中英文对照版__医改意见
中国社会保障改革中英文对照外文翻译文献
中国社会保障改革中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM IN CHINA: ISSUES AND OPTIONSSummaryAs part of its far-reaching reform of the overall economy, China has successfully initiated fundamental reforms of the social security system over the past decade, establishing a structure consistent with the needs of a market economy. The combination of a social pool and individual accounts in the mandatory system provides a structure which addresses the basic objectives of a pension system –poverty relief, income redistribution, insurance and consumption smoothing. Outside the mandatory system, enterprise annuity schemes, individual retirement plans, and other pension schemes organised by industries or localities are further essential components. These voluntary pensions can accommodate different needs, tastes and jobs, particularly necessary in a country as large and diverse as China. Thus the three elements of the present reformed system, if properly designed and administered, complement and strengthen one another, and together can serve as the basic structure of China’s pension system for the coming decades.In the course of implementation, however, problems have emerged. Fragmented organisation and limited coverage contribute to financing difficulties and toincompleteness of social insurance. The deficits contribute to the ‘empty individual accounts’ –empty because local governments often use the contributions made by workers to their individual accounts to finance deficits in the social pool. Moreover, a system has not been developed for organising investments in capital markets by individual accounts. Nor are the capital markets in a satisfactory condition for such investments. Over time these problems will be a vicious circle, as the deficits are likely to persist, requiring continuing large fiscal subsidies, while ‘empty accounts’ and other systemic problems continue to undermine the credibility of the system, making further implementation enforcing compliance and extension of coverage –increasingly difficult. The emergingproblems are therefore serious and should be addressed urgently.This report by an international team of economists and social security experts is an attempt to address the key challenges faced by the Chinese pension system today. The full report contains 23 recommendations for further reforms, as well as a brief summary of the economic principles and international experience that form the basis for these recommendations. The next section briefly discusses the principles of pen sion design. The last section presents the team’s keyrecommendations.I. Principles of Pension DesignObjectives of a Pension SystemRetirement pensions allow a person to transfer consumption from his productive middle years tohis older years in retirement. They also provide insurance, mainly in the form of annuities, weekly or monthly payments to the individual for the rest of his life. Since the length of life isuncertain, such annuities are a form of pooling against the risk of individuals outliving theirpension savings.For a government, pension systems have additional objectives. They can redistribute incomes on a lifetime basis, complementing the role of progressive taxes on annual income. This can be achieved, for instance, by paying low earners pensions which are a higher percentage of their previous earnings. Pension systems can also redistribute across generations, for instance by imposing a higher contribution rate on the present generation, thereby allowing future generations to have higher pensions or to pay lower contributions. Finally, poverty relief targeted at the elderly, through minimum or citizen’s pensions, can be particularly efficient compared to a general system of poverty relief for the entire population. The latter creates some disincentives to work and a country may not be able to afford it.Issues of Pension DesignMany different structures can combine to address the objectives of pensions, but design must avoid large distortions which contribute little, if anything, to the achievement of core objectives. For instance, labour mobility is essential for an efficient labour market. To avoid unduly discouraging mobility, pensions should be portable for workers moving from job to job and place to place. Portability is achieved most readily when the system has a uniform structure across the covered population, both across localities and across sectors.An important feature of pension design is the degree of funding, i.e. whethercontributions are used for current pension payments (‘pay as you go’ – PAYG), or to accumulate assets from which pensions in the future are paid (Funding). Funding may or may not be desirable, depending on the circumstances of each country. The degree to which contributions are used to accumulate assets for the pension system can affect the level of national savings and thus the rate of growth. Funding may also improve the efficiency with which savings are channelled into investment. This is more likely in countries with developing financial institutions, if increased investment encourages reform of regulatory and supervisory capacity to improve the functioning of capital markets. However, greater recourse to capital markets with poor regulation and insufficient improvement can increase the risk and lower the return to investment. Finally, funding means increased contributions by the current generation of workers so that future generations may enjoy lower contributions or higher benefits, and thus it involves income redistribution from this generation to future generations.A desirable characteristic of a pension system is that it has the capacity to evolve in a straightforward way as incomes rise, overall economic reforms proceed and administrative capacity grows.International ExperienceThere is a wide range of pension designs across countries and many ways to design good systems. Most countries have a combination of different pension schemes. The simplest scheme is a tax-financed citizen’s pension, available to everyone beyond a given age, as in the Netherlands and New Zealand. Alternatively, there can be a guaranteed minimum income, available to all poor elderly people on the basis of an income test, as in many countries. A most common element internationally is a national defined-benefit (DB) scheme, in which a worker receives a pension based on his wage history and his age on first receipt of benefits. With funded defined-contribution (DC) schemes, also known as funded individual accounts, pensions are paid from a fund built over the years from members’ contributio ns. Countries with DC systems can use publicly organised investment (as in Singapore) or private, regulated financial intermediaries (as in Chile). A recent innovation internationally is the notional definedcontribution (NDC) schemes of Sweden and Italy, which have many properties of the DC element in individual accounts but with no funding. These various elements are assembled in different ways and with different relative sizes across countries. Thus, internationally, there is no single, dominant system.II. Options for Further ReformsOn the basis of economic principles and lessons from international experience, our full report makes a number of recommendations for further reform of the pension system in China, of which the most important are discussed in the section below. National Pensions Administration Pooling lies at the core of the redistributive and risk-sharing elements of pensions. Given the size and diversity of China, national pooling of the mandatory pension schemes is particularly important. The following measures will help achieve this. There should be a single set of regulations on mandatory pensions, preferably in the form of legislation that is enforceable. The rules on contributions and benefits should be set centrally by formula, though theyshould include room for regional variation in basic benefit levels, to reflect disparities both in price evels and living standards. Variation must be compatible with a national system for portability of pension rights and hence labour mobility.There should be a single national pensions administration.A single administration which receives all pension revenues and delivers pensions is essential to achieve national pooling. A necessary element is a national database with information on each worker’s acc ount, both to foster a national labour market and to control the pension spending of localities (which could otherwise pay pensions at whatever level they wanted out of the national pool). The national pensions administration should be part of central government and funded from the central government budget. The pensions administration should administer both the basic pension and individual accounts. Contributions should be collected by the tax authority. The contributions base should be changed to match a definition of earnings to be used also in determining income-tax liability, with the contribution rate adjusted so that total contributions are broadly unaffected by the change.Reforms of the Individual AccountsIndividual accounts should be organised on a notional defined contribution (NDC) basis. NDC pensions are a recent innovation internationally, used by countries seeking to retain the usefulness of defined contributions without the necessity of funding. Each worker accumulates a notional individual account, comprising his contributions over the years, which is each year credited by the pensions administration with a notional interest rate defined by law. At retirement, each worker receives a pension based actuarially on his accumulation. Basing individual accounts on the NDC approach has significant advantages in China’s current circumstances. It offers consumption smoothing to today’s contributors in a similar way to funded DC schemes, and hence maintains the purpose of individual accounts. But, because no fund is built up, it does not require today’s (poorer) workers to make larger contributions so that future (richer) generations of workers can make smaller contributions, thus avoiding unsatisfactory intergenerational redistribution. It does not require the considerable private-sector financial and administrative capacity of funded schemes, since it is run by the public authorities. It is less risky for workers, since the rate of return avoids the short-run volatility of assets in the capital market; this is particularly important at a time when banking and financial-market institutions are still developing. Finally, the NDC approach will not require an increase in the contribution rate, or an increase in subsidies from the central Budget, as will be necessary if the ‘empty’ individual accounts are to be funded under the present scheme. By regularising the encouragement and regulation of voluntary supplementary pensions, there can be adequate capital-market 。
