【机械类文献翻译】冲压模具设计
外文翻译-冲压模具设计成型方面
英文翻译4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,the availability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from one forming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transferpresses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations are performed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a much broader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,throughwhich the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,theavailability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from oneforming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations areperformed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a muchbroader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,through which the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。
冲压模具设计
冲压模具设计1. 引言冲压模具是指用于进行金属冲压工艺的模具，用于在金属工件上施加力量以将其形状改变。
冲压模具设计在制造业中扮演着重要的角色，它直接影响到产品的质量和生产效率。
本文将介绍冲压模具设计的基本概念、设计过程和一些常用的设计原则。
2. 冲压模具设计的基本概念2.1 冲压工艺冲压工艺是指将薄板金属材料经过剪切、冲孔、弯曲等工艺加工，以获得所需形状和尺寸的工件。
冲压工艺具有高效、精确和重复性好等特点，广泛应用于汽车制造、电子设备和机械制造等行业。
2.2 冲压模具冲压模具是用于进行冲压工艺的工具，通常由上模、下模和导向装置等部件组成。
上模和下模通过导向装置进行定位，形成模腔，金属材料在模腔中受力产生变形，从而得到所需形状的工件。
3. 冲压模具设计的过程冲压模具设计通常包括以下几个步骤：3.1 零件分析在进行冲压模具设计之前，需要对待加工的零件进行分析。
分析包括对零件的形状、材料和尺寸等方面进行研究，以确定合适的冲压工艺和模具结构。
3.2 模具结构设计根据零件的形状和要求，设计冲压模具的结构。
模具结构设计包括上模、下模、导向装置、顶出装置等部分的设计，以保证模具具有足够的刚度和稳定性。
3.3 模具零部件设计根据模具结构设计的结果，对各个零部件进行详细设计。
包括绘制各个零部件的草图、确定材料和尺寸，以及进行结构优化和强度计算等工作。
3.4 工艺路线设计根据零件的要求和工艺特点，设计出适合的工艺路线。
包括冲孔位置和尺寸、切削方式、顶出顺序等方面的确定。
3.5 模具制造和试模根据模具设计的结果，进行模具制造和试模工作。
包括制造各个零部件、装配模具、进行调试和试模等过程。
通过试模，检验模具的设计和制造是否符合要求，提出改进和优化的意见。
4. 冲压模具设计的常用原则4.1 简化结构冲压模具的结构尽量简化，以减少制造成本和提高生产效率。
避免使用复杂的零部件和工艺过程，尽量采用标准件或通用部件，方便制造和维护。
冲压模具设计相关 中英对照
为冲压模具设计开发一个切实可行的排样优化系统排样是冲压模具设计中的一个重要工艺。
材料成本是板料冲压中最重要的成本之一，因此最大限度减小废料是节省材料的本质所在，这不仅仅体现在板料冲压过程中，而且在整个生产过程中也应该注意。
本文主要是讨论用AutoCAD 的ObjectARX 开发工具为冲压模具开发一个切实可行的排样优化系统。
这个排样优化系统的基本原理还是首次被描述，并且也提出了这个系统的一般结构。
这个系统不仅仅是一个排样算法的计算问题而且还要考虑到工业实际要求和用户操作的问题。
在最后，以一个毛坯形状补偿法去解决补偿曲面的自交问题，并且这种方法是对传统的― 一步转换‖法的一种改良，它可以消除排样过程中高效性和精确性之间的冲突。
关键词：排样；优化；冲压模具1．前言冲压工艺是制造工业中发展最早的工业技术之一。
冲压工艺一直在持续不断的发展，我们可以看到冲压产品随处可见。
排样是冲压模具设计中最重要的工艺之一，它可以定义为冲压毛坯在板料和条料总面积中所占的最大比例。
排样的目的是提高材料的利用率并且尽量减少废料适应冲压工艺的实际要求。
材料成本是板料冲压中最重要的成本之一，因此最大限度减小废料是节省材料的本质所在，这不仅仅体现在板料冲压过程中，而且在整个生产过程中也应该注意。
另外，排样的结果是条料设计和冲压模具设计如模板设计的基础。
在过去，排样完全是靠手工操作的，它高度依赖于设计师的经验和技术。
当然，这种方法经历了一个长时间的经验积累，它解决了许工艺设计中的实际问题，这是从书本和手册中所得不到的。
为的板材提供了三种方案。
Adamowicz 和Albano 2，Dori 和Ben-Bassat 3，Qu 和Sanders 4，共同提出了一个―两次趋近‖的方法，也就是把最初复杂不规则的形状转换成像矩形、凸多边形等形状，然后再嵌入。
Dagli 和Tatoglu 5，提出了一种具有启发性的方法，也就是依据不同的类型的形状进行优先划分。
冲压模具设计外文翻译
冲压模具设计外文翻译摘录：在这一篇论文中，对滚动接触机械装置上的滚动接触体结构柔性变形的效果简短地分析。
轮副和轨道对轮的潜变力的结构变形的效果和轨条详细地被分析研究。
轮副的一般结构柔性变形和轨道首先分别用有限元的机械要素方法和关系一起分析,从而获得表达滚动方向和轮副的横方向的结构柔性变形和对应的负载。
按照它们之间的关系,我们计算轮和轨条的在一点相接接触的影响力系数。
影响力系数代表发生在轮/轨道接触的一个小的矩形面积上的单位面积的牵引力引起的结构柔性变形。
他们习惯校订一些与Kalker的无赫兹的形状滚动接触的三维空间的有柔性体的理论Bossinesq 和Cerruti 的公式一起获得的影响力系数。
在潜变力的分析中, 利用了修正的 Kalker 的理论。
从轮副和轨道的结构柔性变形中获得的数字结果表明潜变力发挥的很大影响力。
2002 Elsevier 科学出版社版权所有。
关键字: 轮/轨条; 滚动接触;潜变力;柔性变形结构1.介绍由于火车轮副和轨道之间的很大相对运动作用力引起轮副和轨道的结构较大的柔性变形。
大的结构变形极大影轮和轨条响滚动接触的性能,如潜变力，波形 [1 – 3] ，黏着，滚动接触疲劳, 噪音 [4,5] 和脱轨[6]等等. 到现在为止在轮/ 轨道的潜变力的分析中广泛应用的滚动接触理论是以柔性一半的空间假定为基础的 [7 –12]. 换句话说，轮/ 轨道的一个接触的柔性变形和牵引之间的关系可以用Bossinesq和 Cerruti的理论公式表达。
实际, 当轮副在轨道上持续运动,接触的柔性变形是比那些以滚动接触的现在理论公式计算的更大。
因为轮副/ 轨道的挠性是比柔性一半的空间更加大。
由对应的负荷所引起的轮副/ 轨道柔性变形结构在图中被显示。
如 1 和 2. 在图中轮副弯曲变形被显示出来。
在图 1a 中被显示的轮副弯曲变形主要由车辆和轮副/轨条的垂直动载荷所引起。
在图 1 b 中描述的轮副扭转的变形是由于轮和轨道之间的纵潜变力的作用生产的。
(完整版)冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计
"sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is
is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an
Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals
be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or
modes can be illustrated by considering the deformation of small sheet elements
Sheet forming a simple cup
the blank flange as it is being drawn horizontally through
Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperature
Condition
Hard
0 6T
0 4T
0 2T
5T 13T
0.5T 6T
0.5T 4T
0.7T 3T
2.6T 4T
——thickness of material
one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press.
冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译 中英文翻译 外文文献翻译
冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部:专业:姓名:学号:外文出处: The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文,2.外文原文。
指导教师评语:签名:年月日附件1:外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。
板料成形(也称为冲压或压力成形)经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。
如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。
当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。
站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。
落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如:弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。
而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。
根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。
图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。
一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。
板料成形的原理如图2所示。
拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。
拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。
在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。
【机械类文献翻译】冲压模具
冲压模具的外文翻译摘要冲压模具在工业生产中应用广泛。
冲压模具的设计充分利用了机械压力机的功用特点在室温的条件下对坯件进行冲压成形，生产效率提高，经济效益显著。
冲压模具的设计充分利用了机械压力机的功用特点，在室温的条件下对坯件进行冲压成形，生产效率提高，经济效益显著。
本文介绍的模具实例结构简单实用，使用方便可靠，对类似工件的大批量生产具有一定的参考作用。
在传统的工业生产中，工人生产的劳动强度大、劳动量大，严重影响生产效率的提高。
随着当今科技的发展，工业生产中模具的使用已经越来越引起人们的重视，而被大量应用到工业生产中来。
冲压模具的自动送料技术也投入到实际的生产中，冲压模具可以大大的提高劳动生产效率，减轻工人负担，具有重要的技术进步意义和经济价值。
1、国内外模具工业的发展与现状1953年，长春第一汽车制造厂在中国首次建立了冲模车间，该厂于1958年开始制造汽车覆盖件模具。
我国于20世纪60年开始生产精冲模具。
在走过了温长的发展道路之后，目前我国已形成了300多亿元（未包括港、澳、台的统计数字，下同）各类冲压模具的生产能力。
上海交通大学为瑞士法因托（Finetool）精冲公司开发成功精密冲裁级进模CAC/CAM 系统，西安交通大学开发出多工位弯曲级进模CAD系统等。
展望国内外模具CAD/CAE/CAM 技术的发展，本世纪的科学技术正处于日新月异的变革之中，通过与计算机技术的紧密结合，人工智能技术、并行工程、面向装配、参数化特征建模以及关联设计等一系列与模具工业相关的技术发展之快，学科领域交叉之广前所未见。
目前我国模具年生产总量虽然已位居世界第三，其中，冲压模占模具总量的40%以上，但在整个模具设计制造水平和标准化程度上，与德国、美国、日本等发达国家相比还存在相当大的差距。
在设计制造方法、手段上已基本达到了国际水平，模具结构功能方面也接近国际水平，在轿车模具国产化进程中前进了一大步。
但在制造质量、精度、制造周期和成本方面，以国外相比还存在一定的差距。
机械设计专业术语的英语翻译(含模具)
阿基米德蜗杆Archimedesworm安全系数safetyfactor factorofsafety安全载荷safeload凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flatleafspring半圆键woodruffkey变形deformation摆杆oscillatingbar摆动从动件oscillatingfollower摆动从动件凸轮机构camwithoscillatingfollower 摆动导杆机构oscillatingguide-barmechanis m摆线齿轮cycloidalgear摆线齿形cycloidaltoothprofile摆线运动规律cycloidalmotion摆线针轮cycloidal-pinwheel包角angleofcontact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-backarrangement背锥backcone；normalcone背锥角backangle背锥距backconedistance比例尺scale比热容specificheatcapacity闭式链closedkinematicchain闭链机构closedchainmechanism臂部arm变频器frequencyconverters变频调速frequencycontrolofmotorspeed变速speedchange变速齿轮changegear changewheel变位齿轮modifiedgear变位系数modificationcoefficient标准齿轮standardgear标准直齿轮standardspurgear表面质量系数superficialmassfactor表面传热系数surfacecoefficientofheattransfer 表面粗糙度surfaceroughness并联式组合combinationinparallel并联机构parallelmechanism并联组合机构parallelcombinedmechanis m并行工程concurrentengineering并行设计concurreddesign,CD不平衡相位phaseangleofunbalance不平衡imbalanceorunbalance不平衡量amountofunbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittentgearing波发生器wavegenerator波数numberofwaves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterizationdesign,PD残余应力residualstress操纵及控制装置operationcontroldevice槽轮Genevawheel槽轮机构Genevamechanism；Maltesecross槽数Genevanumerate槽凸轮groovecam侧隙backlash差动轮系differentialgeartrain差动螺旋机构differentialscrewmechanism差速器differential常用机构conventionalmechanism mechanis mincommonuse 车床lathe承载量系数bearingcapacityfactor承载能力bearingcapacity成对安装pairedmounting尺寸系列dimensionseries齿槽toothspace齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendumcircle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendumcircle齿厚tooththickness齿距circularpitch齿宽facewidth齿廓toothprofile齿廓曲线toothcurve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changinggearboxes齿轮齿条机构pinionandrack齿轮插刀pinioncutter pinion-shapedshapercutter 齿轮滚刀hob,hobbingcutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinionunit齿轮联轴器gearcoupling齿条传动rackgear齿数toothnumber齿数比gearratio齿条rack齿条插刀rackcutter rack-shapedshapercutter 齿形链、无声链silentchain齿形系数formfactor齿式棘轮机构toothratchetmechanism插齿机gearshaper重合点coincidentpoints重合度contactratio冲床punch传动比transmissionratio,speedratio传动装置gearing transmissiongear传动系统drivensystem传动角transmissionangle传动轴transmissionshaft串联式组合combinationinseries串联式组合机构seriescombinedmechanism 串级调速cascadespeedcontrol创新innovation creation创新设计creationdesign垂直载荷、法向载荷normalload唇形橡胶密封liprubberseal磁流体轴承magneticfluidbearing从动带轮drivenpulley从动件drivenlink,follower从动件平底宽度widthofflat-face从动件停歇followerdwell从动件运动规律followermotion从动轮drivengear粗线boldline粗牙螺纹coarsethread大齿轮gearwheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动beltdriving带轮beltpulley带式制动器bandbrake单列轴承singlerowbearing单向推力轴承single-directionthrustbearing 单万向联轴节singleuniversaljoint单位矢量unitvector当量齿轮equivalentspurgear virtualgear当量齿数equivalentteethnumber virtualnumberofteeth当量摩擦系数equivalentcoefficientoffriction当量载荷equivalentload刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conductionofheat导程lead导程角leadangle等加等减速运动规律parabolicmotion constantaccelerationanddecelerationmotion 等速运动规律uniformmotion constantvelocitymotion等径凸轮conjugateyokeradialcam等宽凸轮constant-breadthcam等效构件equivalentlink等效力equivalentforce等效力矩equivalentmomentofforce等效量equivalent等效质量equivalentmass等效转动惯量equivalentmomentofinertia等效动力学模型dynamicallyequivalentmodel底座chassis低副lowerpair点划线chaindottedline疲劳点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasketseal碟形弹簧bellevillespring顶隙bottomclearance定轴轮系ordinarygeartrain geartrainwithfixedaxes 动力学dynamics动密封kinematicalseal动能dynamicenergy动力粘度dynamicviscosity动力润滑dynamiclubrication动平衡dynamicbalance动平衡机dynamicbalancingmachine动态特性dynamiccharacteristics动态分析设计dynamicanalysisdesign动压力dynamicreaction动载荷dynamicload端面transverseplane端面参数transverseparameters端面齿距transversecircularpitch端面齿廓transversetoothprofile端面重合度transversecontactratio端面模数transversemodule端面压力角transversepressureangle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetrycirculatingstress对心滚子从动件radialorin-linerollerfollower对心直动从动件radialorin-linetranslatingfollower对心移动从动件radialreciprocatingfollower对心曲柄滑块机构in-lineslider-crankorcrank-slidermechanis m 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standardpitchcone分析法analyticalmethod封闭差动轮系planetarydifferential复合铰链compoundhinge复合式组合compoundcombining复合轮系compoundorcombinedgeartrain复合平带compoundflatbelt复合应力combinedstress复式螺旋机构Compoundscrewmechanis m复杂机构complexmechanism杆组Assurgroup干涉interference刚度系数stiffnesscoefficient刚轮rigidcircularspline钢丝软轴wiresoftshaft刚体导引机构bodyguidancemechanism刚性冲击rigidimpulseshock刚性转子rigidrotor刚性轴承rigidbearing刚性联轴器rigidcoupling高度系列heightseries高速带highspeedbelt高副higherpair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`slaw根切undercutting公称直径nominaldiameter高度系列heightseries功work工况系数applicationfactor工艺设计technologicaldesign工作循环图workingcyclediagram工作机构operationmechanis m工作载荷externalloads工作空间workingspace工作应力workingstress工作阻力effectiveresistance工作阻力矩effectiveresistancemoment 公法线commonnormalline公共约束generalconstraint公制齿轮metricgears功率power功能分析设计functionanalysesdesign共轭齿廓conjugateprofiles共轭凸轮conjugatecam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixedlink frame固体润滑剂solidlubricant关节型操作器jointedmanipulator惯性力inertiaforce惯性力矩momentofinertia,shakingmoment 惯性力平衡balanceofshakingforce惯性力完全平衡fullbalanceofshakingforce 惯性力部分平衡partialbalanceofshakingforce 惯性主矩resultantmomentofinertia惯性主失resultantvectorofinertia冠轮crowngear广义机构generationmechanis m广义坐标generalizedcoordinate轨迹生成pathgeneration轨迹发生器pathgenerator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rollingelement滚动轴承rollingbearing滚动轴承代号rollingbearingidentificationcode 滚针needleroller滚针轴承needlerollerbearing滚子roller滚子轴承rollerbearing滚子半径radiusofroller滚子从动件rollerfollower滚子链rollerchain滚子链联轴器doublerollerchaincoupling滚珠丝杆ballscrew滚柱式单向超越离合器rollerclutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器functiongenerator函数生成functiongeneration含油轴承oilbearing耗油量oilconsumption耗油量系数oilconsumptionfactor赫兹公式H.Hertzequation合成弯矩resultantbendingmoment合力resultantforce合力矩resultantmomentofforce黑箱blackbox横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeablegears花键spline滑键、导键featherkey滑动轴承slidingbearing滑动率slidingratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroidhelicoidsworm环形弹簧annularspring缓冲装置shocks shock-absorber灰铸铁greycastiron回程return回转体平衡balanceofrotors混合轮系compoundgeartrain积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electricalintegrationsystemdesign 机构mechanis m机构分析analysisofmechanis m机构平衡balanceofmechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic内方头紧定螺钉n.square-socket set-screw开槽锥端紧定螺钉Slotted set screws with cone point锥销锁紧挡圈Lock rings with cone pin螺钉锁紧挡圈Lock ring with screw限位钉stop pin限位块stop button热敏电阻器预留空hole for thermistor带隔离板的注模浇口Injection gate plane with isolation plate浇模和注模器的温度隔板T emperature isolation plate at injection and injector 拔模锥度（的定位）销draft pins注模插件和分离（夹层）打磨Moulding inserts and partings grinded定距拉杆length bolt定距拉板puller bolt一模多穴Multi-Cavity流道凝料condensed material in runner利用率utilization ratio自动脱螺纹automatic thread demoulding 、motorized thread unwinding, 生产现场Production scene车间workshop生产线production line模具专业英语入水：gate 进入位：gate location 水口形式：gate type 大水口：edge gate 细水口：pin-point gate 水口大小：gate size 转水口：switching runner/gate唧嘴口径：sprue diameter二、流道: runner热流道：hot runner,hot manifold 热嘴冷流道: hot sprue/cold runner唧嘴直流: direct sprue gate 圆形流道：round(full/half runner流道电脑分析：mold flow analysis 流道平衡:runner balance热嘴：hot sprue 热流道板：hot manifold发热管：cartridge heater 探针: thermocouples插头：connector plug 插座：connector socket密封/封料：seal三、运水：water line 喉塞：line lpug喉管：tube塑胶管：plastic tube 快速接头：jiffy quick connectorplug/socker四、模具零件：mold components三板模：3-plate mold 二板模：2-plate mold边钉/导边：leader pin/guide pin 边司/导套：bushing/guide bushing中托司：shoulder guide bushing 中托边L：guide pin顶针板：ejector retainner plate 托板：support plate螺丝：screw 管钉：dowel pin开模槽：ply bar scot 内模管位：core/cavity inter-lock顶针：ejector pin 司筒：ejector sleeve司筒针：ejector pin 推板：stripper plate缩呵：movable core,return core core puller扣机（尼龙拉勾）：nylon latch lock 斜顶：lifter模胚（架）：mold base 上内模：cavity insert下内模：core insert 行位（滑块）：slide镶件：insert 压座/斜鸡：wedge耐磨板/油板：wedge wear plate 压条：plate撑头: support pillar 唧嘴：sprue bushing挡板：stop plate 定位圈：locating ring锁扣：latch 扣鸡：parting lock set推杆：push bar 栓打螺丝：S.H.S.B顶板：eracuretun 活动臂：lever arm分流锥：spure sperader 水口司:bush垃圾钉：stop pin 隔片：buffle弹弓柱：spring rod 弹弓:die spring中托司：ejector guide bush 中托边：ejector guide pin镶针：pin 销子：dowel pin波子弹弓：ball catch模具成形不良用语英汉对照aberration 色差atomization ?