生态学基本内容英文版共37页
生态学专业英语词汇
《生态学专业英语词汇》一、生态学基础词汇1. 生态系统（Ecosystem）2. 生物多样性（Biodiversity）3. 生态位（Niche）4. 食物链（Food Chain）5. 食物网（Food Web）6. 生物量（Biomass）7. 生产者（Producer）8. 消费者（Consumer）10. 环境因子（Environmental Factor）二、生态学过程与现象1. 竞争（Competition）2. 捕食（Predation）3. 共生（Symbiosis）4. 生物入侵（Biological Invasion）5. 生物放大（Biological Magnification）6. 生态演替（Ecological Succession）7. 生物地球化学循环（Biogeochemical Cycle）8. 碳循环（Carbon Cycle）9. 氮循环（Nitrogen Cycle）10. 水循环（Water Cycle）三、生态学分支与研究方向1. 景观生态学（Landscape Ecology）2. 生态系统生态学（Ecosystem Ecology）3. 行为生态学（Behavioral Ecology）4. 进化生态学（Evolutionary Ecology）5. 环境生态学（Environmental Ecology）6. 应用生态学（Applied Ecology）7. 恢复生态学（Restoration Ecology）8. 城市生态学（Urban Ecology）9. 乡村生态学（Rural Ecology）10. 海洋生态学（Marine Ecology）四、生态学实验与技术研究1. 生态调查（Ecological Survey）2. 样方调查（Quadrat Sampling）3. 实验设计（Experimental Design）4. 遥感技术（Remote Sensing）5. 地理信息系统（GIS）6. 生态模型（Ecological Model）7. 生态模拟（Ecological Simulation）8. 环境监测（Environmental Monitoring）9. 生态修复（Ecological Restoration）10. 生物指示物（Bioindicator）五、生态学政策与管理1. 生态保护（Ecological Conservation）2. 生态红线（Ecological Red Line）3. 生态补偿（Ecological Compensation）4. 生态规划（Ecological Planning）5. 生态风险评估（Ecological Risk Assessment）6. 可持续发展（Sustainable Development）7. 生态文明建设（Ecological Civilization Construction）8. 环境影响评价（Environmental Impact Assessment）9. 生态系统服务（Ecosystem Services）10. 自然保护区（Nature Reserve）六、生态学理论与概念深化1. 生态效率（Ecological Efficiency）描述能量或物质在生态系统中从一个营养级传递到下一个营养级的效率。
生态学的一些概念英文版
An ecosystem is self-sustaining if the following requirements are met:
1. A constant source of energy and a living system capable of incorporating this energy into organic molecules. 2. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment.
Ecology:
• the study of the interactions of living things with each other and their physical environment
Ecological Organization:
1. Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location 2. Community: all the interacting populations in a given area 3. Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system
• Since practically all organisms may be consumed by more than one species, many interactions occur along the food chains of any community.
生态学的一些概念英文版
2. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment.
• In all environments, organisms with similar needs may compete with each other for resources, including food, space, water, air, and shelter.
M acintosh PICT im age form at
An ecosystem is self-sustaining if the
is not supported
following requirements are met:
1. A constant source of energy and a living system capable of incorporating this energy into organic molecules.
Abiotic factors:
• those physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce
生态学双语课程讲义-9（Predation）
Switching between prey types
Predators may alter or ‘switch’ their preference for a particular prey species depending on the abundance of that species, When this occurs, common prey are consumed super proportionately whilst less common prey are largely ignored.
Predators vary in the number of species of prey they will feed on, with some species being specialists, whilst others are more generalist. Generally, parasites tend to be more specialist than true predators and herbivores tend to be more specialist than carnivores.
