安德森商务与经济统计习题答案(第8版,中文版)
商务与经济统计案例题答案
商务与经济统计案例题答案1、．（年温州一模考）以下不属于会计特点的是（）[单选题] *A会计具有一整套科学实用的专门方法B会计是以货币作为主要计量尺度C会计具有连续性、系统性、综合性、全面性D会计是一种经济管理活动(正确答案)2、企业的下列固定资产中，不计提折旧的是（）。
[单选题] *A.闲置的房屋B.租入的设备C.临时出租的设备D.已提足折旧仍继续使用的设备(正确答案)3、已达到预定可使用状态但未办理竣工决算的固定资产，应根据（）作暂估价值转入固定资产，待竣工决算后再作调整。
[单选题] *A.市场价格B.计划成本C.估计价值(正确答案)D.实际成本4、企业购进货物用于集体福利时，该货物负担的增值税额应当计入（）。
[单选题] *A.应交税费——应交增值税B.应付职工薪酬(正确答案)C.营业外支出D.管理费用5、委托加工应纳消费税产品（非金银首饰）收回后，如直接对外销售，其由受托方代扣代交的消费税，应计入（）。
[单选题] *A.生产成本B.应交税费——应交消费税C.委托加工物资(正确答案)D.主营业务成本6、当法定盈余公积达到注册资本的（）时，可以不再提取。
[单选题] *A.10％B.20％C.50％(正确答案)D.30％7、计提固定资产折旧时，可以先不考虑固定资产残值的方法是（）。
[单选题] *A.年限平均法B.工作量法C.双倍余额递减法(正确答案)D.年数总和法8、企业发生的公益捐赠支出应计入（）。
[单选题] *A.销售费用B.营业外支出(正确答案)C.其他业务成本D.财务费用9、企业专设销售机构发生的办公费应计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.管理费用B.财务费用C.制造费用D.销售费用(正确答案)10、根据准则的规定，企业收到与日常活动无关的政府补助应当计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.投资收益B.其他业务收入C.主营业务收入D.营业外收入(正确答案)11、下列各项税金中不影响企业损益的是（）。
商务与经济统计作业(仅供参考)
第一章数据与统计资料P 1825. 表1-8是一个由25只影子股票组成的数据集，（表略）a 数据集中有几个变量？答：数据集中有5个变量。
b哪些变量是数量变量？哪些变量是品质变量？答：市场价值、市盈率和毛利率属于数量变量；交易所和股票代码是品质变量。
c对交易所变量，计算AMEX、NYSE 和OTC频数或百分数频数。
绘制类似于图1-5的交易所变量的条形图。
e 平均市盈率是多少？答：利用EXCEL的求平均值功能得出平均市盈率是20.2第二章表格法和图形法P 235按字母顺序，美国最常见的6个姓氏为：布朗、戴维斯、约翰逊、琼斯、史密斯和威廉姆斯。
假设根据一个由50个人组成的样本，得到如下的姓氏数据（图略）a相对频数分布和百分数频数分布。
mstotal 50 b构建条形图c 构建饼形图d根据这些数据，最常见的3个姓氏是哪些？答：最常见的3个姓氏分别是史密斯、约翰逊和威廉姆斯。
P5051 表2-17 给出了50家《财富》500强公司的所有者权益、市场价值和利润数据。
（图略）a．构建所有者权益和利润变量的交叉分组表。
对利润数据以0-200,200-400，…，1000-1200分组，对所有者权益数据以0-1200,1200-2400，…，4800-6000分组。
b. 计算（a）中交叉分组表的行百分数。
P 5153. 参考表2-17中的数据集a. 绘出显示利润和所有者权益变量之间关系的散点图。
b. 评价这两个变量之间的关系。
答：二者呈正相关的关系，即所有者权益增加，利润也增加。
但因为所有点并不在一条直线上，所以这种关系不是完全的。
案例2-1 Pelican 商店1. 主要变量的百分数频数分布2. 条形图或饼形图，以显示因促销活动而使顾客购买的百分数。
3. 顾客类型（常规性或奖励性）与销售额的交叉分组表，并评价其相似性与差异性。
动取得了显著成效。
使用折扣赠券购买的奖励性顾客占全体顾客总数的70%，分布于各个销售额区域，尤其在销售额100内的范围里做出了突出贡献，尽管未使用折扣赠券的常规性顾客也主要集中在该销售额区域，但比重明显低于奖励性顾客，且在200以上的销售额区域则无常规性顾客，奖励性顾客的消费金额也扩大到300。
《商务与经济统计课程》前三次作业参考答案
方阵。
一个定理：每一个拉丁方阵均可被标准化。
标准化的方法包括行变换、列变换和符号交换。能够被标准化的一组拉丁方阵被称为相互等
价。
（2） 拉丁方阵在商务与经济统计中的应用：拉丁方阵实验设计案例
研究 5 位兽医师对 5 头奶牛的血色素测定是否有显著差异。该试验为提高试验的精确性，
对 5 头奶牛的血样分别使用 5 支试管。该试验的处理为：5 位兽医师；以 5 头不同的奶牛，
2.9 试同时以定类、定序和定距三个个量化层次测量下列变项，并写出测量语句。 （1）收入；（2）入学成绩；（3）教育。
（1）收入 定类：将收入高低进行分类 定序：将收入分为低收入、中等收入、高收入 定距：将 0—1000 分为低收入，1000—2000 分为中等收入，2000-3000 分为高收入 （2）入学成绩 定类：将入学成绩高低进行分类 定序：将入学成绩按不及格、合格、良好、优秀分类 定距：60-70 为一个分数段，70-80 为一个分数段，80-90 为一个分数段，90-100 为一个分 数段 （3）教育 定类：将教育程度高低进行分类 定序：按小学、初中、高中、大学、研究生进行分类 定距：将受教育年限以 5 年为一个阶段，从低到高排列进行分类
补充： （1） 标准拉丁方阵、一般拉丁方阵以及拉丁方阵的一个定理
拉丁方阵是一种 n×n 的方阵，方阵中恰有 n 种不同的元素，每种元素恰有 n 个，并 且每种元素在一行和一列中恰好出现一次。当一个拉丁方阵的第一行与第一列的元素按顺序 排列时，即为拉丁方阵的标准型，称为"reduced Latin square, normalized Latin square, 或 Latin square in standard form"。一般拉丁方阵也就是区别于标准拉丁方阵且符合拉丁方阵条件的
第八版精要版经济学基础课后答案
第八版精要版经济学基础课后答案第一章绪论习题及参考答案单项题1.资源得稀缺性为指A.资源得绝对有限性:B、资源得富裕性: C. 资得解生:D、资源得相对有限性2、寻求效用最大化得主体为A、住民户:B、厂商: C.劳动者: D.当局:3、微观经济学得中生理论为A.均衡代价理论:B.断丧者举动理论:C.生产者举动理论:D.分派理论4、宏观经济学得中生理论为A.百姓收入决定理论:B、赋闲与通货膨胀理论;C.经济周期与经济增长理论:D.宏观经济政策:5.办理"应该为什么“题目得经济学为A.理论经济学: B 、应用经济学:C.实证经济学:D. 标准经济学6、办理为什么"题目得经济学为A、理论经济学:B.应用经济学:C、实证经济学: D. 标准经济学:7.以个别住民与厂商为研究东西得经济学理论为A、微观经济学: B.宏观经济学: C、实证经济学: D、标准经济学:8. 以整个百姓经济为研究东西得经济学理论为A.微观经济学:B. 宏观经济学:C. 实证经济学:D. 标准经济学:9、奠定了经济学作为一一个独立学科得根底:A.亚当斯密:B、马歇尔:C.凯恩斯:D.萨缪尔森:10.为首得经济济学家把个量闸发为主得微观经济学与以总量阐发为主得宏观经济学拼与在一起形成了主流经济学派:A.亚当斯密: B、马敬尔:C.凯恩斯;D、萨缪尔森;二、判定1.自由取用物品为零点代价时供给小于需求得物品:2.经济物品为零点代价时供给小于需求得物品:3、微观经济学为宏观经济学得根底:4、假设就为对两个或更多得经济变量之间干系得叙述，也就为未经证明得5、通过验证证明精确得假说就为理论:6.只要有人类社会，就会存在稀缺性7. "生产什么"、"怎样生产“与”为谁生产*这三个题目被称为资源利用题目:8、微观经济学要办理得题目为资源利用，宏观经济学要办理得题目为资源设置:9、实证经济学要办理...什么“待题目，标准经济学婴办理。
安德森《商务与经济统计》(第10版)(上册)课后习题详解(连续型概率分布)
圣才电子书
d．计算 E（x）。
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
e．计算Var （x）。
解：a．绘制概率密度函数图，如图 6-2 所示。
图 6-2 概率密度函数图 b．P（x<15）=0.10×（15－10）=0.50 c．P（12≤x≤18）=0.10×（18－12）=0.60 d． E(x) 10 20 15
a．一瓶清洁剂的重量在 12 和 12.05 盎司之间的概率是多少?
5 / 35
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
d．P（
x
）= 1 ×（305－290）=0.5790
25.9
e．由于 P（x
）= 1 ×（310.6－290）=0.7954，所以这 100 名高尔夫运动员 25.9
中击球距离至少为 290 码的人数为：100×0.7954=80（名）。
6．液体清洁剂瓶上的标签表明每瓶装有 12 盎司。清洁剂的重量服从如下概率密度函 数
e．这些运动员中有多少人击球距离至少为 290 码?
