研究生英语教材paragraph
研究生英语系列教材综合教程上课后答案
U nit1Reading MoreKey to ExercisesTask1１）nonmonetary2)recognizing3)due4)adhere5)considered 6)self-affirmation7)impede8)thirst9)discharging10)rendering 11)serve12)ceremonies13)a part14)commit15)attendVocabulary in ActionTask11.A.observed(v.to see and notice something)B.observed(v.to say or write what you have noticed about a situation)C.observing(v.to do what you are supposed to do according to a law or agreement)bels(n.a piece of paper or other material that is attached to something and givesinformation about it)beled(v.to attach a label onto something or write information on something)beled(v.to use a word or phrase to describe someone or something,but often unfairly orcorrectly)3.A.engage(v.to be doing or to become involved in an activity)B.was engaged(v.to employ someone to do a particular job)C.engaged(v.having agreed to marry)D.engaging(adj.pleasant and attractive)4.A.attributed(v.to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something)B.attributes(n.a quality or feature,especially one that is considered to be good or useful)C.attributed(v.to believe or say that someone was responsible for saying or writing something,i.e.painting a famous picture,etc.)5.A.Driving(v.to make a car,truck,bus,etc.move along in a desired path)B.drive(n.an effort to achieve something,especially an effort by an organization for aparticular purpose)C.drive(n.determination and energy to succeed)6.A.exercise(n.physical activities that you do in order to stay healthy and become stronger)B.exercises(n.a set of questions in a book that test a student's knowledge or skill)C.exercise(v.to use a power,right,or quality that you have)7.A.term(n.a fixed period of time during which someone does something or somethinghappens)B.term(n.one of the periods of time that the school or university year is divided into)C.termed(v.to give a name to or describe something with a particular expression)8.A.discharged(v.to officially allow someone to leave somewhere,especially the hospitalor the army,navy,etc.,or to tell them that they must leave)B.discharge(v.to do or pay what you have a duty to do or pay)C.discharges(n.something coming from with another type of substance)9.A.minor(adj.small and not very important or serious,especially compared with other things)B.minored/minors(v.to study a second main subject as part of university degree)C.minors(n.someone who is below the age at which they become legally responsible for theiractions)10.A.stage(n.a particular time or state that something reaches as it grows or develops)B.stage(n.the raised area in a theatre which actors or singers stand on when they perform)C.stage(v.to organize a public event)11.A.fostering(v.to take someone else's child into your family for a period of time but withoutbecoming their legal parent)B.fosters(v.to help a skill,feeling,idea,etc.develop over a period of time)C.foster(adj.related by or concerned with fostering)12.A.firm(n.a business or company,especially a small one)B.firm(adj.strongly fixed in position,and not likely to move)C.firm(adj.behaving in a way showing that they are not going to change their mind,or thatthey are the person taking control)Task21.due to you as a bonus2.in recognition of his contributions to psychology3.serves a purpose4.attended to in due course5.takes precedence over all the others6.calls for a celebration7.thirsted for a few new books8.with reference to the job opening in your department9.Mary has a great diversity of interestsmitted themselves to boosting profitsPRACTICAL TRANSLATIONParagraph One“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’!这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
研究生英语教材课后习题解答上册
研究⽣英语教材课后习题解答上册Unit 1Text AExercises1. Reading comprehensionA. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. What, according to the author, do Americans love? Cite examples to illustrate your point.Americans love new frontiers. For example, they hanker after wide-open spaces; they like to explore; they like to make rules but refuse to follow them.2. Is there a place on earth where you can go and be yourself? What is the place according to the author?According to the author, there is a place—cyberspace, where you can go and be yourself.3. What metaphor does the author use to describe cyberspace? Why does she use such a metaphor?Real estate, because both real estate and cyberspace consist of different parts and each part is suitable for a particular group of people.4. Does the author approve of regulating cyberspace? Why or why not?Yes, but first, it is fundamental to understand the nature of cyberspace.5. What does the author think is needed in cyberspace besides government control?Self-rule.6. What are some of the main areas of cyberspace that the author defines? What other areas do you know that have recently emerged in cyberspace (e.g. e-business)?E-mail conversations, information and entertainment services, and cyberspace communities.7. How do cyberspace communities evolve? Give examples to illustrate your point.People of similar interests and tastes form a community. For example, communities on CompuServe tend to be professional; those on America Online are affluent young singles, and so on.8. What is unique about cyberspace rules? What authority do they have that rules in terrestrial environments don’t have?It allows communities of any size and kind to flourish. Cyberspace rules have moral authority that terrestrial governments don’t have.9. In what spirit are new communities formed?Communities cater to their own members’ inclination..10. What kind of government do explorers in cyberspace need?Their own local government besides terrestrial government does explorers.11. What should be done to deal with questionable items in cyberspace? Are people already doing that?We should be banning them and using labels and automatic filters to get rid of them. Yes.12. Is cyberspace a perfect place? If not, why are people so excited about it?No, it is not. People are excited about it because it offers a lot of information and freedom.B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text.1. Analogy (⽐喻，类推) is a figure of speech (修辞⼿段) which draws a parallel between two different types of things, anduses on (usually familiar to the reader) to explain reader’s understanding of the writer’s point.Can you draw a parallel between real estate and cyberspace? What point does the analogy support?The analogy between real estate and cyberspace2. By dividing cyberspace into three parts and using similes(明喻), the author defines the nature of cyberspace and illustrates further her point that government regulation is not needed in cyberspace. Complete the following form to show that you understand the author’s point. Please be reminded that the underlyingA is like B”.structure of a simile is “3. In what way do the rules of a terrestrial government and those of a cyberspace community differ? Refer to para. 11 to answer the question.4. What is the language style of the article? Is it formal and literary or informal and conversational? Cite examples from the text to support your answer.This article is written in an informal and conversational style. For example, theauthor uses some slangy words, incomplete sentences, contractions, and addresses the reader as “you”.II. VocabularyA. Find a word or phrase from the paragraph indicated in the bracket that means the same as:1. in the past —→ formerly2. include —→ embrace3. man-made —→ artificial4. control systematically —→ regulate5. exactly —→ precisely6. undesired —→ unwanted7. irrelevant —→ extraneous8. having intense feeling —→ passionate9. aim toward —→ be targeted to10. not far away —→ at hand11. be charged for —→ be sued forB. Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences,1. this book ____a___ all the information you need.a. containsb. embracesc. offersd. involves2. The government _____c____ the number of foreign cars that could be imported.a. refrainsb. restrainsc. restrictsd. prevents3. As a teacher you should not show _____b___ towards any of your students.a. pleasureb. favorc. preferenced. inclination4. Traffic is _____d___ by police at every intersection.a. enforcedb. imposedc. limitedd. regulated5. How much do you ____b___ for this pair of shoes?a. billb. chargec. costd. afford6. We can ______b____ now and return to work in the morning.a. leave outb. leave offc. sign awayd. sign off7. That matter can be left ___b___ until our next meeting.a. onb. overc. aloned. about8. I learned that he was _____a____ sick leave from a government office.a. onb. inc. takend. spending9. It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had ever set eyes ____c_____.a. tob. inc. ond. down10. Each week he tried to set _____d____ a few dollars of his salary.a. forthb. aboutc. apartd. asideIII. ClozeChoose a proper word from the list to fill in each blank in the following passage. Change the form of the word if necessary:Born to SurfThe web From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-known writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is (1)even a piece from the Secretary General of the United States, Kofi Annan. It may come (2)as some surprise to find out (3)that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the Window (4)won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 childnet Inter-national and Cable and Wireless awards. These are given (5)annually for the best use of the Internet (6)by and for young people. And (7)they highlight one ofthe most welcoming aspects of the (8)virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps this is (9)because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children (10)simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, children can be found building websites and E-mailing friends (11)across the world while adults are (12)still asking: “Tell me again —where (13)exactly is cyberspace?”Of course there is growing (14)concern about the fact that children can travel far away from parental supervision incyberspace. In (15)response , many parents have installed soft-ware packages which prevent (16)access to violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is taking a more positive line. The website is a gateway (17)to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has (18)led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided (19)between the “information rich”and “information poor”. For Childnet it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their (20)palce as equal citizens in the virtual world.IV. TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. Incyberspace, we’ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed — intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in: others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities). Those that can’t survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off-will simply wither away.⼀种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。
研究生写作4 types of paragraphs
• 4. Specific details always help a story, but so does interpretive language. You don't just lay the words on the page; you point them in the direction of a story.