Lotka-Volerra
捕食者-猎 物模型
Lotka-Volterra捕食者-猎物模型是描述捕食者与猎物间 相互关系的一个简单的数学模型。这一模型做了三个 简单化假设：（i）相互关系中仅有一种捕食者与一种 猎物；（ii）如果捕食者数量下降到某一阈值以下，猎 物数量就上升，而捕食者数量如果增多，猎物种数量 就下降和（iii）如果猎物数量上升到某一阈值，捕食者 数量就增多，而猎物种数量如果很少，捕食者数量就 下降。这一简单的模型做了一个有趣的预测：捕食者 和猎物种群动态会发生循环，就像在自然的捕食者-猎 物种群动态中所观察到的那样。
生态学英语_Ecology English
生态学词汇生态学ecologyhigher education press 高等教育出版社textbook series for 21st century 面向21世纪课程教材biosphere 生物圈economics 经济学the economy of Nature 自然经济molecular ecology 分子生态学evolutionary ecology 进化生态学autecology 个体生态学physiological ecology 生理生态学population ecology 种群生态学community ecology 群落生态学ecosystem ecology 生态系统生态学landscape ecology 景观生态学global ecology 全球生态学terrestrial ecology 陆地生态学marine ecology 海洋生态学freshwater ecology 淡水生态学island ecology 岛屿生态学urban ecology 城市生态学restoration ecology 恢复生态学engineering ecology 生态工程学human ecology 人类生态学ecological ethics 生态伦理学ecology of plants 植物生态学environment 环境space environment 宇宙环境global environment 地球环境geoenvironment 地理环境regional environment 区域环境microenvironment 微环境inner environment 内环境ecological factors 生态因子ecological environment 生态环境habitat 生境fitness 适合度homeostasis 内稳态homeostatic organisms 内稳态生物non-homeostatic organisms 非内稳态生物eitiolation phenomenon 黄化现象mytilus 贻贝macrosiphum 蚜虫thertnoperiodism 温周期现象phenology 物候学torpor 冬眠dispause 滞育population 种群population genetics 群体遗传学density 密度number 数目unitary organism 单体生物modular organism 构件生物module 构件natality 出生率mortality 死亡率sex ratio 性比age distribution 年龄分布life table 生命表survivorship curve 存活曲线cohort 同生群innate rate of increase 内禀增长率density-independent growth 与密度无关的增长per capita growth rate 每员增长率instantaneous rate of increase 瞬时增长率Logistic equation 逻辑斯谛方程maximum sustained yield 最大持续产量ecological invasion 生态入侵spatial pattern 空间格局internal distribution pattern 内分布型uniform 均匀型random 随机型clumped 成群型two dimentional net function interpolation method 二维网函数插值法threeterm local variance analysis 三项轨迹方差法hierarchical analysis of variance 等级方差分析法enigration 迁出immigration 迁入migration 迁移architecture 建筑学结构life history 生活史life cycle 生活周期traits 遗传特性development 发育growth 生长vegetative propagation 营养繁殖spore reproduction 孢子生殖sexual reproduction 有性生殖asexual reproduction 无性生殖exogenous migration 外因性迁移endogenous migration 内因性迁移reproductive effort 繁殖成效present reproductive value 剩余繁殖价值parental investment 亲本投资principle of allocation 分配原理reproductive costs 繁殖成本reproductive patterns 繁殖格局semelparity 一次繁殖生物iteroparity 多次繁殖生物lifespan 生命年限lifetime 寿命r-strategistis r-策略者opportunist 机会主义者conservatism 保守主义ruderal 杂草competition 竞争stress 胁迫selective fertilization 选择受精sexual selection 性选择ornamentation 修饰coloration 色泽courtship behavior 求偶行为sexual dimorphism 雌雄二形the descent of man selection in relation to sex 人类的由来及性选择intraspecific relationship 种内关系interspecific relationship 种间关系positive interaction 正相互作用negative interaction 负相互作用density effect 密度效应the effect of neighbours 邻接效应density independent 非密度制约density dependent 密度制约self-thinning 自疏现象faculative parthenogenesis 兼性孤雌生殖polygyny threshold 多配偶阈值monogamy 单配偶制polygamy 多配偶制polygany 一雄多雌制polyandry 一雌多雄制territory 领域social group 社群territorial behavior 领域行为territoriality 领域性social hierachy 社会等级dominant-submissive 支配-从属ferulic acid 阿魏酸vanillic acid 香草酸niche 生态位spatial niche 空间生态位trophic niche 营养生态位fundamental niche 基础生态位realized niche 实际生态位hypervolume 超体积habitat 生境predation 捕食作用prey 被捕食者predator 捕食者community 群落biocoenosis 生物群落ecotone 群落交错区phytocoenology 植物群落学geobotany 地植物学phytosociology 植物社会学pioneer stage 先锋阶段climax stage 顶极阶段individualistic concept 个体论概念constructive species 建群种subdominant 亚优势种companion species 伴生种rare species 偶见种abundance 多度dominant 优势abundant 丰盛frequent 常见occasional 偶见rare 稀少very rare 很少relative density 相对密度density ratio 密度比coverage 盖度cover ratio 盖度比frequency 频度frequency diagram 频度图解law of frequency 频度定律height 高度weight 重量biomass 生物量standing