解：a．区间长度=310.6－284.7=25.9（码），所以击球距离的概率密度函数为：
1
f
(
x)
25.9
0
284.7 x 310.6 其他
b．P（x<290）= 1 ×（290－284.7）=0.2046
25.9
c．P（x
）= 1 ×（310.6－300）=0.4092 25.9
2 e．Var(x) (20 10)2 8.33
12
3．德尔塔（Delta）航空公司宣称其从辛辛那提到坦帕的航班的飞行时间为 125 分钟。 假定我们认为实际飞行时间服从区间 120 到 140 分钟上的均匀分布。
商务统计习题解答.doc
4.49 4.33 (a)H = husband watching W= wife watching P(H\W) =商务统计习题解答4.41 （7）（3）（3）= 63〃！ _ 7! _（7）（6）（5）X!（〃一 X ）! 4!（3!）（3）（2）（1）P(WIH)・P(H) P(W I H)・P(H) + F(W 1H')・P(H')0.4 • 0.6 0.24 2 八 y0.4 • 0.6 + 0.3 • 0.4 - 036 ~ 3 - *(b) P(IV) = 0.24+0.12 =0.36 5.11 If p-0.25 and n = 5,(a) RX= 5) =0.0010(b) I\X> 4) = RX=4) + RX=5) = 0.0146+0.0010 =0.0156(c) 0) = 0.2373(d) F\X < 2) = RX=0) + RX= 1) + RX=2)=0.2373 + 0.3955 + 0.2637 = 0.89655.21(a) 0) = 0.0907 (b) RX= 1)=0.2177(c) I\X> 2)=0.6916 (d) RXv 3) = 0.56976.11 (a) P(X v 180) = P(Z v — 1.50) = 0.0668(b) P(180 v X v 300) = P(— 1.50 v Z v 1.50) = 0.9332 - 0.0668 = 0.8664(c) P( 110 v X v 180) = P(— 3.25 v Z v — 1.50) = 0.0668 - 0.00058 =0.06622(d) P(X v A) = 0.01 P(Z v - 2.33) = 0.01A = 240 - 2.33(40) = 146.80 seconds6.19(a) mean = 678.85, median = 675.5, range = 54,6(Sx ) =88.5734, interquartile range = 20, 1.33(S X ) = 19.6338 Since the mean is approximately equal to the median and the interquartile range isvery close to 1.33 times the standard deviation, the data appear to be approximatelynormally distributed.(b)710X±Z- 350±1.96- 100V64 325.5 < 辱 374.50The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be approximately normally distributed. 7.9 (a)P(叉 < 0.75) = P(Z < -1.3693) = 0.0855 (b)P(0.70 <X < 0.90) = P(—2.7386 <Z<2.7386) = 0.9938 (c) P(A< X < B) = P(- L2816 < Z < 1.2816) = 0.80A =0.8-1.2816 (0.0365) = 0.7532 B= 0.8 +1.2816 (0.0365) = 0.8468(d) P(X <A) = P(Z< 1.2816) = 0.90 A = 0.8 +1.2816 (0.0365) = 0.8468Note: The above answers are obtained using PHStat. They may be slightly different whenTable E.2 is used.7.19 (a) P(0.15 vp v0.25) = P(- 1.25 <Z< 1.25)=0.7887(b) P(A<p<B) = P(- 1.6449 <Z< 1.6449) = 0.90A = 0.2 - 1.6449(0.04) = 0.1342B = 0.2 + 1.6449(0.04) = 0.2658(c) P(A v p v B) = P(- 1.960<Z< 1.960) = 0.95A =0.2 - 1.960(0.04) = 0.12160.2+ 1.96(0.04) = 0.27848.8 (a)(b) No. The manufacturer cannot support a claim that the bulbs last an average 400 hours.Based on the data from the sample, a mean of 400 hours would represent a distanceof 4 standard deviations above the sample mean of 350 hours.(c) No. Since is known and n = 64, from the Central Limit Theorem, we may assumethat the sampling distribution of X is approximately normal.(d) The confidence interval is narrower based on a process standard deviation of 80hours rather than the original assumption of 100 hours.Normal Probability Plot690 680670660700650 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.51 Z Value 1.5 2a loo sMp(a)8.18 (a) X±F・S “，c 八4.6024 -7= = 23 ±2.0739•― 4nV23 $21.01 <//< $24.99一cr80~F= = 350 ± 1.96 • —f=X ± Z ・4tr V64(b) Based on the smaller standard deviation, a mean of 400 hours would represent adistance of 5 standard deviations above the sample mean of 350 hours. No,the manufacturer cannot support a claim that the bulbs have a mean life of400 hours.(b) You can be 95% confident that the mean bounced check fee for the population issomewhere between $21.01 and $24.99.又◊又 (\n 77 . 7〔P(l ? P n77 . j QA /0.77(0.23)8.28 (a) p= 0.77 p ± Z • ------------------------- =().77 ±1.96」 ------------------------------\ n V 10000.74 <7t< 0.80(b)p = 0.77 p ± Z •、格王=0.77 ± 1,645/wWV n v 10000.75 <7T< 0.79(c)The 95% confidence interval is wider. The loss in precision reflected as a widerconfidence interval is the price you have to pay to achieve a higher level ofconfidence.Z2<T2 1.962 - 40028.38 (a) n =——=-------------- -—— =245.86 Use n = 246& 50~, Z2cr2 1.962 -4002八”八TT八睥(b) n = ——-— = --------------- ---- =983.41 Use n = 984& 2529.30 (a) Ho： " =375 hours. The mean life of the manufacturers light bulbs isequal to 375 hours.H\： // #375 hours. The mean life of the manufacturer9s light bulbs differs from375 hours.Decision rule: Reject 仇if Z v - 1.96 or Z > + 1.96.Test statistic: Z =与人笔尹=-2.00Decision: Since Z c^ = 一2.00 is below the critical bound of - 1.96, reject There isenough evidence to conclude that the mean life of the manufacturer's light bulbsdiffers from 375 hours.(b) ^-value = 2(0.0228) = 0.0456.Interpretation: The probability of getting a sample of 64 light bulbs that will yielda mean life that is farther away from the hypothesized population mean than thissample is 0.0456-(c)Test statistic: t = s 商 315.33/应y!n<64 (d) The results are the same. The confidence interval formed does not include thehypothesized value of 375 hours.9.58 (a) H Q : // < 400 The mean life of the batteries is not more than 400 hours. H 、： 〃> 400 The mean life of the batteries is more than 400 hours.X 一以 473.46-400 t “ --------------- 7= = 7= = 1 .230 / s/y/n 210.77/J13 Decision: Since t < 1.7823, do not reject H 。
第8章课后习题答案
拒绝域为U > u0.05 = 1.645 现算得， x = 20.8 ， 那么检验统计量U = x -19 = 20.8 -19 = 3.6 > 1.645 2 / 16 2 / 16
所以拒绝 H0 ，可以认为新工艺下维生素 C 的含量比旧工艺下含量高。
差仍为 2(cm / s) ，问这批推进器的燃烧率是否较以往生产的推进器的燃烧率有 显著的提高？取显著性水平a = 0.05
解：建立统计假设： H0 : m £ 40, H1 : m > 40
采用U 检验法，U = X -19 2 / 16
拒绝域为U > u0.05 = 1.645 由题知， x = 41.25 ，
=
1.237,s
2 0
=
0.012 2
S 2 = 0.035, , X = 4.36,
算得
c2
=
(n -1)S 2
s
2 0
=
6´ 0.0351 0.012 2
= 16.7889
> 14.449
所以拒绝假设 H0 ，即不能认为新工艺炼出的铁水含碳量的方差仍为 0.1122
8、某洗衣粉包装机，在正常工作情况下，每袋标准重量为 1000 克，标准 差s 不能超过 15 克。假设每袋洗衣粉的净重服从正态分布，某天为检查 机器工作是否正常，从已装好的袋中，随机抽查 10 袋，测其净重（克）
问是否可以认为新工艺炼出的铁水含碳量的方差仍为 0.1122 (a = 0.05)
（提示 H 0 :s 2 = 0.1122 , H1 :s 2 ¹ 0.1122 ） 解：设含碳量为 X ，则 X : N (m,s 2 ) 。考虑假设
商务与经济统计课后答案
商务与经济统计课后答案【篇一：商务经济统计学复习题】．简答题1．简要谈谈你对统计与统计学的初步认识。
2.谈谈你对统计的三种含义的理解，并举出现实经济生活中你所了解到的运用统计学的一个例子3．试就统计数据的四种类型给出统计整理与显示的方法（统计图要求划出示意图）。
4．概述数据的离散程度的常用的测度方法(异众比率标准差离散系数)。
5．什么是个体指数? 什么是总指数？它们的作用分别是什么？6．试简要说明总量指标、平均指标和相对指标的在统计学中的作用。
7．只能用统计条形图和饼图来展示的是哪种类型的数据？画出这两种图形的示意图。
8.自己用一个实例画出统计条形图和饼图的示意图，它们通常可以用来展示哪种类型的数据？ 9．某高校毕业生就业指导中心想对2007届本校大学本科毕业生的毕业去向做一网上调查，请你为此设计一份半开放式（即：既含有封闭式问题又含有开放式问题）调查问卷。
（要求涉及学生的性别、专业、意向中的毕业去向：如出国、考研、自主创业、自主择业，以及意向中的就业领域、工薪待遇、单位性质、工作地区等等信息）。
二．填空题1.将下列指标按要求分类（只填写标号即可）（1）我国高等院校2006届本科毕业生就业率；（2）某贺岁片在国内上演第一周的票房收入；（3） 2006年第3季度一汽大众销售的某品牌小汽车台数占其全部小汽车销售量的比率；,（5）进藏铁路开通后第一周，每天乘火车前往西藏的旅客的累计人数；（6）第3季度某商场的月平均销售额。
哪些是时点时标；哪些是时期指标；哪些是平均指标；哪些是相对指标。
2．统计调查方式除了重点调查，典型调查之外，另三种主要方式是 3．加权调和平均公式为4．异众比率公式是其含义是5．一组数据中非众数组所占的比率叫做，它可测度分类数据的趋势；离散系数测度的是总体的平均离散程度，它的计算公式是v?=。
6．将下列指标分类：（1）2005年我国人均占有粮食产量（2）我国第五次人口普查总人口数（3）股价指数（4）销售量指数（5）单位产品成本（6）某商店全年销售额(7)某企业在岗职工人数和下岗职工人数的比例 (8)我国高等院校“十五”期间年平均招生人数哪些是时期指标哪些是时点指标；哪些是一般平均数, 哪些是序时平均数；哪些是相对指标 7．个体指数是反映项目或变量变动的相对数；反映多种项目或变量变动的相对数是。
统计学课后习题答案 第8章的习题答案
1. 解：根据题意建立原假设和备择假设：01:700;:700H H μμ≥<2x Z ===- 由于-2<-1.645，所以Z Z α<-，Z 值位于原假设0H 的拒绝域，所以拒绝0H ，即在显著性水平0.05下该批元件不合格。
2. 根据题意建立原假设和备择假设：01:250;:250H H μμ≤>20 3.336x t ====，0.05(24) 1.7109t =， 由于0.05(24),.t t t t α>>所以t 值位于原假设H 0，即在显著性水平0.05下该种化肥使得水稻明显增产。
3. 解：已知 0620.157,0.155,0.05, 1.96.400p p Z αα===== 根据题意建立原假设和备择假设：01:0.157;:0.157H P H P =≠0.10995P Z ===- -0.10995>-1.96，所以Z 值位于原假设H 0的接受域。
即在显著性水平0.05下随机调查的结果支持该市老年人口比重为15.7%。
4. 解：已知 09,100,99.98, 1.2122n x s μ====。
根据题意建立原假设和备择假设：01:100;:100H H μμ=≠0.020.04950.4041x t -====- -0.0495>-2.306，所以t 位于原假设H 0的接受域，即在显著性水平0.05下，打包机打包正常。
5. 解：已知00.05200,20,208.5,30,(19) 1.7291n x S t μ=====。
根据题意建立原假设和备择假设：01:200;:200H H μμ≤>8.5 1.2676.7083x t ==== t t α<，所以t 值位于原假设H 0的接受域，即在显著性水平0.05下，接受原假设，即在特定时间内每小时经过该地的汽车数量小于200辆。
6. 解：已知015,40,14.5, 2.3,0.05, 1.645n x S Z αμα======。
商务统计试题7参考答案及评分标准
《商务统计》试题7参考答案及评分标准一、判断题（每题1分，共10分）三、填空题（每题3四、简答题（每题5分，共15分）1.简述小概率事件原理及其在假设检验中的应用。
小概率事件指概率很小的事件（1分）。
小概率事件原理是指在一次实验中，发生概率很小的事件，可以认为是不可能事件（2分）。
在假设检验中，根据样本观测量计算检验统计量的值，如果在原假设正确的前提下，检验统计量的值的出现是小概率事件，则可以认为原假设错误（2分）。
2.列举描述一个变量的数值方法。
平均值、中位数、众数、极差、四分位距、方差、标准差（答对1个计1分）。
3.简述方差分析的基本原理。
方差分析是分析分类型自变量对数值型因变量影响的一种统计方法，可以检验多个总体均值是否相等（1分）。
方差分析通过分析数据的误差来检验自变量对因变量的影响效果是否显著（1分）。
具体地，它通过检验各总体均值是否相等来判断分类型自变量对数值型因变量是否具有显著影响。
如果总体均值相等，可以期望三个样本的均值会很接近。
因此，三个样本的均值的分散程度可以为原假设是否成立提供证据（3分）。
五、计算题（每题15分，共30分）1.（1）令μ1、μ2分别表示两家分行的经常性账户平均余额，则原假设为H0：μ1−μ2=0(2分)，备择假设为H a：μ1−μ2≠0（1分）。
（2）应该应用t统计量（1分）。
因为两家银行的账户余额都服从正态分布，两个总体的方差σ12与σ22未知。
在原假设成立的条件下，12√s1/n1+s2/n2t分布（2分）。
检验统计量t=12√s1/n1+s2/n2=√1502/28+1252/22=2.96（2分）。
（3）t分布自由度df=(s12n1+s22n2)21n1−1(s12n1)2+1n2−1(s22n2)2≈47，显著性水平是α=0.05，则拒绝域的临界值t0.025=2.01、−t0.025=−2.01 。
拒绝原假设的决策准则为：t≥2.01或者t≤−2.01时，拒绝原假设H0（2分）。
Essentials Of Investments 8th Ed Bodie 投资学精要(第八版)课后习题答案Chap007