• • • • • • • • • • •
• New words and expressions: 1. cricket: 蟋蟀 2. chirrup ['tʃirəp]: 反复不断的唧唧叫声 3. muffle [ ˈmʌfl ]: 压抑; 捂住; 消音 4. hoot [ hu:t ]: 猫头鹰叫声; 汽车喇叭声 5. a barred owl: 胸部有条纹的猫头鹰 6. glow： 辉光，弱光 glow stick 萤光棒 ; 荧光棒 7. canopy: 树冠；天篷；华盖；苍穹 8. bunk: 铺位；床铺 9. rustle: vi. 发出沙沙声 10. stifle: vt. 使窒息; 扼杀
• Example:
• Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a dance of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend to his appearance, for he spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat. He enjoys TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix (咪咪乐) and 9 Lives. His familiarity with cat food commercials has led him to reject generic (一般的;仿制的）brands of cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands. Gregory is as finicky （苛求的） about visitors as he is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He may snuggle（偎依） up against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk（黄鼠狼） and stain your favorite trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as many cat experts think, but to humiliate me because he is jealous of my friends. After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing（打 盹） and smiling to himself in front of the television set, and I have to forgive him for his obnoxious（讨厌的；可憎的）, but endearing, habits.
熊海虹主编《高等学校研究生英语综合教程_上》课后段落翻译参考译文1-6
Unit 6 Translation for Reference:
我提到这些，仅仅为了表明纽约城是一座建构奇特 的城市，这里发生的事件包罗万象（城东1,000英 尺长的班轮也好，城西二万人的集会也罢），但种 种事件却又未被强加到每个居民身上。因此，从某 种意义上说，每个事件都有可供选择的余地，居民 们大可随心所欲地选择心仪的场景来体味，保护其 灵魂免受侵害。
Unit 5 Translation for Reference: 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到 两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一 系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同， 一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和 心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到 最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和 难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练 习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人 感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要 日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。
Unit 3 Translation for Reference:
《欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉· 林登· 特拉弗斯概括 得精辟之极。她写到，‚你不能把你想象的东西 砍掉一部分然后写成一本专给孩子看的书，坦白 地说，因为事实上你根本无从知道童年究竟是什 么时候结束的而成人期又是什么时候开始的。它 们互相连接、浑然一体。‛在罗琳的书中，从语 言开始，就有足够多的让大人和孩子都喜欢的东 西。也许她的文风朴实，但是她给人和物命名的 方式显示了独特的原创才能。
Unit 3 Translation for Reference:
不管如何解释，工作与生活的平衡总是欧洲人的主 要谈资，同时也是智囊团和政策制定者研究和考虑 的主题。在美国，人们使用这个说法时总是带着几 分针对那些吃蛋奶火腿馅饼的有闲人士才会表现出 来的冷嘲热讽的态度。但是，它可能还是会流行起 来的。时任《纽约时报》执行主编的比尔・凯勒曾 鼓励员工们要给生活增加一些色彩，多陪陪家人或 去欣赏艺术。
研究生英语写译教程基础级第三版袁锡兴杨若东写作篇Chapter1Theparagraph PPT
– There are different opinions. – There are different opinions about ... even among experts. – Different opinions arise from different sides people take.
c) The most general statement in the paragraph.
II. The Topic Sentence
– American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.
One main idea
I. Introduction
• Functions of each element:
the main idea of the paragraph:
TS
naming & controling
TW
link ss, show logic
SS SS SS 12x
develop the ts: reasons, facts, egs. statistics, quotations etc.
II. The Topic Sentence
• 3. Position of Topic Sentences
a)At the beginning of a paragraph; b)At the end of a paragraph; c)Implied. • eg: page 6-7 • Exercises: page 7 • Para. 1: C A D B • Para. 2: B G E A D C F • Para. 3: D B E A F C • Para. 4: B E F C A D G
研究生英语
1、Love,especially long-term love,has
nothing in common with the images of love or frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood ,television,and romance novels .
disillusionment n. 幻灭；醒悟 eg:His growing disillusionment with his wor解常常会导致不现实的期望、固定模式 或幻觉破灭。
4、In fact, “real” love is closer to what one author called “stirring-theOatmeal love” .
6、It means paying bill,putting out the garbage,scrubbing toilet bowls,being up all night with a sick baby,and performing myriad other oatmeal tasks that are not very sexy
frenzied: adj. 疯狂的；狂乱的；激怒的 v. 使狂乱（frenzy的过去式） eg: Did you hear his frenzied tattle? 你听见这疯狂的闲谈了吗？
爱，特别是长久的爱，和我们从好莱坞、电视、或爱 情小说中获得的对爱和狂热的激情画面的印象完全不 同。
2、Because of these images ,many people believe a variety of myths about love.
