponsibility center.9.Controllabilitya.is always clear cut as to who has responsibility for a cost.b.is another term for responsibility.c.is the responsibility of the corporate controller.d.is the degree of influence a specific manager has over costs, revenues, and otheritems.10.Budgetary slacka.is going to be included in budget estimates, so it should just be ignored.b.provides managers with a hedge against unexpected circumstances.c.should be totally eliminated from the budget.d.is not found in governmental budgets.The following data apply to questions 11 and 12 [Appendix].Information pertaining to Brenton Corporation’s sales revenue is presented in the following table.February March AprilCash sales $160,000 $150,000 $120,000Credit sales 300,000 400,000 280,000Total sales $460,000 $550,000 $400,000Management estimates that 5% of credit sales are not collectible. Of the credit sales that are collectible, 60% are collected in the month of sale and the remainder in the month following the sale. Cost of purchases of inventory each month is 70% of the next month’s projected total sales. All purchases of inventory are on account; 25% are paid in the month of purchase, and the remainder is paid in the month following the purchase.11. [CMA Adapted] Brenton’s budgeted total cash receipts in April area. $448,000.b. $437,000.c. $431,600.d. $328,000.12. [CMA Adapted] Brenton’s budgeted total cash payments in March for inventorypurchases area. $385,000.b. $358,750.c. $306,250.d. $280,000.CHAPTER 6 QUIZ SOLUTIONS1. d2. a3. b4. d5. c6. b7. c8. d9. d10. b11. c12. bQuiz Question Calculations2. Sales $750.000Cost of goods sold (500,000) (750,000/Cost +.5 Cost)Bad debts expense (15,000)S & A expense (105,000)Depreciation expense (25,000)Operating income 105,0004.Sales 500,000+Ending inventory 5,000– Beginning inventory (30,000)Production 475,0005. Required for production 3 ⨯ 450,000 = 1,350,000+ Ending inventory 10,000– Beginning inventory (40,000)Purchases 1,320,00011.12.Cash receiptsFrom April cash sales $120,000From April credit sales .60(280,000 ⨯.95) 159,600From March credit sales .40(400,000 ⨯ .95) 152,000Total collections $431,60013.February purchases 550,000 ⨯ .7 = 385,000 75% paid in March = $288,750March purchases 400,000 ⨯ .7 = 280,000 25% paid in March = 70,000 Total cash payments in March $358,750。
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA05
effective
base for each indirect-cost pool.
•Strategic decision
•Provide more data
•Price decision
•Multiple cost driver pools
•Market decision
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Refining a Costing System
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Structure of Lecture
Under- and over-costing – why it happens? Activity Based Costing (ABC) Indicators of need for ABC ABC system Difference between ABC and Traditional Product
Peanut-butter costing uses broad averages to assign (or spread) costs uniformly to cost objects.
The result can be undercosting or overcosting of products.
Increase in indirect costs. With modern technology, companies have experienced a decrease in direct costs with a resulting increase in indirect costs.