化bank mark ?料纹bite 咬入blacking hole 涂料孔(铸疵) blacking scab 涂料疤blister 起泡blooming 起霜low hole 破孔blushing 泛白body wrinkle 侧壁皱纹breaking-in 冒口带肉bubble 膜泡burn mark 糊斑burr 毛边camber 翘曲cell 气泡center buckle 表面中部波皱check 细裂痕checking 龟裂chipping 修整表面缺陷clamp-off 铸件凹痕collapse 塌陷color mottle 色斑corrosion 腐蚀crack 裂痕crazing 碎裂crazing 龟裂deformation 变形edge 切边碎片edge crack 裂边fading 退色filler speak 填充料斑fissure 裂纹flange wrinkle 凸缘起皱flaw 刮伤flow mark 流痕galling 毛边glazing 光滑gloss 光泽grease pits 污斑grinding defect 磨痕haircrack 发裂haze 雾度incrustation 水锈indentation 压痕internal porosity 内部气孔mismatch 偏模mottle 斑点necking 缩颈nick 割痕orange peel 橘皮状表面缺陷overflow 溢流peeling 剥离pit 坑pitting corrosion 点状腐蚀plate mark 模板印痕pock 麻点pock mark 痘斑resin streak 树脂流纹resin wear 树脂脱落riding 凹陷sagging 松垂saponification 皂化scar 疤痕scrap 废料scrap jam 废料阻塞scratch 刮伤/划痕scuffing 深冲表面划伤seam 裂痕shock line 模口挤痕short shot 充填不足shrinkage pool 凹孔sink mark 凹痕skin inclusion 表皮折叠straightening 矫直streak 条状痕surface check 表面裂痕surface roughening 橘皮状表皮皱折surging 波动sweat out 冒汗torsion 扭曲warpage 翘曲waviness 波痕webbing 熔塌weld mark 焊痕whitening 白化wrinkle 皱纹各式模具分类用语英汉对照landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具burnishing die 挤光模landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具button die 镶入式圆形凹模loading shoe mold 料套式模具center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具loose detail mold 活零件模具chill mold 冷硬用铸模loose mold 活动式模具clod hobbing 冷挤压制模louvering die 百叶窗冲切模composite dies 复合模具manifold die 分歧管模具counter punch 反凸模modular mold 组合式模具double stack mold 双层模具multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具electroformed mold 电铸成形模multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具expander die 扩径模offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具extrusion die 挤出模palletizing die 叠层模family mold 反套制品模具plaster mold 石膏模blank through dies 漏件式落料模porous mold 通气性模具duplicated cavity plate 复板模positive mold 全压式模具fantail die 扇尾形模具pressure die 压紧模fishtail die 鱼尾形模具profile die 轮廓模flash mold 溢料式模具progressive die 顺序模gypsum mold 石膏铸模protable mold 手提式模具hot-runner mold 热流道模具prototype mold 雏形试验模具ingot mold 钢锭模punching die 落料模lancing die 切口模raising(embossing) 压花起伏成形re-entrant mold 倒角式模具sectional die 拼合模runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具sectional die 对合模具segment mold 组合模semi-positive mold 半全压式模具shaper 定型模套single cavity mold 单腔模具solid forging die 整体锻模split forging die 拼合锻模split mold 双并式模具sprueless mold 无注道残料模具squeezing die 挤压模stretch form die 拉伸成形模sweeping mold 平刮铸模swing die 振动模具three plates mold 三片式模具trimming die 切边模unit mold 单元式模具universal mold 通用模具unscrewing mold 退扣式模具yoke type die 轭型模各种模具常用成形方式英汉对照accurate die casting 精密压铸powder forming 粉末成形calendaring molding 压延成形powder metal forging 粉末锻造cold chamber die casting 冷式压铸precision forging 精密锻造cold forging 冷锻press forging 冲锻compacting molding 粉末压出成形rocking die forging 摇动锻造compound molding 复合成形rotary forging 回转锻造compression molding 压缩成形rotational molding 离心成形dip mold 浸渍成形rubber molding 橡胶成形encapsulation molding 注入成形sand mold casting 砂模铸造extrusion molding 挤出成形shell casting 壳模铸造foam forming ?泡成形sinter forging 烧结锻造forging roll 轧锻six sides forging 六面锻造gravity casting 重力铸造slush molding 凝塑成形hollow(blow) molding 中空(吹出)成形squeeze casting 高压铸造hot chamber die casting 热室压铸swaging 挤锻hot forging 热锻transfer molding 转送成形injection molding 射出成形warm forging 温锻investment casting 精密铸造matched die method 对模成形法laminating method 被覆淋膜成形low pressure casting 低压铸造lost wax casting 脱蜡铸造matched mould thermal forming 对模热成形模机械类常用英语：冲压模具-零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块sliding dowel block滑块固定块active plate活动板lower sliding plate下滑块板upper holder block上压块upper mid plate上中间板spring box弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing bolck衬套cover plate盖板guide pad导料块机械类常用英语：冲压模具-模板类top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate内外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper内脱料板lower stripper下脱料板冲压模具-冲压名称类英汉对照plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量。
【毕业设计】冲压模具毕业设计外文翻译
【关键字】毕业设计冲压模具毕业设计外文翻译篇一：模具外文文献及翻译The mold designing and manufacturingThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country,the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturingindustry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the threeinvestments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise'sdevelopment also rapid quietly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with thedemand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to,large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and thestate-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center theupscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizationalreform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;"The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked,take Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal areadevelopment quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. Atpresent develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province isGuangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, centerupscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherin our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete","small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accountsfor the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% aboveXX years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and exportbalances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad productlevel low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our countrymold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and is frequent inthe passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10,000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continuesto use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term hasnot obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, butalso has the following several reasons: .(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficientlyAlthough the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. Atpresent enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult.(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urinemold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along withthe time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitterand the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step doe not to be big, progresses does not be quick.(3) The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low.Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperationabilityBecause receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparativelylarge-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence.(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlationtechnology fallThe mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often canaffect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding toolsteel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, onthe international economical globalization development tendency is day by dayobvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our countrymold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold marketwill continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on themold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will takea broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can becomethe mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation tothe mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese moldindustry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archerytarget aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics,the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering.The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product tolarger-scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, themold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having thechart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, themanagement information, the management internationalization direction develops.Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technologyshould be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthroughAlong with thenational economy total quantity and the industry product technologyunceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demandquantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both canmeet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially atpresent domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the moldand can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long篇二：冲压模具设计毕业设计开题报告题目：院系：专业：学生：学号：指导老师：毕业设计开题报告冲压工艺分析与弯曲冲孔模具的设计三峡大学机械与材料学院机械设计制造及其自动化三峡大学机械与材料学院冲压工艺分析与弯曲冲孔模具的设计开题报告一、课题的来源课题来源于生产实际，探讨冲压加工中较常见零件的工艺方法和结构设计。