CHAPTER 07CAPITAL ASSET PRICING AND ARBITRAGE PRICINGTHEORY1. The required rate of return on a stock is related to the required rate of return on thestock market via beta. Assuming the beta of Google remains constant, the increase in the risk of the market will increase the required rate of return on the market, and thus increase the required rate of return on Google.2. An example of this scenario would be an investment in the SMB and HML. As of yet,there are no vehicles (index funds or ETFs) to directly invest in SMB and HML. While they may prove superior to the single index model, they are not yet practical, even for professional investors.3. The APT may exist without the CAPM, but not the other way. Thus, statement a ispossible, but not b. The reason being, that the APT accepts the principle of risk and return, which is central to CAPM, without making any assumptions regardingindividual investors and their portfolios. These assumptions are necessary to CAPM.4. E(r P ) = r f + β[E(r M ) – r f ]20% = 5% + β(15% – 5%) ⇒ β = 15/10 = 1.55. If the beta of the security doubles, then so will its risk premium. The current riskpremium for the stock is: (13% - 7%) = 6%, so the new risk premium would be 12%, and the new discount rate for the security would be: 12% + 7% = 19%If the stock pays a constant dividend in perpetuity, then we know from the original data that the dividend (D) must satisfy the equation for a perpetuity:Price = Dividend/Discount rate 40 = D/0.13 ⇒ D = 40 ⨯ 0.13 = $5.20 At the new discount rate of 19%, the stock would be worth: $5.20/0.19 = $27.37The increase in stock risk has lowered the value of the stock by 31.58%.6. The cash flows for the project comprise a 10-year annuity of $10 million per year plus anadditional payment in the tenth year of $10 million (so that the total payment in the tenth year is $20 million). The appropriate discount rate for the project is:r f + β[E(r M ) – r f ] = 9% + 1.7(19% – 9%) = 26% Using this discount rate:NPV = –20 + +∑=101t t26.1101026.110= –20 + [10 ⨯ Annuity factor (26%, 10 years)] + [10 ⨯ PV factor (26%, 10 years)] = 15.64The internal rate of return on the project is 49.55%. The highest value that beta can take before the hurdle rate exceeds the IRR is determined by:49.55% = 9% + β(19% – 9%) ⇒ β = 40.55/10 = 4.055 7. a. False. β = 0 implies E(r) = r f , not zero.b. False. Investors require a risk premium for bearing systematic (i.e., market orundiversifiable) risk.c. False. You should invest 0.75 of your portfolio in the market portfolio, and theremainder in T-bills. Then: βP = (0.75 ⨯ 1) + (0.25 ⨯ 0) = 0.758.a. The beta is the sensitivity of the stock's return to the market return. Call theaggressive stock A and the defensive stock D . Then beta is the change in the stock return per unit change in the market return. We compute each stock's beta by calculating the difference in its return across the two scenarios divided by the difference in market return.00.2205322A =--=β70.0205145.3D =--=βb. With the two scenarios equal likely, the expected rate of return is an average ofthe two possible outcomes: E(r A ) = 0.5 ⨯ (2% + 32%) = 17%E(r B ) = 0.5 ⨯ (3.5% + 14%) = 8.75%c. The SML is determined by the following: T-bill rate = 8% with a beta equal tozero, beta for the market is 1.0, and the expected rate of return for the market is:0.5 ⨯ (20% + 5%) = 12.5%See the following graph.812.5%S M LThe equation for the security market line is: E(r) = 8% + β(12.5% – 8%) d. The aggressive stock has a fair expected rate of return of:E(r A ) = 8% + 2.0(12.5% – 8%) = 17%The security analyst’s estimate of the expected rate of return is also 17%.Thus the alpha for the aggressive stock is zero. Similarly, the required return for the defensive stock is:E(r D ) = 8% + 0.7(12.5% – 8%) = 11.15%The security analyst’s estimate of the expected return for D is only 8.75%, and hence:αD = actual expected return – required return predicted by CAPM= 8.75% – 11.15% = –2.4%The points for each stock are plotted on the graph above.e. The hurdle rate is determined by the project beta (i.e., 0.7), not by the firm’sbeta. The correct discount rate is therefore 11.15%, the fair rate of return on stock D.9. Not possible. Portfolio A has a higher beta than Portfolio B, but the expected returnfor Portfolio A is lower.10. Possible. If the CAPM is valid, the expected rate of return compensates only forsystematic (market) risk as measured by beta, rather than the standard deviation, which includes nonsystematic risk. Thus, Portfolio A's lower expected rate of return can be paired with a higher standard deviation, as long as Portfolio A's beta is lower than that of Portfolio B.11. Not possible. The reward-to-variability ratio for Portfolio A is better than that of themarket, which is not possible according to the CAPM, since the CAPM predicts that the market portfolio is the most efficient portfolio. Using the numbers supplied:S A =5.0121016=- S M =33.0241018=-These figures imply that Portfolio A provides a better risk-reward tradeoff than the market portfolio.12. Not possible. Portfolio A clearly dominates the market portfolio. It has a lowerstandard deviation with a higher expected return.13. Not possible. Given these data, the SML is: E(r) = 10% + β(18% – 10%)A portfolio with beta of 1.5 should have an expected return of: E(r) = 10% + 1.5 ⨯ (18% – 10%) = 22%The expected return for Portfolio A is 16% so that Portfolio A plots below the SML (i.e., has an alpha of –6%), and hence is an overpriced portfolio. This is inconsistent with the CAPM.14. Not possible. The SML is the same as in Problem 12. Here, the required expectedreturn for Portfolio A is: 10% + (0.9 ⨯ 8%) = 17.2%This is still higher than 16%. Portfolio A is overpriced, with alpha equal to: –1.2%15. Possible. Portfolio A's ratio of risk premium to standard deviation is less attractivethan the market's. This situation is consistent with the CAPM. The market portfolio should provide the highest reward-to-variability ratio.16.a.b.As a first pass we note that large standard deviation of the beta estimates. None of the subperiod estimates deviate from the overall period estimate by more than two standard deviations. That is, the t-statistic of the deviation from the overall period is not significant for any of the subperiod beta estimates. Looking beyond the aforementioned observation, the differences can be attributed to different alpha values during the subperiods. The case of Toyota is most revealing: The alpha estimate for the first two years is positive and for the last two years negative (both large). Following a good performance in the "normal" years prior to the crisis, Toyota surprised investors with a negative performance, beyond what could be expected from the index. This suggests that a beta of around 0.5 is more reliable. The shift of the intercepts from positive to negative when the index moved to largely negative returns, explains why the line is steeper when estimated for the overall period. Draw a line in the positive quadrant for the index with a slope of 0.5 and positive intercept. Then draw a line with similar slope in the negative quadrant of the index with a negative intercept. You can see that a line that reconciles the observations for both quadrants will be steeper. The same logic explains part of the behavior of subperiod betas for Ford and GM.17. Since the stock's beta is equal to 1.0, its expected rate of return should be equal to thatof the market, that is, 18%. E(r) =01P P P D -+0.18 =100100P 91-+⇒ P 1 = $10918. If beta is zero, the cash flow should be discounted at the risk-free rate, 8%:PV = $1,000/0.08 = $12,500If, however, beta is actually equal to 1, the investment should yield 18%, and the price paid for the firm should be:PV = $1,000/0.18 = $5,555.56The difference ($6944.44) is the amount you will overpay if you erroneously assume that beta is zero rather than 1.ing the SML: 6% = 8% + β(18% – 8%) ⇒β = –2/10 = –0.220.r1 = 19%; r2 = 16%; β1 = 1.5; β2 = 1.0a.In order to determine which investor was a better selector of individual stockswe look at the abnormal return, which is the ex-post alpha; that is, the abnormalreturn is the difference between the actual return and that predicted by the SML.Without information about the parameters of this equation (i.e., the risk-free rateand the market rate of return) we cannot determine which investment adviser isthe better selector of individual stocks.b.If r f = 6% and r M = 14%, then (using alpha for the abnormal return):α1 = 19% – [6% + 1.5(14% – 6%)] = 19% – 18% = 1%α2 = 16% – [6% + 1.0(14% – 6%)] = 16% – 14% = 2%Here, the second investment adviser has the larger abnormal return and thusappears to be the better selector of individual stocks. By making betterpredictions, the second adviser appears to have tilted his portfolio toward under-priced stocks.c.If r f = 3% and r M = 15%, then:α1 =19% – [3% + 1.5(15% – 3%)] = 19% – 21% = –2%α2 = 16% – [3%+ 1.0(15% – 3%)] = 16% – 15% = 1%Here, not only does the second investment adviser appear to be a better stockselector, but the first adviser's selections appear valueless (or worse).21.a.Since the market portfolio, by definition, has a beta of 1.0, its expected rate ofreturn is 12%.b.