中美对照医保改革相关词汇
美国医保改革相关词汇health care reform 医疗保险改革health insurance 医疗保险health coverage 医保覆盖面premium 保费uninsured 没有医疗保险的人under-insured 医保不足的人indemnity plan/fee-for-service 定额理赔制度（美国最初实行的医疗制度）managed care 管理式医疗government-funded plans 由gov支持的医保项目Employer-Provided Insurance 由雇主为雇员提供的保险fomulary （保险）处方药物表Medicare 医疗保险制（针对65岁以上老人的老年医保）Medicaid 医疗援助制（以穷人和伤残者为对象的医疗补助制度）Medigap 差额医疗保险（填补联邦医疗保险之不足）comprehensive coverage 全险hospital-surgical coverage 住院及手术费补偿catastrophic coverage/major medical insurance 重大疾病险specified disease policies 定向疾病险long-term policies 长期护理险，如用于养老院的开支policy 医保保单coinsurance 分担保险（指的是投保人对于超过自付额以上那部分医疗费要分担一定金额或比例的费用，通常为20%）copayment 分担金额（即投保人为每次就诊支付少量费用，虽然通常不超过10美元，但主要还是为了防止投保人滥用医疗资源）capitation 论人计酬（面向医生的保险偿付方式之一）out-of-pocket maximum 投保人每年自付额的上限非住院的保险给付（Ambulatory Benefits）：如门诊治疗（out-patient care）、急诊治疗（emergency care）、家中治疗（home health care）、住院前检查（pre-admission testing）等。
中国社会保障改革中英文对照外文翻译文献
中国社会保障改革中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM IN CHINA: ISSUES AND OPTIONSSummaryAs part of its far-reaching reform of the overall economy, China has successfully initiated fundamental reforms of the social security system over the past decade, establishing a structure consistent with the needs of a market economy. The combination of a social pool and individual accounts in the mandatory system provides a structure which addresses the basic objectives of a pension system –poverty relief, income redistribution, insurance and consumption smoothing. Outside the mandatory system, enterprise annuity schemes, individual retirement plans, and other pension schemes organised by industries or localities are further essential components. These voluntary pensions can accommodate different needs, tastes and jobs, particularly necessary in a country as large and diverse as China. Thus the three elements of the present reformed system, if properly designed and administered, complement and strengthen one another, and together can serve as the basic structure of China’s pension system for the coming decades.In the course of implementation, however, problems have emerged. Fragmented organisation and limited coverage contribute to financing difficulties and to incompleteness of social insurance. The deficits contribute to the ‘empty individualaccounts’ –empty because local governments often use the contributions made by workers to their individual accounts to finance deficits in the social pool. Moreover, a system has not been developed for organising investments in capital markets by individual accounts. Nor are the capital markets in a satisfactory condition for such investments. Over time these problems will be a vicious circle, as the deficits are likely to persist, requiring continuing large fiscal subsidies, while ‘empty accounts’ and other systemic problems continue to undermine the credibility of the system, making further implementation enforcing compliance and extension of coverage –increasingly difficult. The emergingproblems are therefore serious and should be addressed urgently.This report by an international team of economists and social security experts is an attempt to address the key challenges faced by the Chinese pension system today. The full report contains 23 recommendations for further reforms, as well as a brief summary of the economic principles and international experience that form the basis for these recommendations. The next section briefly discusses the principles of pen sion design. The last section presents the team’s keyrecommendations.I. Principles of Pension DesignObjectives of a Pension SystemRetirement pensions allow a person to transfer consumption from his productive middle years tohis older years in retirement. They also provide insurance, mainly in the form of annuities, weekly or monthly payments to the individual for the rest of his life. Since the length of life isuncertain, such annuities are a form of pooling against the risk of individuals outliving theirpension savings.For a government, pension systems have additional objectives. They can redistribute incomes on a lifetime basis, complementing the role of progressive taxes on annual income. This can be achieved, for instance, by paying low earners pensions which are a higher percentage of their previous earnings. Pension systems can also redistribute across generations, for instance by imposing a higher contribution rate on the present generation, thereby allowing future generations to have higher pensions or to pay lower contributions. Finally, poverty relief targeted at the elderly, through minimum or citizen’s pensions, can be particularly efficient compared to a general system of poverty relief for the entire population. The latter creates some disincentives to work and a country may not be able to afford it.Issues of Pension DesignMany different structures can combine to address the objectives of pensions, but design must avoid large distortions which contribute little, if anything, to the achievement of core objectives. For instance, labour mobility is essential for an efficient labour market. To avoid unduly discouraging mobility, pensions should be portable for workers moving from job to job and place to place. Portability is achieved most readily when the system has a uniform structure across the covered population, both across localities and across sectors.An important feature of pension design is the degree of funding, i.e. whether contributions are used for current pension payments (‘pay as you go’ – PAYG), or toaccumulate assets from which pensions in the future are paid (Funding). Funding may or may not be desirable, depending on the circumstances of each country. The degree to which contributions are used to accumulate assets for the pension system can affect the level of national savings and thus the rate of growth. Funding may also improve the efficiency with which savings are channelled into investment. This is more likely in countries with developing financial institutions, if increased investment encourages reform of regulatory and supervisory capacity to improve the functioning of capital markets. However, greater recourse to capital markets with poor regulation and insufficient improvement can increase the risk and lower the return to investment. Finally, funding means increased contributions by the current generation of workers so that future generations may enjoy lower contributions or higher benefits, and thus it involves income redistribution from this generation to future generations.A desirable characteristic of a pension system is that it has the capacity to evolve in a straightforward way as incomes rise, overall economic reforms proceed and administrative capacity grows.International ExperienceThere is a wide range of pension designs across countries and many ways to design good systems. Most countries have a combination of different pension schemes. The simplest scheme is a tax-financed citizen’s pension, available to everyone beyond a given age, as in the Netherlands and New Zealand. Alternatively, there can be a guaranteed minimum income, available to all poor elderly people on the basis of an income test, as in many countries. A most common element internationally is a national defined-benefit (DB) scheme, in which a worker receives a pension based on his wage history and his age on first receipt of benefits. With funded defined-contribution (DC) schemes, also known as funded individual accounts, pensions are paid from a fund built over the years from members’ contributio ns. Countries with DC systems can use publicly organised investment (as in Singapore) or private, regulated financial intermediaries (as in Chile). A recent innovation internationally is the notional definedcontribution (NDC) schemes of Sweden and Italy, which have many properties of the DC element in individual accounts but with no funding. These various elements are assembled in different ways and with different relative sizes across countries. Thus, internationally, there is no single, dominant system.II. Options for Further ReformsOn the basis of economic principles and lessons from international experience, our full report makes a number of recommendations for further reform of the pension system in China, of which the most important are discussed in the section below. National Pensions Administration Pooling lies at the core of the redistributive and risk-sharing elements of pensions. Given the size and diversity of China, national pooling of the mandatory pension schemes is particularly important. The following measures will help achieve this. There should be a single set of regulations on mandatory pensions, preferably in the form of legislation that is enforceable. The rules on contributions and benefits should be set centrally by formula, though they should include room for regional variation in basic benefit levels, to reflect disparitiesboth in price evels and living standards. Variation must be compatible with a national system for portability of pension rights and hence labour mobility.There should be a single national pensions administration.A single administration which receives all pension revenues and delivers pensions is essential to achieve national pooling. A necessary element is a national database with information on each worker’s acc ount, both to foster a national labour market and to control the pension spending of localities (which could otherwise pay pensions at whatever level they wanted out of the national pool). The national pensions administration should be part of central government and funded from the central government budget. The pensions administration should administer both the basic pension and individual accounts. Contributions should be collected by the tax authority. The contributions base should be changed to match a definition of earnings to be used also in determining income-tax liability, with the contribution rate adjusted so that total contributions are broadly unaffected by the change.Reforms