新编研究生英语教材 Unit 2课文翻译及课后习题答案
新编研究生英语教材 Unit 2课文翻译及课后习题答案Unit 2 LanguageText A Learn by TouchII. Word Study1) hearth2) repent3) tussle4) in the light of5) intercourse6) verbatim7) take the initiative8) gamut9) augmentation10) tactfulIII. Cloze1. B.2. A.3. A.4. C.5. D.6. B.7. A.8. C.9. C.10. D.11. C.12. A.13. D.14. C.15. A.16. C.17. D.18. C.19. A.20. B.IV. Translation1. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.博物馆和艺术品商店也是带给我快乐和灵感的源泉。
毫无疑问，很多人都觉得奇怪，不凭借视觉，手就能感觉到冰冷的大理石雕像的动作、情感和美；但我的确从触摸伟大的艺术作品中获得了真正的愉悦。
当我的指尖追寻那些起伏的线条时，它们自会发现艺术家所描绘的思想和情感。
我能从雕像的脸上感受到众神和英雄们的憎恨、勇气和爱，正如我能从允许我触摸的活人的脸上察觉出这些感情一样。
我从戴安娜的姿态中触摸到了森林的优雅与自由，还有那驯服山狮与慑服暴戾的气质。
维纳斯的静谧和优雅使我感受到了灵魂的喜悦；而巴雷的铜像则使我仿佛窥见了丛林的秘密。
2. Translate the following paragraphs into English.English is attached great importance in China where English training market is in full swing with so many training centers appearing. Many Chinese, old and young, have made learning English an important part of their daily life. Even preschoolers can remember hundreds of English words. However, behind this globalization is people’s deep concern for Chinese traditional culture.Fortunately, recent years have witnessed a surge of “back-to-the-ancients schools”. It’s said that “knowledge makes a gentleman’. The study of Chinese traditional culture and the reading of Chinese classics exposes students to a wide range of information and makes them well rounded. However, some people are still on the fence, and are ambivalent towards “back-to-the-ancients schools” because they consider this ancient wisdom to be out of tune with the times. In contrast, the Confucius Institute --- that promotes Chinese language and culture, supports local Chinese teaching internationally, and facilitates culture exchange --- has been popular worldwide. By the end of 2012, 400 Confucius Institutes and 535 Confucius Classrooms had been established in 108 countries and regions.课文翻译倚触而学海伦·凯勒1 我生命中最重要的日子是我的老师安妮·曼斯菲尔德·莎莉文到来的那一天。
研究生英语写译教程基础级第三版
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(4) Transitional words.
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(5) One.
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I. Introduction
• Construction of a paragraph:
Transitional words
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I. Introduction
• Three important characteristics→
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II. The Topic Sentence
• 2. Three important characteristics:
a) A complete sentence;
–The importance of communication. –Communications is important between family
• Functions of each element:
the main idea of the
paragraph: naming &
TW
controling link ss, show
logic
develop the ts: reasons, facts, egs. statistics, quotations etc.
c) Implied.
• eg: page 6-7
• Exercises: page 7
• Para. 1: C A D B
• Para. 2: B G E A D C F
• Para. 3: D B E A F C
新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读A_unit_3
Desert Landscapes
• Paragraph 4 • Living in a desert climate (在沙漠气候条件下如何生存） around the theme sentence(the first sentence),Introduced from two aspects of temperature and precipitation in the desert life is very difficult.
Paragraph 2-3(about the desert)
Introduce the characteristics of the desert Words:subtropical、the Tropic of Cancer、 the Tropic of Capricorn、Equator、 shadow、moisture、continents、 blowing、inland、whip up、fierce、 sandblast、paint off、temperature、 freezing
Words:unpredictable、drought、 tremendous、bare、pebble、gravel、 sprout、bloom、carpets
• Paragraph5-7 • How plants survive（植物是怎样生存的） Paragraph 5：seeds of dead plants----waiting for the next rain Words:dandelion Paragraph 6: storing water Words:harsh、saguaro、cactus、extract、 mesquite
Paragraph 7:prevent lose water Words:pore、waxy、grazing animals、thorn、 cacti、spine、stem
研究生综合英语第四单元PPT
制爱的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展。
relation / relationship 关系，联系
relation ①(人、团体、或国家之间的)关系，往来； eg.Greece has established full diplomatic relations/relationships with Israel. 希腊已经和以色列建立了全面的外交关系。 ②(两事物之间的)关系，联系，关联； eg.It is a question of the relation/relationship of ethics to economics. 这是一个伦理学和经济学的关系问题。 ③亲戚;亲属;家庭成员； eg.visits to friends and relations. ④in relation to 与…相比;关于,涉及 eg.(1)women's position in relation to men in the family. (2) I have a lot to say in relation to that affair.
Love And Loving Relationships
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 6 机 械 王 工 某 程 某 学 院
Paragraph 5
1. It can be romantic,exciting,obsessive,and irrational.It can be also be platonic,calming, altruistic and sensible.
shortcomings;
能接受另一方的错误和缺点； (3) and as much concern about the loved one's welfare as one's own. 关心爱人的幸福像关心自己一样。
研究生英语阅读教程基础版第五单元单词
eg： 1.The guests were bowed in by the usher.
引座员恭敬地引宾客入内。
2.The companies said they would warn ministers against introducing emergency measures that could usher in a new form of online censorship.
Synonyms： comfort , calm , moderate , compose The phrase： to allay aches 镇痛 to allay pain止痛
8.ethics
伦理学，道德学
（line1，paragraph2）
n. the study of question about what is morally right and wrong
我们必须从电子授权的整个文化氛围来看待这件事。
2.The 21th century is the era of the empowerment management.21
世纪是授权管理的时代。
Synonyms：（许可，授权） permission , leave , liberty , authorization , warranty
（line16，paragraph1）
v. to cause sth. to be felt less strongly 减轻，缓解（恐惧） eg： 1.If they really do that, will this allay China's concerns？如
果他们确实这样做了，这是否能减轻中国的关切呢？
高等学校研究生英语系列教材-综合教程(下)4
harmful insects.
wandering the website, reading posts and never actually posting anything
13. A ________ potato is someone who spends most of their time surfing the net.
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19M E A T S P A C E
Six simple letters on a plain white page – that’s the face of t_h_e__m_o_s_t_p_o_w__e_r_fu_l_t_e_c_h_n_o_l_o_g_y_c_o_m__p_a_n_y__ in the world, revered, envied, and sometimes scorned. Google’s cofounders Sergey Brin and Larry Page started the company as grad students __in__1_9_9_8__. It has made them _a_st_o_n_i_sh__in_g_l_y_r_i_c_h_. Today they stand atop an empire cast in their own image, _a_u_d_a_c_i_o_u_s_, ambitious, and often c_o_n_t_r_o_v_e_r_si_a_l. It is a company like no other, _th__ri_v_i_n_g_ on long hours, too much coffee, and something quite elusive – genius.