β = 0 means the stock has no systematic risk. Hence, the portfolio's expectedrate of return is the risk-free rate, 4%.ing the SML, the fair rate of return for a stock with β= –0.5 is:E(r) = 4% + (–0.5)(12% – 4%) = 0.0%The expected rate of return, using the expected price and dividend for next year: E(r) = ($44/$40) – 1 = 0.10 = 10%Because the expected return exceeds the fair return, the stock must be under-priced.22.The data can be summarized as follows:ing the SML, the expected rate of return for any portfolio P is:E(r P) = r f + β[E(r M) – r f ]Substituting for portfolios A and B:E(r A) = 6% + 0.8 ⨯ (12% – 6%) = 10.8%E(r B) = 6% + 1.5 ⨯ (12% – 6%) = 15.0%Hence, Portfolio A is desirable and Portfolio B is not.b.The slope of the CAL supported by a portfolio P is given by:S =P fP σr)E(r-Computing this slope for each of the three alternative portfolios, we have:S (S&P 500) = 6/20S (A) = 5/10S (B) = 8/31Hence, portfolio A would be a good substitute for the S&P 500.23.Since the beta for Portfolio F is zero, the expected return for Portfolio F equals therisk-free rate.For Portfolio A, the ratio of risk premium to beta is: (10% - 4%)/1 = 6%The ratio for Portfolio E is higher: (9% - 4%)/(2/3) = 7.5%This implies that an arbitrage opportunity exists. For instance, you can create aPortfolio G with beta equal to 1.0 (the same as the beta for Portfolio A) by taking a long position in Portfolio E and a short position in Portfolio F (that is, borrowing at the risk-free rate and investing the proceeds in Portfolio E). For the beta of G to equal 1.0, theproportion (w) of funds invested in E must be: 3/2 = 1.5The expected return of G is then:E(r G) = [(-0.50) ⨯ 4%] + (1.5 ⨯ 9%) = 11.5%βG = 1.5 ⨯ (2/3) = 1.0Comparing Portfolio G to Portfolio A, G has the same beta and a higher expected return.Now, consider Portfolio H, which is a short position in Portfolio A with the proceedsinvested in Portfolio G:βH = 1βG + (-1)βA = (1 ⨯ 1) + [(-1) ⨯ 1] = 0E(r H) = (1 ⨯ r G) + [(-1) ⨯ r A] = (1 ⨯ 11.5%) + [(- 1) ⨯ 10%] = 1.5%The result is a zero investment portfolio (all proceeds from the short sale of Portfolio Aare invested in Portfolio G) with zero risk (because β = 0 and the portfolios are welldiversified), and a positive return of 1.5%. Portfolio H is an arbitrage portfolio.24.Substituting the portfolio returns and betas in the expected return-beta relationship, weobtain two equations in the unknowns, the risk-free rate (r f ) and the factor return (F):14.0% = r f + 1 ⨯ (F – r f )14.8% = r f + 1.1 ⨯ (F – r f )From the first equation we find that F = 14%. Substituting this value for F into the second equation, we get:14.8% = r f + 1.1 ⨯ (14% – r f ) ⇒ r f = 6%25.a.Shorting equal amounts of the 10 negative-alpha stocks and investing the proceedsequally in the 10 positive-alpha stocks eliminates the market exposure and creates azero-investment portfolio. Using equation 7.5, and denoting the market factor as R M,the expected dollar return is [noting that the expectation of residual risk (e) inequation 7.8 is zero]:$1,000,000 ⨯ [0.03 + (1.0 ⨯ R M)] – $1,000,000 ⨯ [(–0.03) + (1.0 ⨯ R M)]= $1,000,000 ⨯ 0.06 = $60,000The sensitivity of the payoff of this portfolio to the market factor is zero because theexposures of the positive alpha and negative alpha stocks cancel out. (Notice thatthe terms involving R M sum to zero.) Thus, the systematic component of total riskalso is zero. The variance of the analyst's profit is not zero, however, since thisportfolio is not well diversified.For n = 20 stocks (i.e., long 10 stocks and short 10 stocks) the investor will have a$100,000 position (either long or short) in each stock. Net market exposure is zero,but firm-specific risk has not been fully diversified. The variance of dollar returnsfrom the positions in the 20 firms is:20 ⨯ [(100,000 ⨯ 0.30)2] = 18,000,000,000The standard deviation of dollar returns is $134,164.b.If n = 50 stocks (i.e., 25 long and 25 short), $40,000 is placed in each position,and the variance of dollar returns is:50 ⨯ [(40,000 ⨯ 0.30)2] = 7,200,000,000The standard deviation of dollar returns is $84,853.Similarly, if n = 100 stocks (i.e., 50 long and 50 short), $20,000 is placed ineach position, and the variance of dollar returns is:100 ⨯ [(20,000 ⨯ 0.30)2] = 3,600,000,000The standard deviation of dollar returns is $60,000.Notice that when the number of stocks increases by a factor of 5 (from 20 to 100),standard deviation falls by a factor of 5= 2.236, from $134,164 to $60,000. 26.Any pattern of returns can be "explained" if we are free to choose an indefinitely largenumber of explanatory factors. If a theory of asset pricing is to have value, it mustexplain returns using a reasonably limited number of explanatory variables (i.e.,systematic factors).27.The APT factors must correlate with major sources of uncertainty, i.e., sources ofuncertainty that are of concern to many investors. Researchers should investigatefactors that correlate with uncertainty in consumption and investment opportunities.GDP, the inflation rate and interest rates are among the factors that can be expected to determine risk premiums. In particular, industrial production (IP) is a good indicator of changes in the business cycle. Thus, IP is a candidate for a factor that is highlycorrelated with uncertainties related to investment and consumption opportunities in the economy.28.The revised estimate of the expected rate of return of the stock would be the oldestimate plus the sum of the unexpected changes in the factors times the sensitivitycoefficients, as follows:Revised estimate = 14% + [(1 ⨯ 1) + (0.4 ⨯ 1)] = 15.4%29.Equation 7.11 applies here:E(r P) = r f + βP1[E(r1) - r f] + βP2[E(r2) – r f]We need to find the risk premium for these two factors:γ1 = [E(r1) - r f] andγ2 = [E(r2) - r f]To find these values, we solve the following two equations with two unknowns: 40% = 7% + 1.8γ1 + 2.1γ210% = 7% + 2.0γ1 + (-0.5)γ2The solutions are: γ1 = 4.47% and γ2 = 11.86%Thus, the expected return-beta relationship is:E(r P) = 7% + 4.47βP1 + 11.86βP230.The first two factors (the return on a broad-based index and the level of interest rates)are most promising with respect to the likely impa ct on Jennifer’s firm’s cost of capital.These are both macro factors (as opposed to firm-specific factors) that can not bediversified away; consequently, we would expect that there is a risk premiumassociated with these factors. On the other hand, the risk of changes in the price ofhogs, while important to some firms and industries, is likely to be diversifiable, andtherefore is not a promising factor in terms of its impact on the firm’s cost of capital.31.Since the risk free rate is not given, we assume a risk free rate of 0%. The APT required(i.e., equilibrium) rate of return on the stock based on Rf and the factor betas is:Required E(r) = 0 + (1 x 6) + (0.5 x 2) + (0.75 x 4) = 10%According to the equation for the return on the stock, the actually expected return onthe stock is 6 % (because the expected surprises on all factors are zero by definition).Because the actually expected return based on risk is less than the equilibrium return,we conclude that the stock is overpriced.CFA 1a, c and dCFA 2a.E(r X) = 5% + 0.8(14% – 5%) = 12.2%αX = 14% – 12.2% = 1.8%E(r Y) = 5% + 1.5(14% – 5%) = 18.5%αY = 17% – 18.5% = –1.5%b.(i)For an investor who wants to add this stock to a well-diversified equityportfolio, Kay should recommend Stock X because of its positivealpha, while Stock Y has a negative alpha. In graphical terms, StockX’s expected return/risk profile plots above the SML, while Stock Y’sprofile plots below the SML. Also, depending on the individual riskpreferences of Kay’s clients, Stock X’s lower beta may have abeneficial impact on overall portfolio risk.(ii)For an investor who wants to hold this stock as a single-stock portfolio,Kay should recommend Stock Y, because it has higher forecastedreturn and lower standard deviation than S tock X. Stock Y’s Sharperatio is:(0.17 – 0.05)/0.25 = 0.48Stock X’s Sharpe ratio is only:(0.14 – 0.05)/0.36 = 0.25The market index has an even more attractive Sharpe ratio:(0.14 – 0.05)/0.15 = 0.60However, given the choice between Stock X and Y, Y is superior.When a stock is held in isolation, standard deviation is the relevantrisk measure. For assets held in isolation, beta as a measure of risk isirrelevant. Although holding a single asset in isolation is not typicallya recommended investment strategy, some investors may hold what isessentially a single-asset portfolio (e.g., the stock of their employercompany). For such investors, the relevance of standard deviationversus beta is an important issue.CFA 3a.McKay should borrow funds and i nvest those funds proportionally in Murray’sexisting portfolio (i.e., buy more risky assets on margin). In addition toincreased expected return, the alternative portfolio on the capital market line(CML) will also have increased variability (risk), which is caused by the higherproportion of risky assets in the total portfolio.b.McKay should substitute low beta stocks for high beta stocks in order to reducethe overall beta of York’s portfolio. By reducing the overall portfolio beta,McKay will reduce the systematic risk of the portfolio and therefore theportfolio’s volatility relative to the market. The security market line (SML)suggests such action (moving down the SML), even though reducing beta mayresult in a slight loss of portfolio efficiency unless full diversification ismaintained. York’s primary objective, however, is not to maintain efficiencybut to reduce risk exposure; reducing portfolio beta meets that objective.Because York does not permit borrowing or lending, McKay cannot reduce riskby selling equities and using the proceeds to buy risk free assets (i.e., by lendingpart of the portfolio).CFA 4c.