[0181]《语言学导论》答案
语言学导论作业答案
语言学导论作业答案第一次作业答案Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?D：MeaningfulnessIf a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.C：descriptiveThe distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.错误Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.正确Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.C：secondaryA diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.错误Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.错误Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.B：soundsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.B：True_____ is the study of meaning in language.D:SemanticsThe branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.B:pragmaticsWhen language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.D:phaticBy _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.C:displacementLanguage serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.C:emotiveForeign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.D:all the above threeWhich one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______B:Speech is more complex than writing.A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.C:stem_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:Sociolinguistics_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.C:NasalsOf the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.B: [u:]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A : Language is just for communication.There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".B:threeThe syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVC第二次作业答案Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.正确答案：错误For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.正确答案：正确Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.正确答案：正确Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.正确答案：正确A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.正确答案：错误Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.正确答案：错误The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.正确答案：错误Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.正确答案：错误Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.正确答案：错误The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.正确答案：正确Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.正确答案：正确Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.正确答案：错误“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.正确答案：错误Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.正确答案：错误Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.正确答案：错误What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.正确答案：正确The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.正确答案：正确The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.正确答案：错误Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.正确答案：正确“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.正确答案：正确第三次作业答案1 Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______. Free morphemes or Content morphemes2 Words which consist more than one free morphemes are called _____. transparent words3 Morphemes that can not occur alone are called _________. bound morphemes4 A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity Root5 ______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to. Inflectional6 An ______ is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Affix7 A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. Stem8 The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch". Clipping9 ______ is a branch of linguistics which studies teh internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology10 _______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language. Syntax11 The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent. Paradigmatic 12 "Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away". Immediate13 The phrase "on the shelf" is an ______ construction. pp （prepositional phrase）14 Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar. TG15 The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______. Chomsky in 195716 "WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization". Acronyms17 ____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content. Word第四次作业答案The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car". 正确答案：错误All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. 正确答案：正确In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___. A：a minor role B：a significant role C：a basic role D：no role 正确答案：A_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A：Words B：Morphemes C：Phonemes D：Sentences 正确答案：BBound morphemes are those that ____. A：have to be used independently B：can not be combined with other morphemes C：can stand as words on their own D：have to be combined with other morphemes 正确答案：DThe meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____. A：lexical B：morphemic C：grammatical D：semantic 正确答案：CA ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A：back B：central C：front D：middle 正确答案：CSense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 正确答案：错误The sound /f/ is ____. A：voiced palatal affricate B：voiced alveolar stop C：voiceless velar fricative D：voiceless labiodental fricative 正确答案：DSince /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____. A：in phonemic contrast B：in complementary distribution C：the allophones D：minimal pair 正确答案：A The assimilati on rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______. A：identical B：same C：exactly alike D：similar 正确答案：D____ is a voiced alveolar stop. A：/z/ B：/d/ C：/k/ D：/b/ 正确答案：BThe sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A：voiceless B：voiced C：vowel D：consonantal 正确答案：AAccording to Grice’s theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______. A:strictly observed B:secretly and deliberately violated C:blatantly or apparently violated D:Both A and B 正确答案：CTeaching culture in our language classes can _______. A:get the students familiar with cultural differences B:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will C:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices D:All of the above. 正确答案：DWhich of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong? _______. A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics. B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations. C:Sooner orlater, machine translation will replace human translation completely. D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation. 正确答案：CWhich of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______. A:Objectivity B:Reliability C:Validity D:Both A and C 正确答案：AMany Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning. A:Negative transfer B:Overgeneralization C:Positive transfer D:mother tongue interference 正确答案：BThe relation between the two words “buy” and “sell” can be described as____. A: gradable antonymy B:converse antonymy C:complementary antonymy D:synonymy 正确答案：B_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A:Roots B:Stems C:Affixes D:Compounds 正确答案：CThe syllabic structure of the word “achieved” is ______. A:VCCVCC B:VCVCC C:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC正确答案：BThe Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________. A:Grice B: Austin C:Chomsky D:Saussure 正确答案：ALanguage serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about languageitself. A:recreational B:metalingual C:phatic D:performativ e 正确答案：B。
语言学导论第一章答案
Chapter one Invitations to languageReference keysI 1. verbal 2. productivity.3 metalingual function 4. yo-he-ho 5. Pooh-pooh 6. contact 7. language 8. descriptive 10. diachronic linguistic 11. langue 12. competence 13. arbitrary vocal 14. scientific ,language 15. descriptive, prescriptive 16. Synchronic, diachronic 17. abstract, realization 18. knowledge, realization 19. arbitrariness 20. displacement 21 sounds, meaning 22. transmittedII. 1. B 2.B 3. C 4. A 5. C. 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.D 11. A 12.C III. 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.F 16.F 17.T18.T19.F20.TVI. Questions1.What are the attributes of language that must be included in thedefinition of language?Language is a means of verbal communication. It includes the following attributes: language has system; it is vocal and arbitrary; it is a human and social activity; it is non-instinctive and is related to culture; language changes with time.2. If language is partially defined as communication, can we all say the voices that dogs make are languages? Why or why not?No.It is observed that dogs may use barking to express anxiety, submission and threats, but it is very different from human language inmany aspects. Firstly, human language has two systems: the system of sound and the system of meaning. So language is a system by which sounds and meanings are related. But dogs’ voice has not the two sets of structures. Second, The creative use language is unique to human beings. But dogs can not segment speech sounds, nor can they form an infinite set of utterance from a finite set of units by use of limited rules. Third, Dogs’ voice is only emotional response to particular stimuli, and have no way to express their feelings yesterday or their imaginations tomorrow. But human beings can talk about things at present, in the past or in the future, and things real or imagined.3. Point our three major differences between linguistics and traditional grammar.略4.What kind of evidence supports the idea that language is culturally transmitted.略5.One of he main features of our human language is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what feature it refers to? Support your argument with examples.Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the sameobject is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language,. It is only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the “arbitrariness” of language is “ a rose by any name would smell as sweet”。
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。
2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。
- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。
- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。
3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。
4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。
5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。
它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。
6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。
它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。
7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。
8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。
它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。
9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。
- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。
- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。
- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。
- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。
10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。
[0181]《语言学导论》 在线作业及参考答案
