辽工大专业英语复习资料
资源勘查工程专业英语-----辽工大(部分)
Lesson 58Depending on the nature of the coal sample involved, the mineral matter present may be derived from a number of different sources. Bulk samples taken from the coal as mined, for example, normally contain mineralogical contaminants due to the presence of intra-seam bands of non-coal material, as well as possibly debris from the adjacent roof and floor strata. However,individually, selected specimens, or plies and seam composites free of these materials, usually contain a distinctive suite of minerals.根据所涉煤样品的性质，矿物质本可能来自许多不同来源。
例如，批量从样本煤为雷区，通常包含矿物学污染物由于内煤层波段的非煤的材料，以及可能的相邻的屋顶和地板地层中的碎屑的存在。
但是，单独地，选定的标本，或层和煤层复合材料免费的这些材料，通常包含一整套独特的矿物。
QuartzQuartz is common in most coals, but seldom as a major constituent. It often occurs as angular grains in clay-rich bands, suggesting a detrital origin. However, it may also occur as a chemical precipitate possibly originally in the form of chalcedony, infilling cell cavities in the coal macerals or as veins cutting across the coal structure.石英在大多数煤是常见的，但很少作为主要成分。
专业英语复习提纲
专业英语复习提纲《专业英语》复习提纲主要课文：Text 1 Food IndustryText 5 Food SafetyText 6 HACCPText 7 Food QualityText 8 Modern Management Movement Text 9 Income and WorkText11 Money and BankingText12 MarketingText1 Food IndustryAesthetic appealAgrochemicalBiodiversityBiotechnologyCommon Agricultural PolicyCultural identityDairy productFermentationFood industryFood manufactureFood processingFood safetyIngredientLogisticsManufacturerMass marketPreserveProteinSophisticated processingSubsistenceSustainable agricultural practicesTwo-tier marketUnit operationWarehousing[1] Nevertheless, less than ten percent of consumer spending on food goes to farmers, with larger percentages going to advertising, transportation, and intermediate corporations.[2] Wholesale markets for fresh food products have tended to decline in importance in OECD countries as well as in Latin America and some Asian countries as a result of the growth of supermarkets, which procure directly from farmers or through preferred suppliers, rather than going through markets.[3] Computer technology is also a central force, with computer networks and specialized software providing the support infrastructure to allow global movement of the myriad components involved.Text 5 Food SafetyFoodborne microorganismsFoodborne diseaseFoodborne illnessGood hygiene practice (GHP)Good manufacturing practice (GMP)[1] Moreover, the food and agricultural production system suffers from, and at the same time is responsible for, the presence of residues and contaminants (e.g., pesticides and nitrate) in the environment that may interfere with food safety.[2] At the centre lies the provision of safe food defined by afood safety objective (FSO), which is a statement of the frequency or maximum concentration of a microbiological hazard in a food considered acceptable for consumer protection.Text 6 HACCPCorrective actionEnd-productFood and Drug AdministrationNon-compliant productPreventative controlRecallTraceability[1] HACCP is used in the food industry to identify potential food safety hazards, sothat key actions, known as Critical Control Points (CCP’s) can be taken to reduce or eliminate the risk of the hazards being realized.[2] However, some one has been of the opinion that, if the principles were ranked, the hazard analysis principle would be among the most consequential, simply because all hazards must be correctly identified and characterized (reasonably likely to occur or not reasonably likely to occur) or the ensuing plan will be flawed, and some potentially relevant hazard could exist without a preventive control.[3] It can be a maximum and/or minimum value to which a biological, chemical or physical parameter must be controlled at a CCP to prevent, eliminate, or reduce to an acceptable level the occurrence of a food safety hazard.[4] Perhaps part of this lies in the fact that in the evolution of HACCP this principle was the last to be developed and as a consequence it attempts to deal with several problematic issuesthat had become evident.[5] Determining (initial validation) if the plan is scientifically and technically sound, that all hazards have been identified, and that if the HACCP plan is properly implemented these hazards would be effectively controlled.Text 7 Food QualityConsumer-driven Quality ManagementFood qualityFront-line serviceQuality assurance[1] Food quality also deals with product traceability, e.g. of ingredient and packaging suppliers, should a recall of the product be required.[2] These variables, by their nature, control the sensory characteristics of the product, which, in turn, are the most salient and important variables determining both the acceptability and perceived quality of the item to the user.[3] Thus, understanding the relationships between (1) physiochemical characteristics of foodstuffs, (2) the sensory and physiological mechanisms that convert these characteristics into human perceptions of food attributes, and (3) the effects of these perceived attributes on acceptance and/or consumption of the item is critical to an understanding of what constitutes food quality.[4] It integrates organizational and technological aspects of food product quality into one techno-managerial concept and it presents an integrated view of how Quality Management if to be situated in a chain-oriented approach.[5] Without insights from providers and clients, intended improvements may not be meaningful to the staff who mustimplement them and may not attract clients or meet people’s needs.[6] Quality Assurance is a proactive process which attempts to stop error happening in the process allowing it to be “right first time”.Text 8 Modern Management MovementProcess approachSystems approachContingency approachManagement jungle theoryQuantitative approachCircular loopClosed systemOpen systemScientific managementBureaucratic theoryHuman relations schoolTask specializationTop down conflict managementObedienceHierarchyV erticallyHorizontallyAppraisalManagement practiceOrganizational effectiveness[1] V on Bertalanffy described a “system” which consisted of connected parts joined to form a whole in which the coordinated and combined effect of the subsystems creates synergy.[2] The contingency approach as proposed by organizational theorists such as Lawrence and Lorsch and Schein attempted to implement a variety of concepts from other approaches.[3] The appraisal and analysis are done in order to determine what work features, technology, personnel and organizational designs need to be considered as most fittingfor particular circumstances. The second set assumes that there is an appropriate pattern for relationships which exists for all organizations. The third set centers on the best contingency play.[4] Accordingly, the best management practice is one which examines and fits what and how it is to be done, who is to do it, the impact of what is being done for the organization, and the impact of the organization on what is being done.Text 9 Income and W orkPayment in kindPayment in cashFactor incomeTransfer paymentDividendTertiary industryIncomes policyIndexationCommodityPensionAllowanceUnemployment benefitMarket systemPrice of laborPrice of commodityProductive factorFixed bank depositsWage differentialWage driftIncome maintenanceIncome statement[1] 那些具有稀有技能的人在自由市场经济中能挣巨额薪金。