crop 现存量volume 体积conspicuousness 显著度summed dominance ratio 综合优势比association coefficients 关联系数constellation diagrams 星系图obligate association 必然的关联biological spectrum 生活型谱phytoclimate 植物气候physiognomy 群落外貌leaf area index 叶面积指数synusia 层片guild 同资源种团layer 层mosaic 镶嵌性edge effect 边缘效应monoculture 单种养殖keystone species 关键种disturbance 干扰gaps 缺口competive lottery 抽彩竞争intermediate disturbance hypothesis 中度干扰假说spacial heterogeneity 空间异质性patchiness 斑块性connectedness 连通性succession 演替fluctuation 波动climatic climax 气候顶极preclimax 前顶极subclimax 亚顶极disclimax 偏途顶极postclimax 超顶极progressive succession 进展演替regressive succession 逆行演替edaphic climax 土壤顶极topographic climax 地形顶极fire climax 火烧顶极zootic climax 动物顶极topo-edaphic climax 地形-土壤顶极population pattern climax theory 种群格局顶极理论continuouity climax types 连续的顶极类型prevailing climax 优势顶极net primary production 净第一性生产shifting-mosaic steady state 波动斑块稳态stability-resilience 稳定性-恢复力association unit theory 群丛单位理论ordination 排序vegetation type 植被型vegetation type group 植被型组vegetation subtype 植被亚型formation 群系formation group 群系组association 群丛association group 群丛组floristic-structural classification 植物区系-结构分类系统agglomerative method 群落分类中的归并法differential species 区别种association table 群丛表releve 样方dynamic classification 动态分类系统panclimax 泛顶极subassociation 亚群丛federal geographic data committee 美国国家地理数据委员会entity 实体attribute 属性information gain 信息增量group-average 组平均similarity 相似度indirect ordination 间接排序indirect gradiant analysis 间接梯度分析compositional analysis 组成分析normal analysis 正分析inverse analysis 逆分析principal components analysis,PCA 主成分分析ecosystem 生态系统biogeocoenosis 生物地理群落autotrophs 自养生物heterotrophs 异养生物herbivores 食草动物primary consumers 一级消费者carnivores 食肉动物top carnivores 顶极食肉动物tertiary consumers 三级消费者biotic components 生物成分abiotic components 非生物成分primary production 初级生产primary productivity 初级生产力food chain 食物链food web 食物网biological magnification 生物扩大作用grazing food chain 捕食食物链trophic levels 营养级pyramid of energy 能量金字塔ecological pyramid 生态金字塔ecological efficencies 生态效率transfer efficiency 传递效率feedback mechanism 反馈机制gross primary production 总初级生产量potential evapotranspiration 潜在蒸发蒸腾normalized difference vegetation index 标准化植被差异指数decomposition 分解作用humus 腐殖质humin 胡敏素microfauna 小型土壤动物mesofauna 中型土壤动物macrofauna 大型土壤动物megafauna 巨型土壤动物cycle of material 物质循环biogeochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环macronutrient 大量元素micronutrient 微量元素turnover rate 周转率turnover time 周转时间water cycle 水循环gaseous cycle 气体型循环sedimentary cycle 沉积型循环average continent 均衡大陆steppe 欧亚大陆草原prairie 北美大陆草原pampas 南美草原meadow steppe 欧亚大陆草甸草原tall savanna 非洲高稀树草原tall grass prairie 北美高草草原desert 荒漠scale 尺度wetland 湿地mangrove plants 红树植物flushing time 冲洗时间ecosystemology 生态系统学holism 整体论biocybemetics 生物控制论total human ecosystem science 整体人类生态系统科学organizational scale 组织尺度grain 粒度pixel 像元extent 幅度coarse scale 粗尺度fine scale 细尺度scaling 尺度推绎scaling up 尺度上推scaling down 尺度下推spatial heterogeneity 空间异质性patchness 缀块性gradient 梯度extinction 绝灭patch 缀块，斑块corridor 廊道matrix 基底network 网络edge effect 边缘效应interior species 内部种edge species 边缘种geographical region scale 地理区域尺度patch-occupancy model 缀块占有率模型landscape connectivity 景观连接度structural connectivity 结构连接度functional connectivity 功能连接度characteristic scale 特征尺度critical threshole characteristics 临界阈限特征percolation theory 渗透理论critical density 临界密度habitat fragmentation 生境破碎化neutral models 中性模型hierarchy theory 等级理论constraint 制约作用emergent property 整合特征decomposability 可分解性pattern-process hypothesis 格局与过程学说incorporation 兼容机制metastability 复合稳定性thermal imagery 热红外图像relative richness index 相对丰富度指数diversity index 多样性指数dominance index 优势度指数evenness index 均匀度指数contagion index 聚集度指数spatial autocorrelation index 空间自相关指数predictability 可预测性dispersion 分布boundary form 边界形态patch orientation 缀块的取向area ratio 面积比geostatistics 地统计学semivariance