“Both the CAPM and APT require a mean-variance efficient market portfolio.”This statement is incorrect. The CAPM requires the mean-variance efficientportfolio, but APT does not.d.“The CAPM assumes that one specific factor explains security returns but APTdoes not.” This statement is c orrect.CFA 5aCFA 6dCFA 7d You need to know the risk-free rate.CFA 8d You need to know the risk-free rate.CFA 9Under the CAPM, the only risk that investors are compensated for bearing is the riskthat cannot be diversified away (i.e., systematic risk). Because systematic risk(measured by beta) is equal to 1.0 for each of the two portfolios, an investor wouldexpect the same rate of return from each portfolio. Moreover, since both portfolios are well diversified, it does not matter whether the specific risk of the individual securities is high or low. The firm-specific risk has been diversified away from both portfolios. CFA 10b r f = 8% and E(r M) = 16%E(r X) = r f + βX[E(r M) – r f] = 8% + 1.0(16% - 8%) = 16%E(r Y) = r f + βY[E(r M) – r f] = 8% + 0.25(16% - 8%) = 10%Therefore, there is an arbitrage opportunity.CFA 11cCFA 12dCFA 13cInvestors will take on as large a position as possible only if the mis-pricingopportunity is an arbitrage. Otherwise, considerations of risk anddiversification will limit the position they attempt to take in the mis-pricedsecurity.CFA 14d。
微观经济学第八版课后习题答案第九章
Chapter 9The Analysis of Competitive MarketsReview Questions1. What is meant by deadweight loss? Why does a price ceiling usually result in a deadweight loss?Deadweight loss refers to the benefits lost by consumers and/or producers when markets do not operate efficiently. The term deadweight denotes that these are benefits unavailable to any party. A price ceiling set below the equilibrium price in a perfectly competitive market will result in a deadweight loss because it reduces the quantity supplied by producers. Both producers and consumers lose surplus because less of the good is produced and consumed. The reduced (ceiling) price benefits consumers but hurts producers, so there is a transfer from one group to the other. The real culprit, then, and the primary source of the deadweight loss, is the reduction in the amount of the good in the market.2. Suppose the supply curve for a good is completely inelastic. If the government imposed a priceceiling below the market-clearing level, would a deadweight loss result? Explain.When the supply curve is completely inelastic, it is vertical. In this case there is no deadweight loss because there is no reduction in the amount of the good produced. The imposition of the price ceiling transfers all lost producer surplus to consumers. Consumer surplus increases by the differencebetween the market-clearing price and the price ceiling times the market-clearing quantity.Consumers capture all decreases in total revenue, and no deadweight loss occurs.3. How can a price ceiling make consumers better off? Under what conditions might it make themworse off?If the supply curve is highly inelastic a price ceiling will usually increase consumer surplus because the quantity available will not decline much, but consumers get to purchase the product at a reduced price. If the demand curve is inelastic, on the other hand, price controls may result in a net loss of consumer surplus because consumers who value the good highly are unable to purchase as much as they would like. (See Figure 9.3 on page 321 in the text.) The loss of consumer surplus is greater than the transfer of producer surplus to consumers. So consumers are made better off when demand is relatively elastic and supply is relatively inelastic, and they are made worse off when the opposite is true.4. Suppose the government regulates the price of a good to be no lower than some minimum level.Can such a minimum price make producers as a whole worse off? Explain.With a minimum price set above the market-clearing price, some consumer surplus is transferred to producers because of the higher price, but some producer surplus is lost because consumerspurchase less. If demand is highly elastic, the reduction in purchases can offset the higher priceproducers receive, making producers worse off. In the diagram below, the market-clearing price and quantity are P0 and Q0. The minimum price is set at P', and at this price consumers demand Q'.Assuming that suppliers produce Q' (and not the larger quantity indicated by the supply curve),producer surplus increases by area A due to the higher price, but decreases by the much larger area B because the quantity demanded drops sharply. The result is a reduction in producer surplus. Note thatChapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets141 if suppliers produce more than Q , the loss in producer surplus is even greater because they will have unsold units.5. How are production limits used in practice to raise the prices of the following goods or services:(a) taxi rides, (b) drinks in a restaurant or bar, (c) wheat or corn?Municipal authorities usually regulate the number of taxis through the issuance of licenses ormedallions. When the number of taxis is less than it would be without regulation, those taxis in the market may charge a higher-than-competitive price.State authorities usually regulate the number of liquor licenses. By requiring that any bar or restaurant that serves alcohol have a liquor license and then limiting the number of licenses available, the state limits entry by new bars and restaurants. This limitation allows those establishments that have a license to charge a higher-than-competitive price for alcoholic beverages.Federal authorities usually regulate the number of acres of wheat or corn in production by creating acreage limitation programs that give farmers financial incentives to leave some of their acreage idle.This reduces supply, driving up the price of wheat or corn.6. Suppose the government wants to increase farmers’ incomes. Why do price supports oracreage-limitation programs cost society more than simply giving farmers money?Price supports and acreage limitations cost society more than the dollar cost of these programsbecause the higher price that results in either case will reduce quantity demanded and hence consumer surplus, leading to a deadweight loss because farmers are not able to capture the lost surplus. Giving farmers money does not result in any deadweight loss but is merely a redistribution of surplus from one group to the other.7. Suppose the government wants to limit imports of a certain good. Is it preferable to use animport quota or a tariff? Why?Changes in domestic consumer and producer surpluses are the same under import quotas and tariffs.There will be a loss in (domestic) total surplus in either case. However, with a tariff, the government can collect revenue equal to the tariff times the quantity of imports, and these revenues can beredistributed in the domestic economy to offset some of the domestic deadweight loss. Thus there is less of a loss to the domestic society as a whole with a tariff. With an import quota, foreign producers can capture the difference between the domestic and world price times the quantity of imports.Therefore, with an import quota, there is a loss to the domestic society as a whole. If the national government is trying to minimize domestic welfare loss, it should use a tariff.142Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Edition8. The burden of a tax is shared by producers and consumers. Under what conditions willconsumers pay most of the tax? Under what conditions will producers pay most of it? What determines the share of a subsidy that benefits consumers?The burden of a tax and the benefits of a subsidy depend on the elasticities of demand and supply.If the absolute value of the ratio of the elasticity of demand to the elasticity of supply is small, the burden of the tax falls mainly on consumers. If the ratio is large, the burden of the tax falls mainly on producers. Similarly, the benefit of a subsidy accrues mostly to consumers (producers) if the ratio of the elasticity of demand to the elasticity of supply is small (large) in absolute value.9. Why does a tax create a deadweight loss? What determines the size of this loss?A