研究生英语考试 段落概括范文
研究生英语考试段落概括范文研究生英语考试是一个重要的考试，对于考生来说，掌握一些成功的备考策略是非常关键的。
在考试中，段落概括是一个常见的题型，考察考生对文章主旨的理解和概括能力。
本文将介绍一篇段落概括范文，以帮助考生更好地准备研究生英语考试。
范文：The passage discusses the importance of emotional intelligence (EI) in leadership. It states that while IQ and technical skills are necessary for success, EI plays a crucial role in effective leadership. The author argues that EI helps leaders to connect and engage with their team members, understand their emotions, and make informed decisions. The passage further provides several strategies to develop and enhance EI in leaders.The first paragraph introduces the concept of EI and its significance in leadership. It states that EI is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. The author asserts that leaders who possess high levels of EI are more likely to build strong relationships with their team members.The second paragraph presents the argument that EI enables leaders to connect and engage with their team members. It explains that leaders who are emotionally intelligent are more likely to inspire and motivate their team members. The passage highlights the importance of empathy in leadership, as it allows leaders to understand and resonate with their team members' emotions. The author suggests that leaders should actively listen and seek to understand different perspectives to foster effective communication.The third paragraph discusses the role of EI in decision-making. It states that leaders with high EI are better equipped to make informed decisions because they can assess the impact of their actions on others. The passage emphasizes the importance of self-awareness in leadership, as it helps leaders to recognize their biases and make objective decisions. The author suggests that leaders should reflect on their emotions and seek feedback from others to improve their decision-making skills.The fourth paragraph provides strategies to develop and enhance EI in leaders. It suggests that leaders should focus on self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. The passage emphasizes the importance of self-reflection and self-evaluation to identify areas for improvement. The author also encourages leaders to seek feedback and support from mentors or coaches to accelerate their development.In conclusion, the passage highlights the significance of emotional intelligence in leadership and provides strategies to develop and enhance EI. It asserts that leaders with high levels of EI are more likely to connect with their team members, understand their emotions, and make informed decisions. The passage serves as a reminder for aspiring leaders to prioritize the development of emotional intelligence in their quest for success.。
研究生英语系列教材综合教程上课后答案
U nit1Reading MoreKey to ExercisesTask1１）nonmonetary2)recognizing3)due4)adhere5)considered 6)self-affirmation7)impede8)thirst9)discharging10)rendering 11)serve12)ceremonies13)a part14)commit15)attendVocabulary in ActionTask11.A.observed(v.to see and notice something)B.observed(v.to say or write what you have noticed about a situation)C.observing(v.to do what you are supposed to do according to a law or agreement)bels(n.a piece of paper or other material that is attached to something and givesinformation about it)beled(v.to attach a label onto something or write information on something)beled(v.to use a word or phrase to describe someone or something,but often unfairly orcorrectly)3.A.engage(v.to be doing or to become involved in an activity)B.was engaged(v.to employ someone to do a particular job)C.engaged(v.having agreed to marry)D.engaging(adj.pleasant and attractive)4.A.attributed(v.to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something)B.attributes(n.a quality or feature,especially one that is considered to be good or useful)C.attributed(v.to believe or say that someone was responsible for saying or writing something,i.e.painting a famous picture,etc.)5.A.Driving(v.to make a car,truck,bus,etc.move along in a desired path)B.drive(n.an effort to achieve something,especially an effort by an organization for aparticular purpose)C.drive(n.determination and energy to succeed)6.A.exercise(n.physical activities that you do in order to stay healthy and become stronger)B.exercises(n.a set of questions in a book that test a student's knowledge or skill)C.exercise(v.to use a power,right,or quality that you have)7.A.term(n.a fixed period of time during which someone does something or somethinghappens)B.term(n.one of the periods of time that the school or university year is divided into)C.termed(v.to give a name to or describe something with a particular expression)8.A.discharged(v.to officially allow someone to leave somewhere,especially the hospitalor the army,navy,etc.,or to tell them that they must leave)B.discharge(v.to do or pay what you have a duty to do or pay)C.discharges(n.something coming from with another type of substance)9.A.minor(adj.small and not very important or serious,especially compared with other things)B.minored/minors(v.to study a second main subject as part of university degree)C.minors(n.someone who is below the age at which they become legally responsible for theiractions)10.A.stage(n.a particular time or state that something reaches as it grows or develops)B.stage(n.the raised area in a theatre which actors or singers stand on when they perform)C.stage(v.to organize a public event)11.A.fostering(v.to take someone else's child into your family for a period of time but withoutbecoming their legal parent)B.fosters(v.to help a skill,feeling,idea,etc.develop over a period of time)C.foster(adj.related by or concerned with fostering)12.A.firm(n.a business or company,especially a small one)B.firm(adj.strongly fixed in position,and not likely to move)C.firm(adj.behaving in a way showing that they are not going to change their mind,or thatthey are the person taking control)Task21.due to you as a bonus2.in recognition of his contributions to psychology3.serves a purpose4.attended to in due course5.takes precedence over all the others6.calls for a celebration7.thirsted for a few new books8.with reference to the job opening in your department9.Mary has a great diversity of interestsmitted themselves to boosting profitsPRACTICAL TRANSLATIONParagraph One“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’!这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
新世纪研究生英语教程——综合英语(第四版)北京理工大学出版社unit1、2、7、8、11TestA,TestB课后答案
Unit1 Free Falling1. What is the main subject introduced in paragraph one?It is the description of the effect of saying farewell to his parents, friends and folks on the author.2. How is the story organized?The story is chronologically organized (following the time sequence in which the event unfolded itself).3. How did Weckerly feel before the day of his departure?He felt eager and excited to wait for the day to come.4. How did his mood change when the day had really come?At the very beginning he became sentimental about saying good-bye to many people around him. Facing the reality of becoming independent, he began to feel afraid and uncertain .5. What do you think about the ending of the story?It is very impressive. Weckerly ends the story with a metaphor which catches the essence of the particular moment accurately. He compares himself to a rookie skydiver preparing for his first plunge, which leads to possible outcomes: sheer excitement or eventual death. The last sentence "He closes his eyes, takes a deep breath, and jumps" symbolizes the fact that from that day on the author jumps into the future of being independent no matter how long and complicated the road to it is.What is the effect of saying farewell and actual leaving on the author?Whom did the author like to say good-bye to? What was the author's mood like before the day of departure and after?How did his mother's mood change during his brunch with her?What was the significance of the particular day to the author?Suggested SummaryThe time of saying good-bye and actual leaving makes a great impact on the author, which is fully demonstrated in the opening sentence. He gives a general description of how he feels on that particular day, during which his own mood changes from sheer excitement for the prospect of becoming independent and free to fear and uncertainty to a mixture of both. By his brunching with Mom and saying good-bye to her, he makes a very smooth depiction of the change of his mother's mood from being chatty and cheerful at the beginning to being quiet, even somber as the final moment comes. To bring the story to its climax, the author ends the story with a symbolic description. He compares himself to a rookie skydiver preparing for his first plunge that leads to possible outcomes: sheer excitement or eventual death. No matter