analysis 半方差分析spectral analysis 波谱分析scale variance 尺度方差wavelet analysis 小波分析trend surface analysis 趋势面分析blocked quadrat variance analysis 聚块样方方差分析self-similarity 自相似性sustainability 持续性global change 全球变化homeostasis 自调节稳态general circulation model 环流模型global warming 全球变暖inter-governmental panel on climate change 跨政府气候变化委员会land cover 土地覆盖land use 土地利用world resource institute 世界资源研究所biodiversity 生物多样性boreal forest 北方针叶林reorganization 重组international geosphere-biosphere program 国际地圈生物圈计划global change and terrestrial ecosystem 全球变化与陆地生态系统biome 生物群落vulnerability 脆弱性adaptability 适应性ecotone 生态过渡区desertification 荒漠化biogeochemistry 生物地球化学ecophysiology 生态生理学sink 汇aerosol 大气颗粒物variety 多样化variability 变异性genetic diversity 遗传多样性species diversity 物种多样性ecosystem diversity 生态系统多样性landscape diversity 景观多样性resource ratio hypothesis 资源比假说polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应abundant species 优势种affinity analysis 类似性分析rapid ecological assessment 快速生态学评估the natural conservancy 国际自然保护协会international conservation union 国际保护联盟red date book 红皮书single large or several small fragmentation 单独大整体或多数破碎化the world commission on environment and development 联合国环境与发展世界委员会our common future 我们共同的未来fairness 公平性原则substainable 持续性原则common 共同性原则ecological restoration 生态恢复the recovery process in damaged ecosystem 受损生态系统的恢复过程restoration ecology 恢复生态学displacement 位移rehabilitation 改建enhancement 重建restoration 恢复degradation 恶化self-maintenance 自我维持ecological engineering 生态工程self-optimum 自我优化self-regeneration 自我重生self-reproduction 自我繁殖self-resiliency 自生原理self-organization 自我组织exposure assessment 风险源评估effect assessment 效应评估mechanistic model 灾变模型model valiotation 模型的证实sensitivity analysis 敏感性分析response surface analysis 反应表面分析error uncertainty analysis 误差分析ecological planning 生态规划report on the lands of the arid region of the united states.。
Chapter 5-生态系统-06-08 环境生态学英文版本课件
Phototrophic bacteria and other autotroph
Primary consumer : Herbivore
Macro-consumer Secondary consumer : Carnivore
Tertiary consumer : Large carnivore
Ecosystem
Producers are autotrophic organisms using solar energy to synthesize the simple inorganic compound into the organic complex matters
• They transform light energy into chemical energy
The food chain intertwined connection to a network, known as the Food web (食物网)
Types of Food Chain
--- Predacity food chain (捕食性食物链) plant → animal → carnivorous herbivorous animals
Three thesis about integrity ● The whole is greater than the sum of its parts ● Once it forms the system, the elements will be broken down into separate parts ● The feature and action of elements are useful for the integrity of the system and are expressed by the interaction
自然科学——生态学基本内容英文
What are the Characteristics of Living Things?
All living organisms share five basic properties:
1. Cellular Organization – cell is basic unit of life 2. Metabolism – use energy 3. Homeostasis - maintain stable internal conditions 4. Growth and reproduction 5. Heredity living things come from living things Information for traits coded in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Populations – single organisms – basic unit in ecology - fill a niche (‘job’ or function) communities - populations of many types of organisms
ecosystems: All organisms living in an area, and the physical environment (habitat) with which these organisms interact.
• Populations • All the members of one species that live in the same area make up a population.
• Community • The population of organisms that inhabit a particular area and interact with one another form a community. • Thus a community can be comprised of hundreds of different types of life forms. The study of how organisms of a community relate to one another and with their non-living environment is called "ecology".