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Background
Easy to trace Direct materials and direct labor costs Overhead cannot be traced easily and must be
亨格瑞成本与管理会计
亨格瑞成本与管理会计
亨格瑞成本与管理会计（Hengry Cost and Management Accounting）是一种用于管理决策和成本控制的会计方法。
它提供了详细的成本信息，以帮助管理者做出准确的决策，并监控和控制企业的成本。
亨格瑞成本与管理会计主要包括以下几个方面：
1. 成本分类与分析：亨格瑞成本与管理会计通过对成本进
行分类和分析，帮助企业了解各项成本的性质和构成，并
将其与企业的经营活动相对应。
常见的成本分类包括直接
成本和间接成本、可变成本和固定成本等。
2. 成本核算与计算：亨格瑞成本与管理会计通过成本核算
和计算，确定各个产品或服务的成本，并将其分配到相应
的产品或服务上。
这有助于企业了解不同产品或服务的盈
利能力，并进行定价和销售策略的制定。
3. 成本控制与预算：亨格瑞成本与管理会计通过成本控制
和预算，帮助企业控制和管理成本，并制定合理的预算计划。
通过对实际成本与预算成本的比较，企业可以及时发
现和纠正成本偏差，并采取相应的措施进行成本控制。
4. 决策支持与绩效评估：亨格瑞成本与管理会计提供了决
策支持和绩效评估的信息。
通过对不同决策方案的成本效
益分析，帮助企业做出合理的决策，并评估和监控企业的
绩效。
总之，亨格瑞成本与管理会计是一种重要的管理工具，通过提供详细的成本信息和决策支持，帮助企业进行成本控制和管理，并提高企业的绩效和竞争力。
《成本与管理会计》习题及答案 costacctg13_SolPPT_ch01
a. Production Production Distribution d. Marketing
a. Cost of oil for the deep fryer b. Wages of the counter help who give customers the food they order c. Cost of the costume for the King on the Burger King television commercials d. Cost of children’s toys given away free with kids’ meals
Value chain and classification of costs Classify each of the cost items (a–h) as one of the business functions of the value chain shown in Exhibit 1-2 (p. 7). Burger King, a hamburger fast food restaurant, incurs the following costs:
Charles T. Horngren Srikant M. Datar George Foster Madhav Rajan Christopher Ittner
Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis thirteenth edition
This presentation includes: Exercises 1-18, 1-21 Problem 1-25
Garnicki performs a taste test at the local shopping mall to see if consumers like the taste of its proposed new chicken pie product. b. Garnicki sales managers estimate they will sell more meat pies in their northern sales territory than in their southern sales territory. c. Garnicki managers discuss the possibility of introducing a new product.
《成本与管理会计》习题及答案 costacctg13_SolPPT_ch16
Joint cost applicable to the wood alcohol
The company should use the new process
Problem 16-27
Alternative methods of joint-cost allocation, product-mix decisions The Sunshine Oil Company buys crude vegetable oil. Refining this oil results in four products at the splitoff point: A, B, C, and D. Product C is fully processed by the splitoff point. Products A, B, and D can individually be further refined into Super A, Super B, and Super D. In the most recent month (December), the output at the splitoff point was: Product A 300,000 gallons Product B, 100,000 gallons Product C, 50,000 gallons Product D, 50,000 gallons
Exercise 16-18
Net realizable value method Convad Company is one of the world’s leading corn refiners. It produces two joint products—corn syrup and corn starch—using a common production process. In July 2009, Convad reported the following production and selling-price information:
成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第13版 英文版 CA02
管理分析的方法与指标
添加 标题
财务比率分析：通过计算各种财务比率，如 流动比率、速动比率、存货周转率等，来评 估企业的偿债能力、营运能力和盈利能力。
添加 标题
结构分析：通过分析财务报表中各项目的构 成比例，了解企业各项业务的比重和结构特 点。
添加 标题
因素分析：通过分析影响企业财务状况的各 种因素，如市场环境、政策变化等，预测未 来的发展趋势。
间接成本法
定义：间接成本法是一种将间接成本分配到产品或服务中的成本计算方法
特点：将间接成本与直接成本一起分配到产品或服务中，以计算产品的总成本
适用范围：适用于生产过程中存在大量间接成本的情况
计算方法：根据不同的分配标准，如人工小时、机器工时等，将间接成本分配到产品或 服务中
作业成本法
定义：作业成本法是一种基于作业的成本核算方法，通过对作业进行成本分配，计算出产品或服 务的成本。
提供支持
现代管理会计： 进入21世纪，管 理会计更加注重 战略决策、风险 管理、绩效评价 等方面，成为企 业核心竞争力的
重要组成部分
管理会计的未来 发展：随着科技 的不断进步和全 球化的趋势，管 理会计将更加注 重数据分析和预 测，为企业提供 更加全面、精准
的支持
管理会计的基本原则和概念
管理会计的定义和目的 管理会计的基本原则 管理会计的概念框架 管理会计与财务会计的区别和联系
添加标题
成本会计的基本内容：成本会计主要包括成本核算、成本分析、成本控制等方面。其中，成本核算是对企业 生产经营过程中的各种成本进行分类、归集和分配的过程；成本分析是对企业成本进行比较、分析和评价的 过程；成本控制则是通过制定一系列措施，对企业生产经营过程中的成本进行监督和控制的过程。
《成本与管理会计》习题及答案 costacctg13_SolPPT_ch04
Job costing, process costing In each of the following situations, determine whether job costing or process costing would be more appropriate.