辽宁工程技术大学 硕士英语学位考试真题
辽宁工程技术大学硕士英语学位考试真题Liaoning University of Engineering and TechnologyMaster's Degree English ExamPart I: Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow with complete sentences.Passage 1In recent years, the field of artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advances, leading to increased interest and investment in AI technologies across various industries. From autonomous vehicles to virtual assistants, AI has the potential to revolutionize how we live and work. However, with these advancements come ethical considerations and potential risks. It is crucial for policymakers, researchers, and industry leaders to address these issues and ensure that AI is developed and used responsibly.Questions:1. What has led to increased interest and investment in AI technologies?2. Name one potential application of AI mentioned in the passage.3. Why is it important to address ethical considerations and risks related to AI?Part II: WritingDirections: In 300-500 words, write an essay expressing your opinion on the following topic:"Should governments regulate AI technologies? Why or why not?"Part III: Listening ComprehensionDirections: Listen to the audio clips and answer the questions that follow.Audio Clip 1: A conversation between two students discussing the impact of AI on job automation.Questions:1. How do the students feel about the potential impact of AI on job automation?2. What suggestions do they offer for addressing this issue?Audio Clip 2: A lecture on the history of AI and its future implications.Questions:1. What are the key milestones in the history of AI mentioned in the lecture?2. How does the lecturer believe AI will continue to evolve in the future?Good luck on your exam!。
辽宁工程技术大学 专业英语 期末考试试题及参考答案
辽宁工程技术大学20 级专升本(土木工程专业)第二学期《专业英语》试卷(A)题号一二三总分得分I .单项选择:(2*20)1. I used to ____at 6:30, but now I get used to_____at 7:00.a. got up, getting upb. gets up, getting upc. getting up get upd. get up, getting up2. _____many difficulties, they still went on with their experiment.a. Face b Faced c. Facing with d. Faced with3. It was in 1492 _____ Columbus discovered America.a. thatb. whenc. the timed. whom4. Vickie had most probably ____ her for her twin sister.a. regardedb. mistakenc. looked ond. considered5.It is the boy’s laziness that ______his failure in the exams.a. resulted inb. resulted fromc. brought ind. led into6. Rain does not ___ bring down the temperature.a. necessarilyb. certainlyc. undoubtedlyd. completely7. One of his many faults is that he never___.anything very long.a. decides onb. sticks toc. goes overd. make sure8. It was not a serious accident: the car needs only some______ repairs.a. majorb. minorc. primaryd. secondary9. The train arrived one hour behind______ .a. planb. timetablec. scheduled. date10. Be sure to______your work at the end of the exam.a. set asideb. hang upc. look overd. catch sight of11. How we_____ a chance to visit your country!.a. longed forb. looked forc. waited ford.went for12. Scientists didn’t know much about lung cancer_____ .a. before longb. long beforec. until recentlyd.very soon13. _____you keep trying, you will certainly succeeded. a. As b. Because c. As long as d. No matter how14. To my ______, this guy is a good-for-nothing.a. heartb. mindc. thoughtd. thinking15. The boys would rather the basketball match _____ next match.a. took placeb. has taken placec. take placed. should take place16. It is____ to run into danger for nothing.a. childlikeb. childhoodc. childishd. childishly17. They do not allow_____ in this classroom.a. smoking b . to smoke c. smoked d. being smoked18. The winner vacation_____ over, he got down to his work again.a. wasb. had beenc. wered. being19. They can’t help ______of their daughter.a. thinkb. thinkingc. to thinkd. thought20. It is necessary that he_______ for Beijing right now.c. will leave.d. leftII. 选词填空:(2*15)absolutely entire service reveal luxury share introduceget rid of prefer catch up client ban profound go in forconcerning1. They make _____ use of their computers.2. He is ______ wrong.3. She doesn’t have very high standards of_____.4. Young people should never simply _____ material comforts.5. He ______his close friend to me.6. He was jailed for _____ secrets to the Japanese.7. I am very _____about her examination.8. We had a______ lesson in children education yesterday.9. You will have to work harder to _____ with the top students in your class.10. You are supposed to _____ carelessness.11. For him, it would be a _____ to be able to have a day off work.12. I should ______ you not to stay there too long.13. Swimming is_____in this lake.14. We always aim to give our____ personal attention.15. Bill and John ______the work equally between them.III. 翻译: (3*10)汉译英：1.依我看，你完全错了。
辽工大专业英语全 2
在野外调查和对已有地质资料进行研究的基础上Based on field investigation and existed geological data researching, the paper expatiates on the background of nonmetallic mine’s formation in Chifeng area, analysis the characteristics of nonmetallic mines’distribution, and selective analysis the metallogeny feature of perlite,zeolite,bentonite,pyrophyllite,kaolinite and fluorite deposits. The research shows that the temporal and spatial distribution of perlite-zeolite-bentonite metallogenic series and the pyrophyllite-kaolinite metallogenic series are mainly controlled by NNE regional fault and mesozoic volcanic formation.Furthermore ,the paper expounds the mineralization’s control effect on the deposits’genetic type and syntagmatic relation,the control effect of metallogenic original rocks on deposit characteristics and the influence of metallogenic microenvironment on deposits’transformation. In conclusion, the genetic models of perlite-zeolite-bentonite and pyrophyllite-kaolinite metallogenic series in Chifeng area are established. According to the research of geologic characteristics of fluorite deposit, the tape of fluorite deposit is middle lower temperature hydrothermal filling metasomatism origin in Chifeng area, and the granitoid of stage of yanshan is main ore-host rock. Spatial distribution is mainly controlled by NE-NNE fault, and the compression and scissor fault is in favor of mineralize. The metallogenic epoch of fluorite deposit can be divided into middle lower temperature hydrothermal and supergene, and the former can be further devided into early, middle, later metallogenitic stages. In the vertical profile, from upper to lower mineralization zoning is divided into silicified tectum, quartz vein zone, fluorite vein zone and pinch zone. Finaly, the genetic models of middle lower temperature hydrothermal filling metasomatism type fluorite depositin Chifeng area is established. Finally,the paper discusses the prospecting potential of main nonmetallic mine from the ore-bearing formation point of view.