冲压模具外文文献
冲压模具外文文献Progressive DieProgressive die has the following advantages1) Class into the module is multi-process dies, in a mold caninclude punching, bending, forming and drawing a variety of multi-pass process, with a higher than the compound die labor productivity, butalso can produce quite complex stampings;2) Progressive Die Operation Security, because staff do not have to enter the danger zone;3) Class Progressive Die Design, The process can be distributed. Do not focus on one station , there is no Compound Dies "Minimum wall thickness" problem. Therefore relatively high mold strength, longer life expectancy. 4) Progressive Die Easy Automation That is easy to Automatic feeding ,Autoout of parts Automatic lamination;5) Class Progressive die can be High-speed press production, because the workpiece can be directly down the drain and waste;6) Use Class Progressive die can be Reduce the presses, semi-finished products to reduce transport. Workshop area and storage space can be greatly reduced.Progressive Dies The disadvantage is that complex structure, manufacturing of high precision, long life cycle and high costs. Because of progressive die is a To the workpiece, the shape of successive out, each punch has a positioning error, is more difficult to maintainstability in the workpiece, the relative position of the one-off appearance. However, high precision parts, not all contours of all, the shape relative position requirements are high, you can be washed in the shape of the same station, on the relative position of demanding the same time, out of this part of the profile, thus ensuring precision parts. First, process pieces of carry approachProcesses and the determination of nesting is of the progressive die design a very important link. In considering the processes and nesting, we must first consider the process method of carriage parts.Bending parts there are two main ways to carry:1) Blanking station in the upper and lower pressure, so that after blanking process pieces and re-pressed into the material inside. Generally only about access to material thickness of thel/3, but has enough to process pieces with the material sent to the next process, within the workpiece in the working procedure have all been pressed into the material inside the remnant. Beyond that, after process pieces are washed curved shape, until the last escape from the Strip. The drop in this way conveying pairs of thick material is very effective, because the thin material easy to bagging, wrinkles, or bent, thus blanking out the flat blank song, not with the advance of material and stops in a station caused the accident.Simple blanking progressive die, sometimes in order to ensure that the workpiece is flat and has also taken off after the re-feed materialsput pressure on people within the approach, in the latter process to workpiece pushed.Because blanking after being re-pressed into the workpiece can notbe material in the thickness direction all entered the hole, so in the blanking die station after the plane, to the corresponding lower.2) Rush to need to bend some of the surrounding material, the restof the parts remain in the article (Volume)Materials, there is no separation. As the hub of to the material, You may need to spend a long Progress in distance delivery.Second, the principle of work arrangements1)Blanking the workpiece to avoid the use of complex shapes convex mode. Rather more than the increase a process to simplify the convex mode shapes. 2)"U"-shaped pieces can be divided into two out, asFigure7--76As shown in order to avoid material stretched, out of Workpiece dimensions vary.Figure7--76 U shaped pieces of curved process3)In the asymmetric bending, the workpiece slide easily can be shown in Figure7—77shown with teeth inserts were inserts into the bend Convex Mold and roof in order to prevent the workpiece sliding. The main disadvantage of this method is the a)After the procedure b)pre-process workpiece plane with prints. Also available on the heat treatment before Convex Mold and roof pre-perforated, after tryout after the sheet metal through the tryout will be two holes without sliding inlay Ping . If sliding is used tooth inserts.Figure7--77 To prevent the sheet metal bending generated whensliding1- Bending Convex Die 2- Cut off Convex Die 3- Roof 4- With teeth inserts4) Bending or deep drawing of the workpiece, high-quality plastic surgery procedures should be added.5) Waste, such as continuous, should increase the cutting process, using waste cutter cut. Automatic press itself, as some waste cutter, you do not have to die to consider.6) Can be countersunk head hole punching. Figure7—78 shows thefirst holepunching of the workpiece . When clamping the punch die Xiaoping Tou both plane and concave hole stretch of artificial parts, and contact with each other in order to prevent inward deformation of holes. Clamping direction due to the strict size requirements, so the punch assembly when subject to a high degree of repair potential. Also can be used as shown in Figure 7-79 height adjustment body punch. The upper punch 3 face, contact with the slider 2. Slider right-hand side has opened a T-shaped slot to accommodate the screw 5 in the head. Rotating screw 5, then move along the slider 2. As the slider 2 and the mold base 4 in order to ramp contact with each other, while the punch 3 in the fixed plate is sliding in with l, consequent punch in the direction of the location of mold can be adjusted. Adjusted with the nut 6 fixed .Figure7--78 Stamp shen head hole1—Convex Die 2- DieFigure7--79 Punch height adjustment body1- Fixed Plate 2-Slider 3- Punch 4- On the mold base 5- Screw6- Nut7) There are strict requirements of local relative position withinthe shape, should consider the possibility of the same station on the out, in order to maintain accuracy. If there are really difficult to be broken down into two working bits. Be better placed in two adjacent stations.Third, the principle of stamping operations sequencing1)For pure blanking progressive dies, in principle, the first ,punch, followed by re-punching shape I expected, the final and then washed down from the Strip on the integrity of the workpiece. Carrier should be maintained of material of sufficient strength, can be accurate when sent to press.2)For the blanking bending progressive die should be washed beforecut off part of the hole and bend the shape I expected, and then bending, and finally washed near the curved edge holes and the side hole-bit accuracy of the sidewall holes. Washed down by the final separation of parts.3) Drawing for the progressive die stamping , first make arrangement to cut processes, further drawing, the final washed down from thearticle on the workpiece material.4)For with the deep drawing, bending stamping parts, the first drawing, then I punched the surrounding material, followed by bending plus.5)For stamping with a stamping parts, in order to facilitate themetal flow and reduce the stamping force, stamping parts of neighboringI expected to be an appropriate resection, and then arrange stamping. The final re -Precision Die-Cut materials .If there are holes on the embossing position, in principle, should be embossed after the punching.6)For with the stamping, bending and stamping workpiece, inprinciple, is the first imprint ,And then punching Yu Liu, And then bending process. Fourth, nesting layout1) Nesting mapping, you can start with plane launch fig start, right designed to blanking station, left the design forming station. Step by step according to the actual situation after the amendment.2) Consider increasing the intensity to be an empty station molds. Continuous drawing more frequently when the first drawing after being a backup space industry in order to increase the number of drawing. High precision, complex shape of the workpiece should be less to set an empty station. Step away from the mold is greater than 16mm When more than set up an empty station. Interval accuracy The poor should not be easily added an empty station. 3) Decided to process pieces of carry approach.4) Note that material rolling direction. Rolling direction affectsnot only the economic effects of nesting, but also affect theperformance of the workpiece. 5) Burr bending parts should be located in inside.6) Thin material used Guide is being sold, But do not side edge trimming. For thick material or heavy section materials, in order to avoid guide is being sold off the need to side edge trimming.7) According to the workpiece dimensions and the scale of production to determine a shape one pieces two documents or four parts, or more pieces. 8) Stamping process does not allow any scattered debris left on the die surface.9) Residual material on the press to consider the possibility of other parts.。