tax creates deadweight loss by artificially increasing price above the free market level, thusreducing the equilibrium quantity. This reduction in quantity reduces consumer as well as producer surplus. The size of the deadweight loss depends on the elasticities of supply and demand and on the size of the tax. The more elastic supply and demand are, the larger will be the deadweight loss. Also, the larger the tax, the greater the deadweight loss.Exercises1. From time to time, Congress has raised the minimum wage. Some people suggested that agovernment subsidy could help employers finance the higher wage. This exercise examines the economics of a minimum wage and wage subsidies. Suppose the supply of low-skilled labor is given by L S= 10w, where L S is the quantity of low-skilled labor (in millions of persons employed each year), and w is the wage rate (in dollars per hour). The demand for labor is given by L D=80 - 10w.a. What will be the free-market wage rate and employment level? Suppose the governmentsets a minimum wage of $5 per hour. How many people would then be employed?In a free-market equilibrium, L S=L D. Solving yields w= $4 and L S=L D= 40. If the minimumwage is $5, then L S= 50 and L D= 30. The number of people employed will be given by the labor demand, so employers will hire only 30 million workers.Chapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets143b. Suppose that instead of a minimum wage, the government pays a subsidy of $1 per hour foreach employee. What will the total level of employment be now? What will the equilibrium wage rate be?Let w s denote the wage received by the sellers (i.e., the employees), and w b the wage paid by the buyers (the firms). The new equilibrium occurs where the vertical difference between the supply and demand curves is $1 (the amount of the subsidy). This point can be found whereL D(w b) =L S(w s), andw s-w b= 1.Write the second equation as w b= w s- 1. This reflects the fact that firms pay $1 less than thewage received by workers because of the subsidy. Substitute for w b in the demand equation:L D(w b) = 80 - 10(w s- 1), soL D(w b) = 90 - 10w s.Note that this is equivalent to an upward shift in demand by the amount of the $1 subsidy. Now set the new demand equal to supply: 90 - 10w s= 10w s. Therefore, w s= $4.50, and L D= 90 -10(4.50) = 45. Employment increases to 45 (compared to 30 with the minimum wage), but wage drops to $4.50 (compared to $5.00 with the minimum wage). The net wage the firm pays falls to $3.50 due to the subsidy.2. Suppose the market for widgets can be described by the following equations:Demand: P= 10 -Q Supply: P=Q- 4where P is the price in dollars per unit and Q is the quantity in thousands of units. Then:a. What is the equilibrium price and quantity?Equate supply and demand and solve for Q: 10 -Q = Q– 4. Therefore Q = 7 thousand widgets.Substitute Q into either the demand or the supply equation to obtain P.P= 10 - 7 = $3.00,orP= 7 - 4 = $3.00.144Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Editionb. Suppose the government imposes a tax of $1 per unit to reduce widget consumption andraise government revenues. What will the new equilibrium quantity be? What price will the buyer pay? What amount per unit will the seller receive?With the imposition of a $1.00 tax per unit, the price buyers pay is $1 more than the pricesuppliers receive. Also, at the new equilibrium, the quantity bought must equal the quantitysupplied. We can write these two conditions asP b-P s= 1Q b=Q s.Let Q with no subscript stand for the common value of Q b and Q s. Then substitute the demandand supply equations for the two values of P:(10 -Q) - (Q- 4) = 1Therefore, Q= 6.5 thousand widgets. Plug this value into the demand equation, which is theequation for P b, to find P b= 10 - 6.5 = $3.50. Also substitute Q= 6.5 into the supply equationto get P s=6.5 - 4 = $2.50.The tax raises the price in the market from $3.00 (as found in part a) to $3.50. Sellers, however,receive only $2.50 after the tax is imposed. Therefore the tax is shared equally between buyersand sellers, each paying $0.50.c. Suppose the government has a change of heart about the importance of widgets to thehappiness of the American public. The tax is removed and a subsidy of $1 per unit granted to widget producers. What will the equilibrium quantity be? What price will the buyer pay?What amount per unit (including the subsidy) will the seller receive? What will be the total cost to the government?Now the two conditions that must be satisfied areP s-P b= 1Q b=Q s.As in part b, let Q stand for the common value of quantity. Substitute the supply and demandcurves into the first condition, which yields(Q- 4) - (10 -Q) = 1.Therefore, Q = 7.5 thousand widgets. Using this quantity in the supply and demand equations,suppliers will receive P s= 7.5 - 4 = $3.50, and buyers will pay P b= 10 - 7.5 = $2.50. The totalcost to the government is the subsidy per unit multiplied by the number of units. Thus the cost is ($1)(7.5) = $7.5 thousand, or $7500.3. Japanese rice producers have extremely high production costs, due in part to the highopportunity cost of land and to their inability to take advantage of economies of large-scale production. Analyze two policies intended to maintain Japanese rice production: (1) a per-pound subsidy to farmers for each pound of rice produced, or (2) a per-pound tariff on imported rice.Illustrate with supply-and-demand diagrams the equilibrium price and quantity, domestic rice production, government revenue or deficit, and deadweight loss from each policy. Which policy is the Japanese government likely to prefer? Which policy are Japanese farmers likely to prefer?We have to make some assumptions to answer this question. If you make different assumptions, you may get different answers. Assume that initially the Japanese rice market is open, meaning thatforeign producers and domestic (Japanese) producers both sell rice to Japanese consumers. The worldChapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets145 price of rice is P W. This price is below P0, which is the equilibrium price that would occur in the Japanese market if no imports were allowed. In the diagram below, S is the domestic supply, D is the domestic demand, and Q0 is the equilibrium quantity that would prevail if no imports were allowed. The horizontal line at P W is the world supply of rice, which is assumed to be perfectly elastic. Initially Japanese consumers purchase Q D rice at the world price. Japanese farmers supply Q S at that price, and Q D- Q S is imported from foreign producers.Now suppose the Japanese government pays a subsidy to Japanese farmers equal to the difference between P0 and P W. Then Japanese farmers would sell rice on the open market for P W plus receive the subsidy of P0-P W. Adding these together, the total amount Japanese farmers would receive is P0 per pound of rice. At this price they would supply Q0 pounds of rice. Consumers would still pay P W and buy Q D. Foreign suppliers would import Q D- Q0 pounds of rice. This policy would cost the government (P0-P W)Q0, which is the subsidy per pound times the number of pounds supplied by Japanese farmers. It is represented on the diagram as areas B+E. Producer surplus increases from area C to C+B, so ∆PS=B. Consumer surplus is not affected and remains as area A+B+E+F. Deadweight loss is area E, which is the cost of the subsidy minus the gain in producer surplus.Instead, suppose the government imposes a tariff rather than paying a subsidy. Let the tariff be the same size as the subsidy, P0-P W. Now foreign firms importing rice into Japan will have to sell at the world price plus the tariff: P W+ (P0-P W) =P0. But at this price, Japanese farmers will supply Q0, which is exactly the amount Japanese consumers wish to purchase. Therefore there will be no imports, and the government will not collect any revenue from the tariff. The increase in producer surplus equals area B, as it is in the case of the subsidy. Consumer surplus is area A, which is less than it is under the subsidy because consumers pay more (P0) and consume less (Q0). Consumer surplus decreases by B+E+F. Deadweight loss is E+F: the difference between the decrease in consumer surplus and the increase in producer surplus.Under the assumptions made here, it seems likely that producers would not have a strong preference for either the subsidy or the tariff, because the increase in producer surplus is the same under both policies. The government might prefer the tariff because it does not require any government expenditure. On the other hand, the tariff causes a decrease in consumer surplus, and government officials who are elected by consumers might want to avoid that. Note that if the subsidy and tariff amounts were smaller than assumed above, some tariffs would be collected, but we would still get the same