“宁乡式”铁矿是我国重要的沉积铁矿类型Ningxiang type iron deposit is an important kind of iron deposits in China, which is rich in the Hunan-Kiangsi border area. Through conducting the scientific and reasonable minerogenetic prospective prediction, not only realize the sustainable development, but also provide geologic foundation to prospect the mine in the newfields.The research summarize the theory of potential evaluation of mineral resources and developmental situation of method, analyzing adaptability and advancement that forecast mineralization of Ningxiang type iron deposit in the GIS evaluation system.According to analog analyze the conduct of series of mineralization theory, andresearch layer, areal geologic structure, lithofacies palaeo geography and ore-controlling conditions of model deposit, combining analysis interpretation of general message of physical geopraphy, geochemistry and remote sensing aeromagnetic, MRAS terrace of mineral resources comprehensive information evaluation system establish the mineralize model of Ningxiang type iron deposit and model of mathematic prediction. Applying the function of powerful spatial analysis, MRAS conduct feature analysis for the mineralize factors. To summarize the important mineralize factor of Ningxiang type iron deposit that is the layer of Snmining group, containing series of genesis, the limitation platform subfacies in landward, Fe2O3 deposit of river system, the layer of Snmining group in the range from 100m to 200m and surplus gravity that is unusual more than 2m/s2.Adopting the software of GIS evaluation system of mining resource and computer processing of feature analysis, the research area is divided into 52 predicted zones. These predicted zones are segmented into three A predicted zone, seven B predicted zone and eleven C predicted zone. Potential capacity of 334-1 resource predict 5296.3 ten thousand ton, that of 334-2 predict 4670 ten thousand ton and that of 334-3 predict 3082 ten thousand ton.为了探讨胜利盆地含煤沉积环境及聚煤特征The paper applies analysis method of sedimentary facie,reveals the sedimentary environment characteristics of coal-bearing basin, to explore the victory basin coal-bearing sedimentary environments and coal-accumulating characteristics. Draw the figure of sedimentary section, prepare the figure of ancient environments, analysis the basin evolution and coal-accumulating characteristics.Analysis and research drilling lithologic in the victory basins, alluvial fan depositional systems,fan delta depositional systems, lake sedimentary systems and river depositional systems are very develop in basin. The longitudinal changes of sedimentary system, mainly influence by the same sedimentary fracture and provenance supply. Basin evolution mainly experience: the accumulation phase of alluvial coarse clastic in bottom, the sedimentary stage under the coal-bearing clastic, the sedimentary stage of lacustrine fine elastic, the sedimentary stage on the coal-bearing clastic, the sedimentary stage top clastic.The main coal-forming environment in basin:peat swamp coal-accumulating, shore-lacuatrine coal-accumulating and fan delta coal-accumulating. The cause of the giant thick coal seam in basin belong to peat swamp coal-accumulating.P257 第三、四自然段：The actual location of many outbursts is often related to the presence of particular structures in the coal seam, such as specific fault, folds, joints, cleat orfracture patterns. These structures may represent points where stress concentrations are naturally developed, or where accumulations of gas may build up during the history of coal seam formation. Once such a relation is established, it may be possible to delineate the location of outburst-prone areas in the mine by evaluating and mapping the features concernedRockbursts and gas outbursts are generally preceded by small-scale or microseismic shocks.A network of geophones can be used in the mine to record these shocks, providing much the same type of data as that obtained in crusta] earthquake studies. The location of each individual microseismic event is determined from differences in the arrival time of the signal at the various geophone stations, and maps of the shock centres may be used to delineate potential outburst zones. The rate of shock generation from such a zone tends to change very rapidly in the interval immediately preceding failure，and by plotting the number of bumps recorded from each zone per day, an estimate of the relative stability of different parts of the working area can be made.许多爆发的实际位置往往与特定结构的煤层，如特定的故障，褶皱，关节，夹板或断裂模式的存在。
辽宁工程技术大学专业英语期末考试试题及参考答案
辽宁工程技术大学专业英语期末考试试题及参考答案辽宁工程技术大学20 级专升本(土木工程专业)第二学期《专业英语》试卷(A)题号一二三总分得分I .单项选择:(2*20)1. I used to ____at 6:30, but now I get used to_____at 7:00.a. got up, getting upb. gets up, getting upc. getting up get upd. get up, getting up2. _____many difficulties, they still went on with their experiment.a. Face b Faced c. Facing with d. Faced with3. It was in 1492 _____ Columbus discovered America.a. thatb. whenc. the timed. whom4. Vickie had most probably ____ her for her twin sister.a. regardedb. mistakenc. looked ond. considered5.It is the boy’s laziness that ______his failure in the exams.a. resulted inb. resulted fromc. brought ind. led into6. Rain does not ___ bring down the temperature.a. necessarilyb. certainlyc. undoubtedlyd. completely7. One of his many faults is that he never___.anything very long.a. decides onb. sticks toc. goes overd. make sure8. It was not a serious accident: the car needs only some______ repairs.a. majorb. minorc. primaryd. secondary9. The train arrived one hour behind______ .a. planb. timetablec. scheduled. date10. Be sure to______your work at the end of the exam.a. set asideb. hang upc. look overd. catch sight of11. How we_____ a chance to visit your country!.a. longed forb. looked forc. waited ford.went for12. Scientists didn’t know much about lung cancer_____ .a. before longb. long beforec. until recentlyd.very soon13. _____you keep trying, you will certainly succeeded. a. Asb. Becausec. As long asd. No matter how14. To my ______, this guy is a good-for-nothing.a. heartb. mindc. thoughtd. thinking15. The boys would rather the basketball match _____ next match.a. took placeb. has taken placec. take placed. should take place16. It is____ to run into danger for nothing.a. childlikeb. childhoodc. childishd. childishly17. They do not allow_____ in this classroom.a. smoking b . to smoke c. smoked d. being smoked18. The winner vacation_____ over, he got down to his work again.a. wasb. had beenc. wered. being19. They can’t help ______of their daughter.a. thinkb. thinkingc. to thinkd. thought20. It is necessary that he_______ for Beijing right now.c. will leave.d. leftII. 选词填空:(2*15)absolutely entire service reveal luxury share introduceget rid of prefer catch up client ban profound go in forconcerning1. They make _____ use of their computers.2. He is ______ wrong.3. She doesn’t have very high standards of_____.4. Young people should never simply _____ material comforts.5. He ______his close friend to me.6. He was jailed for _____ secrets to the Japanese.7. I am very _____about her examination.8. We had a______ lesson in children education yesterday.9. You will have to work harder to _____ with the top students in your class.10. You are supposed to _____ carelessness.11. For him, it would be a _____ to be able to have a day off work.12. I should ______ you not to stay there too long.13. Swimming is_____in this lake.14. We always aim to give our____ personal attention.15. Bill and John ______the work equally between them.III. 翻译: (3*10)汉译英：1.依我看，你完全错了。