what will happen, he closes his eyes, takes a deep breath and jumps into the future.Unit2 The New Economics of Oil1. Why won't oil prices rise at all over the long time?Firstly, because producers need the cash from oil too much to let their supply be interrupted for long. Secondly, and more important, because demand growth can't push prices upward as long as it is balanced by supply growth.2. Why can't the members of the OPEC raise oil prices?Because if they do, non-OPEC sources will grab market share by developing fields where technology has made production affordable.3. Why have most majors cut their costs on oil?Because technology lets the companies maintain healthy earnings at steadily lower oil prices.4. Who takes a lead in the oil companies?Those that master technology and efficiency, such as Shell, Exxon, and British Petroleum.Should we worry about the oil price?What is the main reason for oil price to fall?Is Rainwater's high-price theory right?What influences oil industry profits most?How will lower oil price influence the world economy?Suggested SummaryThe article aims at establishing the idea that oil price will not rise even as demand soars. To begin with, the author shows the increasing consumption of oil around the world and the impact of technology on oil industry. By giving several examples, he draws the conclusion that the need for cash and dependence on technology leads to the fact that oil prices will even fall. Furthermore, technological updating, slashing the costs of finding, producing, and refining oil, is also a reason to support the author's point. There is evidence that technology lets the world companies maintain healthy earnings at lower oil prices. In conclusion, cheap oil accelerates the world economy, and a downside price scenario is increasingly likely.1. In the first year of peace, Lebanon's GDP soared by almost 40%. (C)A. flewB. hoveredC. increasedD. decreased2. SAIC's previous skirmishes with investigators had attracted little attention. (D)A. conflictsB. strugglesC. skatesD. arguments3. The boy grabbed hold of my bag and disappeared quickly into the crowd. (C)A. seizedB. snappedC. snatchedD. sneaked4. Although Chicago has fared better than some cities, unemployment remains a problem. (A)A. got onB. chargedC. offered jobsD. provided welfare5. The dwarfs were devastated, because they could not figure out how to save Snow White this time. (D)A. calculateB. rateC. considerD. decide6. His distrust of the power of critics made him ready to gibe at David Sylvester. (A)A. laughB. ridiculeC. derideD. taunt7. Children are most vulnerable to abuse within their own home. (A)A. unprotectedB. sensibleC. susceptibleD. harmful8. Short of the President himself, probably no one could have put the American case more persuasively. (B)A. Rather thanB. Other thanC. Less thanD. Short forUnit7 Competition Is Destructive1. Why is competition destructive according to the author? (para. 3)According to the author, competition is destructive because it undermines self-esteem, poisons relationships and holds us back from doing our best.2. What are the purposes of the games devised or collected by Orlick and others? (para. 6)The idea of the games devised or collected by Orlick and others is for each person on the field to make a specified contribution to the goal, or for all the players to reach a certain score, or for everyone to work with their partners against a time limit.3. What is the difference between teamwork and team competition? (para. 8)The difference between teamwork and team competition is that in teamwork everyone on the field is working together for a common goal, while in team competition a given player works with and is encouraged to feel warmly toward only half of those present.4. Why do most kinds of fun require competition? (para. 10, 11, 12)First of all, people don't know any other way or people have never tasted the alternative.Secondly, we overlook the psychological costs of competition: it causes self-doubt and feelings of self-worth become dependent on external sources of evaluation.5. Who is to blame for competition?It is the structure of the game itself that is to blame rather than the individuals, since it sets competition at the very beginning.Directions: Use the questions given below as a guide to write a summary. You can refer to Task 1 and Task 2.What kind of games does the author use to illustrate the points?What's the significance of changing an "opponent" into a "partner"?What's the difference between teamwork and team competition?What are the possible reasons that a large number of people insist that we can't do without win/lose activities?What is the real problem?Suggested SummaryBy using the game of musical chairs, the author illustrates that competition is destructive not only in our daily work but also in entertainments. It is important and possible to change the form of the game by way of turning an opponent into a partner: Everyone on the field can work together for a common goal (teamwork) instead of competing with each other (team competition). Cooperative games and sports provide satisfaction and challenge without competition. The reason that a large number of people insist that we can't do without win/lose activities are that they don't know any other way and that they overlook the psychological costs of competition and the toxic effect of competition on our relations. Competition is not conducive to trust and it may lead one to look at others through narrowed eyes and even invite outright aggression. We are inclined to blame individuals for all this, but it is the structure of the game itself which causes competition. To solve the problem of competition, we need to be teaching our children how to enjoy themselves without competition.Identify one of the four choices A, B, C or D which best keeps the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. She has been eliminated from the swimming race because she did not win any of the practice races. (C)A. got outB. taking awayC. got rid ofD. driving away2. One of the major flaws in the existing system is that the prosecutor has immunity from law suits claiming malicious prosecution. (B)A. usefulB. spitefulC. harmlessD. cheerful3. They define a good patient as one who accepts their statements and their actions uncritically and unquestioningly. (A)A. characterizeB. confineC. fixD. limit4. Roberts' poor physical condition combined with nagging injuries prevented him from playing more than 51 games in the past four seasons. (A)A. troublingB. followingC. complainingD. accompanying5. Constant correction by a teacher is often counterproductive, as the student may become afraid to speak at all. (C)A. evilB. not productiveC. unfavorableD. hurting6. For centuries we women have gloated over the one negative aspect of aging more evident in men than women: balding. (B)A. praisedB. felt maliciously satisfied withC. felt sorry forD. expressed great pleasure of7. In the conducive atmosphere around the fort, General Bradley immediately found out about the plot. (D)A. goodB. suitableC. fitD. favorable8. It's a story of a harmful dynamic between white prejudice and black autonomy.(C)A. state of movementB. political forceC. competing or conflicting systemD. social system9. Gandhi rejects outright claims made concerning the superior or inferior status of religions. (B)A. ovreallB. directC. obscureD. ambiguous10. My first boss was a really nasty person, who seemed to enjoy making life difficult for everyone. (C)A. graveB. sorrowfulC. uglyD. pitifulUnit8 Power to the People1. What is the author's attitude towards alternative energy?The writer believes that alternative energy will play more important roles in the future.2. What advantages does PV have?It has the simplest and most elegant technology to harness the power of the sun, being easy to install and requiring minimal maintenance.3. What advantages does hydropower have?It is a clean, renewable source of energy that offers cheap electricity.4. What are the main disadvantages of wind power?Noise, negative impacts on local tourism, potential disruption to wild life.5. Why are fuel cells considered "zero emission" and preferred by some governments?They release only water vapour into the atmosphere. They are economical and require little maintenance as well as no recharging.Summarize the text.What will be the main means to power our modern societies?Why is it so urgent to find alternative energy?What is the future of solar power, wind power and hydropower?What are the final solutions to man's energy needs?Suggested SummaryIn the article "Power to the People", the author Mark Townsend states that solar power, wind turbines and other sources of clean power are now prepared to take the place of