冲压模具类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
模具工业是国民经济的基础工业，是国际上公认的关键工业，工业发达国家称之为“工业之母”。
模具成型具有效率高，质量好，节省原材料，降低产品成本等优点。
采用模具制造产品零件已成为当今工业的重要工艺手段。
模具在机械，电子，轻工，纺织，航空，航天等工业领域里，已成为使用最广泛的工业化生产的主要工艺装备，它承担了这些工业领域中60%--80%产品零件，组件和部件的加工生产。
“模具就是产品质量”，“模具就是经济效益”的观念已被越来越多的人所认识和接受。
在中国，人们已经认识到模具在制造业中的重要基础地位，认识更新换代的速度，新产品的开发能力，进而决定企业的应变能力和市场竞争能力。
在目前用薄钢板制造发动机罩盖的传统还是会持续相当一段时间，所以有必要在钢板的基础上通过利用计算机软件的功能分析零件的工艺性能（结构合理，受力，是否容易冲出破面、、、），发现现有零件的不足之处，讨论并确定改进这些不足之处，进而改善模具的设计，改良冲裁方式；最终实现产品的改良，改善产品的力学性能，外观，使用效果，和造价等等。
冲压加工是通过模具来实现的，从模具角度来看，模具生产技术水平的高低，已成为衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志，因为模具在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。
“模具是工业生产的基础工艺装备”也已经取得了共识。
据统计，在电子、汽车、电机、电器、仪器、仪表、家电和通信等产品中，60%～80%的零部件都要依靠模具成形。
用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。
同时，冲压加工也创造了巨大的价值增值，模具是“效益放大器”，用模具生产的最终产品的价值，往往是模具自身价值的几十倍、上百倍。
目前全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从1997年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。
其中冲压模具在所有模具（锻造模、压铸模、注塑模等）中，无论从数量、重量或者是从价值上都位居榜首。
冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献)
前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。
模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。
因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。
因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。
模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。
模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。
研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。
本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。
1.冲压的概念、特点及应用冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。
冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。
冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。
冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。
冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。
冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。
冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。
与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下；(1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。
冲压模具毕业设计 论文
冲压模具毕业设计论文冲压模具毕业设计论文引言：冲压模具是工业生产中不可或缺的重要工具，广泛应用于汽车、电子、家电等行业。
随着科技的进步和工业的发展，冲压模具的设计和制造也越来越重要。
本文将探讨冲压模具的毕业设计，包括设计原则、制造流程和未来发展方向等。
一、冲压模具的设计原则冲压模具的设计需要遵循一些基本原则，以确保产品的质量和生产效率。
首先，模具的结构应合理，能够满足产品的形状和尺寸要求。
其次，模具的材料选择要考虑到工作环境和使用寿命。
此外，还需要考虑模具的拆装和维修便捷性，以提高生产效率和降低成本。
二、冲压模具的制造流程冲压模具的制造流程包括设计、加工和组装等多个环节。
设计阶段需要根据产品的要求进行模具结构的设计和模具零件的绘制。
加工阶段包括材料的选择、加工工艺的确定和加工设备的使用等。
组装阶段则是将各个零部件组装成完整的模具，并进行调试和测试。
三、冲压模具的未来发展方向随着科技的不断进步，冲压模具的发展也呈现出一些新的趋势。
首先，数字化设计和制造技术的应用将进一步提高模具的设计和制造效率。
其次，新材料的应用将使冲压模具更加耐用和轻便。
此外，智能化技术的引入将使冲压模具具备自动化和智能化的功能，提高生产效率和产品质量。
四、冲压模具的应用案例冲压模具在各个行业都有广泛的应用。
以汽车行业为例，冲压模具被用于制造汽车车身、车门、引擎盖等零部件。
在电子行业，冲压模具则被用于制造手机壳、电子元器件等。
冲压模具的应用案例丰富多样，为各个行业的生产提供了关键的支持。
结论：冲压模具的毕业设计是一个复杂而重要的任务，需要考虑多个因素，包括设计原则、制造流程和未来发展方向等。
随着科技的进步，冲压模具的设计和制造将进一步提高效率和质量。
冲压模具在各个行业的应用也将得到更广泛的推广。
通过深入研究和不断创新，冲压模具的发展前景将更加广阔。
冲压模具设计论文
冲压模具设计一、简述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。
冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。
冲压模具是冲压生产必不可少的工艺装备，是技术密集型产品。
冲压件的质量、生产效率以及生产成本等，与模具设计和制造有直接关系。
模具设计与制造技术水平的高低，是衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志之一，在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。
二、分类 冲压模具的形式很多，冲模也依工作性质,模具构造,模具材料三方面来分类。
一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： １．根据工艺性质分类 a.冲裁模 沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。
如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。
b.弯曲模 使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线（弯曲线）产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。
c.拉深模 是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。
d.成形模 是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。
如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。
２．根据工序组合程度分类 a.单工序模 在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。
b.复合模 只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。
c.级进模（也称连续模） 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。
3、依产品的加工方法分类 依产品加工方法的不同，可将模具分成冲剪模具、弯曲模具、抽制模具、成形模具和压缩模具等五大类。
a. 冲剪模具：是以剪切作用完成工作的，常用的形式有剪断冲模、下料冲模、冲孔冲模、修边冲模、整缘冲模、拉孔冲模和冲切模具。
冲压模具设计文献综述和参考文献
冲压模具设计文献综述和参考文献国外的那些模具行业起步较早的如美国、日本、德国等发达国家和地区，他们拥有值得我国学习、借鉴、引进的先进的模具制造技术和管理机制。
在欧美，许多模具企业已将世界高新技术运用到了模具设计和制造当中，主要表现在以下几点：（1）充分发挥了信息技术带动和提升模具工业的优越性；（2）高速切削、五轴高速加工技术基本普及，大大缩减制模周期，提高企业的市场竞争力；（3）快速成形技术和快速制模技术得到普遍应用；（4）从事模具行业的人员精简，一专多能，一人多职，精益生产；（5）模具产品专业化，市场定位准确；（6）采用先进的管理信息系统，实现集成化管理；（7）工艺管理先进、标准化程度高。
日本也是个模具制造大国，每年向国外出口大量压铸模具。
由于模具市场竞争日趋激烈，因此日本模具业也在努力降低生产成本。
日本的人力成本是中国及东南亚地区的十几倍，而人力成本中有70%以上是非核心技术人员。
“现在日本压铸模具业正逐渐将技术含量不高的模具转向人力成本低的地区生产，只在本国生产技术含量较高的产品。
”中国机床网认为，日本使用模具的主要企业有加快向国外转移的趋势，这使日本本国压铸模具使用量减少。
目前，日本模具业更加快了在海外发展模具厂的步伐。
这使得日本的模具价格与XX年相比下降了约20%，但这正是日本向海外扩建模具生产基地后的结果，这无疑增强了日本模具在世界市场上的竞争力。
虽然有人说现在日本模具行业正在走下坡路。
但是不得不承认：日本依然是世界模具生产强国，其利润并未萎缩，而是通过向海外转移使模具业拥有了更强的竞争力。
发展趋势模具技术的发展应该适应模具产品“交货期短”、“精度高”、“质量好”、“价格低”的要求。
1）全面推广CAD/CAM/CAE技术，使模具趋向集成化、智能化和网络化 :随着微机软件的发展和进步，普及CAD/CAM/CAE技术的条件基本成熟，各企业将工业软件融入到模具设计、制造、装配、测试及管理的全过程，是模具生产更加高效。
冲压模具英文文献
Forming DiesForming dies, often considered in the same class with bending dies, are classified as tools that form or bend the blank along a curved axis instead of a straight axis. There is very little stretching or compressing of the material. The internal movement or the plastic flow of the material is localized and has little or no effect on the total area or thickness of the material. The operations classified as forming are bending, drawing, embossing, curling, beading, twisting, spinning, and hole flanging.A large percentage of stampings used in the manufacturing of products require some forming operations. Some are simple forms that require tools of low cast and conventional design. Others may have complicated forms, which require dies that produce multiple forms in one stroke of the press. Some stampings may be of such nature that several dies must be used to produce the shapes and forms required.A first consideration in analyzing a stamping is to select the class of die to perform the work. Next to be considered is the number of stampings required, and this will govern the amount of money that should be spent in the design and building of the tools. Stampings of simple channels in limited production can be made on a die classed as a solid form die. It would be classified under channel forming dies. Others-the block and pad type-are also channel forming dies. Such operations as curling, flanging, and embossing as well as channeling employ pressure pads.A forming die may be designed in many ways and produce the same results; at this point the cost of the tool, safety of operation, and also the repairing and reworking must be considered. The tool that is cheapest and of the simplest design may not always be best because it may not produce the stamping to the drawing specifications. Where limited production is required, and a liberal tolerance is allowed in a stamping, a solid form die can be used.Drawing DiesDrawing is a process of changing a flat, precut metal blank into a hollow vessel without excessive wrinkling, thinning, or fracturing. The various forms produced may be cylindrical or box-shaped with straight or tapered sides or a combination of straight, tapered, or curved sides. The size of the parts may vary from 0.250″(6.35mm)diameter or smaller, to aircraft or automotive parts large enough to require the use of mechanical handling equipment.Die Design PrinciplesCoining Dies. In backward extruding dies the punch is always smaller in diameterthan the die cavity in order to give theclearance between punch and dieequaling the desired wall thickness ofthe part to be produced. The punch isloaded as a column. To minimizepunch failure it is desirable to coin theslugs to a close fit in diameter to assureconcentricity. Figure 8-66 illustrates acoining die to prepare a slug forbackward extrusion. Coining the slugto fit the diepot and coining the upperend to fit and guide the free end of the punch will minimize punch breakage of the extruding die.Backward Extrusion Dies. A typical backward extrusion die is shown in Figure8-67. The use of a carbide die cavitywill minimize wear due to excessivepressures. The carbide insert is shrunkinto a tapered holder. The holder has a1◦ side taper that prestresses thecarbide insert to minimize expansionand fatigue failure. The inserts arewell supported on hardened blocks.The extruding punch is guided by aspring-loaded guide plate which inturn is positioned by a tapered pilotingring on the lower die. Ejection of thefinished part from the die is bycushion or pressure cylinder. Figure 8-68illustrates a backward extrusion die withan unusual punch penetration ratio of 5：1 made possible with a modified flat-endpunch profile.Forward Extrusion Dies. Figure 8-69 is an example of a typical forwardextrusion die in which the metal flows inthe same direction as the punch, but at agreater rate owing to change in the cross-sectional area. The lower carbide guidering is added to maintain straightness. The nest above the upper carbide guide ring serves as a guide for the punch during the operation. Figure 8-70 illustrates anotherforward extrusion die in which the punch creates the orifice through which the metal flows. The extruding pressure is applied through the punch guide sleeve.Combination Extruding Dies. A typical combination forward and backward extrusion die is shown in Figure 8-71. In this die, the two –piece pressure anvil acts as a bottom extruding punch and a shedder. The upper extruding punch is guided by a spring-loaded guide plate into which the guide sleeve is mounted. To maintainconcentricity between the punch anddie, the punch guide sleeve iscentered into the die insert.Punch Design.The mostimportant feature of punch design isend profile. A punch with a flat endface and a corner radius not over0.020″(0.51mm) can penetrate threetimes its diameter in steel, four to sixtimes its diameter in aluminum. Apunch with a bullet-shaped nose orwith a steep angle will cut through the phosphate coat lubricant quicker than a flat-end punch. When the lubricant is displaced in extrusion, severe galling and wear of the punch will take palce. The punch must be free of grinding marks and requires a 4µ in.