Normal Cost $40,000 30,000 54,000 $124,000
3. At the end of 2009, compute the under- or overallocated manufacturing overhead under normal costing. Why is there no under- or overallocated overhead under actual costing?
= 1.90 or 190%
1. Compute the actual and budgeted manufacturing overhead rates for 2009.
2. During March, the job-cost record for Job 626 contained the following information: Direct materials used $40,000 Direct manufacturing labor costs $30,000 Compute the cost of Job 626 using (a) actual costing and (b) normal costing.
Job costing Process costing Job costing Process costing Job costing Process costing Job costing Job costing (some process)
成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第 版 英文版 CA
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Static and Flexible Budgets
Static budget
➢ Prepared for only one level of activity. ➢ It is based on the level of output planned at the start of
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Static Budget
What was the actual operating profit?
Revenues (10,000 × $125) $1,250,000
Less Expenses:
Variable (10,000 × $95.01)
950,100
Fixed
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16
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Hmm! Comparing static budgets
with actual costs is like comparing apples and oranges.
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Reasons for variance
Inaccurate forecasting of output units sold Or
Prepared at the end of the period, once actual costs are known
3 step process
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Steps in Developing Flexible Budgets
成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第 英文版
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
Explain how broad averaging undercosts and overcosts products or services
P110
entree
dessert
drinks
total
emma
11
0
4
15
james
20
8
14
42
jessica
15
4
8
27
matthew
14
4
6
24
total
60
16
32
108
average
15
4
8
27
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Broad Averaging and Cross-subsidization,conts.
based management Compare activity-based costing systems and department costing
systems Evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing activity-based
costing systems
Present three guidelines for refining a costing system Distinguish between simple and activity-based costing systems Describe a four-part cost hierarchy Cost products or services using activity-based costing Explain how activity-based costing systems are used in activity-
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suits. What is the static-budget operating profit?
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Static Budget
Revenues (12,000 × $120) Less Expenses: Variable (12,000 × $88) Fixed Budgeted operating profit
Actual oper static-budget variance of operating profit?
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Static-Budget Variance
A static-budget variance is : (Actual result - Budgeted amount in the static budget).
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Static Budget
What was the actual operating profit?
Revenues (10,000 × $125) $1,250,000
Less Expenses:
Variable (10,000 × $95.01)
950,100
Fixed
285,000
$88
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Static Budget
Budgeted selling price is $120 per jacket. Fixed manufacturing costs are expected to be $276,000
within a relevant range between 0 and 12,000 suits. Variable and fixed period costs are ignored in this
Key difference is the use of the actual output level in the flexible budget.
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Static Budget
Assume that Webb manufactures and sells jackets.
Managers focus on quantities and costs that exceed standards, a practice known as
management by exception.
Direct Labor
Direct Material
Standard
Type of Product Cost
Variance – difference between an actual and an expected (budgeted) amount
Purpose of variance
➢ Management by exception ➢ Performance evaluation ➢ Motivate managers ➢ Prompt strategy change
$1,440,000
1,056,000 276,000
$ 108,000
Assume that Webb produced and sold 10,000 suits at $125 each with actual variable costs of $95.01 per suit and fixed manufacturing costs of $285,000.
Budgeted variable costs per jacket are as follows:
Direct materials cost
$ 60
Direct manufacturing labour
16
Variable manufacturing overhead
12
Total variable costs
of the budget period. ➢ The master budget is an example of a static budget.
Flexible budget
➢ Developed using budgeted revenues or cost amounts based on the level of output actually achieved in the budget period.
A favourable (F) variance is a variance that increases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
An unfavourable (U) variance is a variance that decreases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13 版英文版CA07
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Controlling Costs
Predetermined or Set Standard
Measure Actual
COMPARE
Actual Vs Standard
Variance
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Basic Concepts
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Basic Concepts
Management by Exception – the practice of focusing attention on areas not operating as expected (budgeted)
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Amount
Management by Exception
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Static and Flexible Budgets
Static budget
➢ Prepared for only one level of activity. ➢ It is based on the level of output planned at the start