生态学专业英语词汇总结
生态学专业英语词汇总结摘要生态学是研究生物与其所处环境之间的相互关系和作用的科学。
生态学专业是培养具有生态学基础理论和方法，能够从事生态系统管理、保护和恢复等工作的高级人才的专业。
生态学专业的本科核心课程包括基础生态学、代谢生态学、种群生态学、群落生态学、保护生物学、进化生物学、生态系统生态学和生态学研究技术等。
本文旨在为生态学专业的学习和教学提供参考。
1. 基础生态学基础生态学是介绍生态学基本概念、原理和方法的课程，主要内容包括生态系统结构和功能、能量流动和物质循环、环境因子对生物分布和适应的影响、种间关系和群落动态等。
该课程涉及的专业英语词汇如下表所示：中文英文生态学ecology生物organism种species种群population群落community生境habitat生态位niche生物多样性biodiversity物种多样性species diversity物种丰富度species richness物种均匀度species evenness物种相似性species similarity物种区系flora and fauna物种地理分布biogeography生物圈biosphere生态系统ecosystem生产者producer消费者consumer分解者decomposer能量流动energy flow物质循环nutrient cycling碳循环carbon cycle氮循环nitrogen cycle磷循环phosphorus cycle环境因子environmental factor光照light温度temperature水分moisture土壤soilpH值pH value盐度salinity适应性adaptation突变mutation自然选择natural selection遗传漂变genetic drift基因流gene flow物种形成speciation物种灭绝extinction种间关系interspecific interaction共生关系symbiosis寄生关系parasitism共利关系mutualism共栖关系commensalism捕食关系predation2. 代谢生态学代谢生态学是研究生物体在不同环境条件下的能量代谢和物质转化过程及其规律的课程，主要内容包括代谢类型、代谢率、代谢平衡、代谢效率、代谢策略等。
生态学(Ecology)
PART 02
生态系统的结构与功能
REPORTING
WENKU DESIGN
生态系统的组成要素
生物群落
物质循环与能量流动
包括生产者、消费者和分解者，它们 之间通过食物链和食物网相互关联。
生物通过摄取食物获取能量，同时物 质在生物与非生物环境之间循环。
后恢复到原来状态的能力。
生态系统恢复力的概念与影响因素
要点一
生态系统恢复力的概念
要点二
生态系统恢复力的影响因素
生态系统恢复力是指生态系统在受到干扰或破坏后，能够 恢复到原来状态或达到新的稳定状态的能力。
包括生态系统的组成、结构、功能和过程等多个方面。例 如，生物多样性、生态系统的大小和复杂性、土壤质量、 水资源等因素都会影响生态系统的恢复力。
生态安全格局构建
02
通过识别关键生态过程和重要生态节点，构建生态安全格局，
保障区域生态安全。
生态红线划定
03
划定生态保护红线，明确禁止和限制开发建设的区域和范围，
保护重要生态系统和生态服务功能。
生态学在环境治理和修复中的应用
01
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生态修复技术
运用生态学原理和方法， 对受损生态系统进行修复 和重建，恢复其结构和功 能。
与地理学的关系
地理学是研究地球表面自然要素和人文要素分布规律的科 学，而生态学则是地理学的重要分支之一，研究生物在地 理空间上的分布和动态变化。
与环境科学的关系
环境科学是研究人类活动对环境的影响以及环境保护的科 学，而生态学则是环境科学的重要基础，为环境科学提供 理论和方法支持。
生态学基本概念中英文
个体（英语：individual），一般指一个人或是一个群体中的特定主体，指人时也称个人。
在生物学中，每一只动物、一棵植物、甚至一个能以单细胞生存的生命形式都可称为单一个体。
——wikiAn individual is a person or a specific object.种群（英语：Population，或称种群）在生态学上，是在一定空间范围内同时生活着的同种生物的全部个体；或者说是有个体组成，能够而且确实进行交配的群体。
——wiki种群（population）指在一定时间内占据一定空间的同种生物的所有个体。
——baiduA population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, who live in the same geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.群落群落（英语：Biocoenosis）或称为“生物群落”。
生存在一起并与一定的生存条件相适应的动植物的总体群落生境是群落生物生活的空间，一个生态系统则是群落和群落生境的系统性相互作用。
——wiki群落community 亦称生物群落(biological community)。
生物群落是指具有直接或间接关系的多种生物种群的有规律的组合，具有复杂的种间关系。
我们把在一定生活环境中的所有生物种群的总和叫做生物群落，简称群落。
——baidu生态学定义：在相同时间聚集在同一地段上的各物种种群的集合[1]。
A biocenosis (biocenose, biocoenose, biotic community, biological community, ecological community), coined by Karl Möbius in 1877, describes the interacting organisms living together in a habitat (biotope).生态系统生态系统(Ecosystem)是指在一个特定环境内，其间的所有生物和此一环境的统称。
专业英语-生态学教材
森林生态系统提供的碳汇服务，可通过计算其吸收二氧化碳的量，再根据碳汇交易市场价格来评估其价值。
价值评估意义
通过价值评估，可以更好地认识生态系统服务的价值，为生态补偿和生态保护提供依据。
采取生态保护红线、自然保护区、生态补偿等措施来保护生态系统服务。
保护措施
管理策略
国际合作
实施可持续土地利用、生态农业、生态旅游等管理策略，促进生态系统服务的可持续利用。
森林砍伐
城市化进程中，大量的土地被转化为城市建设，破坏了原有的生态系统，影响了动植物的生存和迁徙。
城市化进程
为了满足人类的食物需求，大量的土地被转化为农业用地，导致天然植被减少，生物多样性降低。
农业扩张
The impact of land use change
大气污染
工业废气、汽车尾气等排放到大气中，导致空气质量恶化，影响人类健康，并对全球气候变化产生影响。
气候变化导致生态系统中的物种数量和种群大小发生变化，影响生态系统的稳定性和功能。