of the Individual AccountsIndividual accounts should be organised on a notional defined contribution (NDC) basis. NDC pensions are a recent innovation internationally, used by countries seeking to retain the usefulness of defined contributions without the necessity of funding. Each worker accumulates a notional individual account, comprising his contributions over the years, which is each year credited by the pensions administration with a notional interest rate defined by law. At retirement, each worker receives a pension based actuarially on his accumulation. Basing individual accounts on the NDC approach has significant advantages in China’s current circumstances. It offers consumption smoothing to today’s contributors in a similar way to funded DC schemes, and hence maintains the purpose of individual accounts. But, because no fund is built up, it does not require today’s (poorer) workers to make larger contributions so that future (richer) generations of workers can make smaller contributions, thus avoiding unsatisfactory intergenerational redistribution. It does not require the considerable private-sector financial and administrative capacity of funded schemes, since it is run by the public authorities. It is less risky for workers, since the rate of return avoids the short-run volatility of assets in the capital market; this is particularly important at a time when banking and financial-market institutions are still developing. Finally, the NDC approach will not require an increase in the contribution rate, or an increase in subsidies from the central Budget, as will be necessary if the ‘empty’ individual accounts are to be funded under the present scheme. By regularising the encouragement and regulation of voluntary supplementary pensions, there can be adequate capital-market 。
美国医改相关论文中英文
Clinical Therapeutics/Volume 35, Number 4, 2013Editor-in-Chief’s NoteHealth Care ReformHealth care and health policy continue to be controversial domestic issues in the United States. Despite a slowingin the rate of growth of annual costs, most Americans feel that their budgets are strained by what they have to payfor health care, and most employers feel that their share of these costs for their employees is excessive. Currently, many Americans still do not have health care coverage. In an effort to remedy such concerns, a series of laws wereenacted in recent years. The first of these, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, was signed into law byPresident Obama in 2009. In 2010, after considerable conflict and disagreement, the Preservation of Access to Carefor Medicare Beneficiaries and Pension Relief Act became law. Also in 2010, the Patient Protection and AffordableCare Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act were signed into law. Although these new laws (taken together, they are often called Obamacare) should have a positive and beneficial impact on the health careof most Americans, there will be many challenges to these efforts as their provisions are phased in over the nextseveral years.Before we can have meaningful reforms, we must make improvements in our study designs and assessmentinstruments. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is considered by many to be a key component of reform. However, there are limitations to analyses that use secondary databases and nonrandomized, controlled studies. Furthermore, how variables such as adherence, duration of exposure, and definitions, as well as types of outcomes, are handled can substantially affect the validity of CER. The articles by Campbell et al and Cohen in this issue arethoughtful commentaries on CER. These are among a collection of very scholarly reports in this issue assembled byour Topic Editor for Pharmacoeconomics and Health Policy, Denys T. Lau, PhD.We are pleased to be one of a select group of journals who are publishing the Consolidated Health EconomicEvaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement by Don Husereau, BScPharm, MSc, and colleagues. Thisvaluable document is intended as a guide for future researchers.Finally, we must consider all of the areas not addressed by health care reform. Here arewe have stricter bicycle helmet laws? Will weever have realistic shelf-life regulations for medicines? How can we reduce the number of accidental gun-relatedinjuries? Will we ever have electronic medical record systems that can bridge across institutions and practices? Iinvite any of our readers who have solutions to these and other unaccounted for costs to the health care system tosubmit letters to the editor.Richard I. Shader,MDEditor-in-Chief REFERENCES1.Shader RI. Good news and disappointing news: a new era in health care delivery. J ClinPsychopharmacol. 2010;30:223–224.2. Shader RI. The cart before the horse?Health insurance reform before health care reform.J ClinPsychopharmacol. 2009;29:413–414翻译：临床治疗/35卷，第4期，2013首席编辑的注解医疗改革医疗保健和卫生政策在美国国内仍然是争议的问题。
卫生事业管理学中英文对照
disability-adjustedlife
expectancy,DALE
伤残调整寿命年
disabilityadjustedlifeyear,DALY
伤残损失健康生命年
yearslivedwithdisability,YLDs
商业（市场）医疗保险
privatehealth
insurance
2001年—2010年中国
农村初级卫生保健发展
纲要
OutlineofRuralChina'sPHCin
2001---2002
5岁以下儿童死亡检测
Childrenunder5yearsdeathsurveillance
5岁以下儿童死亡率
mortalityunder5yearsold
PDCA循环
PDCAcircle
失效模式和效果分析
failuremodesandeffectsanalysis,
FMEA
实施阶段
implementation
世界卫生报告
WorldHealth
Report
世界卫生组织
WorldHealthOrganizationWHO
顺序图法
precedencediagrammingmethod,PDM
国家食品药品监督管理局
StateFoodDrugAdministration,SFDA
国家卫生服务托拉斯
NHSTrusts
国家卫生服务制度
nationalhealth
system,NHS
国家卫生系统绩效委员会
TheNationalHealthPerformanceCommittee,NHPC
护理质量管理
医院部门中英文对照
文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑，有帮助欢迎下载支持.医院部门中英文对照out-patient department 门诊部In-patient department 住院部Nursing department 护理部Admission office 住院处Discharge office 出院处Registration office 挂号处Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室Consultation room 诊察室Isolation room 隔离室Delivery room 分娩室Emergency room 急诊室Ward病房室Department of internal medicine 内科Department of surgery 夕卜科Department of pediatrics 儿科Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科Department of neurology 神经科Department of ophtalmology 眼科E. N. T. department 耳鼻喉科Department of stomatology 口腔科Department of urology 泌尿科Department of orthopedic 骨科Department of traumatology 创伤科Department of endocrinology 内分泌科Department of anesthesiology 麻醉科Department of dermatology 皮肤科Department of infectious diseases 传染病科Department of pathology 病理科Department of psychiatry 精神科Department of orthopacdic surgery 矫形夕卜科Department of cardiac surgery 心脏夕卜科Department of cerebral surgery 脑夕卜科Department of thoracic surgery 胸夕卜科Pharmacy dispensary 药房Nutrition department 营养部Diet-preparation department 配膳室Therapeutic department 治疗室Operating room/Theater 手术室Blood-bank 血站Supply-room 供应室Disinfection-room 消毒室Dressing room 换药室Mortuary太平间Record room 病案室Department of plastic surgery 矫形外科1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑，有帮助欢迎下载支持. Department of physiotherapy 理疗科electrotherapy room 电疗科heliotherapy room 光疗科wax-therapy room 蜡疗科hydrotherapy room 水疗科central laboratory 中心实验室clinical laboratory 临床实验室bacteriological laboratory 细菌实验室biochemical laboratory 生化实验室serological laboratory 血清实验室X-ray room X 光室doctor's office医生办公室nurse's office 护士办公室children's hospital 儿童医院general hospital, polyclinic 综合医院hospital for lepers, leprosarium 麻风病院maternity hospital, lying-inhospital 产科医院mental hospital, mental home 精神病院obstetrics and gynecology hospital 妇产医院plastic surgery hospital 整形外科医院stomatological hospital 口腔医院tuberculosis hospital 结核病医院tumour hospital 肿瘤医院clinic诊疗所first-aid station 急救站polyclinic联合诊疗所quarantine station 防疫站（检疫所）rest home休养所sanatorium 疗养院medical department 内科surgical department 夕卜科anaesthesiology department 麻醉科cardiology department 心脏病科dental department 牙科dermatology department, skin department 皮肤科department of cardiac su 心脏夕卜科department of cerebral surgery 胸外卜科general surgery普通夕卜科neurology department 神经科neurosurgery department 精神外卜科obstetrics and gynecology department 妇产科ophthalmology department 眼科orthopedic surgery department 矫形外卜科orthopedics department 骨科otorhinolaryngological department 耳鼻喉科paediatrics department 小儿科1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑，有帮助欢迎下载支持. pathology department 病理科plastic surgery 整形外科psychiatry department 精神病科thoracic surgery department 脑夕卜科traumatology department 创伤夕卜科urology department 泌尿科X-ray department 放射科registration office 挂号处out-patient department, OPD 门诊部in-patient department 住院部nursing department 护理部consulting room 诊室waiting room 候诊室admitting office 住院处emergency room 急诊室operation room, operation theatre 手术室laboratory 化验室blood bank 血库pharmacy, dispensary 药房ward病房medical ward内科病房surgical ward外科病房maternity ward 产科病房isolation ward 隔离病房observation ward 观察室hospital bed 病床director of the hospital 院长head of the department of medical administration 医务部主任head of the nursing department 护理部主任head of out-patient department 门诊部主任doctor医生head of the medical department 内科主任head of the surgical department 夕卜科主任physician in charge, surgeon in charge, attending doctor, doctor in charge 主治医生resident physician 住院医生intern, interne 实习医生laboratory technician 化验员nurse 护士head nurse 护士长anaesthetist 麻醉师pharmacist, druggist 药剂师internist, physician 内科医生surgeon外科医生brain specialist 脑科专家cardiac surgeon 心外科医生cardiovascular specialist 心血管专家1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑，有帮助欢迎下载支持. dentist牙科医生dermatologist皮肤科医生ear-nose-throat doctor 耳鼻喉医生gynecologist妇科医生heart specialist心脏病专家neurologist, nerve specialist 神经科专家obstetrician产科医生oculist眼科医生oncologist肿瘤科医生orthopedist骨科医生paediatrician小儿科医生plastic surgeon整形外科医生radiologist放射科医师radiographer放射科技师urologist泌尿科医生dietician营养医师out-patient门诊病人in-patient住院病人medical patient 内科病人surgical patient夕卜科病人obstetrical patient 产科病人heartdiseaseca5r1演翻译交流论坛精华资料汇总patient 心脏病病人emergency翻译考试真题及指定教材：CATTI全国人事部翻译考试最全指定教材和真题（PDF+MP3）下载汇总CATTI全国人事部翻译考试2009版指定教材（PDF+MP3）下载上海英语中高级口译笔试口试历届真题+听力+答案大汇总（含2009）［真题来源］英语权威资料《经济学人》2009年珍藏版TheEconomist2009汇总CATTI 口笔译资料一帖全（更新中）翻译书籍推荐：100本口笔译教程资料下载汇总（不断更新）翻译技巧：翻译技巧经验大汇总［下载］复旦大学名师翻译讲义［下载］北外英语专业超全面翻译笔记（近10万字）［原创］我个人收集的翻译资料大汇总（精华）有图为证钱歌川：《翻译的技巧》时事备考热点：2009年热点话题回顾口译笔试口试备考资料大汇总2009年12月外交部发言人举行例行记者会中英文对照PDF汇总下载翻译精练：外交部、国内外名人致辞及热点话题中英文对照WORD 温家宝总理2004年记者招待会口译实录中英文对照及学习札记WORD下载1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑，有帮助欢迎下载支持. 2006.03.07中国外长李肇星答记者问口译MP3及文稿翻译阅读：翻译阅读--经济学人等权威新闻杂志电子版PDF下载汇总翻译词汇：翻译词汇大全汇总贴2009年环保热词一网打尽（附哥本哈根气候大会专有名词）WORD下载英语词汇学习丛书-词汇入门、基础、提高、拓展、突破、飞跃翻译词典：各类翻译词典下载汇总［迅雷下载］英汉百科翻译大词典（上下册）精品下载：英语新闻分类词典.rar词典级汉英分类词汇大全（超有用）翻译语法：赖世雄教你学英语语法上下册（PDF+MP3）下载中文版夸克_英语语法大全PDF下载外研社--张道真实用英语语法PDF下载原版英语语法Macmillan-EnglishEssential 下载原版英语语法书AGlossaryofEnglishGrammar下载翻译拓展：翻译拓展--中英文原版小说等下载集合张培基《英译中国现代散文选》WORD下载1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.。