fossil fuels and become the main means to power our modern societies. He lists two reasons contributing to man's hot pursuit of alternative sources of energy. One is the environmental deficiencies of fossil fuels. Another is the crucial progress made by using new technology. According to the writer, a new generation of wafer-thin photovoltaic solar panels will lead to a great future of the solar energy. In addition, if the strength of rough seas can be brought under control, water power is likely to be another major renewable energy. Thirdly wind power can also benefit our life if we can eliminate the negative impacts on the environment. Finally, the author assumes that as an ideal clean energy, fuel cells will be the answer to the future energy needs.Identify one of the four choices A, B, C or D which best keeps the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. At the press conference, they were scrambling to give the impression that the situation was in control. (B)A. searchingB. strugglingC. crowdingD. exciting2. Written off again and again, he has proved phenomenal in resilience and political craftiness. (C)A. notableB. tangibleC. extraordinaryD. sensible3. This news has sent a wave of panic through the world which to me seems way out of proportion. (A)A. farB. meanC. simplyD. away4. Downtown business owners say they want the city's homeless shelter moved to a less conspicuous location. (D)A. confrontedB. fantasticC. confidentD. noticeable5. Over the past year, Linux has made significant inroads into embedded designs requiring rich, high performance networking. (C)A. made moneyB. made achievementsC. made advancesD. made progress6. The important thing is to harness growth to self-knowledge, a ready acceptance of change, swift-moving business practice and sound judgment. (B)A. make useB. controlC. produceD. escape7. We are the ones willing and able to run an obstacle course filled with hurdles that we must complete before anyone else. (A)A. barriersB. blessC. reportsD. handouts8. I haven't been able to orient my ideas to the new conditions since I worked abroad three months. (B)A. changeB. adjustC. directD. organize9. The company office was inundated with telegrams of congratulations on the tenth anniversary of its foundation. (B)A. overjoyedB. floodedC. crowdedD. satisfied10. He had drawn a contradictory conclusion in his thesis because he pinned hisfaith on an absurdity. (D)A. decidedB. practicedC. dependedD. placedUnit11 London Bridge Is Falling DownAnswer the following questions briefly according to the text.1. Why the Millennium Bridge was shut down soon after it had opened to the public?FeedbackBecause it kept vibrating when people walked on it.2. What happened to the Internet?The Internet became paralyzed due to many attacks made by anonymous hackers.3. Why was the Steamboat Act not established until 1838?This was due to two major causes. First, people did not figure out what caused the explosion of the steamboat until 1837. Second, the government did not attach enough importance to the problem.4. What does the congressman mean by saying "Let the Government attend to its own business, and let the people attend to theirs."?The congressman means it is the people's duty but not the government's to set standards for producing, maintaining and inspecting steam boilers.5. What's the author's opinion of the high-tech crises?Though the high-tech crises are inevitable, humans will always look for ways to tackle them and will never give up exploring into the unknown fields of science.Summarize the text.What have gone wrong with some new high-tech innovations?What is the writer's opinion of these high-tech crises?Why does the writer review the establishment of the Steamboat Act?How do people deal with technical trouble now?Will people continue to make attempts at new technologies in the future?Suggested SummaryBy highlighting two technological crises, i.e. the swaying Millennium Bridge and the crippling Internet, the writer successfully draws the readers' attention to the somewhat embarrassing problems with some new high-tech innovations. The writer argues that these crises are inevitable because the innovations lead us into the unexplored world of science. With a look back on the establishment of theSteamboat Act, the writer indicates that the improvement of any high-tech innovation will go through a long and slow process. Fortunately, we are now able to respond more quickly to the danger of new technologies, and have become increasingly skilled in controlling the crises. In the end, the writer claims with confidence that humans are certain to defeat any catastrophe, and will never stop exploring the unknown technical world.Identify one of the four choices A, B, C or D which best keeps the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Instead, he concentrates on how he helped raise Clinton from the dead after the debacle of the 1994 congressional elections. (C)A. disputeB. triumphC. catastropheD. deception2. She is running-running away from a shaking house and a row of wobbling green trees. (B)A. swervingB. swayingC. steeringD. striding3. A total of 252 imported pests have been spotted, of which 174 could wreak havoc on forests. (A)A. inflictB. inflateC. preventD. relieve4. But no evidence suggests that she courted danger for her children as she encouraged their freedom. (B)A. ignoredB. provokedC. flatteredD. avoided5. The report explains the gruesome results the weapons will have on human beings. (D)A. seriousB. furiousC. pleasingD. shocking6. Residents are bracing themselves for further carnage caused by the typhoon. (B)A. cargoB. damageC. suicideD. assassination7. The biggest threats to children's health lurk in the very places that should be the safest-at home, in school and the community. (D)A. fleeB. lureC. sneakD. hide8. Vigilance against collateral environmental damage is crucial to sustainable growth nowadays. (D)A. neglectB. suspicionC. indignationD. caution9. Racism has many forms. It does not solely manifest itself against one particular race. (C)A. testifyB. verifyC. showD. conceal10. The child has a very responsive nature and will soon become fond of you. (A)A. sensitiveB. silentC. introvertD. lively。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文05及其翻译
Science and Technology (->technique)By Judith Raughman (Editor)[1] (optimistic->)Optimism and empowerment. As the century drew to a close (end), the potential for human invention and understanding appeared (seemed) boundless (limitless). Scientific understanding expanded daily, from the fundamental (basic) building blocks of matter to the source code of all life to the origins, and perhaps the eventual (finally) demise (end), of the universe. The technological advances (progresses) of the 1990s ushered in (led to) what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival (match / compete with) the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier (information revolution), creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips. The new "Digital Age", represented by the "Information Superhighway" was not all-inclusive, threatened to leave many (people) behind, including older citizens and those (people) who could not afford (pay for) the new technology. Still (Furthermore), by 1999 more than three-quarters of the U. S. population was "plugged in" to the new digital society (age), and most Americans felt that technological advances were improving their quality of life. Optimism was the reigning tone [key-note speaker/ speech] of the decade. New advances in science and technology seemed to promise eventual (final) solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic (poisonous) waste to grocery shopping — genetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Media Lab worked to devise (design) a refrigerator that could sense (feel) when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more. The 1990s allayed (relieved/ reduced) the fear that a technologically advanced society was necessarily heavily centralized, with Big Brother watching every move (=movement). Instead (On the contrary), with the creation of the Internet and the World Wide Web, and their emphasis on decentralization, equality, and the open sharing of resources, many individuals found that greater access (right) to information increased their sense (feeling) of personal freedom and power.