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[0181]《语言学导论》第1批作业[单选题]When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.A:expressiveB:evocativeC:performativeD:phatic参考答案：D[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.参考答案：错误[单选题]_____ is the study of meaning in language.A:SyntaxB:Applied linguisticsC:MorphologyD:Semantics参考答案：D[单选题]By _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A:cultural transmissionB: interchangeabilityC:displacementD:creativity参考答案：C[单选题]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A:Language is just for communication.B:Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.C: Language is a sign system.D:Language is arbitrary and conventional.参考答案：A[单选题]Of the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.A:[au]B: [u:]C:[ju:]D:[e]参考答案：B[单选题]There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".A: twoB:threeC:fourD:five参考答案：B[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVCB:CCVCCCVCC:CCVCCVCD:CVVCCVC参考答案：A[单选题]_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.A:Semi-vowelsB:AffricatesC:NasalsD:Glides参考答案：C[单选题]_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:SociolinguisticsB:Comparative linguisticsC:SyntaxD:Computational linguistics参考答案：A[单选题]A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.A:rootB:free morphemeC:stemD:suffix参考答案：C[单选题]Which one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______A:Speech existed long before writing systems came into being.B:Speech is more complex than writing.C:Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.D: Written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds.参考答案：B[单选题]Foreign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.A:borrowing patterns from the mother tongueB:extending patterns form the target language, e.g. by analogyC:expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already knownD:all the above three参考答案：D[单选题]Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.A: phaticB:informativeC:emotiveD:directive参考答案：C[单选题]Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.A：FalseB：True参考答案：B[判断题]Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.参考答案：错误[单选题]If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.A：prescriptiveB：analyticC：descriptiveD：linguistic参考答案：C[单选题]Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.A：primaryB：betterC：secondaryD：unchangeable参考答案：C[单选题]Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.A：senseB：soundsC：objectsD：ideas参考答案：B[单选题]Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A：ArbitrarinessB：DisplacementC：DualityD：Meaningfulness参考答案：D[判断题]A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.参考答案：错误[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.参考答案：正确[单选题]The branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.A:sociolinguisticsB:pragmaticsC:syntaxD:computational linguistics参考答案：B第2批作业[判断题]A person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.参考答案：错误[判断题]Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.参考答案：正确[判断题]The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.参考答案：正确[判断题]Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.参考答案：错误[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.参考答案：错误[判断题]Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.参考答案：错误[判断题]Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.参考答案：错误[判断题]What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.参考答案：正确[判断题]“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.参考答案：正确[判断题]Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.参考答案：正确[判断题]Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.参考答案：错误[判断题]Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.参考答案：正确[判断题]Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.参考答案：正确[判断题]Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.参考答案：正确[判断题]“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.参考答案：错误[判断题]The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.参考答案：正确[判断题]Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.参考答案：错误第3批作业[填空题]The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.参考答案：paradigmatic[填空题]"Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away".参考答案：immediate[填空题]Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar.参考答案：systemic-functional[填空题]The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______.参考答案：Chomsky[填空题]The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch".参考答案：blending[填空题]_______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language.参考答案：Syntax[填空题]____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.参考答案：Morpheme[填空题]A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.参考答案：stem[填空题]Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______.参考答案：free morphemes[填空题]A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity.参考答案：root[填空题]______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to.参考答案：Inflectional[填空题]"WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization".参考答案：acronym第4批作业[判断题]All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.参考答案：正确[单选题]In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___.A：a minor roleB：a significant roleC：a basic roleD： no role参考答案：A[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "ac hieved” is ______.A:VCCVCCB:VCVCCC:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC参考答案：B[单选题]_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A:RootsB:StemsC:AffixesD:Compounds参考答案：C[单选题]The relation between the two words "buy” and "sell” can be described as____.A: gradable antonymyB:converse antonymyC:complementary antonymyD:synonymy参考答案：B[单选题]Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce "mans” and "photoes” as the plural forms of "man” and "photo”. This i s most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.A:Negative transferB:OvergeneralizationC:Positive transferD:mother tongue interference参考答案：B[单选题]Which of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______.A:ObjectivityB:ReliabilityC:ValidityD:Both A and C参考答案：A[单选题]Which of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong?_______.A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics.B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations.C:Sooner or later, machine translation will replace human translation completely.D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation.参考答案：C[单选题]Teaching culture in our language classes can _______.A:get the students familiar with cultural differencesB:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture willC:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practicesD:All of the above.参考答案：D[单选题]According to Grice's theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______.A:strictly observedB:secretly and deliberately violatedC:blatantly or apparently violatedD:Both A and B参考答案：C[单选题]The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A：voicelessB：voicedC：vowelD：consonantal参考答案：A[单选题]Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____.A：in phonemic contrastB：in complementary distributionC：the allophonesD：minimal pair参考答案：A[单选题]The sound /f/ is ____.A：voiced palatal affricateB：voiced alveolar stopC：voiceless velar fricativeD：voiceless labiodental fricative参考答案：D[单选题]The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.A：lexicalB：morphemicC：grammaticalD：semantic参考答案：C[单选题]____ is a voiced alveolar stop.A：/z/B：/d/C：/k/D：/b/参考答案：B[单选题]The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______.A：identicalB：sameC：exactly alikeD：similar参考答案：D[单选题]A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A：backB：centralC：frontD：middle参考答案：C[单选题]_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A：WordsB：MorphemesC：PhonemesD：Sentences参考答案：B[单选题]Bound morphemes are those that ____.A： have to be used independentlyB：can not be combined with other morphemesC：can stand as words on their ownD： have to be combined with other morphemes参考答案：D[判断题]The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car".参考答案：错误[判断题]Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.参考答案：错误[单选题]Language serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about language itself.A:recreationalB:metalingualC:phaticD:performative参考答案：B[单选题]The Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________.A:GriceB: AustinC:ChomskyD:Saussure参考答案：A。
语言学导论课后答案
语言学导论课后答案【篇一：语言学导论复习题】txt>i. blank-filling1. the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronice ______________ linguistic study; the descriptionof a language as it changes through time is a diachronic _____linguistic study. modern linguists tend to prefer a synchronic approach to a diachronic ______ one.2. speech _____ and writing _____ are the two major media oflinguistic communication. modern linguistics regards the speech language as the primary medium of humanlanguage.3. if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive ; if the linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “ correct and standard ” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive _____ .4. langue _____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.5. language is a system of arbitrary _____ vocal symbolsused for human communication _____ .6. competence ____ can be defined as the ideal user?sknowledge of the rules of his language, and performance can be defined as the actual realization ofthis knowledge in linguistic communication.7. language is arbitrary _____ in the sense that there is nointrinsic 本质的connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.8. the fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal .9. language is productive ____ or creative in that its userscan produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.10. language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or in far-away places. this is what displacement _____means.11. the study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.12. linguistics can be defined as the systematic ____ studyof language _____ .13. duality of structures is also referred to as double _____articulation 结构双重性________ .ii. multiple choice1. the distinction between langue and parole was made by the swiss linguist ___ in the early 20th century.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth2. the distinction between competence and performance was made by the american linguist ___ in the late 1950?s.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth3. a modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) ___.a. observerb. analyzerc. judged. recorderii. true or false judgement( ) 1. langue is concrete while parole is abstract. langue is relatively stable whileparole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.( ) 2. similar to saussure, chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is theideal speaker?s performance, not his competence.( ) 3. modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.( ) 4. modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.( ) 5. traditional grammar forced languages into a latin-based framework. ( ) 6. in modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one.( ) 7. “ language is a system ” means that elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.( ) 8. language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.