中英文对照版__医改意见
Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Deepening theHealth Care System Reform中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见In the spirit of the 17th CPC National Congress, for the purpose of establishing a health care system with Chinese characteristics, of gradually realizing the goal that everyone is entitled to basic health care services, and of raising the health level of the Chinese people, we hereby put forward the following opinions on deepening the health care system reform.按照党的十七大精神，为建立中国特色医药卫生体制，逐步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务的目标，提高全民健康水平，现就深化医药卫生体制改革提出如下意见。
I. Fully recognizing the importance, urgency and arduousness of deepening the health care system reform一、充分认识深化医药卫生体制改革的重要性、紧迫性和艰巨性The health care sector is a major livelihood issue, as it is closely related to the health of billions of people and the happiness of every household. To deepen the health care system reform, quicken the development of health care sector, meet the people’s ever increasing health care demands, and continuously improve the people’s health is an inevitable requirement of implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development and accelerating economic and social development in a coordinated and sustainable manner, an important measure to maintain social fairness and justice and improve the quality of people’s life, and also a major task of building moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and constructing harmonious socialist society.医药卫生事业关系亿万人民的健康，关系千家万户的幸福，是重大民生问题。
中英医疗制度对比 英文版
盛雪20110100137 Comparison of Healthcare System between the UK and ChinaIn Britain’s healthcare system, National Health Service(NHS) is so significant a existence to be ignored. It you happen to have watched the open ceremony of 2012 London Olympics, you may still remember one splendid performance, which aims to pay tribute to those nurses from NHS who have been working hard for the nation’s health since 1944. As regards China, a nation with a much harder life, its healthcare system is not that mature or excellent. But the whole nation have witnessed China’s progress in modifying its medical-care system. The New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System, as a 2005 initiative to overhaul the healthcare system, is a strong evidence for China’s good job in promoting its medical care system. I will compare the healthcare system in the UK and China in three aspects as follows: operating ideas, operating patterns and challenges.Operating ideas:Britain: NHS’s core idea is to provide universal healthcare to all the legal residents in UK. It is primarily funded through the general taxation system. And it is believed in Britain that healthcare system shall be comprised of three sub-systems: local primary service, regional treatment service and central hospital service.China: Cooperative Medical System (CMS) is established to offer basic medical security for all the workers both in cities and in towns. Medical expenditure of each individual is shared proportionally by the country, enterprise and the employee himself. Besides How much the employee would benefit from the system depends properly on how much he contributes to the nation. Furthermore, it is required in China that local administrations, enterprises and agencies shall anticipate in local Social Medical Insurance, to standardize the amount of money people shall pay and help implement related policies.Comparison: Three major differences can be concluded from their operating ideas. Compared with the ideas of China, Britain’s vision has a wider coverage. NHSmanages to serve all the people in the UK, including farmers, people without ability to work as well as disadvantaged groups, some of which are neglected by China’s healthcare system. Secondly, NHS has various medical services, like primary care, in-patient care, long-term healthcare, ophthalmology, and dentistry. As to china, only basic medical insurance is available instead of actual treatment services. At last, funding for each system is obvious not alike, which will be discussed further.Operating patterns:Britain: NHS consists of organizations at all levels: public hospitals, all sorts of clinics, Community Medical Center and Nursing Home etc. These organizations work for British people, concerning with daily medical services, with both the consultation and reservation fee not required. More specifically, everybody in Britain can register with a local GP, namely General Practitioner, who is well-trained in medical and can give advice and treat basic illnesses. GPs are paid by the government according to how many their patients they have. Their services come free of charge.In Britain, Social Security Tax, as an income for government, is levied exclusively for NHS. 82% of NHS funding comes from government fiscal allocation, 12% from National Insurance contributions. Other less significant sources of income include charging overseas visitors and their insurers for the cost of NHS treatment, charges to patients for prescriptions and dental treatment, hospital car parking, patient telephone services, etc.China:The Basic Medical Insurance Fund is implemented by the combination of unified social adjustment and individual account, meantime collected in principle by prefecture-level department. All employers and employees in cites and towns are obliged to pay for the Basic Medical Insurance Fund. At present, the employers will pay for employees’insurance by extracting 6% from employees’salary, and employees pay for themselves by 2%, which will be deposited into individual account. While, the money paid by the employers will be divided into two parts: pooling fund and individual account. Pooling fund has a standard minimum and a cost limitation,mainly functioning for hospitalization expenses and some of the chronic-disease treatment fees. Individual account is responsible for general out-patient expenses. Comparison:People in the UK can receive equal medical care in regardless of people’s social statues or how much money they have. In this respect, British healthcare system is far more fair than China. But, the drawbacks are clear too, in that public sectors operate with a relatively low efficiency. As a result, people often have to wait for a long time to receive treatment. At the same time, medical-care personnel do not get payments equal to their labor, most of the time, which reduces their activity and enthusiasm. China’s way of operating, in some way, avoids these aforementioned problems, but have other big issues: regional imbalance in terms of healthcare development, insurance fund malapportioned so on and so forth.Challenges:Britain: Primarily, To control the funding in an efficient way is very difficult for NHS. Over-supply would produce a heavy burden for the government, which is not good for the sustainability of the system. Funding-deficiency would damage the quality of the services, which would induce complains from citizens. At the moment, UK is quite a scrooge in funding, producing a number of quite expected troubles, such as canceled operations and poor nursing care. Errors by doctors who are either too pressed for time or inadequately funded are also a growing problem. Studies indicate up to 15 percent of all patients in Britain are diagnosed incorrectly or have ailments that are overlooked. Finally, the quality of care is uneven, because local authorities decide which medications or treatments are available.China: What kind of healthcare one would receive relates to his profession, where he was born and what kind of office he is working for: state-owned or private. In my opinion, this is not as fair as Britain. I can’t agree anymore that people shall receive as much as they give. But, in a world everyone is seeking for humanity, wealthy people should pay more and receive the same as the poor. This is a indirect but positive way for the rich to help the poor. I think it is a big challenge for China to minimize theclassifying section in healthcare system. Another big challenge lies in putting-cart before-the-horse phenomenon in the function of administrations and enterprises. Enterprises have to undertake their employees’ healthcare procedures, which should be handled by the administrations. As a result, the development of these enterprises slows down gradually. Last but not least, distribution of healthcare resources is unreasonable, so is cost burden for each person. Thus, remote areas can not enjoy a qualified medical service most of the time.There is no justification to rank these two systems because I am sure that each healthcare system is formulated according to other social patterns, like education, culture, history, laws and so on. But comparing is meaningful because we can learn from each other by doing so. And as long as the government put people’s well-being as the first priority, as long as the government can acknowledge the need to make things better, people in that country would live a happy life, and of course enjoy a better healthcare service.参考文献：∙[英国医保模式对我国医保制度的启示与借鉴] 顾海，鲁翔，左楠- 《世界经济与政治论坛》- 2007年5期。
奥巴马医改中英版课件
奥巴马医改(中英版)
第九页，共二十页。
中产阶级、富人忧心忡忡 The middle class and the rich person are heavy-hearted
除不得不缴纳更多税收来为穷人享受医保“埋单”外，中产阶级 (zhōngchǎnjiējí)、富裕阶层还担心，大量穷人在获保后涌入医疗服务市 场，而医疗资源相对有限，富人们曾经享受的VIP式服务将可能不复存在
共和党极力阻挠医改
中产阶级、富人忧心忡忡
The Republican Party obstructs the healthcare reform vigorously.
奥巴马医改(中英版)
4
第四页，共二十页。
The middle class and the rich person are heavy-hearted
奥巴马医改(中英版)
第六页，共二十页。
共和党极力阻挠医改
The Republican Party obstructs the healthcare reform vigorously.
共和党极力(jílì)阻 挠医改，有党派 思维作祟，但更 因执政理念不同。 共和党人一直主 张"小政府大市场 "，而医改将形成 强势政府，对社 会生活和经济产 生过分干涉，违 背资本主义自由 市场经济的原则
The reformation of the medical treatment faces lots of obstacles. How did Obama succeed in breaking out of the crisis ?
奥巴马医改(中英版)
第一页，共二十页。
Made by 402
American former presidents had tried to carry out health reforms in the past years but they failed. So many people at all levels reject the health reforms. Obama faced the same difficulties. Why did the health reforms were obstructed heavily even it is good to American? Why Obama got approval this time with solid opposition?