[2] Ethics and the Natural. With the explosion of knowledge came public concern (worry) over where all of these new discoveries and technologies might be taking society. The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested (show) that human cloning had become viable (feasible) as well (too), raising concerns — no longer quite theoretical — that humanity might be moving toward a "brave (adventurous) new world" of genetically engineered people. The Human Genome Project, launched in 1990 with a mission (missionary/ task) to decode the entire human genetic makeup, held (raise) promises (hope) for an end (terminate) to genetic disorders, but threatened to open the way for "designer babies", who could be genetically altered to suit their parents' wishes. While many (people) argued that plant and animal breeders had been fooling around with genetics for centuries in order to better (improve) the lot of humankind, others pointed out that new advances (progresses) in genetics allowed researchers to cross boundaries set by nature, implanting human genes in animals in order to turn them into medicine factories, creating plants that produced plastics and glowed in the dark, even attempting (trying) to create “terminator" seeds that stifled (suppress) their own reproductive capacity (ability) in order to maintain (keep) the seed manufacturer's cash flow. The question of what was "natural" came under serious consideration (discussion), as no aspect of the environment and the organisms in it seemed safe from genetic tinkering. Yet, while experiments with human cloning or customizing a child's genetic makeup seemed abhorrent (horrible/ terrible) to most Americans, there was general support for genetic research that could help to identify(recognize) and cure genetic diseases or make food sources healthier and more plentiful for a growing global population.[3] (private->)Privacy. Privacy was an overarching (most important) concern (worry) with many of the technological and scientific advances of the 1990s. The Internet was an amazing (surprising) new tool for sharing information, yet it was also a powerful means (tools) for finding information that was intended to be private, including government and military secrets, the source codes to proprietary (private) software, and even a neighbor's social security number. Companies and individuals alike (ad. similarly) worried that their private information would be compromised when (since) sophisticated computer technologists could "hack" into protected computer systems and erase or steal important data. Computer viruses, self-replicating codes (program) written by malicious individuals, could steal into personal computer systems through e-mail or the Web and wreak havoc with (make a mess of) the data stored there. Protecting privacy over the Internet was not easy, and many people worried that government attempts (try) to intervene would only cripple (disable/ paralyze) the development of the Internet. Similar fears were sparked (vt. sparkled) when concerned (relevant) groups lobbied (persuade) the government to outlaw pornography and other disturbing materials on the Web in the name of "protecting the children". While most Americans agreed that children should not be exposed to (touch/ watch) such material, attempts (efforts) to regulate (control) the content of individual Web pages and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or repellant (disgusting) ideas could receive a hearing (have some audience). Digital surveillance in the workplace also became an issue (problem), as (when) some companies spied on (watch) their workers' use of the Internet and e-mail. [sur-: above; from above][4] Genetics and Privacy. Advances (progresses) in genetics also threatened personal privacy. With the Human Genome Project scheduled (planned) to be finished early in the twenty-first century, and private companies competing to win patents on genetic discoveries, many individuals worried about what scientists might do with a complete understanding of the human genetic code. While genetic diseases could be discovered and perhaps cured, this information might also be used to discriminate against people predisposed (inclined to) to certain genetic malfunctions, or to group (vt./ classify) individuals based on their genetic data. The idea that scientists would own patents on the human genetic code was disturbing, as well, as (for/ since) it meant that human life could become a proprietary (private) resource (property).[5] Big Science And Little Science. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) continued to wow (surprise) the world, sending the giant Hubble Telescope into orbit to gather and transmit never-before-seen images (picture) of deep space that offered (gave) increasingly tantalizing (attractive) clues to the origins of the universe. The search for extraterrestrial life continued during the decade, as NASA scientists found possible evidence of bacterial life in a meteor from Mars, and distant planets were discovered that might contain water. NASA sent space probes (n./vt.) to land on the surface of Mars, sent national hero John Herschel Glenn Jr. back into space to study aging, and made plans to build an International Space Station with research teams from other countries. Still (Furthermore), some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not be better used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the (divide->)diversion of space was no longer as necessary when (since) there were somatter at the molecular level, building new devices (equipment) atom by atom that could be used in miniaturized manufacturing, drug-delivery system, and tiny (small) minicomputers. With the discovery of a new family of carbon molecules known as fullerenes, nanotechnology researchers had a new raw material to work with (process). The science was still very experimental at the turn (beginning) of the century, but researchers and government officials saw great potential for this science of the tiny (small). (1, 151 words)deliver milk/ a babyABOUT THE TEXTThis text is excerpted from the book American Decades 1990-1999, edited by Judith Baughman (Editor), Victor Bondi (Editor), Vincent Tompkins (Editor) and Gale Group, which is the last volume of the American Decades 1900-2000 Series. The series is the latest installment of the Gale series documenting the history and social trends of the United States of America during the 20th century. The current text is the overview (summary) of the book's one chapter on Science and Technology.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. This article is mainly about _____.A. how to tackle the problems in the new "Digital Age"B. the direction of scientific and technological developmentC. both the positive and negative effects of the technological advancesD. the great impact on our ethics and privacy brought by the technological advances2. The "new society" mentioned in the first paragraph refers to a society which _____.A. represents the digital ageB. emphasizes on humanityC. is highly civilizedD. benefits everyone except older citizens3. The phrase "plugged in" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.A. interested inB. accustomed toC. fascinated byD. connected to4. Which of the following is NOT responsible for the increased sense of personal freedom and power?A. A technologically advanced society is centralized.B. There is much greater access to information than before.C. People can have the open sharing of resources online.D. The notion of equality is emphasized on the Internet.5. Concerned about the potential effect of the Human Genome Project, most Americans would _____.A. welcome human cloning to improve their standard of livingB. support the genetic research which could help to cure genetic diseasesC. welcome creating plants that produced plastics and glowed in the darkD. support making genetically altered babies to suit their parents' wishes6. How could the "terminator" seeds maintain the seed manufacturer's cash flow?A. They are so reproductive that they will outsell other kinds of seeds.B. The patents on the "terminator" seeds would guarantee the manufacturer big profit.C. The farmers have to buy seeds again as the "terminator" seeds grow into plants unable to produce seeds themselves.D. Because the plants, into which the "terminator" seeds grow, could produce plastic and glow in the dark, the seeds sell extremely well.7. Many people who think government should not outlaw pornography on the Web believe that _____.A. there were still a large number of people who have need for pornographyB. everyone could voice his ideas, no matter how weird or offensive they areC. the government had no right to interfere with the development of the InternetD. the government might be encouraged to spy on each suspicious computer8. The development of genetic science might threaten personal privacy in that _____.A. the data of the people with genetic diseases will be publishedB. people may be treated differently based on their genetic dataC. patents on the human genetic code will bring scientists