大工《大学英语2(远程英语2)》学习资料期末备考十八03
《大学英语2（远程英语2）》辅导资料十八主题：复习本学期所学过的写作技巧学习时间：1月25日--1月31日内容：我们这周继续进行期末复习。
本周主要复习本学期所学过的写作技巧。
希望通过下面的内容能使同学们加深对相关知识点的理解。
一、学习要求1．复习本学期所学过的写作技巧。
二、主要内容1．布局谋篇和构思写作提纲写作文时，应首先写一个提纲。
提纲即是文章的计划。
在落笔之前，对文章从内容到结构有明确而清晰的打算，才能保证文章既紧扣主题，又有条不紊。
经过对题目的酝酿构思，把筛选的内容按前后，重要次序排列，整理归纳成文章的框架。
提纲的重点为段落的中心、发展方法、过渡衔接和句型等。
文章的组织结构要符合以下几点要求：首先，要服从于表达主题思想的需要；其次，要体现文章体裁的特点；再次，要具有逻辑性；最后，要严谨、完整。
提纲并非一定要规范化，允许采取各自喜欢的格式，关键在于对文章所要反映的主题和内容的安排有比较清楚的考虑。
但提纲更注重内容的一致性，应注意以下几点：⑴每一主要段落紧扣文章主题；⑵每一主要段落包含若干具体内容；⑶具体内容选择、安排得当；⑷避免段与段之间意思的重复。
2．开首段的方法开首段是文章极其重要的一部分。
好的开头既是作者思路的最佳起点，又是这一思路得以进一步拓展以完成总体构思的保证。
一篇文章的开首段的重要性体现在三方面：一是抓住读者注意力，激发其阅读兴趣；二是运用恰当方式导入主旨，点出主题句；三是让读者明了文章主旨，大体了解文章论述模式。
以下介绍几种行之有效的开首段方式：⑴叙事经历法；⑵细致描述法；⑶问题式开首法；⑷惊人式开首法；⑸引用式开首法；⑹校正式开首法；⑺定义式开首法；⑻铺垫式开首法。
以问题式开首法为例，请阅读下边开首段：If a great failure occurs to you, what is your response? Anyway failure is an inevitable part of our life. Here are some tips for you to treat it in a proper way. After then, you can stand up from where you have fallen down.在段落开头之初提出问题，可引起读者的思考，抓住其注意力；同时可诱使读者深入文章，寻求解答。
大连工业大学大英4英语期末考试资料
大连工业大学大英4英语期末考试资料Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension ( 15points，1 point each ) 五个短对话，三篇文章共十五题Part II Reading Comprehension (30 points, 2 points each)其中一篇来自书后Unit1-4，Unit5-8自测题，原题Part III Vocabulary and Structure (25points, 1 point each)全部来自书后V ocabulary 1.2两题Unit 11.The Labor Party’s electoral strategy, which was based on atactical alliance with other minor parties, has proved successful. 劳动党的选择策略已经证明是成功地，这个策略主张和其他的小党派组成一个策略联盟。
2.The government troops recaptured the city from the rebels at thecost of two thousand casualties政府部队以二万人的伤亡为代价，从版乱者手中重新占领了这所城市。
3．By a stroke of good luck, Genelle, who had been buried in the rubble for more than 26 hours, came our alive.非常侥幸地是，Genelle在瓦砾里埋了26个小时，竟然活着。
4.My brother wasn’t badly hurt, but he injured his leg and had tolimp around for a few weeks.我的兄弟伤得不重，但他伤了腿，不得不跛行好几周。
英语复习资料
工大业余专升本14级各专业大学英语（2）期末复习提要考试题型：1．Word Building （10%，10小题，每题1分）2. Choice （25%，25小题，每题1分）3．Reading Comprehension （30%，三篇短文，15小题，每题2分）4．Blank-filling (10 %，10小题，每题1分)5．EC Translation（10 %，5小题，每题2分）6．CE Translation （15%，5小题，每题3分）考试时间：90分钟复习练习题：I. Word BuildingDirections: Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the word given in blanket on the right of each sentence.1. Experience in a related field is a _requiremont_ for this job.2 The boys looked wonderfully _healthy_ with their bright eyes and glowing cheeks.3. The film, though _amusing_, is not likely to engage the attention of a thinking audience.4. Larry said that it was _overwork_ that made his father ill.5. _Cruelty_ to children or animals is a crime in many countries.6. If you use this chemical to clean your shirt, the stains will _disappear_ immediately.7. Looking up, I saw his eyes fixed on me in _curiosity__.8. A straight line is the shortest _distance_ between two points.9. I cou ldn’t see the road properly because of the _darkness__.10. Some students can be hard on themselves in judging the __behavior_ of cheating.11. He lacks self-confidence. He always _distrusts_ his own judgment.12. I’d like to book a table for four at 6o’clock, but the waitress said that there would be notable _available_ this evening.13. Everybody knows that pure water is a _coloress_ liquid.14. What are you going to _entitle_ your new book.15. The old professor made a number of very _constructive_suggestions concerning soil conservation in the area.16. His _frankness_ has earned him more friends than enemies.17.As the young man was short of money, it was likely that he would apply for the_dangerous_ job advertised in the paper.18.I can say with _certainty that our performance will be a success.19.With such bad weather condition, the search for the missing boat will prove _hopeless_.20. By making on-the-spot observation_, the young scientists obtained first-hand informationthey needed in their research work.II. ChoiceDirections: For each of the following blanks, four choices are given. Choose the most appreciate one.1. The newcomers found it impossible to ___B___ themselves to the climate sufficiently to makepermanent homes in the new country.A. suitB. adaptC. register C. alter2. A lot of children have been __A__ a normal home life in times of war.A. deprived ofB. described asC. designed forD. disappointed in3. The challenge to finish the task ahead of schedule met with immediate _C___.A. suppliesB. appliesC. responsesD. steps4. The article is so disorganized that we will have to __D___ it a great deal.A. recordB. repairC. refineD. revise5. While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if _B___toleave the seat.A. unwellB. unwillingC. he is unwillingD. willing6. We were struck by the extent __D__ which teachers’ decisions served the interests of the schoolrather those of the students.A. withB. forC. inD. to.7. At the conference he expressed some personal views which later brought him into _C_ with theParty leadership.A. actionB. crisisC. conflictD. power8. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the __C_ of how life began.A. answerB. causeC. puzzleD. magic9. The British naturalist went all his way to India so that he could _A__ first-hand informationabout the cobra.A. obtainB. observeC. objectD. preserve10. The world market is _B__ changing. We must anticipate the changes and make timelyadjustment.A. steadilyB. constantlyC. scarcelyD. regularly11. The bridge club ___D___ his application for membership.A. suggestedB. believedC. foundD. rejected12. He talked in detail about the __C___ of setting up an experimental school in the small village.A. responsibilityB. reliabilityC. feasibilityD. suitability13. __D__ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life tohelping the deaf.A. He is rememberedB. To rememberC. While rememberingD. Though remembered14. ___A___ is needed to play the part of Alfred in this new play.A. A red-haired boyB. A red-haired-boyC. A red-hair boyD. A red hair boy15. Wilson ___B___ to find that there is only one other guest besides himself.A. is surprisingB. is surprisedC. surprisedD. surprises16. They ___A___ with their guests --- officers and their wives.A. are seatedB. are seatingC. have seatedD. were seating17. The school __C___ one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to fourteen.A. is consistedB. composed ofC. consisted ofD. made up of18. The two boys had so much _A__ that they soon became good friends.A. in commonB. in detailC. on purposeD. in general19. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature __B____.A. takingB. takenC. takeD. took20. I don’t like the cold winter in New York, but we all have to __D___ it, don’t we?A. live onB. live byC. live up toD. live with21. Cathy’s father insisted that he ___B____ a two-week rest before going to work.A. tookB. takeC. would takeD. must take22. ____D____ excellent weather conditions, they could get valuable information.A. In spite ofB. In caseC. In stead ofD. Because of23. His manner was so bright and pleasant that Arthur felt __B____ with him at once.A. at lossB. at easeC. at leastD. at first24. Before ___B___ from jail, Vingo wrote a letter to his wife asking if she would have him back.A. releasingB. releasedC. relievingD. relieved25. The sleeping cat lay too near the fire and had its tail slightly ___A_____.A. burnedB. burningC. to be burnedD. to burn26. They launched a campaign to ___C___ money for a new hospital.A. riseB. ariseC. raiseD. arouse27. Investigation has __A____ that retirement tends to cause psychological troubles for somepeople.A. revealedB. receivedC. releasedD. recovered28. The two animals are ____B___ in appearance, but they belong to different species.A. sameB. similarC. likeD. common29. They refuse to ___C___ on the situation in the Middle East.A. stateB. explainC. commentD. express30. Everyone tried to know who is ___D____ the school.A. arrangingB. judgingC. teachingD. running31. People often make comment __B__ activities which are relatively easy and satisfying.A. toB. onC. withD. in32. What does this mean ___A____ our flying saucer program is concerned?A. as far asB. as long asC. as soon asD. as well as33. ____A____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to become much better.A. NowB. ForC. SinceD. Despite.34. Everybody should know how to ___A___ himself.A. come to terms withB. come to the terms ofC. come to terms ofD. come to the terms with35. I have __A____ for the job and I hope I will get it.A. appliedB. appointedC. providedD. presented36. Where there is a will, there is a way. Your success in the experiment is ___B______.A. a caseB. a case in pointC. a pointD. in case37. In 1971, the people of that country were ___C______ to every danger----- flood, famine,disease and war.A. sufferedB. entitledC. exposedD. related38. I hadn’t seen Peter for twenty years, and when we met, he had changed so much that I couldhardly ____A____ him.A. recognizeB. recommendC. remindD. reveal39. Because of the ____D______ emphasis placed on classroom work, the instructor will reportyour absence to the adviser.A. largeB. strongC. hardD. high40. A healthy life is frequently thought to be __D____ with the open countryside and homegrownfood.A. tiedB. boundC. involvedD. associated41. The market was full of salted fish, ____A____ the worst smell that you can imagineA. giving offB. give offC. given offD. to give off42. Once I made a considered decision, I no longer ___A___ it.A. dwelt onB. lived withC. coped withD. opened up43. He came into the store, _____C____ the size he wanted, and left.A. decided onB. lifted upC. picked upD. brought out44.Man must stop ___C__ the earth’s atmosphere.A. fillingB. emittingC. pollutingD. wasting45.It took Tom an hour to _____A____ this complicated problem.A. work outB. work atC. work forD. work over46.Bob tried in vain to trick his brother ____D_____ some money from their mother’s purse.A. to stealB. to stealingC. into stealD. into stealing47. A tiger can’t be tamed ____C___ caught very young.A. whenB. lestC. unlessD. after48. Only if my safety is guaranteed in writing ___C_____ to join the experiment.A. I am willingB. I willC. am I willingD. do I will49. This watch is __D____ the one he bought in quality.A. far better toB. too better thanC. too superior toD. far superior to50. He was ill for about a week, ___C____ has really set him back in his study.A. thatB. whenC. whichD. while51. ___D_____ all his homework, he went to bed.A. DoingB. To doC. He had doneD. Having done52. At the end that term, the students had their oral test ___C___ in the classroom.A. in generalB. in termC. in turnD. in form53. Because of her beautiful voice, she was ___A___ for special training.A. singled outB. sent outC. found outD. left out54. The rude manners of the shop assistants create a bad impression ____C____ potentialcustomers.A. atB. ofC. onD. for55. Does the doctor think the elderly lady is ___D___ to survive the operation?A. likeB. alikeC. unlikelyD. likely56. The loss of the mother is a ___A__ to the family, who has been the only bread-earner.A. disasterB. damageC. spoilD. destroy57. ____B____ in1980, the tower is still the highest construction in the city.A. Being builtB. BuiltC. Having been builtD. Having built58. They took _____C____ of the opponents’ weakness and won the game.A. measuresB. referenceC. advantageD. disadvantage59. The global temperature will reach ___D__degrees ______ it is impossible for life to survive.A. such… s oB. so … asC. so … thatD. such … that60. In this university high-achieving students are __B____ as examples for other students tofollow.A. looked upB. held upC. used upD. taken upPart III Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The basic flag of the United States is one of the world’s oldest national flags. Only the flags of Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland are older.During the discovery and settlement of what is now the United States, the flags of various European nations were flown over the land, as symbols of possession. Later, the colonial and Revolutionary War periods, flags representing famous persons, places, and events were flown in the American colonies.The first official flag of the United States was created by Congress on June 14, 1777. It consisted of 13 alternate red and white stripes and 13 white stars in the field of blue, representing the 13 colonies that had declared their independence in 1776. Congress adopted a new flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes in 1795, to give representation to the two new states admitted into the Union, Vermont and Kentucky.By 1817, there were 20 states in the Union, and it became apparent that adding on stripe for each new state would destroy the shape of the flag. As a result, congress in 1818 restored the original design of 13 stripes and provided that each state was to be represented by one star. In1912 President William H. Taft made the first official provision for the arrangement of the stars. He ordered that there be six even rows of eight stars each. Previously the arrangement of the stars had been left to the flag-maker’s fancy.The evolution of the Stars and Stripes reflects the growth of the United States. After the admission of Hawaii into the Union in 1959, the flag was officially changed for the 26th time since its creation.There are many government flags flown in the United States in addition to the national flag. Among them are the president’s and vice-president’s flags and those of the federal departments and some federal agencies. Each state in the Union has an official flag. The United States Navy uses special flags for signaling.1. The basic flag of the United States is ___D____.A. the oldest national flag in the worldB. one of the national flag in the worldC. the most beautiful flag in the WestD. as old as the basic flags of some European nations2. The first official flag of the United States was adopted ____D____.A. before the Independent WarB. right after the Independent WarC. when independence was declared in 1776D. during the War of Independence which ended in 17833. The 13 red and white stripes and 13 white stars represent ____B____.A. 13 independent statesB. the colonies that declared independence in 1776C. the United States congressD. 