生物多样性降低
气候变化导致一些物种灭绝或濒临灭绝，使生物多样性降低。
物种分布改变
由于气候变化，一些物种的生存环境受到威胁，导致它们的分布范围缩小或消失。
The impact of climate change on ecosystems
Research methods for biodiversity
总结词：Researchers use various methods to study biodiversity, including field surveys, ecological modeling, DNA barcoding, and metabarcoding.
生态学双语课程讲义-16（Communities）
Community structure
The species diversity of a community depends on the number of different species it contains (the species richness) and the evenness of species abundance across species. Diversity indices can be calculated to take into account both of these factors. Another way of representing species richness and evenness together is to plot the relative abundance of species against rank order of species abundance. Diversity can be measured over the three different spatial scales of the local community, the region and the broadest geographic scale (e.g. the continent). This yields alpha (α)-, beta (β)-and gamma (γ)-diversity.
茫茫的北极冻原
Community complexity, diversity
and stability
There are tow components to stability – resilience and resistance, which describe the community’s ability to recover from disturbance and to resist change. Complexity is thought to be important in determining resilience and resistance, However, more complex communities are not necessarily the most stable; increased complexity has been shown to lead to instability. In addition, different components of the communities (e.g. species richness and biomass) may respond differently to disturbance. Communities with a low productivity (e.g. tundra) to be the least resilient. In contrast, weak competition permits coexistence among species and reduces community instability.
双语_生态学
生态学的定义
的结合体。
A1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Key Notes
A definition of ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. The ‗environment‘ is a combination of the physical environment (temperature, water availability, etc.) and any influences on an
A2 生态学的10个规律
要 点
生态学的授课实践使得本书作者能够觉察到大学生学 习生态学时常常陷入的某些一般性错误。本目录是为
这些规律是什么？
克服这些错误而设计的，既不全面，也不互相排斥，
但是我们希望它将作为有用的指南。
规律1：生态学 是科学
生态学是一门纯科学学科，目标是了解有机体与其广 阔环境的相互关系。分清楚科学观点与生态学知识的 政治和社会影响这一件事是十分重要的。
populations occurring in a defined area); (iv)the processes
occurring within ecosystems (the combination of a community and the abiotic components of the environment), such as energy flow, food webs and the cycling of nutrients.
规律2：生态学 只有按照进化 论才可理解
有机体巨大的多样性，以及其形态学、生理学和行为
生态学的基本内容英文版
• Sp. B does well in ‘normal’ soils that have been autoclaved
• bacterial toxins from bacteria that live only in the ‘normal’ soils inhibit Sp. B
• PARAPHRASED: the weakest link determines the strength of the chain
WEAKNESSES IN LIEBIG’S LAW
• he was only interested in nutrients
• interested only in the effects from nutrient deficiency
LIEBIG’S LAW OF THE MINIMUM
• Justus Liebig (1830’s-1840’s, agronomist)
• From his work we get what some call Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
• The size of a crop is determined by the essential nutrient that is present in minimal amount.