( ) 9. linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( ) 10. in a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistictheories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.( ) 11.a modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said.keys:i. blank-filling1. synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic2. speech, writing, speech3. descriptive, prescriptive4. langue, parole5. arbitrary, communication6. competence, performance7. arbitrary8. vocal9. productive10. displacement11. general12. systematic/scientific, language13. double articulationii. multiple choice1. b2. a3. c iii. true or false judgement1. f2. f3. f4. t5. t6. f7. t8. f9. t 10. f11. t2 phonologyi. blank-filling1. phonetics _____ is defined as the study of the phonicmedium of language.2. the three important branches of phonetics are: (1) 发音学articulatory phonetics, which studies how a speakeruses his speech organs to articulate the sounds;(2) 听觉acoustic _____ phonetics, which studies the physicalproperties of speech sounds and (3) 声学acoustic _______ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.4. vibration of the vocal ______ cords ____ results in aquality of speech sounds called “ voicing ____________ ”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in english.5. there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. the former is called broad transcription while the latter is callednarrow ______ transcription.6. the sound [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. in the word pit, the sound[p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. in the case of pit, the [p] sound issaid to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated .7. speech sounds in english can be divided into two broad categories: vowels _______________ and consonants _____ .8. when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless ______________________ .9. in terms of manner of articulation the english consonants can be classified into the following types: stops ____________ ,fricatives ______ , affricates _____ , liquids _____ ,nasals ______ , glides ____ . in terms of place of articulation,the english consonants can be classified into the following types: bilabial , labiodental ______ , dental _________ ,alveolar _____ , palatal _____ , velar _____ , glottal _____ consonants.10. english vowels may be distinguished as front ____ ,central _____ , and back _____ according to which part of thetongue is held highest.11. according to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: close ______________ vowels, semi close _____vowels, semi open _____ vowels and open ______ vowels.12. vowels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. in english, all the front vowels are uounded _____________ vowels andmost back vowels are rounded _____ .13. the english vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. the long vowels are all tense ________________vowels and the lax _____ vowels are lax vowels.14. a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone __________________ in a certainphonetic context.15. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.16. phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. if they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a phonemic contrast . if they are allophones of thesame phoneme, then they are said to be in complementary distribution .17. when two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal __________ pair19. rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential ________________ rules.21. the parts of speech that are normally stressed in an english sentence are nouns __________________ , main ______ verbs,adjectives ____ , adverbs _____ , numerals _____ anddemonstrative _____ pronouns; the other categories of wordslike articles _____ , person _____ pronouns, auxiliary _____verbs, preposition _____ , and conj unctions _____ are usuallynot stressed.25. in english we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is calleda diphthong _____________________________ .26. speech _____ sounds are sounds that convey meaning inhuman communication.27. ipa is the short form for international _____phonetic _____ alphabet ____ or i _____ p _____association _____ .28. in english glides are sometimes called semivowels _____ .the english glides are _w ____ and ___j ___.29. a phoneme consists of a set of distinctive 与众不同的_____ features. it is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning. ii. multiple choice1. which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?a. phonemeb. stressc. toned. intonation2. the english word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is .a. peakb. speakc. tip c. topic3. chinese is a(n) ___ language.a. intonationb. tonec. pitchd. stress4. the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _______________________ .a. sequential rulesb. combining rulesc. assimilation rulesd. deletion rules5. which of the following is a minimal pair?a. fear, pearb. put, hutc. bit, beatd. beat, beastiii. true or false judgement( ) 2. linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.( ) 3. the “ same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.( ) 4. narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.( ) 6. a phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value.( ) 7. the location of stress in english does not distinguish meaning.( ) 10. conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.keys: blank-filling 1.phonetics2. rticulatory, acoustic, auditory4.vocal cords, voicing5.broad, narrow6. aspirated, unaspirated7. vowels, consonants8. voiceless9. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal10. front, central, back11. close, semi-close, semi-open, open12. uounded, rounded13. tense, lax14. phone15. allophones16. phonemic contrast, complementary distribution17. minimal pair19.sequential21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person, auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions 25.diphthong26.speech27.international phonetic alphabet, international phonetic association28.semivowels, [w], [j]29.distinctive multiple choice 1-5abbac true or false judgement 2.f 3.t 4.f 6.t 7.f 10.f3. morphologyi. blank filling1. in english, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o class words since we can regularlyadd new words to these classes. the other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c class words since new words arenot usually added to them.2. m _____ refers to the study of the internal structure ofw _____ , and the rules by which words are formed.3. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called m .4. some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. suchmorphemes are called p _________ ; other morphemes occuronly after other morphemes, such morphemes are called s .5. when some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is formed, such morphemes are called d _______________ morphemes.6. bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i ____________________________ morphemes.篇二：《语言学概论》练习题答案】＞一、名词解释1 、语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。
大学《语言学导论》试题及答案
大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别：网教专业：英语 20 年6月课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】 A卷大作业满分：100分（要求：学生必须按各大题的答题要求，完成全部题目）Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1. ________ refers to the language user’s underlying knowledge about the systemof rules of his language.A. RegisterB. PerformanceC. CompetenceD. Dialect2. “classmate” is a _______.A. compoundB. phraseC. derivativeD. morpheme3. The function of the sentence “I promise to come on time tomorrow” is mainly_______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic4. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless stop? _______.A. [d]B. [p]C. []D. []5. “-ed” and “-s” are ______ because they do not help to form new words.A. free morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. derivative morphemesD. roots 6. Systemic-functional grammar has been developed by _______.A. GriceB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Halliday7. The syllabic structure of the word “studied” is ______.A. CCCCVVCB. CCCCVCC. CCCVVCD. CCVCVC8. ______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. The study of meaning in context is called _______.A. pragmaticsB. sociolinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD.semantics10. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose aparticular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language testingB. Language changeC. Language planningD. Language transferⅡ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write True or False on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)11. Diachronic linguistics studies language development or change over time.12. Ultimate constituents are constituents directly below the level of aconstruction.13. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language, which is used by aparticular social class.14. Compounds are words that are formed by joining two or more words.15. Transformational-Generative grammar was first proposed by P. H. Grice.16. To linguists, no languages are superior to any other languages.- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -。
英语语言学导论课后答案
7. ASK:
(1) Can you identify the most likely order (from least to most advanced) of these samples?
3. ASK:
(1) Do you think the two statements are equally probable, and if not, why not?
(a) is more likely than (b), because the word as the basic unit of meaning that can occur independently in language is finite in number, whereas the sentence as composed of words, though almost infinite in number, is made possible by our knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. We can always produce and understand sentences that we never come across before. In that sense, no sentence is really new.
Omit.
(2) What if there were only one language the world over?
《语言学概论》课后习题答案.docx
课后习题思考题1.答：人们在各个领域的活动中都离不开语言，语言活动深入到人类生活的一切领域，这种情况必然使语言学和其他学科发生密切的联系，因此说，语言学在现代科学体系中处于领先和关键的重要地位。
⑴语言学的特定研究对象，即人类的语言几乎牵涉到现代科学的每个学科。
现代许多学科的发展最后都与语言问题、思维问题等有关，语言学的突破必将为这些学科的发展起到促进作用。
⑵语言学与社会科学、自然科学有着密切的联系，围绕着语言学，已经形成了众多的边缘学科。
2.答：语言的应用研究统称为应用语言学，它着重解决现实中与语言有关的各种实际问题，把语言学的基础研究成果转化为社会效益。
根据研究范围的不同，应用语言学有狭义和广义之分。
狭义应用语言学主要以语言教学问题为研究对象, 基本可以看作是语言教学的理论与方法的科学。
语言教学包括第一语言教学即本族语的教学和第二语言教学即外族语的教学。
第一语言的学习非常重要，因为它是学习各门知识的基础和手段，也是进行各种交际活动的工具。
第二语言教学包括本族人学习外族语及教外族人学习本族语。
广义应用语言学是把语言学的研究成果同有关学科的某些实用研究结合起来，着重解决有关学科及语言学本身所涉及的应用方面的问题。
它主要包括语言统计、信息传递、自动控制、情报检索、机器翻译、人机对话、人工智能、自然语言理解、语言文字信息处理等。
此外，还涉及到语言规划、语言的使用等问题。
3.答：转换生成语言学的创始人是美国语言学家诺姆-乔姆斯基。
转换生成语言学的研究对象是语言能力而不是语言行为。
1957年，乔姆斯基出版《句法结构》一书，标志着转换生成语言学的诞生。
转换生成语法理论是欧美语言学理论中最有影响的一种，因此，它的诞生被称为“乔姆斯基革命”。
乔姆斯基的生成语法学理论使我们在一定程度上摆脫了行为主义言语获得理论的束缚，认识到婴儿言语获得过程中神经系统的重要作用，同时也向我们提出了研究言语过程的心理机制的问题，这是很有理论意义和借鉴价值的。
西南大学2018年秋季[0181]《语言学导论》辅导答案
![西南大学2018年秋季[0181]《语言学导论》辅导答案](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/654903def705cc17552709bc.png)
2. Morpheme
3. Syntax
4. Morphology
14、The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.