13 famous fighters in the American colonies4. The original design of 13 stripes restored in 1818 because __A_____.A. too many stripes would destroy the shape of the flagB. Congress insisted 13 is the best numberC. that was a decision made by President TaftD. the American people suggested it5. Which of the following is true? DA. All federal departments and agencies have flags of their own.B. The newly admitted state of Hawaii does not have an official flag.C. No other flags than the national flag and the president’s flag are flown in the UnitedStates.D. the United States has a number of government flags.Passage 2I don’t often lose things and I’m especially careful with money, so I was quite surprised when I reached for my wallet and it was n’t there. At first, I thought it was possible that I could have left it at home. Then I remembered taking it out to pay for the taxi, so I knew I had it with me just before I walked into the restaurant. I wondered if it was possible that it could have slipped out of my pocket while I was eating dinner. Thinking about that possibility, I turned and walked back to the table where I had been sitting. Unfortunately, there were several people sitting at the table atthe time, so I called a waiter and explained to him that my wallet had fallen out of my pocket while I was sitting at the table a few minutes earlier. I had the waiter go over to the table to see if my wallet was on the floor. While the waiter was looking for it, the manager of the restaurant came up to me and asked me if anything was wrong. I didn’t want to get a lot of people involved in the problem, but I knew I had to get the wallet back. I told the manager what had happened. He had me describe the wallet to him, and then he insisted that I report the missing wallet to the police. I told him that I didn’t particularly want to get the police involved in it; besides, I was in a hurry because I had an appointment with my doctor in just a few minutes. I explained to him that my biggest worry at the moment was how I was going to pay the check. He told me not to worry about that. He had me write down my name and address, and he said he would send me a bill.6. Why was the writer so sure he had brought his money with him? DA. He remembered that he didn’t leave it at home.B. He always felt his pocket for the wallet before he left home.C.He believed his own memory.D.He had taken it out to pay the taxi-driver.7. According to the passage, the writer most probably lost his wallet when ___C_____.A. he took it out to pay for the taxiB. he walked into the restaurantC. he was eating dinnerD. he was ordering his dish8. Why did the writer walk back to the table where he had been sitting? BA. He was sure his wallet was still there.B. It was possible that he could find his wallet there.C. He could ask someone there about his wallet.D. He saw the wallet lying on the floor near the table.9. The manager _C___.A. didn’t appear till very lateB. didn’t come at all because he was very busyC came up pretty soon to see what had happenedD. came to the table and found the wallet10. As the writer didn’t want to get a lot of people involved in the problem, _____D__.A. he only told the manager what had happenedB. he didn’t tell the manager anythingC. he reported to the police immediatelyD. he only told the story to the manager and waiter.Part IV Blank-filling Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.go out of o ne’s way at ease smell of live with proceedbring back fish out make comment act on join income to terms with live with handle appreciate alert tobe capable of for granted pick out as to agree ona case in point give off set back based on tend to1. The fire that broke out in the plant during the night was still seen __to give off_ a lot ofsmoke the next morning.2. Noticing that my daughter was very shy, our hostess _went out of her way_ to make her feel at home.3. The movie we are going to watch is said to be _based on_ the life of a Chinese general.4. After a sleepless night, during which Joe smoked a whole pack of cigarettes, his eyes werebloodshot and his breath __smelled of_ tobacco.5. The school master invited me into the room and _proceeded_ to ask me a lot of questions.6. I don’t enjoy hot weather in summer, but we have to _live with it, don’t we?7. Many American people hope to _bring back_ the death penalty and the President clean upthe country.8. A good hunting dog is _alert to_ every sound and movement in the field.9. Where there is a will, there is a way. Your eventual success in the experiment is _a case in point_.10. The storm _set back_ the construction of the railway for at least three months.11. I always took it _for granted_ that I was far more intelligent than he was.12. They often talked with a lonely salesman _fishing out__ pictures of his family.13. People often _make comment_ about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying.14. I _appreciate_ this oil painting much more now that you have explained it to me.15. We had a long debate _as to_ whether we should spend so much money on space technology.16. The American does not _join in_ the argument but watches the other guests.17. They _agreed on_ the previously determined plan and finished the work ahead of schedule.18. After some dispute about the price, the two sides finally _come to terms with_ each other.19. Computers _are capable of_ solving complicated problems in second.20. I had the knowledge and skill to _handle_ any surgical situation in practice.V. Translate the following into Chinese1. A woman’s reaction in any crisis is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has thatounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts.女人遇到危险时的反应是尖叫，虽然男人也很想，但比起女人来，他们的自制力略胜一筹，这多出来的自制力是真正起作用的。
2024辽宁高校联盟学位英语资料