basic results.146Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Edition4. In 1983, the Reagan Administration introduced a new agricultural program called thePayment-in-Kind Program. To see how the program worked, let’s consider the wheat market.a. Suppose the demand function is Q D= 28 - 2P and the supply function is Q S= 4 + 4P, whereP is the price of wheat in dollars per bushel, and Q is the quantity in billions of bushels.Find the free-market equilibrium price and quantity.Equating demand and supply, Q D= Q S,28 - 2P= 4 + 4P, or P= $4.00 per bushel.To determine the equilibrium quantity, substitute P= 4 into either the supply equation or thedemand equation:Q S= 4 + 4(4) = 20 billion bushelsandQ D= 28 - 2(4)= 20 billion bushels.b. Now suppose the government wants to lower the supply of wheat by 25% from the free-market equilibrium by paying farmers to withdraw land from production. However, thepayment is made in wheat rather than in dollars—hence the name of the program. Thewheat comes from vast government reserves accumulated from previous price supportprograms. The amount of wheat paid is equal to the amount that could have been harvested on the land withdrawn from production. Farmers are free to sell this wheat on the market.How much is now produced by farmers? How much is indirectly supplied to the market by the government? What is the new market price? How much do farmers gain? Do consumers gain or lose?Because the free-market supply by farmers is 20 billion bushels, the 25% reduction required by the new Payment-In-Kind (PIK) Program means that the farmers now produce 15 billion bushels.To encourage farmers to withdraw their land from cultivation, the government must give them5 billion bushels of wheat, which they sell on the market, so 5 billion bushels are indirectlysupplied by the government.Because the total quantity supplied to the market is still 20 billion bushels, the market price does not change; it remains at $4 per bushel. Farmers gain because they incur no costs for the 5 billion bushels received from the government. We can calculate these cost savings by taking the areaunder the supply curve between 15 and 20 billion bushels. These are the variable costs of producing the last 5 billion bushels that are no longer grown under the PIK Program. To find this area, first determine the prices when Q=15 and when Q = 20. These values are P= $2.75 and P= $4.00.The total cost of producing the last 5 billion bushels is therefore the area of a trapezoid with a base of 20 -15 = 5 billion and an average height of (2.75 + 4.00)/2 = 3.375. The area is 5(3.375) =$16.875 billion, which is the amount farmers gain under the program.The PIK program does not affect consumers in the wheat market because they purchase the same amount at the same price as they did in the free-market case.c. Had the government not given the wheat back to the farmers, it would have stored ordestroyed it. Do taxpayers gain from the program? What potential problems does theprogram create?Taxpayers gain because the government does not incur costs to store or destroy the wheat.Although everyone seems to gain from the PIK program, it can only last while there aregovernment wheat reserves. The program assumes that land removed from production may berestored to production when stockpiles of wheat are exhausted. If this cannot be done, consumersChapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets147 may eventually pay more for wheat-based products. Another potential problem is verifying thatthe land taken out of production is in fact capable of producing the amount of wheat paid tofarmers under the PIK program. Farmers may try to game the system by removing lessproductive land.5. About 100 million pounds of jelly beans are consumed in the United States each year, and theprice has been about 50 cents per pound. However, jelly bean producers feel that their incomes are too low and have convinced the government that price supports are in order. The government will therefore buy up as many jelly beans as necessary to keep the price at $1 per pound.However, government economists are worried about the impact of this program because they have no estimates of the elasticities of jelly bean demand or supply.a. Could this program cost the government more than $50 million per year? Under whatconditions? Could it cost less than $50 million per year? Under what conditions? Illustrate with a diagram.If the quantities demanded and supplied are very responsive to price changes, then a government program that doubles the price of jelly beans could easily cost more than $50 million. In this case, the change in price will cause a large change in quantity supplied, and a large change in quantity demanded. In Figure 9.5.a.i, the cost of the program is ($1)(Q S- Q D). If Q S-Q D is larger than 50 million, then the government will pay more than $50 million. If instead supply and demand arerelatively inelastic, then the increase in price would result in small changes in quantity suppliedand quantity demanded, and (Q S-Q D) would be less than $50 million as illustrated in Figure9.5.a.ii.Figure 9.5.a.iWe can determine the combinations of supply and demand elasticities that yield either result. The elasticity of supply is E S= (%∆Q S)/(%∆P), so the percentage change in quantity supplied is %∆Q S=E S(%∆P). Since the price increase is 100% (from $0.50 to $1.00), %∆Q S= 100E S. Likewise, thepercentage change in quantity demanded is %∆Q D= 100E D. The gap between Q D and Q S inpercentage terms is %∆Q S- %∆Q D= 100E S- 100E D= 100(E S-E D). If this gap is exactly 50% of the current 100 million pounds of jelly beans, the gap will be 50 million pounds, and the cost of the price support program will be exactly $50 million. So the program will cost $50 million if 100(E S-E D) = 50, or148Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Edition(E S-E D) = 0.5. If the difference between the elasticities is greater than one half, the program willcost more than $50 million, and if the difference is less than one half, the program will cost less than $50 million. So the supply and demand can each be fairly inelastic (for example, 0.3 and -0.4) and still trigger a cost greater than $50 million.Figure 9.5.a.iib. Could this program cost consumers (in terms of lost consumer surplus) more than $50million per year? Under what conditions? Could it cost consumers less than $50 million per year? Under what conditions? Again, use a diagram to illustrate.When the demand curve is perfectly inelastic, the loss in consumer surplus is $50 million, equal to ($0.50)(100 million pounds). This represents the highest possible loss in consumer surplus, so the loss cannot be more than $50 million per year. If the demand curve has any elasticity at all,the loss in consumer surplus will be less than $50 million. In Figure 9.5.b, the loss in consumersurplus is area A plus area B if the demand curve is the completely inelastic D and only area A if the demand curve is D'.Figure 9.5.bChapter 9 The Analysis of Competitive Markets 1496. In Exercise 4 in Chapter 2 (page 62), we examined a vegetable fiber traded in a competitiveworld market and imported into the United States at a world price of $9 per pound. U.S. domestic supply and demand for various price levels are shown in the following table.PriceU.S. Supply (million pounds) U.S. Demand (million pounds) 32 34 64 28 96 22 128 16 1510 10 18 12 4Answer the following questions about the U.S. market:a. Confirm that the demand curve is given by 402D Q P =-, and that the supply curve is given by 23S Q P =. To find the equation for demand, we need to find a linear function Q D = a + bP so that the line it represents passes through two of the points in the table such as (15, 10) and (12, 16). First, the slope, b , is equal to the “rise” divided by the “run,”10162.1512Q b P ∆-==-=∆- Second, substitute for b and one point, e.g., (15, 10), into the linear function to solve for theconstant, a :102(15),or 40.a a =-=Therefore, Q D = 40 - 2P .Similarly, solve for the supply equation Q S = c + dP passing through two points such as (6, 4) and (3, 2). The slope, d , is422.633Q P ∆-==∆- Solving for c :24(6),or 0.3c c ⎛⎫=+= ⎪⎝⎭Therefore, 2.3S Q P ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭b. Confirm that if there were no restrictions on trade, the United States would import16 million pounds.If there were no trade restrictions, the world price of $9.00 would prevail in the United States. From the table, we see that at $9.00 domestic supply would be 6 million pounds. Similarly,domestic demand would be 22 million pounds. Imports provide the difference between domestic demand and domestic supply, so imports would be 22 - 6 = 16 million pounds.c. If the United States imposes a tariff of $3 per pound, what will be the U.S. price and level ofimports? How much revenue will the government earn