医疗卫生类公示语翻译
门诊楼 病房楼 收费处 挂号处 (急诊)分诊台 (普通)分诊台/ 门 诊接待室 登记处 划价处 取药处/药房 患者入口 探视入口 消防应急面罩
Outpatient Building Inpatient Building Cashier Registration Triage Reception Registration Prescription Pricing Pharmacy/Dispensary Patient Entrance Visitor Entrance Emergency Fire Masks
门诊手术室 门诊注射输液室 门诊治疗室 普通取血室 隔离取血室 隔离门诊 特需门诊 介入科诊室 举报信箱/意见箱
Outpatient OpБайду номын сангаасrating Room Injection & Transfusion Room Outpatient Treatment Room Routine Blood Drawing Room Isolated Blood Drawing Room Isolation Clinic VIP Clinic Intervention Clinic Suggestions & Complaints Box
当心射线 易燃物品 血液告急 锐器！请注意 有害气体！注意安全 生物危险，请勿入内 禁止吸烟、饮食、逗留 严禁明火 亲友等候区 请关闭通讯工具 闭路电视监视区域 请保持安静/禁止喧哗
Caution! Radiation Inflammable Materials Blood Donors Needed Caution! Sharp Instruments Caution! Noxious Gas Biohazard! No Admittance No Smoking, Eating, Drinking or Loitering No Open Flame Visitor Waiting Area Please Turn Off Cellphones & Beepers Closed Circuit TV in Operation Quiet Please
[精彩]医疗改革-五项重点改革英文版
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打印本文关闭窗口□□□□□□改□□□□□□□□□□2009□2011□□□□□文文章来源：国家发改委网站更新时间：2009-4-8 21:43:31□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r □□□□□□□□□□r□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□r□□2009-2011□According to the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Deepening the Health Care System Reform (hereinafter referred as “the Opinions”), five reform programs should be carried out with emphasis from 2009 to 2011. Firstly, accelerate the establishment of the basic medical security system. Secondly, preliminarily set up the national essential medicines system. Thirdly, improve the grass-roots health care services system. Fourthly, grad ually press ahead with the equalization of basic public health services. And fifthly, push forward pilot projects for public hospital reform.The implementation of the five priority reform programs aims at effectively solving the problem of “difficult and costly access to health care services”, whi ch arouses intense public concerns. In promoting the establishment of basic medical security system, all urban and rural residents will be included into the s ystem to effectively reduce the burden of drug expenses on the individuals. In establishing the national essential medicines system, and improving the gras s-roots health care services system, it will be made more convenient for residents to accessing health care services; the role of the traditional Chinese medic ine (TCM) will be brought into full play and the prices of health care services and drugs be reduced. In promoting the gradual equalization of basic public h ealth services, all urban and rural residents should be entitled to basic public health services, for prevention of diseases to the maximum extent. In carrying out pilot projects for public hospital reform, efforts will be made to improve the service quality of public health care institutions and to meet the demand of the people to have “convenient and affordable access to health care services”.The implementation of the five priority reform programs aims at actualizing the commonweal nature of health care undertakings, and is characterized by th e salient phased features of a reform. Making the basic health care system as public goods to the general public and providing everyone with basic health ca re services, is a major reform from concept to institution in the development of China’s health care sector, which meets the fundamental requirement in imp lementing the Scientific Outlook on Development. As an arduous and long-term task, the health care system reform shall be promoted with specific emphas is in different phases. Fairness and effectiveness should be appropriately balanced. The fairness issue will be tackled at the early stage to guarantee the basi c demands of the people for health care services, which will be followed by a progressively increased benefit level along with the social and economic deve lopment. Efforts will be made to gradually address the issue of integration among the urban employees’ basic medical insurance, the urban residents’ basic medical insurance, and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme. Social capital investment in the sector will be encouraged to develop multi-level diver sified health care services. Efforts will be made to utilize health care resources of the whole society in an all-round way to improve service effectiveness an d quality and meet the various demands for health care services of the people.The implementation of the five priority reform programs is to enhance the operability of the reform, highlight the priorities, and to push forward the compre hensive reform in the health care system. Establishing the basic health care system is an important institutional innovation, which is a pivotal step in the co mprehensive reform of the health care system. The five priority reform programs involve key links and areas such as building up the medical security syste m, secured pharmaceutical supply, price formation mechanism of health care services and drugs, construction of health care institutions at grass-roots level s, reform of public health care institutions, mechanism of investment in health care, development of the health care workers’ team, health care administratio n system and etc. The purpose of prioritizing the five reform programs is to fundamentally change the situation of no medical security for some urban and r ural residents and the chronic inadequacy of public health care services, reverse the profit-orientated behaviors of public health care institutions and drive th em to resume their commonweal nature, effectively tackle the prominent problems in the current health care sector, laying a solid foundation for realizing t he long-term objectives of the health care system reform.□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□(i) Expanding the coverage of the basic medical security The urban employees’ basic medical insurance (hereinafter abbreviated as UEBMI), the urban residents’ basic medical insurance (hereinafter abbreviated as URBMI), and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (hereinafter abbreviated as NRC MS) will cover all urban and rural residents within three years, each with the coverage rate over 90%. Retirees of closed-down and bankrupted enterprises a nd employees of enterprises in difficulties will be covered by UEBMI in about two years. Those who cannot be covered by UEBMI should be entitled to U RBMI, with the permission of provincial level government. Retirees of closed-down and bankrupted enterprises should be entitled to the benefits of the basi c medical insurance regardless of the premiums affordability by these enterprises. To enable insurance participation, appropriate subsidies shall be given by the central government to retirees of closed-down and bankrupted state-owned enterprises in financially constrained regions. The UEBMI system will be im plemented universally in 2009, which will also cover all the on-campus college students. Efforts should be made to vigorously promote UEBMI participatio n by employees of economic entities of non-public ownership, temporary contract workers and migrant rural workers. For those with employment difficulties, the government will subsidize their participation in UEBMI if they are eligible according to the Employment Promotion Law. Temporary contract worke rs should volunteer their participation in either UEBMI or URBMI. Those migrant rural workers with difficulty in participating UEBMI, can opt for URBM I, or NRCMS in their registered permanent residence.(ii)mproving the basic medical security level Efforts will be made to improve the fund-raising standard and benefit level of URBMI and NRCMS. By 2010, subsidy on URBMI and NRCMS by government budgets at various levels will be increased to 120 Y u an per person per annum, and premium paid by individuals should be appropriately increased, with specific standards set up by provincial governments. The proportion of hospitalization expenses reimbur sed by UEBMI, URBMI and NRCMS will be increased step by step within the scope of policy. The scope and proportion of reimbursement for outpatient e xpenses will be expanded. The maximum amount payable by UEBMI and URBMI shall be increased to about six times of annual average salary of local e mployees and disposable income of residents respectively. The maximum amount payable by NRCMS shall be increased to over six times of the per-capita net income of local farmers.(iii) egulating administration of basic medical security funds In the administration of various basic medical security funds, the principles of “determin ing expenditure by revenue, balancing expenditure and revenue and pursuing slight surplus” should be followed. Efforts should be made to maintain reason able control over annual balance and accumulated balance of UEBMI and URBMI accounts, and in localities where there is an over surplus of balance, mea sures such as raising the benefit level should be adopted to reduce the balance to a reasonable level step by step. For NRCMS, the surplus of the pooling fun d of the current year shall be capped within 15%, the accumulated surplus shall not exceed 25% of the current year’s pooling fund. The risk adjustment fun d shall be institutionalized for basic medical insurance funds. The fund balance status shall be made public regularly. The fund pooling for basic medical in surance shall be upgraded, and funds for UEBMI and URBMI respectively should be preliminarily pooled at the municipal (prefecture) level by 2011.(iv) mproving the urban and rural medical aid system Efforts should be made to effectively utilize medical aid funds and streamline procedures for ex amination, approval and the delivery of such funds. Financial assistance should be provided to members of urban and rural households receiving the minim um living standard allowance and those entitled to “five guarantees” to secure their participation in URBMI and NRCMS. For members of economically str ained households, the subsidization standards on out-of-pocket medical expenses will be gradually raised.(v) mproving service uality and management of basic medical security o cal governments should be encouraged to actively explore establishing a ne gotiation mechanism between medical insurance handling institutions and providers of health care services as well as reforming ways of payment, and to rat ionally determine the payment criteria for drugs, health care services and medical materials, and to containing the cost. Efforts should be made to improve medical security services, promote the application of the “All-in-One Card” (a multi-purpose card) among insurants, and realize direct settlement between medical insurance handling institutions and designated health care institutions. Farmers participating in NRCMS should be allowed to access designated he alth care institutions within the pooling area, and referral procedures for accessing health care services beyond the county should be streamlined. An accoun t settlement mechanism will be established for treatment from allopatry, and for relocated retired insurants, methods should be explored to settle account in the same locality where treatment is received. Efforts should be made to formulate methods of transferring and connecting basic medical insurance account s so that the problems in transferring basic medical security accounts from one region to another, or from one system to another, of those temporary contrac t workers including migrant workers, can be resolved. Proper connection should be made among UEBMI, URBMI, NRCMS and urban-rural medical aid. E fforts should be made to explore and set up an integrated basic medical security management system for urban and rural areas, and gradually integrate the a dministrative resources handling and managing basic medical security. On the premises of ensuring safety of the funds and effective supervision, efforts sh ould be made to explore entrusting qualified commercial insurers to provide various medical security management services in the way of government purch asing medical security services.