2024辽宁高校联盟学位英语资料2024 Liaoning Higher Education Alliance Degree English DataIntroductionThe Liaoning Higher Education Alliance was established in 2019, with the aim of enhancing cooperation and exchange among universities in Liaoning province. One of the major initiatives of the Alliance is the implementation of a unified system for granting degrees in English language programs. This document provides an overview of the degree requirements and assessment criteria for the English language programs offered by member universities of the Alliance.Degree RequirementsThe Alliance offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in various disciplines, including Business, Engineering, Arts, and Sciences. To obtain a degree in an English language program, students must complete a minimum of 120 credits for undergraduate programs and 30 credits for graduate programs. In addition to completing the required coursework, students are also required to pass a comprehensive examination in English language proficiency.Assessment CriteriaThe assessment of students’ performance in English language programs is based on the following criteria:1. Language Proficiency: Students are evaluated on their ability to communicate effectively in English, including speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills. The assessment is conducted through class participation, assignments, and examinations.2. Academic Achievement: Students are required to maintaina minimum GPA of 3.0 in their coursework. In addition, they must demonstrate proficiency in their chosen field of study through research projects, presentations, and examinations.3. Cultural Competence: Students are encouraged to engage in extracurricular activities that promote cross-cultural understanding and communication. This may include participating in study abroad programs, internships, and community service projects.4. Professional Development: Students are expected to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and leadership skills that will prepare them for success in their chosen career path.ConclusionThe implementation of a unified system for granting degrees in English language programs by the Liaoning Higher Education Alliance has been a significant step towards promoting internationalization and academic excellence among member universities. By setting clear degree requirements and assessment criteria, the Alliance aims to ensure that students receive a high-quality education that prepares them for the challenges of the global marketplace.。
辽宁工业大学大二期末英语考试资料
21世纪大学英语读写教程课文翻译
Unit3-TextA如何改变你的视角卡罗琳?西博姆
爱德华?詹纳医生正忙于解决天花问题。在研究了一个又一个病例之后，他仍然没有发现可能的治疗方法。他的思维陷入了僵局。这时，他改变了策略。他不再把注意力集中在天花患者身上，而是把注意力转移到没有患天花的人身上。结果发现，挤奶女工显然从未得过这种病。从无害的牛痘能预防致命的天花这一发现产生了疫苗的接种及天花作为一种灾难在西方世界的终结。
我把印在第一页上的所有东西甚至标点符号，慢慢地歪歪斜斜十分费力地抄到了我的便笺簿里。
我想这花了我一天的时间。然后，我便把写在便笺簿上的每个词大声读给自己听。我一遍又一遍地把自己写的东西大声读给自己听。
对于家庭而言，这种特性标签有时是由邻居们所定的。“琼斯一家都是废物......总是依靠救济。”有时这种标签也可由那家人自己所定。“我们史密斯一家宁愿挨饿也不请求政府帮助！”史密斯家的男孩因带着这种令人敬畏的独立特性长大，很容易与之名实相符，正如琼斯家的女孩很容易与他们的特性名实相符一样。“他们都认为我们是废物？那我就表现得象废物！”
学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事。当这种情况发生时，那个学生面对的不是失望、气愤或恼怒。相反，老师认为这是一个例外，一次意外事件，倒霉的一天，一次暂时的失误----而学生相信了她，并消除了疑虑。下一次，他更加努力了，决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。
在老师传达的信息中到底是哪一点告诉了孩子“我期待着最好的成绩”，这很难精确说明。其中一部分是显示信心的平和声调，是没有言语上的不耐烦，是不讽刺，不贬低，不发火，不带有诸如此类的消极因素。期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提问，因为她知道她得到的答案将是正确的，而孩子也感受到了那种信心。
【考研英语】2021年7月辽宁沈阳工业大学研究生招生考试英语练习题100道(附答案解析)
【考研英语】2021年7月辽宁沈阳工业大学研究生招生考试英语练习题100道（附答案解析）第1题【单选题】Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science．A、在农业革命中，科学没有机械重要。
B、在农业革命中，机械没有科学重要。
C、在农业革命中，科学和机械几乎同等重要。
D、在农业革命中，机械和科学都不怎么重要。
【正确答案】C【答案解析】答案选C。
本句考查程度副词的翻译。
本句的翻译重点是Scarcely less important，scarcely是程度副词，意思是“几乎不，简直没有’’。
它本身带有否定的意思。
less important意思是“不如……重要”，而加scarcely之后，双重否定表示肯定，意思是两者是差不多同样重要的，所以应该选C。
第2题【单选题】Congress [assembles] together in January.A、rangeB、restrictC、gatherD、restore【正确答案】C【答案解析】[assembles] 集合，聚集；装配；收集；gather 收集；收割；使…聚集；使…皱起。
第3题【单选题】Those attacks can range from indiscriminate viruses to corporate spying and efforts to gain ________ data from banksA、sensibleB、senseC、sensitiveD、sensibly【正确答案】C【答案解析】相关句子部分的意思是：从银行、信用卡公司或个人获得敏感的数据。
四个选项的意思分别为：明智的；感觉；敏感的；容易感知地。
第4题【单选题】Late one Sunday afternoon in September 1999, Oseola McCarty, anelderly cleaning lady passed away in the little wooden frame house where she had lived and worked most of her life. It may seem like an ordinary end to a humble life, but there was something quite exceptional about this woman. In the summer of 1995, McCarty gave $ 150,000, most of the money she had saved throughout her life，to the University of Southern Mississippi in her hometown. The money was to help other African Americans through university. She had started her savings habit as a young child when she would return from school to clean and iron for money which she would then save.This woman shocked and inspired the world because _______.A、she had managed to save so much moneyB、she gave her money to African AmericansC、she gave her life savings to help others through universityD、she only spent money on cheap things【正确答案】C【答案解析】only是绝对词，在选项D中出现，根据经验排除D；对照原文第一自然段最后一句话there was something quite exceptional about this woman说她有些特别的地方，接着第二自然段就讲In the summer of 1995, McCarty gave $ 150,000, most of the money she had saved throughout her life，to the University of Southern Mississippi in her hometown.她把大部分积攒的钱捐献给了家乡的大学，A和B表达都不全面，答案是C。
辽宁工程技术大英语校四级题库
辽宁工程技术大英语校四级题库1、The trouble turned out to have nothing to do with them. [单选题] *A. 由…引发的B. 与…有牵连C. 给…带来麻烦D. 与…不相干(正确答案)2、( ) Do you have any difficulty _____ these flowers？I’d like to help you if you need.[单选题] *A in planting(正确答案)B for plantingC with plantingD to plant3、--Shall we have a swim?--Yes, let’s _______ it at 9:00 next Sunday. [单选题] *A. putB. meetC. setD. make(正确答案)4、37．It’s fun _________ a horse with your best friends on the grass. [单选题] *A．to ride (正确答案)B．ridingC．ridesD．ride5、I am so excited to receive a _______ from my husband on my birthday. [单选题] *A. present(正确答案)B. percentC. parentD. peace6、My father and I often go ______ on weekends so I can ______ very well. （）[单选题] *A. swim; swimmingB. swims; swimC. swimming; swimmingD. swimming; swim(正确答案)7、The beautiful radio _______ me 30 dollars. [单选题] *A. spentB. paidC. cost(正确答案)D. took8、A survey of the opinions of students（）that they admit several hours of sitting in front of the computer harmful to health. [单选题] *A. show；areB. shows ；is(正确答案)C.show；isD.shows ；are9、_______ songs is my favorite. [单选题] *A. To Singing EnglishB. Singing English(正确答案)C. Singings EnglishD. Sing English10、27．My father is a professor and he works in__________ university. [单选题] *A．a (正确答案)B．anC．/D．the11、We have ______ homework today. （）[单选题] *A. too manyB. too much(正确答案)C. much tooD. very much12、Is there ____ for one more in the car? [单选题] *A. seatB. situationC. positionD. room(正确答案)13、Mr. White likes to live in a _______ place. [单选题] *A. quiteB. quiet(正确答案)C. quickD. quietly14、—Whose book is it? Is it yours?—No, ask John. Maybe it’s ______.（）[单选题] *A. hersB. his(正确答案)C. he’sD. her15、We can see ______ stars at night if it doesn’t rain. [单选题] *A. a thousand ofB. thousandsC. thousand ofD. thousands of(正确答案)16、Mike and his friend are going to the _______ to see the new action movie tonight. [单选题] *A. book shopB. restaurantC. concertD. cinema(正确答案)17、It’s reported that there are more than 300?_______ smokers in China. [单选题] *A. million(正确答案)B. millionsC. million ofD. millions of18、—Where did you get the book?