enormous profitsD. scientists will use information about human life for personal gains9. "Little science" in this text refers to _____.A. the study of life in outer spaceB. the study of the origin of lifeC. the study of moleculesD. the study of nanotechnology10. What is the critics' attitude towards the large scale of space research as mentioned in the last paragraph?A. They believe that such a research would be a waste of resources.B. They doubt its necessity because there are new and interesting projects on Earth.C. They are concerned that space research would prove to be fruitless.D. They believe that space research is not so important as nanotechnology.II. VocabularyA. Read the following sentences and decide which of the me choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.A. sizeB. expansionC. developmentD. termination2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.A. practicableB. sufficientC. deficientD. impractical3. Learning some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking. [oral presentation]A. ease [(1)n. feel at ~; (2)to relieve pain]B. expressC. preventD. dispose (get rid of)4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.A. influenceB. damageC. endD. complicate (a./ vt.)5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate)A. retainC. crashD. abandon (abundant: a. enough)6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word. [malice: n.->malicious: a.] [be keen on sth.]A.disheartening (discouraging<->encourage)B. sympathetic [sym-: same; pathy: feelingC. harsh (severe)D. polite [be sympathetic with sb./ sympathize with sb.]7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).A. emerged (appeared)B. continuedC. dominatedD. resumed (restore)8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).A. shocking (=surprising)B. (tolerate->)tolerableC. uncontrollable [high ~<->low ~]D. distasteful (disgusting)9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.A. smallB. digitalC. concealed (hidden)D. sophisticated [shoot, shot shot/ gun shot]10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.A. disturbingB. temptingC. promisingD. offending (=offensive/ ~ talk)B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.predisposed to decode wreak havoc compromise malfunctionat one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is —it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the war a brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.5. The government's future may be plunged (dive) into jeopardy (danger) unless the coalition () partners manage to (try to) reach a compromise. [win-win situation]6. This heat can cause certain circuit-board components to malfunction or fail altogether.7. Evidence showed the herbs were not toxic (poisonous) and did not contain poisons or common drugs.8. It was alleged (claimed) that the restaurant discriminated against black customers. [Negro]9. Some people are genetically predisposed (inclined to do sth.) to cancers.10. You are in charge of your own schedule (plan/ timetable) and can customize that schedule to fit your own training needs. [(1)charge sb with sth.=accuse sb. of sth.; (2)~a battery; (3) be in charge of sth.(4)~ sb. some money]III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank.A U.S. company says [sez] they have developed pigs with organs 1 for use in human transplant operations. They are the first pigs 2 engineered to keep their organs from being 3 by humans.The researchers believe their work is the best hope for people 4 an organ transplant operation. More than seventy-thousand people in the United States alone need 5 an operation to replace organs that 6 work. Scientists consider (think) pigs to be the best animals to provide organs for people. This is because the organs are 7 .The company has developed pigs of different 8 . The first four genetically engineered pigs were born in September and October last year. The pigs are smaller than normal. The five other pigs are 9 normal size. They were born in December. The company says it wants to use the pigs as part of its program (project) to 10 a cure for patients with heart disease.1. A. detailed B. denoted (imply) C. desired D. designed (=devised)2. A. genetically B. generally C. especially D. essentially3. A. eliminated B. discarded C. rejected (repel) D. abandoned4. A. serving on B. contributing to C. waiting for D. associating with5. A. thus B. this C. so D. such6. A. not B. no longer C. not more D. no other7. A. similar B. familiar C. identical (=same) D. unique8. A. shapes B. types C. sizes D. sorts (=kind/ category)9. A. off B. of C. for D. from10. A. see B. seem C. size D. seekIV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The technological advances of the 1990s ushered in what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier, creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips.20 世纪90 年代的技术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200 媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造了一个崭新的社会年以前的工业革命相在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯都在弹指一挥间。
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Ways to achieve coherence
The sentences should be arranged in a clear and logical order. Use the parallel sentence structure. Use transitional devices
What is coherence?
Coherence of a paragraph refers to the proper arrangement of sentences in a paragraph. Coherence focuses on the organization of a paragraph.
Ways to make a good topic sentence
A topic sentence should not be too detailed or too general ----I do push-ups and sit-ups each morning. ----Drugs are dangerous.
Paragraph
Han Fang 2013/09/30
What is paragraph?
main idea several related sentences Organization
Paragraph is the basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea.
The placement of the topic sentence
At the beginning In the middle At the end At both the beginning and the end implied
Exercise
My parents have gone out for the evening. Just as I settle down to read or watch TV, my little brother demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what’s wrong with him. Babysitting my brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.
Paragraph
What is paragraph? Paragraph is the basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea. Three parts of a paragraph Topic sentence, supporting sentences and concluding sentence Qualities of good paragraph Unity, coherence and completeness
Climactic order
Example It was graduation day at the college, and faces beamed with pride. Teachers vigorously shook hands with their students, delighted that so many had successfully completed the program. Even prouder were relatives of the graduates. They had encouraged wives, husbands, sons, and daughters who, tired and discouraged, had threatened to leave college. But the proudest of all were the graduates. Many had returned to school after years in the world of work. They had toiled at the jobs, gone to the school at night, and cared for their families—this day made all the sacrifices worthwhile.
Ways to make a good topic sentence
A good topic sentence should lend itself to development ----I failed in French. ----I failed in French for several reasons.
Ways to make a good topic sentence
A good topic sentence should be limited ----Animals are just like people sometimes. ----My cat has personality traits that makes her seem almost human.
Ways to make a good topic sentence
A good topic sentence should not be a simple statement of a fact ----You can buy these socks at the supermarket for 2 dollars. ----We celebrate Christmas on Dec. 25.
Qualities of good paragraph
unity A paragraph should state only one single thought, and all the developing sentences should explain or illustrate this thought. coherence Coherence refers to the connectedness and consistency of the ideas in one paragraph. completeness Completeness means the topic is adequately developed by details, explanations, evidence, and the like.
Ways to achieve completeness
A number of patterns to develop and organize their ideas.
Facts and examples Narration Description Process analysis Comparison and contrast Cause and effect Classification and division Definition Problems and solutions Combination of the patterns
Ways to make a good topic sentence
A good topic sentence should include a topic and a controlling idea. ----Hong Kong has a fascinating mixture of European and Asian traditions. ----We will talk about universities in China.
Unity
The ways to achieve unity:
Give your paragraph a controlling idea, a main idea, a topic sentence. Make all the sentences in the paragraph supporting the main idea.
Parallel sentence structure
Example This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the south. With the faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.