3. sounds
4. phonemes
11、According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
1. E. langue
4. no role
17、_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
1. Words
2. Morphemes
3. Phonemes
4. Sentences
18、Bound morphemes are those that ____.
4. Many men
2、_________ deals with therelationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
1. Concept
2. Reference
3. Semantics
1. have to be used independently
语言学概论试题答案
语言学概论试题答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究人类语言的学科，其研究对象是（B）。
A. 人类思维B. 人类语言C. 人类文化D. 人类行为2. 语音学是语言学的一个重要分支，它主要研究的是（C）。
A. 语法B. 词汇C. 声音系统D. 语义3. 语言学家关注的语言现象有哪些特征？（A）A. 具有普遍性、可刺激性、可被学得性、可被忘却性B. 具有多样性、诸变性、一致性、可被听说性C. 具有多样性、可被了解性、可被学得性、可被传承性D. 具有多样性、可刺激性、可被了解性、可被掌握性4. 语言是人类思维的外在表现，它的特点包括（B）。
A. 符号性、逻辑性、经验性、情感性B. 音素性、词汇性、语法性、交际性C. 语音性、声调性、音节性、语义性D. 文化性、习得性、传承性、社会性5. 语言学的研究方法主要包括哪些方面？（D）A. 观察法、统计法、实验法、调查法B. 比较法、分析法、综合法、实证法C. 形态法、句法法、语义法、语用法D. 理论法、实证法、历时法、内在法二、简答题1. 什么是语音学？简述语音学的基本研究对象。
语音学是语言学的一个分支学科，主要研究的是语言中声音的产生、传播和感知机制。
它研究的基本对象是语音。
语音是一种由声音信号组成的符号系统，通过声音的不同组合和规则，人们能够进行语言的交际和沟通。
2. 语言学的研究范围包括哪些方面？简要描述其中两个方面的内容。
语言学的研究范围涵盖了语音、词汇、语法、语义和语用等多个方面。
其中语音学主要研究语言中的声音系统，通过研究语音的音素、音位和音系等要素来揭示其规律和变化。
而语法学研究语言中的句子构成和组合规律，包括短语结构、词类、句法关系等内容。
三、论述题语言作为人类最为基本的交流工具和思维表达方式，对于人类社会和文化的发展起到了重要的作用。
语言学作为一门学科，对于深入研究和探索语言的本质和规律具有重要意义。
首先，语言学研究语言的普遍性和多样性。
语言在世界各地的人类社会中普遍存在，但不同语言之间又表现出多样性。
语言学概论参考答案
《语言学概论》参考答案一、填空1、研究语言的规律2、首先学习语言文字是掌握科学技术、提高文化水平的基础。
其次语言文字是我国的社会主义革命和建设中的交际工具。
第三像聋哑人的学话、口吃的矫正、失语症的治疗等实际工作，也需要运用语言研究的成果。
3、任意性、线条性4、第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子5、音高、音重、音长、质6、同化、异化、弱化、脱落7、性、数、格、时、体、态、人称8、孤立语、粘着语、屈折语、复综语9、理性意义、带有主观态度的意义10、社会的发展、语言中各种因素的相互影响11、渐变性、不平衡性12、社会方言、地域方言13、汉藏语系、印欧语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系、闪-含语系、高加索语系、达罗毘荼语系、马来-玻利尼西亚语系、南亚语系等14、亚洲东南部，西起克什米尔，东至我国东部边界15、不同民族的接触或融合，语言系统的排挤和替代16、社会历史条件17、自愿融合、被迫融合18、双重语言现象，排挤、替代19、根本区别20、阶级性21、语言、辅助22、左半球二、名词解释1、语言学：是研究语言的科学。
语言是语言学的研究对象。
语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。
2、传统语文学：语言处于从属地位，还没有发展为独立的学科的阶段。
3、说话：通常是把几个词按照一定的顺序组合起来，造出一句句的话。
这种话的长度在理论上说是无限的。
4、语言：是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。
语言是符号系统。
5、思维：是认识现实世界时的动脑筋的过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。
6、符号：包含形式和意义两个方面。
符号和自己所代表的事物是两回事，相互之间没有必然的联系。
7、语言符号：形式和意义的结合完全由社会“约定俗成”，而不是它们之间有什么必然的、本质的联系。
8、征候：是事物本身的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。
9、组合关系：符号和符号组合起来的关系。
语言学导论课后习题答案
Chapter 4 MorphologyWhat is morphology?The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structur e and the formation of words.Morphemes and allomorphsThe smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletivesSome countable n ouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.Some verbs have irreg ular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.Free and bound morphemesSome morphemes constitut e words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes. The distinct i on between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Inflexional and derivational morpheme sInflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words. English affixes a re divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Conclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -sSuffixesFormation of new wordsDerivationDerivation forms a wo rd by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation.Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin.Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.CompoundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes. The majority of E nglish compounds are the combination of words from the three classes –nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.ConversionConversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.ClippingClipping is a process that shortens a pol y syllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television asthat suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.Acronyms and abbreviationsAcronyms and abbrevia tions are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of org anizations and scientific terminology.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requires a word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.For more detailed explanation to the ways of word formation, see my notes of Practical English Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86983.html Chapter 3 PhonologyWhat is phonology?Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses o n three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context?What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?Pho nemes and allophonesA phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature.The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.We use allophones to realize phonemes.Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemesIf sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophonesSounds that are not found in the sam e position are said to be in complementary distribution.If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variationIf segments appear in the same position but the mutual subs titution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.Distinc tive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.Phonological rulesPhonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as exam ples.[+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_[-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_Syllable structureA syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.Every syllable h as a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.Sequence of phonemesNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are called systematic gaps.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called accidental gaps.When new words are coined, they may fill some accident a l gaps but they will never fillsystematic gaps.Suprasegmental featuresFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.StressStress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress. If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a sec ondary stress.In some languages word stress is fixed, i.e. on a certain syllable. In English, word stress is unpredictable.IntonationWhen we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distin guish utterance meaning.The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise.ToneTone is the variation of pitch to disting uish words.The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones.Chinese is a typical tone language.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86123.html Chapter 2 PhoneticsWhat is phonetics?Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics – the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech soundsAuditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come from?From the lungWhat is the function of vocal cords?Controlling the air streamWhat are the cavities?O ral cavityPharyngeal cavityNasal cavityTranscription of speech soundsUnits of representationSegments (the individual sounds)Phonetic symbolsThe widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcripti o n (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.Description of speech soundsDescription of English consonantsGeneral feature: obstructionCriteria of conson ant descriptionPlaces of articulationManners of articulationV oicing of articulationPlaces of articulationThis refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]Labiodental: [f] [v]Interdental: [ ] [ ]Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]Palatal: [ ] [ ] [t ] [d ] [j]Velar: [k] [g] [ ]Glottal: [h]Manners of articulationThis refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Fricatives: [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [f] [v] [ ] [ ] [h]Affricates: [t ] [d ]Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [w] [j]Nasals: [m] [n] [ ]V oicing of articulationThis refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.V oiced soundsV oiceless soundsDescription of English vowelsGeneral feature: without obstructionCriteria of vowel descriptionPart of the tongue that is raisedFrontCentralBackExtent to which the tongue rises i n the direction of the palateHighMidLowKind of opening made at the lipsPosition of the soft palateSingle vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongsPhonetic features and natural classesClasses of sounds that share a feature or features a re called natural classes.Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1. 解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreet3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。
语言学导论答案
1.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientific study of language?To understand this definition, we should focus on three words in this sentence: scientific, study and language.First of all, scientific here means a study which is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. The linguist studies it to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system. Secondly, the word study here refers to investigation or examination. Thirdly, Language here is general term. It refers to any human language, Chinese spoken by the Chinese, English by the English people, German by the Germans, or even Esperanto, an artificial language. Language here also means the dialects or variants of a common language such as Cantonese, a variant of Mandarin. Therefore, this whole sentence can be interpreted that linguistics is a language study through the systematic investigation of linguistic data and some general theory of language structure.2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology: it studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology: a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms andformation of words in a language Syntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?①Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive②Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.③Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?In modern linguistics, the linguists seem to give priority to synchronic studies other than diachronic ones. Because it is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. That is to say, the diachronic studies should be based on synchronic ones. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being description of a language in its current existence. And most linguistic studies are of this type.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?①The writing system is invented by its users when needed②Today there are languages which can only be spoken but not written③Speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed in daily communication④Each human being first acquires speech and then learns writing⑤Modern linguistics tends to pay more attention to authentic speech as spoken language reveals more true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised”record of6.How is Saussure’s distinction between language and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?They are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study. On one hand, Saussure defines language as the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole as the realization of language in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that language and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use. On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract language from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinks linguists should study the ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.7.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately:systematic, arbitrary and vocal. First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system1)Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5)Cultural transmission9. What are the major functions of language?1)descriptive function2)expressive function3)social function。