—From my friend. I ______ it three days ago. （）[单选题] *A. lentB. borrowed(正确答案)C. keptD. returned19、We should have breakfast every day to keep ______. [单选题] *A. healthB. healthy(正确答案)C. healthilyD. the healthy20、Jane and Tom _______ my friends. [单选题] *A. amB. isC. are(正确答案)D. was21、In the future, people ______ a new kind of clothes that will be warm when they are cold, and cool when they’re hot.（）[单选题] *A. wearB. woreC. are wearingD. will wear(正确答案)22、Last week they _______ in climbing the Yuelu Mountain. [单选题] *A. succeeded(正确答案)B. succeedC. successD. successful23、My sister gave me a _______ at my birthday party. [单选题] *A. parentB. peaceC. patientD. present(正确答案)24、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought25、—These shoes look cool. ______ are they?—They are on sale, only $（）[单选题] *A. How much(正确答案)B. How longC. How manyD. How soon26、15．This kind of bread is terrible. I do not want to eat it ________. [单选题] *A．any more(正确答案)B．some moreC．no longerD．some longer27、93．Welcome ________ our school! [单选题] *A．to(正确答案)B．inC．atD．/28、pencil - box is beautiful. But ____ is more beautiful than ____. [单选题] *A. Tom's; my; heB. Tom's; mine; his(正确答案)C. Tom's; mine; himD. Tom's; my; his29、———Must I return the book you lent me to you now? ——No, you( ）. You can keep it for another few days. [单选题] *A.can’tB. shouldn'tC. mustn'tD. don, t have to(正确答案)30、—Can you play the violin at the art festival?—No, I ______. But I am good at playing the drums.（）[单选题] *A. canB. can’t(正确答案)C. doD. don’t。
801英语专业综合.doc
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大连理工大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试大纲
科目代码：801 科目名称：英语专业综合
文学部分：
试题为三部分（名词解释、诗歌分析和小说分析）：
一、名词解释30分，共10小题（文学技巧、风格、形式、样式类术语；文学理论、文学批评类术语；英美
文学史所涉及的术语）。
二、诗歌分析20分，共1小题（就所给的一位英美重要诗人的一首代表性诗歌作品，分析该诗歌的主题、
风格、技巧等各方面的基本特征）。
三、小说分析25分，共1小题（就所给的一位英美重要小说家的一部代表性小说作品（节选），分析该作品
的主题、风格、技巧等各方面的基本特征）。
复习资料：M.H.艾布拉姆斯. 文学术语词典（第10版，中英对照）. 北京大学出版社，2014；乔纳森·卡勒，文学理论入门（中英双语），李平译. 译林出版社，2013。
语言学部分：
试题为三部分（名词解释、简答题和讨论题）：
一、名词解释30分，共10小题（语言学本体及其分支研究的相关术语和概念）。
二、简答题20分，共4小题（语言学本体及其分支研究所涉及的相关问题）。
三、讨论题25分，共2小题（第1题10分，第2题15分，分析和讨论语言学的应用价值、研究方法、主要流派等，或者针对所给语料或具体语例，设计一个涵盖研究问题、研究方法、研究内容及预期结果的研究方案）。
复习资料：
胡壮麟，李战子. 语言学简明教程（第二版英文本）. 北京大学出版社，2013
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综合国力：comprehensive strength 信息工业：information industry 信息管理系统：information management systems 综合的：integrative 生态环境监测：ecological environment monitoring 地理国情监测：geological prospecting 城市乡村规划设计：urban and rural planing and design 工程测量：survey engineering 测绘（行业）：surveying and mapping 地理信息系统：geographic information systems 科技革命：technological revolution 制图学：cartography 全球定位系统：global positioning system 地理坐标：geographic coordinate 关系型数据库：relational database 面向对象数据库：object-oriented database 水准点：bench mark 一般性问题解决工具：generic problem-solving tool 公共参与式GIS：public participation GIS 扁平的椭球：oblate ellipsoid 基准：datum GRS80:Geodetic Reference SystemWGS84:World Geodetic System1984地图比例尺：map scale 地图投影：map projection 地理网格：geographic grid 等积投影：Epuivalent projection 正形投影（保角投影）：Conformal projection 等距离投影：Equidistant projection 方位投影：Azimuthal projection墨卡托投影：Mercator projection 相对位置：relative location 绝对位置：absolute location 本初子午线：prime meridian 地图数字化：map digitizing 三维空间：three-dimensional space 地理坐标系（大地坐标系）：geographic coordinate system 通用横轴墨卡托投影（UTM）:universal transverse Mercator coordinate system 军事网格系统：military grid system 国家平面系统：state plane system 分辨率：resolution空间基准:space-based datum 二进制：binary bit 栅格格式：raster format 矢量格式：vector format二维文件：flat file 像素：pixel 数字高程模型（DEM）：digital elevation model 快速检索：rapid retrieval 不规则三角网（TIN）：triangulated irregular network 属性字典：attribute dictionary 拓扑数据结构：topological data structure 弧段文件：arc file 分配网格编码：assigning cell code显隐方法:Presence/Absence Method 中心点法：cell center method 面积占优：Dominant Area Method 行程编码：Run-length encoding 四叉树：Quad tree 拓扑表：topology table 数字线划图（DLG）：digital line graph 空间分析：spatial analysis 叠加：overlay 裁剪操作：clip operations 建立缓冲区：establish the buffer 临近分析：proximity analysis 公域网内数据：public-domain data 叠加和对比分析：overlay and comparative analysis1. Our world has moved into the information age. In the 21st century information and information science are e ssential for economical and social development of every nation in the world, and they are also an important sym bol used to judge the comprehensive strength and the development levelof science and technology of every nati on. After more than 40years development,now GIS becom-es an absolutly necessary part of information industr y and few other information management systems have the integrative and analytical power of a GIS.我们的世界已经进入到信息时代。
在21世纪，信息和信息科学对于世界上每个国家的经济和社会的发展是至关重要的，并且它们是用来判断每个国家的综合国力和科学技术发展水平一个重要的标志。
在历经40多年的发展后，现在GIS成为信息工业一个必需的部分并且很少有其他的信息管理系统具有GIS 的综合和分析能力。
2. At present GIS has attracted more and more attentions from all countries and circles, and is widely used by v arious departments and fields of national economy, such as resources and environment management, ecological environment monitoring, geological prospecting, urban and rural planning and design, survey engineering, etc . Along with the gradually deepening of people’s understanding about spatial information, the popularization of d igital products and the develop ment of computer net work technology, the range and quality of GIS application will be further popularized and broadened.目前，gis已经吸引了来自各国和各行各业的越来越多的注意力，并广泛应用在国家经济各部门和领域。
像资源与环境管理，生态环境监测，地理国情监察，城乡规划与设计，工程测量等。
随着人们对空间信息的理解逐步加深，数字产品的普及，以及电脑网络技术的发展，gis应用的品质与领域将进一步推广与扩展。
3. Now qualified GIS specialists and technicians are urgently needed. At the same time it should be pointed out that GIS is not only for the specialists, but for everyone. Whatever your field of interest, it is quite possible that you may encounter and use a GIS in some way in the future. Students from many different disciplines and professions want to learn and use GIS, especially those majoring in surveying and mapping, urban and rural planning , etc .现在，迫切的需要有资格的专家与技术人员。
与此同时，应该指出的是gis不仅适合于专家，也适合于每一个人。
不论你感兴趣的领域是什么，在未来你都有相当大的可能会遇到并使用gis在某些方面。
一些来自不同专业和职业的同学，想要学习并使用gis，尤其是那些主要从事测绘，城乡规划等的人。
4. GIS involves not only one but a great many technological revolutions, such as computer science, cartopraphy , global positioning system (GPS) , remote sensing (RS), survey engineering, etc . This book also provides read ers with a carefully chosen distilled version of the theory and content from these relevant disciplines to help the m started. Therefore if you want to go further, you know where are the proper paths forwards.GIS涉及的不仅是一项技术也是众多技术的革命，像电脑科学，制图学，全球定位系统，遥感，工程测量等。
这本书也为读者提供了一些从相关学科中精心挑选出来的理论及内容，来帮助他们开始。
因此，如果你想走的更远，你将要知道哪里是恰当的前进的途径。
5. The phrase”special case of information systems” implies that GIS has a heritage in information systems tech nology. GIS did not create the technology of database management, and actually there has existed in computer s cience a 40-year-odd tradition in this field all the way from the earliest spreadsheet programs,through relational database management, to the present object-oriented database management. Information systems have been wid ely used in library, in business, and around the Internet, and GIS just opened another new application field of in formation systems.短语“信息系统的特殊事例”暗示了gis是信息系统技术的遗产。