□□□□r□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d r□□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□r □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□r□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□ r□□d□□□□□d □□d □□d□□□d r□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□r□□ 2009□(vii) reliminarily establishing a secured supply system for essential medicines Efforts should be made to bring into full play the role of market forces in pushing forward merger and restructuring of pharmaceutical manufacturing and distributing enterprises, and to develop unified distribution and achieve o perational scale; encourage retail pharmacies to develop chain operation. The professional pharmacist system should be improved and retail pharmacies, as of required, must be staffed with certified pharmacists, who can provide patients with consultation and guidance in purchasing drugs. Essential medicines u sed in government-run health care institutions, shall be purchased through open tender organized by institutions designated by provincial governments, and unified distribution by distributors selected through the open tender is also required. Manufacturers and distributors bidding for tender should have appropriate qualifications. In purchasing drugs through open tender and selecting distributors, the principles of nationwide unified market, equal participation and fa ir competition among enterprises of different ownerships and regions should be applied. Both the purchaser and seller should sign the contract according to the result of tender, and strictly implement the contract. Essential medicines required in small amount could be designated to manufacturers through tender. Efforts should be made to improve the national reserve system of essential medicines, strengthen supervisions over drug quality, and conduct sampling insp ection on the quality of drugs regularly and make the result open to the public.The central government determines the guiding retail prices of essential medicines. Based on the result of tender, provincial governments set the unified pur chasing prices within the range of the government-guided prices, with the distribution charge included in the purchasing price. G o vernment-run health care institutions at grass-roots levels shall sell drugs with zero mark up. L o cal governments are encouraged to explore purchasing means of further reducing the prices of essential medicines.(viii) Establishing priority selection and rational utili ation system for essential medicines To meet the demand of patients, all retail pharmacies and h ealth care institutions should store and sell the national essential medicines. The utilization rates of essential medicines in health care institutions at various levels should be regulated by government health departments. Starting from 2009, essential medicines should be stored and used in all government-run heal th care institutions at grass-roots levels. All other health care institutions must use essential medicines as regulated. H e alth departments of the government s hould formulate guidelines and prescription formularies of essential medicines for clinical use so as to strengthen guidance and supervision over medicatio n. Patients are allowed to purchase drugs in retail pharmacies with prescription. All the essential medicines are included in the drug reimbursement list of b asic medical security, with the reimbursing rate much higher than that of non-essential medicines.□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□r□□□□□□□□r□□□-r□□□□□□□□□□(ix) trengthening construction of grass roots health care institutions Efforts should be made to improve the three-tier rural health care service networ k, and give full play to county-level hospitals’ leading role. The central government will give full support to the construction of around 2000 county-level h ospitals (including TCM hospitals) within three years, and at least one hospital in each county should reach the level of a standard county hospital. Construc tion standards for township health care centers and community health centers should be improved. In 2009, the construction of 29,000 township health cent ers supported by the central government planning should be completed, and support will also be given to the renovation and expansion of over 5000 lead to wnship health centers, with one to three centers in each county. V i llage clinic construction in remote and border areas will be supported, and each administr ative village will be equipped with one clinic nationwide in three years. 3700 urban community health centers and 11,000 community health stations will ne wly built or renovated in three years. The central government will support the construction of 2400 urban community health centers in regions with difficult ies. The health care resources should be restructured in areas with excess public hospitals resources, for the purpose of strengthening health care institutions at grass-roots levels. Through ways of service purchasing, the government compensates public health services provided by grass-roots health care institutio ns run by non-government sponsors. The government will compensate basic health care services provided by non-government institutions through channels such as basic medical security funds and by means including signing designated health care insurance contract. Q u alified health care professionals are enco uraged to run clinics or establish their individual practice.(x) trengthening the team of grass roots health care or ers Efforts will be made to work out and implement the plans of free of training general prac titioners and recruitment of certified practitioners for rural areas. The plan is to train 360,000 health care professionals for township health centers, 160,000 for urban community health institutions and 1.37 million for village clinics in three years. The system of counterpart aid between urban and rural hospitals will be improved. Each urban tertiary hospital shall provide long-term counterpart assistance to about three county-level hospitals (including township healt h centers where conditions allow). Efforts will be made to implement the project of “10,000 doctors providing health care assistance to rural areas”, and im prove the quality of county-level doctors with further training in large urban hospitals, or with standardized training for resident physicians.Efforts will be made to effectively implement the policy that doctors in urban hospitals and disease prevention and control centers shall work for at least on e year in rural areas before obtaining intermediate or senior professional titles. G r aduates from medical universities are encouraged to work in health care in stitutions at grass-roots levels. Starting from 2009, the government will compensate tuition fees and student loans for those medical graduates who voluntee r to work for at least three years in township health centers in mid-western regions.□xi) eforming the compensation mechanism for health care institutions at grass roots levels The operational costs of health care institutions at grass-roots levels shall be compensated through service charges and government subsidies. W i th regard to government-run township health centers, urban commu nity health centers and stations, the government is responsible for their basic construction, equipment purchase, staffing costs, and public health service cost s, in accordance with state regulations, and the compensation will be delivered through ways such as fixed amount funding for designated items and service purchasing. The salary level of health care workers should be in line with the average salary level of staff of local public institutions. The service charges ofgrass-roots health care institutions shall be set according to the costs after deduction of government subsidy. As long as drugs are sold at zero price margin, the revenue from drug sale will no longer be compensation sources for funding grass-roots health care institutions, and drug discount shall not be accepted. Efforts will be made to explore separated management of expenditure and revenue of health care institutions at grass-roots levels.The government provides rational subsidies to rural doctors for providing public health services. The criteria shall be regulated by the local government.(xii) ransforming the operation mechanism of health care institutions at grass roots levels e alth care institutions at grass-roots levels shall provide low-cost services for urban and rural residents by using appropriate techniques, appropriate equipments as well as essential medicines, and promoting the us e of TCM including ethnic minority traditional medicines. Township health centers shall change their way of services, organizing mobile medical teams to r ural areas. The urban community health centers and stations shall provide on-the-spot services and household visits for patients whose movement is restrict ed because of illness. L o cal governments are encouraged to formulate diagnosis and treatment criteria for health care institutions at different levels, carry o ut pilot projects of “initial diagnosis at community health centers”, and establish dual referral between grass-roots health care institutions and superior hospi tals. Efforts will be made to completely implement staff recruitment system, establish the human resources management system that allows two-way move ment of staff flow, improve the income distribution system, and establish the evaluation and incentive system with service quality and quantity as the core, and job responsibility and performance as the basis.□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□r□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□(xiii) overing both urban and rural residents ith basic public health services The items of basic public health services will be defined and the conten t of services specified. Starting from 2009, residents’ health record will be gradually established with standardized management nationwide. Actions should be taken to conduct regular health checkup for senior citizens over 65, carry out regular growth checkup for infants and children under three, conduct regula r prenatal examination and postnatal visit for pregnant and lying-in women, and provide guidance of prevention and control to patients with diseases such a s hypertension, diabetes, mental disorders, H I/AIDs, and tuberculosis. Efforts will be made to disseminate health care knowledge, and establish CCTV health channel in 2009. Both central and local media shall intensify publicity and education on health care knowledge.(xiv) ncreasing ma or national programs of public health services Efforts will be made to continue implementing major public health programs such a s prevention and control of major diseases including tuberculosis and H I/AIDs, national immunization program, hospitalized delivery for women in rural areas. The following projects will be launched starting from 2009: supplementary vaccination of H e patitis B for individuals under 15; eliminating the hazards toxication by coal-burning fluorosis, supplementary intake of folic acid for rural women at the preconception and early pregnant stage for the purpose of preventing birth defect; cataracts cure for economically constrained patients; improving water supply and toilet facilities in rural areas.