(0.10µm) finish, lapped in the direction of metal flow. The punch should be made of hardened tool steel or carbide. In some backward extrusion dies a shoulder is provided on punch to square up the metal as it meets this shoulder.Pressure Anvil Design. The function of the pressure anvil is to form the base of the diepot, to act as a bottom extruding punch, and to act as a shedder unit to eject the finished part. Heat treatment and surface finish requirements are the same for pressure anvils and for punches.Diepot Design. To resist diepot bursting pressure, the tool steel or carbide die ring is shrunk into the shrink ring or die shoe. The die shoe is normally in compression. A shrink fit of 0.004″per in.(0.004mm per mm) of diameter of the insert is desirable. Material, heat treatment, and finish requirements of the diepot are the same as for the punch. The recommended material for shrink rings is a hot-worked alloy tool steel which is hardened to Rc 50-Rc 52. A two-piece diepot insert is sometimes used for complex workpiece shapes.Punch Guide Design. The guide ring minimizes the column loading on the punch above the diepot. The spring-loaded guide sleeve pilots the punch into the diepot and maintains concentricity between them. The guide ring can also act as a stripper. The proper use of guide sleeves permits higher penetration ratios.成型模成型模具，通常被认为是与弯曲模属于同一类，被作为工具，沿着弯曲的轴线而非直线轴线使工件半成品成型或弯曲。
冲压模具外文文献
Progressive DieProgressive die has the following advantages1) Class into the module is multi-process dies, in a mold can include punching, bending, forming and drawing a variety of multi-pass process, with a higher than the compound die labor productivity, but also can produce quite complex stampings;2) Progressive Die Operation Security, because staff do not have to enter the danger zone;3) Class Progressive Die Design, The process can be distributed. Do not focus on one station , there is no Compound Dies "Minimum wall thickness" problem. Therefore relatively high mold strength, longer life expectancy.4) Progressive Die Easy Automation That is easy to Automaticfeeding ,Autoout of parts Automatic lamination;5) Class Progressive die can be High-speed press production, because the workpiece can be directly down the drain and waste;6) Use Class Progressive die can be Reduce the presses, semi-finished products to reduce transport. Workshop area and storage space can be greatly reduced.Progressive Dies The disadvantage is that complex structure, manufacturing of high precision, long life cycle and high costs. Because of progressive die is a To the workpiece, the shape of successive out, each punch has a positioning error, is more difficult to maintain stability in the workpiece, the relative position of the one-off appearance. However, high precision parts, not all contours of all, the shape relative position requirements are high, you can be washed in the shape of the same station, on the relative position of demanding the same time, out of this part of the profile, thus ensuring precision parts.First, process pieces of carry approachProcesses and the determination of nesting is of the progressive die design a very important link. In considering the processes and nesting, we must first consider the process method of carriage parts.Bending parts there are two main ways to carry:1) Blanking station in the upper and lower pressure, so that after blanking process pieces and re-pressed into the material inside. Generally only about access to material thickness of thel/3, but has enough to process pieces with the material sent to the next process, within the workpiece in the working procedure have all been pressed into the material inside the remnant. Beyond that, after process pieces are washed curved shape, until the last escape from the Strip. The drop in this way conveying pairs of thick material is very effective, because the thin material easy to bagging, wrinkles, or bent, thus blanking out the flat blank song, not with the advance of material and stops in a station caused the accident.Simple blanking progressive die, sometimes in order to ensure that the workpiece is flat and has also taken off after the re-feed materials put pressure on people within the approach, in the latter process to workpiece pushed.Because blanking after being re-pressed into the workpiece can not be material in the thickness direction all entered the hole, so in the blanking die station after the plane, to the corresponding lower.2) Rush to need to bend some of the surrounding material, the rest of the parts remain in the article (Volume)Materials, there is no separation. As the hub of to the material, You may need to spend a long Progress in distance delivery. Second, the principle of work arrangements1)Blanking the workpiece to avoid the use of complex shapes convex mode. Rather more than the increase a process to simplify the convex mode shapes.2)"U"-shaped pieces can be divided into two out, as Figure7--76As shown in order to avoid material stretched, out of Workpiece dimensions vary.Figure7--76 U shaped pieces of curved process3)In the asymmetric bending, the workpiece slide easily can be shown in Figure7—77shown with teeth inserts were inserts into the bend Convex Mold and roof in order to prevent the workpiece sliding. The main disadvantage of this method is the a)After the procedure b)pre-process workpiece plane with prints. Also available on the heat treatment before Convex Mold and roofpre-perforated, after tryout after the sheet metal through the tryout will be two holes without sliding inlay Ping . If sliding is used tooth inserts.Figure7--77 To prevent the sheet metal bending generated when sliding1- Bending Convex Die 2- Cut off Convex Die 3- Roof 4- With teeth inserts4) Bending or deep drawing of the workpiece, high-quality plastic surgery procedures should be added.5) Waste, such as continuous, should increase the cutting process, using waste cutter cut. Automatic press itself, as some waste cutter, you do not have to die to consider.6) Can be countersunk head hole punching. Figure7—78 shows the first hole punching of the workpiece . When clamping the punch die Xiaoping Tou both plane and concave hole stretch of artificial parts, and contact with each other in order to prevent inward deformation of holes. Clamping direction due to the strict size requirements, so the punch assembly when subject to a high degree of repair potential. Also can be used as shown in Figure 7-79 height adjustment body punch. The upper punch 3 face, contact with the slider 2. Slider right-hand side has opened a T-shaped slot to accommodate the screw 5 in the head. Rotating screw 5, then move along the slider 2. As the slider 2 and the mold base 4 in order to ramp contact with each other, while the punch 3 in the fixed plate is sliding in with l, consequent punch in the direction of the location of mold can be adjusted. Adjusted with the nut 6 fixed.Figure7--78 Stamp shen head hole1—Convex Die 2- DieFigure7--79 Punch height adjustment body1- Fixed Plate 2-Slider 3- Punch 4- On the mold base 5- Screw6- Nut7) There are strict requirements of local relative position within the shape, should consider the possibility of the same station on the out, in order to maintain accuracy. If there are really difficult to be broken down into two working bits. Be better placed in two adjacent stations.Third, the principle of stamping operations sequencing1)For pure blanking progressive dies, in principle, the first ,punch, followed by re-punching shape I expected, the final and then washed down from the Strip on the integrity of the workpiece. Carrier should be maintained of material of sufficient strength, can be accurate when sent to press.2)For the blanking bending progressive die should be washed before cut off part of the hole and bend the shape I expected, and then bending, and finally washed near the curved edge holes and the side hole-bit accuracy of the sidewall holes. Washed down by the final separation of parts.3) Drawing for the progressive die stamping , first make arrangement to cut processes, further drawing, the final washed down from the article on the workpiece material.4)For with the deep drawing, bending stamping parts, the first drawing, then I punched the surrounding material, followed by bending plus.5)For stamping with a stamping parts, in order to facilitate the metal flow and reduce the stamping force, stamping parts of neighboring I expected to be an appropriate resection, and then arrange stamping. The final re -PrecisionDie-Cut materials .If there are holes on the embossing position, in principle, should be embossed after the punching.6)For with the stamping, bending and stamping workpiece, in principle, is the first imprint ,And then punching Yu Liu, And then bending process.Fourth, nesting layout1) Nesting mapping, you can start with plane launch fig start, right designed to blanking station, left the design forming station. Step by step according to the actual situation after the amendment.2) Consider increasing the intensity to be an empty station molds. Continuous drawing more frequently when the first drawing after being a backup space industry in order to increase the number of drawing. High precision, complex shape of the workpiece should be less to set an empty station. Step away from the mold is greater than 16mm When more than set up an empty station. Interval accuracy The poor should not be easily added an empty station.3) Decided to process pieces of carry approach.4) Note that material rolling direction. Rolling direction affects not only the economic effects of nesting, but also affect the performance of the workpiece.5) Burr bending parts should be located in inside.6) Thin material used Guide is being sold, But do not side edge trimming. For thick material or heavy section materials, in order to avoid guide is being sold off the need to side edge trimming.7) According to the workpiece dimensions and the scale of production to determine a shape one pieces two documents or four parts, or more pieces.8) Stamping process does not allow any scattered debris left on the die surface.9) Residual material on the press to consider the possibility of other parts.。
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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。
板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形）经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。
如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。
当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。
站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。
落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。
而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。
根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。
图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。
一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。
板料成形的原理如图2所示。
拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。
拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。
在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。
图2 板料成形原理弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。
在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。
图3 典型的单工序冲孔模具1—下模座 2、5—导套 3—凹模 4—导杆6—弹压卸料板 7—凸模 8—托板 9—凸模护套 10—扇形块 11—固定板 12—凸模固定板 13—垫块 15—阶梯螺钉 16—上模座 17—模柄任何一个完整的冲压模具都是有一副（或多副的组合）用于冲制工作的（冲压）零件组成，包括：所有的支撑件部分与模具的工作部分零件，即构成一副冲模。
冲压（术语）通常将完整压制工具的凹模（母模）部分定义为模具。
导杆，或导柱，是安装在下模座上的。
上模座则安装有用于导杆滑动的导套，分别装有导套与导杆的上模座与下模座组合成为木架。
模架有许多规格与结构设计用于商业销售。
安装在上模座上的凸模固定装置固定两个凸模（模具中的突出部分），这两个圆形凸模则通过插入在卸料板上的导套进行导向。
套筒，或凸模护套，是用来保护冲头，以免在冲压过程中被卡住。
在冲穿工件材料后，两个冲头便进入到凹模一定距离。
凹模（母模）部分，即凹模，通常是由插入模具体内的两个模具导套组成的。
因为冲头的直径是被冲孔的直径所要求的，所以有一定间隙的凹模直径是大于冲头直径的。
由于工件材料坯料或工件在冲制回程时与冲头附连在一起，所以把材料从冲头上剥离是必需的。
弹压卸料板则保持冲头在冲制工件回程时缩回，使工件与工件剥离。
一个冲制的工件通常是留在漏料槽内的，漏料槽是由包含整个零件外轮廓的平板组成。
模座是由销钉支撑板以及其他的滑块下行程时定位的挡料块等定位的。
弯曲时一种最常见的成形工序。
当我们仅将目光移至汽车或电器上的部件，或一个剪纸机或档案柜上时，就会发现许多零件都是由弯曲成形的。
弯曲不仅可以用来成形法兰、接头、波纹，也可以提高零件的强度（通过增加零件的惯性矩）。
图4 弯曲术语弯曲中所用的术语，如图4所示，应该注意的是，在弯曲中材料的外纤维是处于拉应力状态，而材料的内纤维则处于压应力状态。
由于泊松比原因，在外部区域的零件（弯曲长度L）是小于原始宽度，处于内部区域的则比原始宽度大。
这种现象可在弯曲一个矩形的橡胶板擦时容易观察到的。
最小弯曲半径对于不同的金属是变化的。
一般而言，各种退火的金属板在没有断裂或变弱的前提下，可以弯曲成一个等同金属板厚的半径。
随着R/T比值的减少（弯曲半径对厚度的比值变小），外纤维的拉应力增加，材料最终断裂（参见图5）。
图5 泊松效应不同材料的最小弯曲半径参考表1，他通常是按照不同板厚来表示的，诸如：2T，3T，4T等。
表1 在室温状态下各种材料的最小弯曲半径注：T——材料厚度。
弯曲容许范围，是指弯曲中的中性线（层）的长度，用来确定弯曲零件的坯料长度。
然而，中性线（层）的位置是哟弯曲角度（正如在材料力学课本中所描述）来决定的。
弯曲容许范围（L b）的近似的公式为：L b=α(R+kT)式中：L b——弯曲容许范围，毫米；α——弯曲角度（弧度），度；T——金属板厚，毫米；R——弯曲内层半径，毫米；k——当半径R＜2T时为0.33，当半径R＞2T时为0.50。
弯曲方式通常用于冲压模具。
金属钢板或带料，由V形支撑，参见图6（a）在楔形冲头的冲压力作用下进入V形模具内弹簧加载压花销和零件之间的摩擦将会防止或减少零件在弯曲期间的边缘滑移。
棱边弯曲，参见图6（b）是悬臂横梁式加载方式，弯曲冲头对相对支撑的凹模上的金属施加弯曲力。
弯曲轴线是与弯曲模具的棱边相平行的。
在冲头接触工件之前，为了防止冲头向下行程的位移，工件则被一个弹性加载垫片加紧模具体上。
图6 弯曲方式弯曲力的大小是可以通过对一根矩形横梁的简单弯曲的工艺过程的确定来估算。
在此情况下的弯曲力是材料强度的函数，此弯曲力的计算式为：P=KLST2/W式中：P——弯曲力，吨（对于米制使用单位，吨乘以8.896数值以得到千牛顿单位）；K——模具开启系数：16倍材料厚度（16T）时的开启系数为1.20，8倍材料厚度（8T）时的开启系数为1.33;L——零件长度，英寸;S——极限张力强度，吨/平方英寸；W——V或U形模具的宽度，英寸；T——材料厚度，英寸。
对于U形弯曲（槽形弯曲），弯曲力大约是V形弯曲所需要的弯曲压力的两倍，棱边弯曲则大约是V形弯曲所需要的弯曲压力的1/2。
回弹。
所有金属材料均有一个固定的弹性模量，随之而来的是塑性变形，当施加在材料上的弯曲力消除时就会有一些弹性恢复（见图7）。
在弯曲过程中这种恢复称为回弹。
一般而言，这样的回弹在0.5°～5°之间变化，取决于固定的弹性模量、弯曲方式、模具间隙等。
磷青铜的回弹则在10°～15°之间。
图7 弯曲中的回弹减少或消除在弯曲工序中回弹方法可以根据下列工艺方法进行，如图8所示，在弯曲模具中产生的零件也可以通过等同回弹角度弯曲模上挖凹模或弹性缓冲式弯曲模而被过度弯曲来减少或消除回弹。
图8 减少或消除回弹的方法从应用角度来说，有许多类型的压力机，诸如：闭式双点偏心轴单动机械压力机，冲压成形机，液压成形压力机，液压机，弯板机，三动式压力机，冲模回转压力机，双点压力机，双边齿轮驱动压力机，双点单动压力机，台式压力机，切边压力机，闭式单动（曲柄）压力机，肘杆式压力机，单点单动压力机，开式双柱可倾压力机，开式压力机，四点式压力机，四曲柄压力机，飞轮式螺旋压力机，摩擦传动螺旋压力机，闭式双点单动双曲柄压力机，摇臂式压力机螺旋式压力机和上传动板料冲压自动压力机等。
双动式压力机是用于钣金零件的拉深加工。
此种类型的压力机有一个外滑块（压边圈），并且有一个切断的内滑块（冲头夹紧器）。
在加工工作循环期间，压边圈首先与零件接触，然后施加压力使冲头夹紧器进行适当零件拉深（见图9）。
图9 典型通用压力机三动式压力机具有和双动式压力机相同的内、外滑块。
另外，三动式压力机床身还有另一个滑块，它可向上运动，从而在一个冲压循环中实现反向拉伸。
三动式压力机应用不是很广泛。
肘杆式压力机是用于压印加工。
这装置的设计是在冲压行程的末端以很高压力。
此种压力机利用一个曲柄（曲柄带动违节运动，连节是由两个在上死点到下死点之间进行摆动的连杆组成，连杆摆动时间很短）．在临近冲程底部时慢速移动的滑块具有功率很大的短距离位移。
液压机主要是用于成形加工工序中，相比大多散机械式压力机，它有一个比较长的工作周期。
液压机的优点足工作压力、冲程和滑块的速度均是可调的（见图10）。
图10 典型液压机液压机属于压力限定型的成形机械，液压机的主要用途体现在沿滑块路径外力是必须保持恒定或处于精确摊制锋成形技术领域中。
活塞与液压缸的驱动机构是用线性方式实现的，并且直接．连接到滑块。
液压机框架结构的形式是非常类似于机械式力机。
液压驱动装置易于安装在机械框架结构中。
因此几种液压机驱动很容易就被制成复杂成形与切断加工（拉深、挤压、切断、模锻等）的单一机械，并且所要求的运动可以容易地定位，弯扳机除了它的长床身之外基本是与开式压力机棚同的，床身长度可为6～20英尺(1.8～6米)或更长，它基本上是用在尺寸大的钣金零件上的各种类型的弯曲加工成形，它也可以使用不同整套的刀具分别进行浅冲孔、切口与成形（见图11）。
这就可以使零件仅通过把复杂的零件分成几个简单的加工工序实现由复杂设计到精确制造的过程，且没有使用昂贵的冲制刀具。
此种类型加工工序用于小批量生产或试样零件。
图11 典型弯板机使用带有简单央具的弯扳机可以容易地对钣金进行弯曲。
弯板机使用一个用在机械或液压饥上的长模具，适用于小批量生产。
模具简单，适于各种类型的成形加工，而且，加工工序很容易实现自动化。
弯板机的模具材料可以是硬木（用于低强度材料与小批量生产），也可以是硬质合金材料。
大多数应用中，一般是使用碳钢或灰铸铁材料模具。
附件2：外文原文Stamping Die DesignThe wide variety of sheet metal parts for both the automobile and electronic industries is produced by numerous forming processes that fall into the generic category of "sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is often carried out in large facilities hundreds of yards long.It is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an automobile factory, standing next to the gigantic machines, feeling the floor vibrate, and watching heavy duty robotic manipulators move the parts from one machine to another. Certainly, a videotape or television special cannot convey the scale of today's automobile stamping lines. Another factor that one sees standing next to such lines is the number of different sheet-forming operations that automobile panels go through. Blanks are created by simple shearing, but from then on a wide variety of bending, drawing, stretching, cropping , and trimming takes place, each requiring a special, custom-made die.Despite this wide variety of sub-processes, in each case the desired shapes are achieved by the modes of deformation known as drawing, stretching, and bending. The three modes can be illustrated by considering the deformation of small sheet elements subjected to various states of stress in the plane of the sheet. Figure 1 considers a simple forming process in which a cylindrical cup is produced from a circular blank.Figure 1 Sheet forming a simple cupDrawing is observed in the blank flange as it is being drawn horizontally through the die by the downward action of the punch. A sheet element in the flange is made to elongate in the radial direction and contract in the circumferential direction, the sheet thickness remaining approximately constant Modes of sheet forming are shown in Figure 2.Figure2 Modes of sheet formingStretching is the term usually used to describe the deformation in which an element of sheet material is made to elongate in two perpendicular directions in the sheet plane. A special form of stretching, which is encountered in most forming operations, is plane strain stretching. In this case, a sheet element is made to stretch in one direction only, with no change in dimension in the direction normal to the direction of elongation but a definite change in thickness, that is, thinning.Bending is the mode of deformation observed when the sheet material is made to go over a die or punch radius, thus suffering a change in orientation. The deformation is an example of plane strain elongation and contractionA complete press tool for cutting a hole or multi-holes in sheet material at one stroke of the press as classified and standardized by a large manufacturer as a single-station piercing die is shown in Figure3.Any complete press tool, consisting of a pair( or a combination of pars ) of mating member for producing pressworked (stmped）parts, including all supporting and actuating elements of the tool, is a die. Pressworking terminology commonly defines the female part of any complete press tool as a die.The guide pins, or posts, are mounted in the lower shoe. The upper shoe contains bushings which slide on the guide pins. The assembly of the lower and upper shoes with guide pins and bushings is a die set. Die sets in many sizes and designs are commercially available.The guide pins are shown in Figure 3.Figure3 Typical single-station die for piercing hole1—Lower shoe 2,5—Guide bushings 3—Cavity plate 4—Guid pin 6—Spring-loaded