from the tariff? How large is thedeadweight loss?With a $3.00 tariff, the U.S. price will be $12 (the world price plus the tariff). At this price,demand is 16 million pounds and U.S. supply is 8 million pounds, so imports are 8 millionpounds (16 - 8). The government will collect $3(8) = $24 million, which is area C in thediagram below. To find deadweight loss, we must determine the changes in consumer andproducer surpluses. Consumers lose area A + B + C + D because they pay the higher price of $12 and purchase fewer pounds of the fiber. U.S. producers gain area A because of the higher priceand the greater quantity they sell. So the deadweight loss is the loss in consumer surplus minus the gain in producer surplus and the tariff revenue. Therefore, DWL = B + D = 0.5(12 - 9)(8 - 6) +0.5(12 - 9)(22 - 16) = $12 million.d. If the United States has no tariff but imposes an import quota of 8 million pounds, what willbe the U.S. domestic price? What is the cost of this quota for U.S. consumers of the fiber?What is the gain for U.S. producers?With an import quota of 8 million pounds, the domestic price will be $12. At $12, the differencebetween domestic demand and domestic supply is 8 million pounds, i.e., 16 million poundsminus 8 million pounds. Note you can also find the equilibrium price by setting demand equal to supply plus the quota so that24028.3P P -=+ The cost of the quota to consumers is equal to area A + B + C + D in the figure above, which isthe reduction in consumer surplus. This equals(12 - 9)(16) + (0.5)(12 - 9)(22 - 16) = $57 million.The gain to domestic producers (increase in producer surplus) is equal to area A , which is(12 - 9)(6) + (0.5)(8 - 6)(12 - 9) = $21 million.7. The United States currently imports all of its coffee. The annual demand for coffee by U.S.consumers is given by the demand curve Q = 250 – 10P , where Q is quantity (in millions ofpounds) and P is the market price per pound of coffee. World producers can harvest and ship coffee to U.S. distributors at a constant marginal (= average) cost of $8 per pound. U.S.distributors can in turn distribute coffee for a constant $2 per pound. The U.S. coffee market is competitive. Congress is considering a tariff on coffee imports of $2 per pound.a. If there is no tariff, how much do consumers pay for a pound of coffee? What is thequantity demanded?If there is no tariff then consumers will pay $10 per pound of coffee, which is found by addingthe $8 that it costs to import the coffee plus the $2 that it costs to distribute the coffee in theUnited States. In a competitive market, price is equal to marginal cost. At a price of $10, thequantity demanded is 150 million pounds.b. If the tariff is imposed, how much will consumers pay for a pound of coffee? What is thequantity demanded?Now add $2 per pound tariff to marginal cost, so price will be $12 per pound, and quantitydemanded is Q = 250 - 10(12) = 130 million pounds.c. Calculate the lost consumer surplus.Lost consumer surplus is (12 - 10)(130) + 0.5(12 - 10)(150 - 130) = $280 million.d. Calculate the tax revenue collected by the government.The tax revenue is equal to the tariff of $2 per pound times the 130 million pounds imported.Tax revenue is therefore $260 million.e. Does the tariff result in a net gain or a net loss to society as a whole?There is a net loss to society because the gain ($260 million) is less than the loss ($280 million).8. A particular metal is traded in a highly competitive world market at a world price of $9 perounce. Unlimited quantities are available for import into the United States at this price. The supply of this metal from domestic U.S. mines and mills can be represented by the equation Q S = 2/3P , where Q S is U.S. output in million ounces and P is the domestic price. The demand for the metal in the United States is Q D = 40 - 2P , where Q D is the domestic demand in million ounces.In recent years the U.S. industry has been protected by a tariff of $9 per ounce. Under pressurefrom other foreign governments, the United States plans to reduce this tariff to zero. Threatened by this change, the U.S. industry is seeking a voluntary restraint agreement that would limit imports into the United States to 8 million ounces per year.a. Under the $9 tariff, what was the U.S. domestic price of the metal?With a $9 tariff, the price of the imported metal in the U.S. market would be $18; the $9 tariffplus the world price of $9. The $18 price, however, is above the domestic equilibrium price. To determine the domestic equilibrium price, equate domestic supply and domestic demand:2402,or $15.3P P P =-=。
商务与经济统计精要版答案
商务与经济统计精要版答案【篇一：经管类书单推荐】与管理学院 2016.10.17管理类推荐读物孙耀君，《西方管理学名著提要》，江西人民出版社1）管理学邢以群，《管理学》，浙江大学出版社周三多，《管理学》，复旦大学出版社2）管理信息系统kenneth udon/ jane udon ，《管理信息系统—网络化企业的组织与技术》（第六版，影印版），高等教育出版社薛华成，《管理信息系统》（第三版），清华大学出版社小威廉d.佩勒尔特 e.杰罗姆.麦卡锡，《市场营销学基础》：全球管理(英文版.第12版)--国际通用mba教材》，机械工业出版社郭毅等，《市场营销学原理》，电子工业出版社malhotra,n.k.著，《市场营销研究应用导向(第3版)》，电子工业出版社4）战略管理项保华，《战略管理——艺术与实务》，华夏出版社斯蒂文斯（英），《战略性思维》，机械工业出版社arthur a. thompson, jr. and a. j. strickland Ⅲ.crafting implementing strategy. 6th ed. richard d. irwin, inc., 1995中文版《战略管理学：概念与案例（英文版.第十版）-- 国际通用mba教材》，机械工业出版社david besanko, david dranove, mark shanley. the economics of strategy. john wiley sons, inc., 1996alan j. rowe; et al.. strategic management: a methodological approach. 4th ed. addison-wesley publishing company, inc., 19945）组织行为学卢盛忠等，《组织行为学：理论与实践》，浙江教育出版社英文版《human resource management: gaining a competitive advantage》，清华大学出版社约翰.m.伊万切维奇，《人力资源管理（英文版.原书第8版）-- 国际通用mba教材》，机械工业出版社luis r. gomez-mejia，david b.balkin，robert l. cardy，《管理人力资源 managing human resources 》（英文版第三版），北京大学出版社、培生教育出版集团7）财务管理8）管理统计david r.anderson dennis j.sweeney thomasa.william，《商务与经济统计（第七版）-- 经济教材译丛》，机械工业出版社david r.anderson;dennis j.sweeney;thomas a.william，《商务与经济统计（英文版.第8版）--21世纪经典原版经济管理教材文库》，机械工业出版9）会计学张启銮等，《会计学――工商管理硕士（mba）系列教材》，大连理工大学出版社cktde p.stickney roman l.weil，《财务会计(英文版第9版) --国际通用mba教材》，机械工业出版社ronald w.hilton，《管理会计（英文版.第三版）-- 国际通用mba教材》，机械工业出版10）西方经济学[美]平狄克等:《微观经济学》，中国人民大学出版社梁小民，《宏观经济学》，中国社会科学出版社梁小民，《西方经济学导论》，北京大学出版社宋承先，《现代西方经济学》（宏观经济学），复旦大学出版社[美] h.克雷格.彼得森等:《管理经济学》,中国人民大学出版社[美]s.charles maurice christopher r.thomas, managerial economics, 机械工业出社,2000年影印版11）运筹学胡运权，《运筹学教程（第二版）》，清华大学出版社蒋绍忠，《运筹学讲义》，浙江大学管理学院12）经济法高程德，《经济法》（第九版），上海人民出版社13）电子商务daniel amor，《电子商务:变革与演进--经济教材译丛》，机械工业出版社14）组织理论[美]达夫特著，李维安译．《组织理论与设计精要》，机械工业出版社[英]bernard burnes.《变革时代的管理》，云南大学出版社15）质量管理刘广第，《质量管理学（第二版）》，清华大学出版社16）生产管理陈荣秋、马士华，生产与运作管理，高等教育出版社，1999潘家轺等，现代生产管理学，北京：清华大学出版社，1994黄卫伟，生产与作业管理，北京：人民大学出版社，199717）项目管理毕星、翟丽，《项目管理》，复旦大学出版社，2000[美]杰克.吉多等著, 《成功的项目管理》，机械工业出版社，1999白思俊主编, 《现代项目管理》(上,中，下)，机械工业出版社，20022.认知心理学，robert j.sternberg，中国轻工业出版社3.人格理论，jess feist，gregory j.feist，人民卫生出版社4.社会心理学，elliott aronson等，中国轻工业出版社5.集合起来——群体理论与团队技巧，david w. johnson等，中国轻工业出版社8.招贤纳士自有道，lance a. berger等，清华大学出版社11. 内向者优势，martin olsen laney，华东师范大学出版社13. 超级冷静，铃木丈织，上海人民出版社31. 刘墉的书：我不是教你诈、你不可不知的人性、人生的真相补充书籍：经济类专业推荐读物 1、《摩根财团——美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》第二版获得1990年美国国家图书奖推荐理由：摩根家族的发迹史和19-20世纪美国金融市场和银行业发展演变的全景图，前任财政部副部长、现任亚洲开发银行副行长金立群先生的翻译代表了中文相关专业译著的最高水平。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Soluti ons Manual to Accompa ny Statistics for Busin ess and Econo mics
Eighth Editi on
David R. An ders on
Uni versity of Cincinn ati
Dennis J. Swee ney
Uni versity of Cincinn ati
Thomas A. Williams
Rochester In stitute of Tech no logy
2002 by South-Western/Thomso n Learni ng
Cincinn ati, Ohio
Contents
Chapter
1. Data and Statistics
2. Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Approaches
3. Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Methods
4. Introduction to Probability
5. Discrete Probability Distributions
6. Continuous Probability Distributions
7. Sampling and Sampling Distributions
8. Interval Estimation
9. Hypothesis Testing
10. Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions With Two Populations
11. Inferences about Population Variances
12. Tests of Goodness of Fit and Independence
13. Analysis of Variance and Experimental Design
14. Simple Linear Regression
15. Multiple Regression
16. Regression Analysis: Model Building
17. Index Numbers
18. Forecasting
19. Nonparametric Methods
20. Statistical Methods for Quality Control
21. Sample Survey
Preface
The purpose ofStatistics for Business and Economicsis to provide students, primarily in the fields of business administration and economics, with a sound conceptual introduction to the field of statistics and its many applications. The text is applications-oriented and has been written with the needs of the nonmathematician in mind.
The solutions manual furnishes assistance by identifying learning objectives and providing detailed solutions for all exercises in the text.
Acknowledgements
We would like to provide special recognition to Catherine J. Williams for her efforts in preparing the solutions manual.
David R. Anderson
Dennis J. Sweeney
Thomas A. Williams。