(xv) trengthening capacity building of public health services Priority will be given to improving facilities of specialized public health institutions for mental health care, maternity and child heath care, health supervision, family planning, etc. Efforts will be made to enhance the capacity of forecasting and early-warning of and responding to major diseases as well as public health emergencies; proactively promote the application of methods and techniques of disease prevention and care with TCM; implement the compensation policy for staff working on high-risk post in infectious disease hospitals, plague-contr ol institutions, schistosomiasis-control institutions and other disease prevention and control institutions.(xvi) Ensuring funding for public health services The government will provide fully from the budget the costs of specialized public health institutions re lated to staffing, development and construction, general administration expenses and business operation, and the service revenue of these institutions shall b e turned over to a special fiscal account or integrated into budget management. Free basic public health services shall be provided to urban and rural residen ts item by item. Funding standard for basic public health services will be increased. In 2009, the average per capita public health funding shall be no less th an 15u an, and no less than 20 Y u an by 2011. The central government will grant subsidies to the regions with financial difficulties through transfer payme nts.□□□□□□□□r□□rd □□□□□□r□□□□□□□□r □□□□□□□□□□□□□□ r□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□d □□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□d □r□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □d□□□□□□□□□□□-□r□□□□□d □□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□r□□□□□□r□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□r□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□d□□□□□□r□□□□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□ r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□d □□□□□□r□□□□□□d □□ d□□□□□d□□□□□□r□□r□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□r□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□□r□□□d□□□□ r□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□ r□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□rr□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□r□□□□r □□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□d□□□□□□□□□□ d□□□r□□□□□□□□r □□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r □□□□□□□□r□□□r□□r□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□r□□□□□-□□□□d □□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□rd□□□d □r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r r□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□r□□□□□□r□□□d □□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□-□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□d□□□d□□□□□r□□□□□d □r□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□r□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ d□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□ r□□□□□□□d□□r□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d□□□□□□□□d □□□r□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□d □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□r□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□Efforts will be made to explore and establish the public hospital quality regulation and assessment system with the joint participation of government health departments, medical insurance institutions, social assessment institutions, representatives of the public and experts. Strict hospital budget and expenditure and revenue management should be exercised and costing and cost-control strengthened. H o spital information disclosure should be universally implemented for public monitoring.(xviii) romoting the reform on the compensation mechanism of public hospitals Efforts will be made to gradually transform the three compensation c hannels of public hospitals, namely service charges, revenue from drug price margin and fiscal subsidy, to two channels, i.e. service charges and fiscal subsi dy. The government shall support public hospitals for basic construction and large-sized equipment procurement, development of key research subjects, cos ts for retirees in conformity with state regulations, and compensation for policy-related losses, etc.; grant special subsidies to public health services delivere d by public hospitals; ensure funding for public services designated by the government, such as emergency rescue and treatment, foreign aid, assistance to r ural and border areas; offer preferential investment policy to TCM hospitals (including ethnic minority hospitals), women and children’s hospitals, and hos pitals specialized in prevention and treatment of communicable diseases, occupational diseases, mental disorders, etc. The construction scale, standards and loan-taking behaviors of public hospitals should be strictly controlled. The separation of health care services and drug sale should be promoted, gradually re scinding the drug price margin, and banning the acceptance of any drug procurement discount. The revenue reduction and losses incurred from the reform s hall be resolved through introducing prescription fees, readjusting the charging criteria for some technical service, increasing government investment, and e tc. The prescription fees shall be integrated into the reimbursement scope of the basic medical insurance. Efforts will be made to actively explore various ef fective means of separating health care services and drug sale, appropriately increase the price for health care technical services, lowering the price of drug s, medical consumables and examination by large-sized equipment, and conduct regular costing of health care services and sound assessment of the efficien cy of health care services.The special-needs services offered by public hospitals shall be no higher than 10% of the total health care services provided. L o cal governments are encour aged to explore and establish the mechanism for pricing health care services through the consultation of all stakeholders.(xix) ccelerating the formation of a health care structure featuring multiple hospital sponsors The provincial health department shall specify, in con junction with the departments concerned and in light of regional health planning, the quantity, layout, number of hospital beds, allocation of large-sized equ ipment, and major functions of public hospitals within the provincial jurisdiction. Efforts will be made to actively and steadily transform some public hospit als to non-public institutions, formulate the structural reform policy measures for public hospitals, and ensure that the value of state-owned assets be mainta ined and the legal rights and interests of employees safeguarded.Non-public investors are encouraged to sponsor non-profit hospitals. Non-public hospitals are entitled to the same treatment with their public-owned counte rparts in terms of designation of medical insurance eligible institutions, approval of research projects, professional titles assessment and continued educatio n, and both types of hospitals shall be treated equally in terms of service access and supervision. The preferential taxation policies for non-profit hospitals s hall be implemented, and the taxation policy for for-profit hospitals shall be improved.The pilot projects for public hospital reform will be launched in 2009, and popularized in 2011.□□□□□□□□□□rd□□□□□□□□r□□(xx) einforcing organi ation and leadership The State Council will form a leading group on deepening the health care system reform to organize and c oordinate the reform work. The relevant ministries under the State Council should waste no time in formulating relevant supporting documents. G o vernments at various levels, should strengthen leadership, organization and implementation, and accelerate the progress of the priority reform programs.(xxi) ntensifying financial support o vernments at various levels should conscientiously implement the health investment policies of the Opinions, read just the expenditure structure, transform the investment mechanism, reform the compensation methods, ensure funding for the reform, and increase the bene。
2024年医院医疗服务提升计划英文版
2024年医院医疗服务提升计划英文版2024 Hospital Medical Service Enhancement PlanIn the year 2024, our hospital aims to improve and elevate the quality of medical services provided to our patients. This enhancement plan focuses on implementing various strategies to ensure better healthcare outcomes and patient satisfaction.Key Objectives:1. Enhance patient experience through improved communication and personalized care.2. Implement advanced medical technologies to enhance diagnostic and treatment capabilities.3. Increase efficiency in hospital operations to reduce waiting times and improve overall service delivery.4. Provide continuous training and education for medical staff to ensure high-quality care.5. Strengthen collaboration with other healthcare providers to offer comprehensive and coordinated care to patients.Strategies:1. Introduce a patient feedback system to gather insights and improve service quality.2. Invest in state-of-the-art medical equipment to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness.3. Streamline administrative processes to reduce paperwork and increase staff productivity.4. Conduct regular training sessions and workshops for medical staff to stay updated on the latest medical advancements.5. Establish partnerships with specialized healthcare providers to offer a wider range of services to patients.Implementation Plan:1. Phase 1 (Q1-Q2): Launch patient feedback system and begin staff training programs.2. Phase 2 (Q3-Q4): Procure and install advanced medical equipment and streamline administrative processes.3. Phase 3 (Ongoing): Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented strategies and make necessary adjustments.Expected Outcomes:1. Improved patient satisfaction ratings and feedback.2. Enhanced diagnostic and treatment capabilities leading to better health outcomes.3. Reduced waiting times and improved efficiency in hospital operations.4. Highly skilled and knowledgeable medical staff providing top-notch care.5. Comprehensive and coordinated healthcare services for all patients.This 2024 Hospital Medical Service Enhancement Plan aims to elevate the standard of healthcare delivery at our hospital and ensure the best possible outcomes for our patients.。
2024年中央七号文件：社会医疗一号文件英文版
2024年中央七号文件：社会医疗一号文件英文版2024 Central Document No. 7: Social Healthcare Document 1In 2024, the Central Government issued Document No. 7 which focused on social healthcare reform. This document outlined key strategies to improve the healthcare system in China, with an emphasis on access to quality care for all citizens.The primary goal of this document is to address the challenges and disparities in the healthcare system, providing affordable and accessible healthcare services to all levels of society. It also aims to enhance the overall health and well-being of the population through preventive measures and improved healthcare infrastructure.One of the key initiatives outlined in the document is the establishment of a comprehensive social healthcare system that covers a wide range of medical services, including preventive care, treatment,and rehabilitation. This system aims to ensure that all citizens have access to essential healthcare services, regardless of their social or economic status.Additionally, the document emphasizes the importance of promoting public health education and awareness, encouraging citizens to adopt healthy lifestyles and preventive measures to reduce the burden on the healthcare system. It also calls for the integration of traditional Chinese medicine with modern healthcare practices to provide a more holistic approach to healthcare.Furthermore, the document highlights the need for increased investment in healthcare infrastructure, including the construction of new hospitals, clinics, and healthcare facilities in underserved areas. It also calls for the training and recruitment of more healthcare professionals to meet the growing demand for healthcare services.Overall, the 2024 Central Document No. 7 on Social Healthcare lays out a comprehensive roadmap for improving the healthcare system in China, with a focus on accessibility, affordability, and quality of carefor all citizens. It represents a significant step towards achieving universal healthcare coverage and promoting the overall health and well-being of the population.。