智慧树知到答案 语言学导论章节测试答案
第一章单元测试1、单选题：Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused bytime and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? （）选项：A:TransferabilityB:ArbitrarinessC:DisplacementD:Duality.答案: 【Transferability】2、判断题：Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that Language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】3、单选题：The informative function is predominantly the major role of language, it is also called _________ function in the framework of functional grammar. （）选项：A:textualB:descriptiveC:ideationalD:prescriptive答案: 【ideational】4、单选题：According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. （）选项：A:PerformanceB:LangueC:ParoleD:Language答案: 【Langue】5、判断题：Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】6、单选题：_____ is realized by mood and modality.（）选项：A:Informative functionB:Interpersonal functionC:Performative functionD:Recreational function答案: 【Interpersonal function】7、单选题：Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?（）选项：A:The emotive function is to convey message and informationB:The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meaningsC:The phatic function is to establish communion with othersD:The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake答案: 【The phatic function is to establish communion with others】8、判断题：Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】9、判断题：Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】10、判断题：Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is important for us. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】第二章单元测试1、单选题：Of the consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /m/, /z/ and /g/, which has the features of voiceless and velar? （）选项：A:/p/B:/g/C:/k/D:/t/答案: 【/k/】2、单选题：A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a _______. （）选项：A:allophoneB:phoneC:phoneme答案: 【phoneme】3、单选题：Which of the following CANNOT be considered as minimal pair? （）选项：A:/s/-/θ/B:/aɪ/-/ɔɪ/C:/p/-/b/答案: 【/s/-/θ/】4、单选题：_______ is one of the suprasegmental features.（）选项：A:VoicingB:ToneC:DeletionD:Stop答案: 【Tone】5、单选题：Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT_______.（）选项：A:fricativesB:AffricatesC:BilabialD:Lateral答案: 【Bilabial】6、单选题：An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _______ of the p phoneme.（）选项：A:AllophonesB:tagmemesC:analoguesD:morphemes答案: 【Allophones】7、单选题：Conventionally a_______ is put in slashes. （）选项：A:morphemeB:phonemeC:phoneD:allophone答案: 【phoneme】8、单选题：Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?（）选项：A:[f]B:[v]C:[z]D:[w]答案: 【[w]】9、单选题：Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? （）选项：A:[p]B:[m]C:[b]D:[n]答案: 【[n]】10、单选题：Which of the following is the correct description of [v]? （）选项：A:voiceless labiodental fricativeB:voiceless labiodental stopC:voiced labiodental stopD:voiced labiodental fricative答案: 【voiced labiodental fricative】第三章单元测试1、单选题：In terms of______ , words can be divided into closed-class words and open-class words.（）选项：A:membershipB:qualityC:variabilityD:meaning答案: 【membership】2、单选题：Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are ______ items. （）选项：A:open-classB:closed-classC:neither open-class nor closed-class答案: 【closed-class】3、单选题：Bound morphemes do not include. （）选项：A:PrefixesB:RootsC:SuffixesD:Words答案: 【Words】______ refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number. （）选项：A:InflectionB:ConjugationC:DerivationD:Affixation答案: 【Inflection】5、单选题：Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day ＋break—daybreak. （）选项：A:inflection and compoundB:compound and derivationC:inflection and derivation答案: 【inflection and compound】6、单选题：Which of the following words are formed by blending? （）选项：A:BunchB:TelevisionC:GirlfriendD:Smog答案: 【Smog】7、单选题：A prefix is an affix which appears ______.（）选项：A:below the stemB:in the middle of the stemC:before the stemD:after the stem答案: 【before the stem】8、判断题：Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】10、判断题：Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】第四章单元测试1、单选题：_______ refer to the relationship that linguistic units have with other units because they may occur together in a sentence. （）选项：A:Hypotactic relationsB:Paratactic relationsC:Syntagmatic relationsD:Paradigmatic relations答案: 【Syntagmatic relations】2、单选题：The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _______ construction.（）选项：A:CoordinateB:endocentricC:SubordinateD:exocentric答案: 【exocentric】3、单选题：______refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. （）选项：A:EmbeddingB:ConjoiningC:ConcordD:Government答案: 【Conjoining】IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】5、单选题：__________ is concerned with the internal organization of words.（）选项：A:SemanticsB:SyntaxC:MorphologyD:Pragmatics答案: 【Syntax】6、单选题：Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by_______in 1957.（）选项：A:N·ChomskyB:L·BloomfieldC:F·SaussureD:M·A·K·Halliday答案: 【N·Chomsky】7、单选题：Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. （）选项：A:phonemeB:wordC:sentenceD:phrase答案: 【sentence】8、单选题：A sentence is considered_______ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. （）选项：A:grammaticalB:ungrammaticalC:rightD:wrong答案: 【wrong】Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_______. （）选项：A:what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsB:all of the other answersC:how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD:how words and phrases form sentences答案: 【all of the other answers】10、单选题：Phrase structure rules have properties. （）选项：A:grammaticalB:RecursiveC:socialD:functional答案: 【Recursive】第五章单元测试1、单选题：“ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents___.（）选项：A:contexutalismB:behaviorismC:the conceptualist viewD:the naming theory答案: 【contexutalism】2、单选题：_______is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.（）选项：A:Grammatical analysisB:Predication analysisC:Componential analysisD:Phonemic analysis答案: 【Componential analysis】3、单选题：The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by_______.（）选项：A:selectional restrictionsB:semantic featuresC:semantic rulesD:grammatical rules答案: 【grammatical rules】4、判断题：Words which have different meanings but are written differently and sound alike are called hyponyms.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】5、判断题：In a sentense relation of hyponymy, a superordinate entails all hyponyms. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】6、单选题：In componential analysis, _______be analyzed into HUMAN, ADULT and MALE. （）选项：A:womanB:girlC:manD:boy答案: 【man】7、单选题：Componential analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. （）选项：A:sentenceB:wordC:phraseD:phoneme答案: 【word】8、单选题：The relationship between “flower” and“rose” is _______. （）选项：A:superordinateB:homonymyC:relational oppositesD:hyponymy答案: 【hyponymy】9、判断题：Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】10、判断题：Converse opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reveral of a relationship between the two items. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】第六章单元测试1、单选题：Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the_______. （）选项：A:expressivesB:commissivesC:directivesD:declarations答案: 【commissives】2、单选题：What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considereD.（）选项：A:referenceB:speech actC:contextD:practical usage答案: 【context】3、单选题：A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation. （）选项：A:pragmaticB:conceptualC:mentalD:grammatical答案: 【grammatical】4、单选题：Which of the following is true?（）选项：A:Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.B:No utterances can take the form of sentences.C:All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.D:Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.答案: 【Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.】5、单选题：According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.（）选项：A:to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseB:to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairsC:to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD:to get the hearer to do something答案: 【to commit the speaker to something’s being the case】6、单选题：All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ _________. （）选项：A:in their effect brought aboutB:in their illocutionary actsC:Ibn their intentions expressedD:in their strength or force答案: 【in their strength or force】7、单选题：_________ is advanced by Paul Grice. （）选项：A:Politeness PrincipleB:Adjacency PrincipleC:The General Principle of Universal GrammarD:Cooperative Principle答案: 【Cooperative Principle】8、判断题：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】9、判断题：It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】10、判断题：What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.（）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】第七章单元测试1、单选题：is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system. （）选项：A:A raceB:A societyC:A countryD:A speech community答案: 【A speech community】2、单选题：_______is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of aibitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech. （）选项：A:Address termsB:SlangC:Language tabooD:Register variety答案: 【Slang】3、单选题：In a speech community people have something in common_______--a language or aparticular variety of language and rules for using it. （）选项：A:culturallyB:linguisticallyC:pragmaticallyD:socially答案: 【linguistically】4、单选题：_______refers to the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another worD.（）选项：A:DialectB:DiglossiaC:TabooD:Euphemism答案: 【Euphemism】5、单选题：The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its_________.（）选项：A:morphemesB:accentC:use of structuresD:use of word答案: 【accent】6、单选题：_______are the major source of regional variation of language. （）选项：A:Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeB:Geographical barriersC:Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechD:Social barriers.答案: 【Geographical barriers】7、单选题：Linguist______published his paper “The social stratification of English in New York City”in 1966. （）选项：A:LabowB:WhorfC:SapirD:Nida答案: 【Labow】8、判断题：A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】9、判断题：The standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate governmental policy. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】10、判断题：A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.（）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】。