• a particular organism may have narrow ranges of tolerance for some factors, medium for others and wide for yet others
生态学专业英语2
1. Ecological role of solar radiation1.1 Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is a light-dependent process in which the rate of photosynthetic fixation of both CO2 and solar energy is largely dependent upon light intensity.CP: compensation SP: saturation pointPhotosynthesis increases rapidly , but initially there is no net CO2fixation because the rate of CO2 loss in respiration is greater than the rate of CO2 fixation . As light intensity continues to increase, a point is reached at which respiratory losses are exactly balance by photosynthetic gains. This light intensity is called the CP. Above the CP. The rate of photosynthesis continues to increase rapidly with increasing light intensity, but this relationship is not sustained. With continued increases in light, the rate of increase in photosynthesis diminishes until the saturation point is reached, beyond which further increases in light intensity result in little or no further increases in net CO2 fixation. At very high light intensities, net fixation may drop because of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus or for other reasons. When expressed graphically, this relationship is called the photosynthetic light saturation curve.Plants with a high ratio of photosynthetic biomass to living supporting bio mass will have lower CPs than plants with a low ratio because they have less respiratiory loss of CO2 for which to compensate. Plants with low CPs often have lower SPs than plants with high CPs. It takes less light to provide all the solar energy that the photochemical system can use in an algal cell than in a tree leaf. Within a tree crown , leaves that grow in full sunlight have higher CPs and SPs than do leaves that grow in deep shade because of differences in leaf morphology.1.2 The relationship between light intensity and net photosynthesis is complex and under the control of many factors, it is no surprising, therefore, that net photosynthesis in natural stands of plants does not always follow the daily variation in light intensity. In clear weather, there may be a morning peak in net photosynthesis followed by a midday dip and a second peak in the afternoon, it has been suggested that this midday dip may result from one or more of the following factors: overheating of leaves; excessive respiration; water deficits; accumulation of products of photosynthesis in the leaves; photooxidation of enzymes and pigments; closure of stomata; depletion of CO2 in the air surrounding the crown that accompanies highintensities of solar radiation in the middle of the day.Photoperiodism in plants plays a major role in the control of the cessation of growth and the onset of dormancy in the late summer or fall, and in many plants, it regulates flowering and fruiting in the spring and summer. It also plays a role in the breaking of dormancy and resumption of growth in the spring in some perennial plants.2. temperature as an ecological factorTemperature exhibits a number of well-defined cycles of variation that are directly attributable to the rotation of the earth around its axis and around the sun. these rotations lead to a daily and seasonal variation in the amount of radiant energy that reaches a particular part of the earth and consequently in its temperature. In the tropics , the diurnal variation in temperature may be only a few degrees, whereas in continental regions , it can be as much as 50℃ in either winter or summer .2.1Role of topographyHigh-elevation areas have lower average temperatures than do low-elevation areas, because air temperatures normally decrease at a rate of approximately 0.4℃per 100m of elevation as one proceeds up a mountain.Temperature inversion:inversions can also occur as the result of topography. Radiant cooling of high ground flanking a valley gives rise to a layer of cold, dense air in contact with the surface. This air flows slowly down the valley slopes, displacing warmer air in the lower part of the valley and creating an inversion. When the cold air that drains into the valley is below 0 , frost occurs on the valley floor, whereas much warmer temperatures will be experienced in the “thermal belt” higher up the slopes. This is of great importance to fruit growers, and orchards are often located in the thermal belt.2.2 There is a great temptation to describe climates as severe, extreme, favorable, or unfavorable. Other adjectives that are commonly used to describe temperature as optimum, maximum, minimum.2.3 All plants experience variations in temperature associated with diurnal variations in the net radiation budget. Plants that live away from the equator also experience seasonal temperature variations. Plants are generally sensitive to these variations and will grow normally only when exposed to the particular diurnal and seasonal temperature changes to which they are adapted, a phenomenon called thermoperiodism.2.4 Temperature-related injuriesLow-temperature injury:frost cracks: efficient emission of radiation and low conductivity lead to rapid surface cooling of woody stems on clear nights with low air temperatures. The outer layers of the stem contract more rapidly than inner layers, which creates tensions that can cause the stem to crack. These frost cracks are particularly common in regions subject to sudden drops in air temperature.Ice crystals (needle ice): rapid radiation cooling results in the freezing of soils from the surface downward. Water is drawn up to the frozen layer, where it freezes and forms a gradually thickening layer of vertically oriented ice crystals.Frost-heaved:the frozen surface soil together with small plants can be lifted as much as a decimeter by this needle ice and then lowered again as the ice melts. Roots that are pulled up from lower unfrozen soil layers cannot return to their original position, and over several freeze-thaw cycles, small plants such as tree seedlings may be lifted