stripper 7—Punch 8—Support plate 9—Punch bushing 10—Fan-shaped block 11—Fixed plate 12—Punch-holder plate 13—Backing plate 14—Spring 15—Stepping bolts16—Upper shoe 17—ShankA punch holder mounted to the upper shoe holds two round punches (male members of the die) which are guided by bushings inserted in the stripper. A sleeve, or quill, encloses one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press.After penetration of the work material, the two punches enter the die bushings for a slight distance.The female member, or die, consists of two die bushings inserted in the die block. Since this press tool punches holes to the diameters required, the diameters of the die bushings are larger than those of the punches by the amount of clearance.Since the work material stock or workpiece can cling to a punch on the upstroke, it may be necessary to strip the material from the punch. Spring-loaded strippers hold the work material against the die block until the punches are withdrawn from the punched holes. A workpiece to be pierced is commonly held and located in a nest (Figure 2-3) composed of flat plates shaped to encircle the outside part contours. Stock is positioned in dies by pins, blocks, or other types of stops for locating before the downstroke of the ram.Bending is one of the most common forming operations. We merely have to look at the components in an automobile or an appliance-or at a paper clip or a file cabinet-to appreciate how many parts are shaped by bending. Bending is used not only to form flanges, seams, and corrugations but also to impart stiffness to the part ( by increasing its moment of inertia ).The terminology used in bending is shown in Figure 4. Note that, in bending, the outer fibers of the material are in tension, while the inner fibers are in compression. Because of the Poisson's ratio, the width of the part (bend length, L) in the outer region is smaller, and in the inner region is larger than the original width. This phenomenon may easily be observed by bending a rectangular rubber eraser.Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals can be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or weakening. As R/T decreases (the ratio of the bend radius to the thickness becomes smaller), the tensile strain at the outer fiber increases, and the material eventually cracks (Figure 5).Figure 4 Bending terminologyFigure5 Poisson effectThe minimum bend radius for various materials is given in Table 1 and it is usually expressed in terms of the thickness. such as 2 T, 3 T, 4T.Table 1 Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperatureMaterial ConditionSoft Hard Aluminum alloys 0 6TBeryllium copper 0 4TBrass,low-leaded 0 2TNote :T——thickness of materialBend allowance as shown in Figure 4 is the length of the neutral axis in the bend and is used to determine the blank length for a bent part. However, the position of the neutral axis depends on the radius and angle of bend (as described in texts on mechanics of materials).An approximate formula for the bend allowance, Lb is given byL b= α(R十kT)Where L b——bend allowance, in (mm).α——bend angle, (radians) (deg).T——sheet thickness, in (mm).R——inside radius of bend, in (mm).k——0.33 when R is less than 2T and 0.50 when JR is more than 2T.Bend methods arc commonly used in press tool. Metal sheet or strip, supported by-V bock[Figure 6(a)],is forced by a wedge-shaped punch into the block. This method, termed V bending, produces a bend having an included angle which may be acute, obtuse, or 90°.Friction between a spring-loaded knurled pin in the vee die and the part will prevent or reduce side creep of the part during its bending.Edge bending [Figure 6(b)] is cantilever loading of a beam. The bending punch forces the metal against the supporting die. The bend axis is parallel to the edge of the die. The workpiece is clamped to the die block by a spring-loaded pad before the punch contacts the workpiece to prevent its movement during downward travel of the punch.Figure 6 Bending methodsBending Force can be estimated by assuming the process of simple bending of a rectangular beam. The bending force in that case is a function of the strength of the material. The calculation of bending force is as follows:P=KLST2/WWhere P-bending force, tons (for metric usage, multiply number of tons by 8.896 to obtain kilonewtons).K——die opening factor: 1.20 for a die opening of 16 times metal thickness, 1.33 for an opening of 8 times metal thickness.L——length of part, in.S——ultimate tensile strength, tons per square in.W——width of V or U die, in.T——metal thickness, in.For U bending (channel bending) pressures will be approximately twice those required for V bending, edge bending requires about one-half those needed for V bending.Springback in that all materials have a finite modulus of elasticity, plastic deformation is followed, when bending pressure on metal is removed, by some elastic recovery (see Figure 7). In bending, this recovery is called springback. Generally speaking, such a springback varies in sheet from 0.5°to 5°, depending upon finite modulus of elasticity, modes of bending, clearance of die and so on, but phosphor bronze may spring back from 10°to15°.Figure 7 Springback during bendingMethods of reducing or eliminating springback in bending operations can be made according to the following operations, shown in Figure 8, and parts produced in bending die are also overbent through an angle equal to the springback angle with an undercut or relieved punch.Figure8 Methods of reducing or eliminating springbackFor the applications, there are many types of the presses, such as the single-action straight-slide eccentric mechanical press, punch press, hydro-former press, hydraulic press, press brake, triple-action press, turret press, two-point press, twin-drive press, two point single-action press, watch press, trimming press, closed-type single-action crank press, knuckle-lever press, one-point single-action press, open-back inclinable press, open-side press, four-point press, four-crank press, flywheel-type screw press, friction screw press, straight-side single-action double-crank press, rocker-arm press, screw press and top-drive sheet-metal stamping automatic press and so on.A double-action press is used for large, or deep drawing operations on sheet metal parts. This type of press has an outer ram ( blank holder ) and a section inner ram ( punch holder ) . During the operating cycle, the blank holder contacts the material first and applies pressure to allow the punch holder to properly draw the part (Figure 9).Figure9 Typical versatile pressA triple-action press has the same inner and outer ram as the double-action press, but a third ram in the press bed moves up allowing a reverse draw to be made in one press cycle. The triple-action press is not widely used.A knuckle press is used for coining operation. The design of the drive allows for very high pressures at the bottom of the ram stroke. This type uses a crank, which moves a joint consisting of two levers that oscillate to and from dead center and results in a short, powerful movement of the slide with slow travel near the bottom of the stroke.A hydraulic press is used basically for forming operations and has a slower operating cycle time than most mechanical presses. The advantages of hydraulic presses are that the working pressure stroke, and speed of the ram are adjustable (Figure 10).Hydraulic presses belong to the force-constrained type of forming machines . Their main use is found in those areas of forming technology where the force along the path of the ram must remain constant or under accurate control. The drive mechanism of机械专业中英文文献翻译piston and cylinder acts in a linear manner and is directly connected to the ram. The form of frame construction of hydraulic presses is largely similar to that of mechanical presses. The hydraulic drive units are easily accommodated in the machine frame. Consequently, several hydraulic drives can readily be built into a single machine for complicated forming and cutting operations (drawing, extruding, cutting, swaging, etc.), and the required motions may be easily coordinated.A press brake is essentially same as a gap-frame press except for its long bed from6 to 20 feet (1.8～6m) or more. It is used basically for various bending operations on large sheet metal parts. It can also be used with a series of separate sets of press tools to do light piercing, notching, and forming (Figure 11). This allows parts of a complex design to be accurately made without a high-cost press tool by simply breaking the complex part down into several simple operations. This type of operation is used on low-run or prototype parts.Figure 10 typical hydraulic press Figure 11 Typical press brake Sheet metal can be bent easily with simple fixtures using a press brake. This press brake utilizes long dies in a mechanical or hydraulic press and is suitable for small production runs. The tooling; is simple, and it is adaptable to a wide variety of shapes, furthermore, the process can be easily automated. Die materials for press brakes may range from hardwood (for low-strength materials and small production runs) to carbides. For most applications, carbon-steel or gray-iron dies are generally used.。