西南大学20年12月份[0181]《语言学导论》
![西南大学20年12月份[0181]《语言学导论》](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/25abfca30b1c59eef9c7b443.png)
C. children who are good at imitating learn new sounds more quickly
Ⅲ
Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the children. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
19.Creoleisa language formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community.
20.Antonymyrefers tothesameness of meaning betweenwords.
西南大学《语言学导论》网上作业题及答案
西南大学《语言学导论》网上作业题及答案（0181）《语言学导论》网上作业题及答案 1：第一批作业2：第二批作业3：第三批作业4：第四批作业5：第五批作业6：第六批作业 1：[单选题]Which of the following sounds is an unvoiceddental fricative? _______A: [s]B:[ts]C:[w]D:[t]参考答案：A正确2：[单选题]Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.A：senseB：soundsC：objectsD：ideas参考答案：B正确3：[单选题]Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.A：primaryB：betterC：secondaryD：unchangeable参考答案：C正确4：[单选题]Which of the following is not a design feature of human languageA：ArbitrarinessB：DisplacementC：DualityD：Meaningfulness参考答案：D正确5：[单选题]If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.A：prescriptiveB：analyticC：descriptiveD：linguistic参考答案：C正确6：[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance wasproposed by F. de Saussure.参考答案：错误正确7：[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.参考答案：正确正确8：[判断题]A diachronic study of language is the description of languageat some point in time.参考答案：错误正确9：[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.参考答案：正确正确10：[判断题]Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.参考答案：错误正确11：[单选题]Linguistics studies particular language, not languages ingeneral.A：FalseB：True参考答案：A正确12：[单选题]Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study oflanguage.A：FalseB：True13：[单选题]_____ is the study of meaning in language.A:SyntaxB:Applied linguisticsC:MorphologyD:Semantics参考答案：D正确14：[单选题]The branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective andsuccessful communication.A:sociolinguisticsB:pragmaticsC:syntaxD:computational linguistics15：[单选题]When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information orideas, it serves a _____ function.A:expressiveB:evocativeC:performativeD:phatic参考答案：D正确16：[单选题]By _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A:cultural transmissionB: interchangeabilityC:displacementD:creativity参考答案：C正确17：[单选题]Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feelingor attitude in the hearer.A: phaticB:informativeC:emotiveD:directive参考答案：C正确18：[单选题]Foreign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.A:borrowing patterns from the mother tongue B:extending patterns form the target language, e.g. by analogy C:expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already knownD:all the above three参考答案：D正确19：[单选题]Which one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______ A:Speech existed long before writing systems came into being.B:Speech is more complex than writing.C:Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.D: Written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds.参考答案：B正确20：[单选题]A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to whichan affix can be added.A:rootB:free morphemeC:stemD:suffix参考答案：C正确21：[单选题]_____ studies the changes in language and language use withrespect to social factors.A:SociolinguisticsB:Comparative linguisticsC:SyntaxD:Computational linguistics参考答案：A正确22：[单选题]_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to passthrough it.A:Semi-vowelsB:AffricatesC:NasalsD:Glides参考答案：C正确23：[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVCB:CCVCCCVCC:CCVCCVCD:CVVCCVC参考答案：A正确24：[单选题]There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".A: twoB:threeC:fourD:five参考答案：B正确25：[单选题]Of the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.A:[au]B: [u:]C:[ju:]D:[e]参考答案：B正确26：[单选题]Which of the following statements is FALS。
《语言学导论》第章练习及标准答案)
《语言学导论》第章练习及答案)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself，for example，within British English or American English.2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience，while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.4.In semantics，meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.6.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9.“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10.In grammatical analysis，the sentence is taken to be the basic unit，but in semantic analysis of a sentence，the basic unit is predication，which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real，physical world；it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，they are called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions，which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication，largely identical with the nominal element（s）in a sentence.20.According to the n____ theory of meaning，the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Which of the following is not true？A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike？” _______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components，called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29.Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms.31.semantics32.sense 33.reference34.synonymy 35.polysemy36.homonymy37.homophones38.Homographs pletehomonyms40.hyponymy ponentialanalysis44.predication 45.Argument43.grammaticalmeaning46.predicate 47.Two-placepredicationV. Answer the following questions.31.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components？32.What is componential analysis？Illustrate it with examples.33.How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values？34.How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation，inconsistent relation in terms of truth values？35.According to the way synonyms differ，how many groups can we classify synonyms into？Illustrate them with examples.36.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning？How they differ？Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Semantic12.direct 13.Referenc14.synonym15.homophones e s s16.Relationa l ponential18.selectional19.argument20.namingIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.A 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.B 26.C 27.A 28.C 29.D 30.AIV. Define the following terms.31. Semantics：Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.32. Sense：Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form；it is abstract and de -contextualized.33. Reference：Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real，physical world；it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience34. Synonymy：Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.35. Polysemy：Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.36. Homonymy：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form，i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling，or in both.37. Homophones：When two words are identical in sound，they are called homophones.38. Homographs：When two words are identical in spelling，they are homographs.39. Complete homonyms：When two words are identical in both sound and spelling，they are called complete homonyms.40. Hyponymy：Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general，more inclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy：Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential analysis：Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components，which are called semantic features.43. The grammatical meaning：The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality，i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.44. Predication：The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.45. Argument：An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element （s）in a sentence.46. Predicate：A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. Two-place predication： A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.V. Answer the following questions.48.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components？The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example：（A）The dog bit the man.（B）The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components，then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know，there are two aspects to sentence meaning：grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in （A）are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in （B）. The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis？Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis，proposed by structural semanticists，is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components，which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word，and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example，the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN，+ ADULT，+ ANIMATE，+MALE]50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values？Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y：X：He has been to France.Y：He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values，if X is true，Y is necessarily true，e.g. if he has been to France，he must have been to Europe.If X is false，Y may be true or false，e. g. if he has not been to France，he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true，X may be true or false，e.g. if he has been to Europe，he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false，X is false，e.g. If he has not been to Europe，he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows：Suppose there are two sentences X and Y：X：John's bike needs repairing.Y：John has a bike.If X is true，Y must be true，e.g. if John's bike needs repairing，John must have a bike.If X is false，Y is still true，e. g. If John's bike does not need repairing，John still has a bike. If Y is true，X is either true or false，e.g. if John has a bike，it may or may not need repairing. If Y is false，no truth value can be said about X，e.g. if John does not have a bike，nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore，X presupposes Y，or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation，inconsistent relation in terms of truth values？