right out of the soil.Physiological drought:warm air temperatures in winter or an early , warm spring in areas where the soil is still frozen can remove water from plants at a time when it cannot be replaced. Even if the water is not frozen, winter water stress can occur because of the doubling of the viscosity of water between 25 and 0 , which makes water uptake more difficult at temperatures approaching freezing. Plants that grow on soils that are cold or frozen in winter often exhibit the same morphological adaptations as plants that grow on summer-dry sites. The water imbalance caused by high air temperatures and low soil temperatures is referred to as physiological drought. When severe, it can cause browning of the foliage and even the death of theentire plant.High-tmeperature injuryStem girdle:because of the low albedo and low conductivity of many soils, surface temperatures frequently become very high, and young plant stems that are not yet protected by thick layers of bark may be damaged where they contact the soil surface. A band of cambium a few millimeters wide is killed around the stem, and this results in the death of the plant either because of the interruption of internal translocation or because of the entry of pathogens.3. WaterLike nutrient cycles in general, the water cycle is driven by inputs of solar energy. V ast quantities of radiant energy are absorbed in the process of evaporating water from the warm areas of the world’s oceans. The energy is transferred to the atmosphere as the water vapor condenses, thereby driving our climate and creating our weather. The warm, moist air creates clouds as it rises, and the winds formed by the resulting processes of atmospheric stirring move the clouds over the land, where some of the moisture falls as precipitation. Some of this is re-evaporated directly back to the atmosphere, and some is subsequently transpired by plants. The rest enters water courses and returns to lakes and eventually to oceans, from which it is once again evaporated.3.1Forests influence water cyclesInterception of precipitation by vegetation: the loss back to the atmosphere of precipitation that has been intercepted by vegetation is called interception loss. The magnitude of interception loss depends on the interception storage capacity of the vegetation. Interception storage for tree and shrub cover has been reported to ranger between 0.25 and 7.6mm of rain and up to 2.5cm (water equivalent) of snow. Table 1 presents some figures for interception loss in various forest types in the United States.Redistribution of water by vegetation :water that is intercepted by tree crowns isredistributed into two major subtypes and reaches the floor very nonuniformly: (1) throughfall—the portion of the incident precipitation that drips from or falls through the vegetation canopy; (2) stemflow—the portion that reaches the soil by flowing down the stem. Stemflow is also affected by bark roughness. Smooth-bark species have little stem water storage capacity, and stemflow will commence on smooth-barked species such as beech after only a little more than 1mm of rain has fallen, but rough-barked species have a large stem storage capacity, and appreciable stemflow may not reach the ground until more than 2cm of rain has fallen.Infiltration into the soil:Water that reaches the ground can either flow laterally over the surface or penetrate the soil in a process called infiltration. Once within the soil, the movement of water is known as percolation. The term infiltration can apply either to the organic forest floor or to the underlying mineral soil, but because the rate of water movement into the forest floor almost always exceeds rates of precipitation and because the condition of the forest floor is subject to modification and is therefore less permanent than the mineral soil as a site feature, the term is applied most frequently to the mineral soil.Entry of water into the forest floor is normally rapid because of the many large pores and the organic nature of the forest floor, which gives it a high moisture-holding capacity. However, forest floor that have become very hot and dry during the summer may exhibit hydrophobicity, which makes them very difficult to wet.Once wet, forest floor can hold between one and five times their own weight of water, the more decomposed the organic matter and the more rotting wood in the forest floor, the more water it can hold. Only the water in excess of the field capacity of the forest floor will infiltration into the mineral soil.Water in the soil is classified as gravitational, available and unavailable. The relative proportions of these three types of water vary according to the relative abundance of different pore sizes, which in turn depends on soil structure and texture.Loss of water to evaporation and transpiration:Water is lost from soil by three major pathways: drainage to groundwater, evaporation back to the atmosphere, and uptake by plants. The equivalent of 760mm of precipitation is delivered to the 48coteminous U.S. states each year, and of this, approximately 370mm is lost back to the atmosphere by evaporation from forests and wildlands.Evaporation from the soil surface requires two preconditions: energy in the form of solar radiation (2.24 MJ are required to evaporate 1kg of water) and an upward flow of water from lower in the soil to maintain water in the surface layer, where the energy is available for evaporation.Transpiration: loss of water from which the living cells of plant tissues to the atmosphere by vaporization is called transpiration. Water that is absorbed by roots from soil is translocated upward to the foliage in the xylem of the roots and stem. This uptake and translocation is driven by solar energy falling on the leaves and stems, which causes water to evaporate from the moist outside surfaces of mesophyll cells into air spaces within the leaf. The water vapor either diffuses out to the atmosphere through stomata or evaporates directly through the cuticle of leaves.。