中英医疗制度对比英文版
中英医疗制度对比英文版中国和英国是两个拥有完全不同医疗制度的国家。
本文将对比这两种制度，包括政府角色、医疗保健服务和财务方面，以及其优点和缺点。
首先，中国的医疗制度是基于公共医疗保险，主要由政府提供基本医疗保健服务。
中国政府通过建立基本药物制度和公共医保体系，保证了大多数居民可以获得基本的医疗保健服务。
政府在医疗保健的规划、组织和监管方面发挥主导作用。
与此相比，英国的医疗制度是国家医疗服务体系（NHS），完全由政府提供医疗保健服务。
英国政府通过纳税人的资金供应NHS，居民可以免费或者以较低成本获得全面的医疗保健服务。
政府在医疗服务的规划、运营和监管方面扮演着至关重要的角色。
在医疗保健服务方面，中国的医疗制度存在一些挑战。
由于医疗资源的不平衡分布，一些农村地区和少数民族地区的居民难以获得高质量的医疗服务。
此外，医患关系紧张也是一个长期存在的问题，部分是由于医疗资源的稀缺，导致患者排队等待的时间较长。
然而，近年来，中国政府通过提高医疗保障水平和增加基层医疗资源投入，加强了基本医疗保健服务的提供。
在财务方面，中国的医疗制度主要通过公共医疗保险和个人支付渠道融资。
政府负责规划和组织基本医疗保健服务，居民需要支付一部分费用。
此外，居民可以选择购买商业医疗保险，以补充公共医疗保险的不足。
然而，医疗费用的不断增长仍然是中国医疗制度面临的挑战之一英国的医疗制度是通过纳税人的资金融资的。
英国的国家医疗服务体系通过纳税人的缴税，资助英国居民获得医疗保健服务。
这种模式确保了居民可以以较低或者免费的价格获得医疗保健服务，然而财政支出的增加成为了该制度的一个问题。
综上所述，中国和英国的医疗制度在政府角色、医疗保健服务和财务方面存在差异。
中国的医疗制度以公共医疗保险为基础，通过政府提供基本医疗保健服务，与之相比，英国的医疗制度是国家医疗服务体系，完全由政府提供医疗保健服务。
两种制度都有其优点和挑战，但都能为居民提供基本医疗保健服务。
翻译资格考试初级英语笔译练习题：中国医疗改革.doc
2019年翻译资格考试初级英语笔译练习题：中国医疗改革汉译英1、然而，政府主导的医疗改革如果仅仅意味着加大对医疗市场的限制的话，那我们可要三思而后行了。
2、农民不断适应新的潮流，农村生活亚在发生巨大变化。
3、发展中国家的人口占全世界总人口的75 010，其国民生产总值却只占20%。
除非采取措施改变这一局势，否则南北冲突只会使全球更不安全。
4、看来政府所谓的特选委员会还未曾征询公众的意见，就已经决定了要向政府建议实行哪一项医疗改革计划。
5、新型的合作医疗制度将有助于防止农民因病致贫、因病返贫。
6、不解决农民的看病问题，就很难最终实现中国社会的全面小康目标。
7、我国的农村人口超过9亿。
虽然他们的收入远比城镇居民要低，抗风险的能力更差，但是长期以来，他们却不能像城镇居民一样享受基本的医疗保障。
8、他说对了，尽管事情的发展与他预计的方式并不一样。
9、由于中日双方尚难以达到互信，因此会特别关注对方的力量发展和如何使用这种力量的意图。
10、我们认为，强加层层规定和限制的做法是错误的。
11、而日本也需要从中国的快速经济增长和充满活力的改革中获益，这又成为日本发展对华关系的根本利益所在。
12、政府想做却又无法做到的事情，自由的市场可以做到。
13、如何利用和借鉴日本的工业化技术和经验来加快中国工业化就成为我国发展对日关系的根本利益所在。
参考译文1、We must think twice, though,before embarking on reform if that means imposing further restrictions on our healthcare markets.2、Farm life is changing considerably as farmers adjust to new trends.3、The North-South conflict can only pose heightened dangers for the entire global. Community unless some steps are taken to change a situation where 750/0 of the wo rld’s population have only 20% of the world’s gross national product.4、It seems that the government’s so-called Blue Ribbon Commission has already decided what plan it will propose without undertaking any public consultation.5、The new cooperative medicare system will help prevent farmers from falling into or falling back to poverty because of catching diseases.6、It is hardly possible to realize a relatively rich Chinese society in overall scale without a solution to farmers’ medicare p roblem.7、China has a farmer population of over 900 million, who werenot entitled, for a very long period of time, to the basic medical insurance as urban people were, although they were more vulnerable because of their far lower income.8、He’s ri ght, though not in the way he intended.9、Since mutual trust has not yet been achieved, both sides will be especially concerned with the other’s growing power and how that power could be used.10、The wrong way is to impose layer after layer of regulations and restrictions.11、While on Japan’s part, it is of fundamental interest to benefit from China’s rapid economic growth and energetic reform.12、Free markets do what governments mean to do - but can’t.13、The fundamental interests of Ch ina’s relations with Japan lie in how to make use of and learn from Japan’s technology and experience to accelerate China’s industrialization.。
《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书(汉英对照版)
《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书White Paper: Medical and Health Services in China中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室26日发表《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书。
全文如下：The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China on Wednesday published a white paper on the medical and health services in China.Following is the full text of the white paper:中国的医疗卫生事业（2012年12月）中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室目录Contents前言Foreword一、卫生基本状况I. Basic Conditions二、医药卫生体制改革II. Reform of Medical and Healthcare Systems三、传染病防治与卫生应急III. Infectious Disease Prevention and Treatment, and Health Emergency Management四、慢性非传染性疾病防治IV. Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Non-communicable Disorders五、妇女儿童健康权益保护V. Protecting Women and Children's Right to Health六、中医药发展VI.Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine七、卫生国际合作VII. International Medical and Healthcare Cooperation结束语Conclusion前言Foreword健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。
医疗中心各科室中英文对照1218
慈溪医疗中心各科室中英文对照宣传栏BILLBOARDS 楼层索引FLOORLAYOUT 信息栏INFORMATION 卫生间Washroom 男卫生间Gents无障碍卫生间Wheelchair Accessible女卫生间Ladies无障碍通道Wheelchair Accessible饮水间Drinking Water Room废物箱Trash垃圾箱Litter生活垃圾暂存处Non-Biohazard Waste垃圾桶Trash小心地滑Caution分诊台Reception 候诊区Waiting Area 挂号Registration 收费Cashier 西药房Pharmacy 中药房TCM Pharmacy 专家诊室Specialist Room 内科诊室Internal Medicine 外科诊室Surgery 中医诊室TCM Room 储藏室Storeroom煎药室Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensary TCM Decoction Room 配电间Power Distribution Station放射科Radiology太平间Morgue 留观室Observation Room 注射室Injection Room护士站Nursing Station 输液室Transfusion Observation Room 配液室Dispensing Room 抢救室Emergency Room 治疗室Therapeutic Room 处置室Treatment Room 一病区WARD AREA 1 病房1 Ward 1 评估室Evaluation Room 咨询室Counseling Room 2F检验科Clinical Laboratory Clinical Lab 抽血室Blood Sampling Room 档案室Archives 心电图ECG Room 超声室Ultrasonography 口腔科Dental Dept 污物间Biohazard Waste 计算机房Computer Room 配电间Power Distribution Station 针灸按摩室Acupuncture & Massage Room 医生值班室Doctor Duty Room 护士值班室Nursi ng Duty Room 更衣室Changing Room 医生办公室Doctor ' s Office 被服间Linen Room Storeroom/Quilt and Clothing Room 护士站Nursing Station 治疗室Therapeutic Room 处置室Treatment Room 二病区WARD AREA 2 病房1 Ward 1 3F健康管理中心Health Man ageme nt Ce nter 康复科Rehabilitation Dept 储物间Storeroom康复咨询室Rehabilitation Cou nseli ng Room 语言认知训练室Speech Trai ning Room 办公室Office 护士站Nursing Station 治疗室Therapeutic Room 处置室Treatment Room 三病区WARD AREA 3 病房1 Ward 1 4F 被服间Linen Room Storeroom/ Quilt and Clothing Room 护士值班室Nursi ng Duty Room 医生值班室Doctor Duty Room 医生办公室Doctor ' S ffice 储物间Storeroom 污物间Biohazard Waste 护士站Nursing Station 治疗室Therapeutic Room 处置室Treatment Room 四病区WARD AREA 4病房1 Ward 1。
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Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Deepening theHealth Care System Reform中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见In the spirit of the 17th CPC National Congress, for the purpose of establishing a health care system with Chinese characteristics, of gradually realizing the goal that everyone is entitled to basic health care services, and of raising the health level of the Chinese people, we hereby put forward the following opinions on deepening the health care system reform.按照党的十七大精神，为建立中国特色医药卫生体制，逐步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务的目标，提高全民健康水平，现就深化医药卫生体制改革提出如下意见。
I. Fully recognizing the importance, urgency and arduousness of deepening the health care system reform一、充分认识深化医药卫生体制改革的重要性、紧迫性和艰巨性The health care sector is a major livelihood issue, as it is closely related to the health of billions of people and the happiness of every household. To deepen the health care system reform, quicken the development of health care sector, meet the people’s ever increasing health care demands, and continuously improve the people’s health is an inevitable requirement of implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development and accelerating economic and social development in a coordinated and sustainable manner, an important measure to maintain social fairness and justice and improve the quality of people’s life, and also a major task of building moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and constructing harmonious socialist society.医药卫生事业关系亿万人民的健康，关系千家万户的幸福，是重大民生问题。
深化医药卫生体制改革，加快医药卫生事业发展，适应人民群众日益增长的医药卫生需求，不断提高人民群众健康素质，是贯彻落实科学发展观、促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展的必然要求，是维护社会公平正义、提高人民生活质量的重要举措，是全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会的一项重大任务。
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, and since the beginning of the reform and opening-up in particular, China’s health care sector has made remarkable achievements. A health service system covering both urban and rural residents has basically come into being; the disease prevention and treatment capacity has been continuously strengthened; the population covered by health care has gradually expanded; health science and technology level has rapidly risen; the people’s health level has been markedly improved; and the major resident health indexes now rank among the highest in the developing countries. Since the major victory won in combating SARS in particular, governments at various levels have increased their investment, the development of public health, rural health care and urban community health care has been accelerated, and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme and the basic medical insurance system for urban residents have made breakthroughs, all of which have laid a solid foundation for deepening the health care system reform. At the same time, however, we must be aware that there is still a rather prominent contradiction between the current development level of China’s health care sector and the people’s health demands and the requirements of balanced socio-economic development. Health care undertakings are developing unevenly between urban and rural areas and among different regions; resource allocation is unreasonable; the work of public health as well as rural and community health care is comparatively weak; the medical insurance system is incomplete; pharmaceutical production and circulation order is not well regulated; the hospital managerial system and operational mechanism are imperfect; government investment in health is insufficient; medical costs are soaring, individual burden is too heavy, and therefore, the people’s reaction is very strong.新中国成立以来，特别是改革开放以来，我国医药卫生事业取得了显著成就，覆盖城乡的医药卫生服务体系基本形成，疾病防治能力不断增强，医疗保障覆盖人口逐步扩大，卫生科技水平迅速提高，人民群众健康水平明显改善，居民主要健康指标处于发展中国家前列。
尤其是抗击非典取得重大胜利以来，各级政府投入加大，公共卫生、农村医疗卫生和城市社区卫生发展加快，新型农村合作医疗和城镇居民基本医疗保险取得突破性进展，为深化医药卫生体制改革打下了良好基础。
同时，也应该看到，当前我国医药卫生事业发展水平与人民群众健康需求及经济社会协调发展要求不适应的矛盾还比较突出。
城乡和区域医疗卫生事业发展不平衡，资源配置不合理，公共卫生和农村、社区医疗卫生工作比较薄弱，医疗保障制度不健全，药品生产流通秩序不规范，医院管理体制和运行机制不完善，政府卫生投入不足，医药费用上涨过快，个人负担过重，对此，人民群众反映强烈。
Featuring arduous health care tasks, the period from now to 2020 is crucial for China to build moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Along with economic development and improvement of people’s living standards, the people will make higher demands on bettering health care services. Industrialization, urbanization, population aging, disease spectrum change, eco-environmental change and other factors pose a series of new and serious challenges to the health care work. To deepen the health care system reform is a strategic choice to accelerate the development of health care undertakings, an important channel to realize the goal of enabling people to share the achievements of reform and development, and an urgent aspiration of the broad masses of the people.从现在到２０２０年，是我国全面建设小康社会的关键时期，医药卫生工作任务繁重。