In terms of truth condition，of the two sentences X and Y，if X is true，Y is true；if X is false，Y is false，therefore X is synonymous with Y.e.g. X：He was a bachelor all his life.Y：He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y，if X is true，Y is false；if X is false，Y is true，then we can say A is inconsistent with Y.e.g.X：John is married.Y：John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ，how many groups can we classify synonyms into？Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ，synonyms can be divided into the following groups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples：British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British，or American English itself. For example，"girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect，and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal，others tend to be casual，and still others are neutral in style. For example：old man，daddy，dad，father，male parentchap，pal，friend，companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. For example，“collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous，sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another"，but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in doing something good，while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example，we can use accuse，charge，rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal，but they are used with different prepositions accuse. . . of，charge. . . with，rebuke. . .for.v. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example，"amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to the word "surprise，" but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment，"astound" implies difficulty in believing.53.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning？How do they differ？One of the oldest was the naming theory，proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato，who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized：the situational context and the linguistic context.For example，the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined according to the context in which the sentence occurs：The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.（‘seal’ meaning an aquatic mammal）The seal could not be found. The king became worried.（‘seal’ meaning the king's stamp）Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as "the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".。
语言学导论课后答案
语言学导论课后答案【篇一：语言学导论复习题】txt>i. blank-filling1. the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronice_____ linguistic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic______ linguistic study. modern linguists tend to prefer asynchronic______ approach to a diachronic______ one.2. speech______ and writing______ are the two major media of linguistic communication. modern linguistics regards the speech______ language as the primary medium of human language.3. if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to bedescriptive_______; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive______.4. langue______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, andparole______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.5. language is a system of arbitrary_______ vocal symbols used for human communication______.6. competence______ can be defined as the ideal user?s knowledge of the rules of his language, andperformance______ can be defined as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.7. language is arbitrary______ in the sense that there is no intrinsic本质的 connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.8. the fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal______.9. language is productive______ or creative in that its users can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.10. language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or in far-away places. this is what displacement______ means.11. the study of language as a whole is often calledgeneral______ linguistics.12. linguistics can be defined as the systematic______ study of language______.13. duality of structures is also referred to as double______ articulation结构双重性______.ii. multiple choice1. the distinction between langue and parole was made by the swiss linguist ___ in the early 20th century.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth2. the distinction between competence and performance was made by the american linguist ___ in the late 1950?s.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth3. a modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) ___.a. observerb. analyzerc. judged. recorderii. true or false judgement( ) 1. langue is concrete while parole is abstract. langue is relatively stable whileparole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.( ) 2. similar to saussure, chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is theideal speaker?s performance, not his competence.( ) 3. modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.( ) 4. modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.( ) 5. traditional grammar forced languages into a latin-based framework.( ) 6. in modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over asynchronic one.( ) 7. “language is a system” means that elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.( ) 8. language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.( ) 9. linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( ) 10. in a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistictheories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.( ) 11.a modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought tobe said.keys:i. blank-filling1. synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic2. speech, writing, speech3. descriptive, prescriptive4. langue, parole5. arbitrary, communication6. competence, performance7. arbitrary8. vocal9. productive10. displacement11. general12. systematic/scientific, language13. double articulationii. multiple choice1. b2. a3. ciii. true or false judgement1. f2. f3. f4. t5. t6. f7. t8. f9. t 10. f11. t2 phonologyi. blank-filling1. phonetics______ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.2. the three important branches of phonetics are: (1) 发音学articulatory_______ phonetics, which studies how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds;(2) 听觉acoustic______ phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds and (3) 声学acoustic _______ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.4. vibration of the vocal_______ cords______ results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing______”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in english.5. there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. the former is called broad_____ transcription while the latter is called narrow______ transcription.6. the sound [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. in the word pit, the sound[p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. in the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated ______ and in the case of spit, the [p] sound isunaspirated______.7. speech sounds in english can be divided into two broad categories: vowels______ and consonants______.8. when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless______.9. in terms of manner of articulation the english consonants can be classified into the following types: stops_______, fricatives_______, affricates______, liquids______,nasals_______, glides______. in terms of place of articulation, the english consonants can be classified into the following types: bilabial______, labiodental ______, dental______, alveolar______, palatal______, velar______, glottal______ consonants.10. english vowels may be distinguished as front______, central______, and back ______ according to which part of the tongue is held highest.11. according to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: close ______ vowels, semi close______ vowels, semi open ______ vowels and open ______ vowels.12. vowels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. in english, all the front vowels are uounded ______ vowels and most back vowels are rounded ______.13. the english vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. the long vowels are all tense______ vowels and the lax______ vowels are lax vowels.14. a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone______ in a certain phonetic context.15. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called theallophones______ of that phoneme.16. phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. if they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a phonemic______ contrast______. if they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they are said to be in complementary_______ distribution______.17. when two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal______ pair______.19. rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential______ rules.21. the parts of speech that are normally stressed in an english sentence are nouns _____, main______ verbs, adjectives______, adverbs______, numerals ______ and demonstrative______ pronouns; the other categories of words like articles______, person______ pronouns, auxiliary______ verbs, preposition______, and conj unctions______ are usually not stressed.25. in english we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is called a diphthong______.26. speech______ sounds are sounds that convey meaning in human communication.27. ipa is the short form for international______phonetic______ alphabet______ or i______ p______ association______.28. in english glides are sometimes called semivowels______. the english glides are _w _____ and ___j ___.29. a phoneme consists of a set of distinctive与众不同的______ features. it is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning. ii. multiple choice1. which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?a. phonemeb. stressc. toned. intonation2. the english word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is ____.a. peakb. speakc. tip c. topic3. chinese is a(n) ___ language.a. intonationb. tonec. pitchd. stress4. the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _________.a. sequential rulesb. combining rulesc. assimilation rulesd. deletion rules5. which of the following is a minimal pair?a. fear, pearb. put, hutc. bit, beatd. beat, beastiii. true or false judgement( ) 2. linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.( ) 3. the “same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.( ) 4. narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.( ) 6. a phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value.( ) 7. the location of stress in english does not distinguish meaning.( ) 10. conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.keys:blank-filling1.phonetics2.rticulatory, acoustic, auditory4.vocal cords, voicing5.broad, narrow6.aspirated, unaspirated7.vowels, consonants8.voiceless9.stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal10.front, central, back11.close, semi-close, semi-open, open12.uounded, rounded13.tense, lax14.phone15.allophones16.phonemic contrast, complementary distribution17.minimal pair19.sequential21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person, auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions25.diphthong26.speech27.international phonetic alphabet, international phonetic association28.semivowels, [w], [j]29.distinctivemultiple choice1-5abbactrue or false judgement2.f3.t4.f 6.t 7.f 10.f3. morphologyi. blank filling1. in english, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o______ class words since we can regularly add new words to these classes. the other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c______ class words since new words are not usually added to them.2. m______ refers to the study of the internal structure ofw______, and the rules by which words are formed.3. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally calledm______.4. some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. such morphemes are called p______; other morphemes occur only after other morphemes, such morphemes are calleds______.5. when some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemesa new word is formed, such morphemes are called d______ morphemes.6. bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i______ morphemes.【篇二：《语言学概论》练习题答案】>一、名词解释1、语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。
西南大学《语言学导论》复习思考题及答案
西南大学《语言学导论》复习思考题及答案（0181）《语言学导论》复习思考题Ⅰ. In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.1. The construction “honest people” is _______.A. a coordinate constructionB. an exocentric constructionC. an endocentric constructionD. an immediate constituent2. In the sentence “Can I have a bite to drink?” the speaker may not have a problem withcompetence, but with_______.A. performanceB. utteranceC. syntaxD. context3. The phrase “Colorful ideas sleep furiously” is an example of_______.A. rapport talkB. indexical languageC. an ungrammatical but acceptable sentenceD. a grammatical but unacceptable sentence4. Identify the morphemes in the word 'unimaginative':A. un-im-ag-in-at-iveB. un-imaginativeC. un-imagin-ativeD. unimagin-ative5. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? _______.A. Husband/ WifeB. Alive/DeadC. Hot/ ColdD. White/ Black6. The Whorf Hypothesis claims that________.A. language is full of “rich points”, whose meanings are difficult to translate into anotherlanguageB. abstract terms are easily translatableC. accents are part of identityD. language influences culture-specific ways of knowing7. The phrase …time is a commodity? is an example of_______.A. The Whorf HypothesisB. A metaphoric systemC. A non-standard varietyD. A rich point8. The last phoneme in the word “hang” is a _______.A. glottalB. palatalC. dentalD. nasal9. Three places of articulation that involve the teeth and/or the lips are:A. palatal, velar, glottalB. bilabial, labiodental, dentalC. stop, fricative, affricativeD. nasal, lateral, semi vowel10. In the sentence 'I took my big brown cat to the vetyesterday', which of the following doesnot appear? _______.A. AdjectiveB. PrepositionC. AdverbD. Conjunction11. Which of the following statements is FALSE? ________.A. Language is just for communication.B. Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.C. Language is a sign system.D. Language is arbitrary and conventional.12. The English language has______.A. morphemesB. syntaxC. number agreementD. all of the above13. “He” and “she” are not examples of gender agreement in English, because_____.A. they are pronounsB. they need not agree with other words in an English sentenceC. they mark biological/social genderD. both b and c above14. A phoneme is_____.A. the smallest meaningful unit in languageB. the smallest unit in languageC. the same as an allophoneD. both b and c above15. Of the following, what are the two types ofphonetics______.A. acoustic and electricB. arbitrary and auditoryC. articulatory and acousticD. allophonic and allomorphic16. / ik/ is a transcription of_______.A. sickB. chickC. chicD. thick17. True or false: Chinese has no inflections for grammatical case. ______.A. TrueB. False18. Traditional grammar is ________.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. non-Latin-basedD. wrong19. ______ is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds andprovides methods for their description, classification and transcription.A. PhonologyB. Phonetic alphabetC. Corpus linguisticsD. Phonetics20. The four major modes of semantic change are_______.A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation21. What is the m eaning relationship between the two words “plant/grass”? ______.A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. HyponymyD. Allomorphs22. The phonetic transcription with diacritics is called _____.A. broad transcriptionB. International Phonetic AlphabetC. American English PronunciationD. narrow transcription23. The Black English sentence “I don't gotta do nothing” is considered incorrect because:a) it contains a double negative and is thus inherently incorrectb) it is impossible to understandc) it is not associated with the upper class use of standard Englishd) both a and b above24. According to their ______, words can classified into closed-class and open-class words.A. variabilityB. membershipC. similaritiesD. functions25. When language is used to "do things", it serves the _____ function.A. evocativeB. expressiveC. directiveD. performative26. "Classroom" is a _______.A. free morphemeB. derivativeC. compoundD. root.27. The phra se “time is a commodity” is an example of_______.A. The Whorf HypothesisB. A metaphoric systemC. A non-standard varietyD. A rich point28. _______ is a type of phonological process by which one sound takes on some or all thecharacteristics of a neighboring sound.A. AssimilationB. TransformationC. Code-switchingD. interference29. _______ refers to the use of a native language pattern or rule which leads to an error orinappropriate form in the target language.A. InterlanguageB. Positive transferC. Negative transferD. Overgeneralization30. In the sentence “I took my big brown cat to the vet yesterday”, which of the followingdoes not appear? _______.A. AdjectiveB. PrepositionC. AdverbD. Conjunction31. _______ is that part of the meaning of word or phrase that relates it to phenomena in thereal world or in a fictional or possible world.A. ConnotationB. Affective meaningC. DenotationD. Sense32. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal33. The semantic components of the word “boy” can be expressed as _____.A. +human, +male, +adultB. +human, -male, +adultC. +human, -male, -adultD. +human, +male, -adult34. Conjunctions, preposition, pronouns and articles can be classified as ____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. pro-formsD. content words35. If two sounds are of no distinctive value, but are varieties of the same phoneme, they arecalled ______.A. phonesB. speech soundsC. allophonesD. morphs36. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiced stop.A. [b]B. [d]C. [p]D. [k]37. “You stand up”is transformed into “Stand up”. Which transformational rule is usedaccording to TG Grammar? _____.A. CopyingB. AdditionC. ReorderingD. Deletion38. The words such as TOFEL, NATO, UFO are _____.A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back formationD. clipped words39. The words such as “brunch”, “motel” are _______.A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back formationD. clipped words。
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Ⅲ
Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the children. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
poundsarewordsformed by combining parts of other words.错误
13.Arbitrarinessrefers to the fact that there is no logical connection between the signifier and the signified of a sign.错误
西南大学培训与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷
学期：2020年秋季
课程名称【编号】： 语言学导论【0181】A卷
考试类别:大作业 满分：100分
Ⅰ
1
A. Roots B. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds
2
A. gradable antonymyB. converse antonymy
5
A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation
B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation
C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to the first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms oflanguage. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their store. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
16.Ultimate constituents are thesmallest grammatical unitsobtained through binary segmentation.正确
17.Diachronic linguisticsstudiesthe details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker.错误
8
A. GriceB. Austin C. Chomsky D. Saussure
9
A. language is full of “rich points”, whose meanings are difficult to translate into another language
B. abstract terms are easily translatable
18.Displacement refers to the fact that language can used to talk about things that are absent in time or space.正确
19.Creoleisa language formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community.正确
D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation
6
A. recreationalB. metalingualC. phatic D. performative
7
A. un-im-ag-in-at-ive B. un-imaginative
C. un-imagin-ative D. unimagin-ative
C. accents are part of ideБайду номын сангаасtity
D. language influences culture-specific ways of knowing
10
A. VCCVCCB. VCVCCC. VCVVCVC D. VCCVCVC
Ⅱ
11.Cultural transmissionrefers tothe study of the language development or change over time.错误
C. complementary antonymy D. synonymy
3
A. glottal B. palatal C. dental D. nasal
4
A. palatal, velar, glottalB. bilabial, labiodental, interdental
C. stop, fricative, affricative D. nasal, lateral, semi vowel
14.Pragmatics isthe study of meaning in context or the study of language in use.错误
15.Blendingis a way by which awordisproduced by stringing together words.错误