迈向低碳经济---市政融资和能源效率【外文翻译】

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低碳经济

低碳经济low-carbon economy低碳增长low-carbon growth碳足迹carbon footprint碳足迹是用来衡量我们在日常生活中消耗的二氧化碳的一种方式。

无论是开车上班、乘飞机旅行，还是使用电灯、电脑，我们都消耗石油、煤和天然气等化石燃料。

这些化石燃料在燃烧时，会排放出诸如二氧化碳之类导致地球变暖的温室气体。

The Low Carbon Building Programme (LCBP)，即低碳建筑计划低碳技术，即low-carbon technology低碳能源low-carbon energyThe world will need to spend an additional $10.5 trillion in the next two decades on energy efficiency and low-carbon energy to avoid runaway climate change, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA)。

低碳发展，即low-carbon development/growthChina has issued a report saying the country is expected to realize by 2050 a low carbon development, featuring low energy demand and carbon dioxide output.低碳生活方式，即low-carbon lifestyle我国的大都市已经诞生了“低碳一族”，他们每天使用传统的发条闹钟，取代电子闹钟；在午休和下班后关掉电脑和平板显示器；一旦不用电灯、空调，随手关掉；手机一旦充电完成，立即拔掉充电插头；选择晾晒衣物，避免使用滚筒式干衣机；用在附近公园中的慢跑取代在跑步机上的45分钟锻炼；用节能灯替换60瓦的灯泡；不开汽车改骑自行车……简而言之，“低碳生活”方式可以理解为减低二氧化碳的排放，就是低能量、低消耗、低开支的生活方式。

低碳经济有利英文作文

低碳经济有利英文作文英文：Low-carbon economy is beneficial in many ways. Firstly, it can reduce carbon emissions and slow down global warming. By using renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease our carbon footprint. This not only helps toprotect the environment but also ensures a sustainablefuture for generations to come.Secondly, a low-carbon economy can create new job opportunities. Developing and implementing new technologies and infrastructure for renewable energy requires a skilled workforce, which can lead to job growth in various industries. For example, the installation and maintenanceof solar panels and wind turbines can create jobs in the construction and engineering sectors.Thirdly, a low-carbon economy can also lead to costsavings. By reducing energy consumption and using more efficient technologies, individuals and businesses can save money on their energy bills. For example, switching to LED light bulbs and using energy-efficient appliances can significantly reduce electricity costs.In conclusion, a low-carbon economy is not only beneficial for the environment but also for our economy and society as a whole. By reducing carbon emissions, creating new job opportunities, and saving costs, we can build a sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.中文：低碳经济在很多方面都是有利的。

低碳经济外文翻译（可编辑）

低碳经济外文翻译外文翻译Low-carbon economyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA Low-Carbon Economy LCE or Low-Fossil-Fuel Economy LFFE[1] is an economy which has a minimal output of greenhouse gas GHG emissions into the biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Recently, most of scientific and public opinion has come to the conclusion there is such an accumulation of GHGs especially CO2 in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic causes, that the climate is changing. The over-concentrations of these gases is producing global warming that affects long-term climate, with negative impacts on humanity in the foreseeable future.[2] Globally implemented LCE's therefore, are proposed as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change, and as a precursor to the more advanced, zero-carbon society and renewable-energy economy Rationale and aimsNations seek to become low-carbon economies as a part of a national global warming mitigation strategy. A comprehensive strategy to manage global warming is carbon neutrality, geoengineering and adaptation to global warming.The aim of a LCE is to integrate all aspects of itself from its manufacturing, agriculture, transportation and power-generation etc. around technologies that produce energy and materials with little GHG emission; and thus, around populations, buildings, machines and devices which use those energies and materials efficiently, and, dispose of or recycle its wastes so as to have a minimal output of GHGs. Furthermore, it has been proposed that to make the transition to an LCE economically viable we would have to attribute a costper unit output to GHGs through means such as emissions trading and/or a carbon tax.Some nations are presently low carbon: societies which are not heavily industrialised or populated. In order to avoid climate change on a global level, all nations considered carbon intensive societies and societies which are heavily populated might have to become zero-carbon societies and economies. Several of these countries have pledged to cut their emissions by 100% via offsetting emissions rather than ceasing all emissions carbon neutrality; in other words, emitting will not cease but will continue and will be offset to a different geographical area Energy policyA country's energy policy will be immediately impacted by a transition toward a low-carbon economy. Advisory bodies and techno-economic modelling such as the POLES energy model can be used by governments and NGOs in order to study transition pathways.Nuclear power, or, the proposed strategies of carbon capture and storage CCS have been proposed as the primary means to achieve a LCE while continuing to exploit non-renewable resources; there is concern, however, with the matter of spent-nuclear-fuel storage, security and the uncertainty of costs and time needed to successfully implement CCS worldwide and with guarantees that the stored emissions will not leak into the biosphere. Alternatively, many have proposed renewable energy should be the main basis of a LCE, but, they have their associated problems of high-cost and inefficiency; this is changing, however, since investment and production have been growing significantly in recent times.[3] Furthermore, regardless of the effect to the biosphere by GHG emissions, the growing issue of peak oil may also be reason enough for a transition to an LCE.See also: Low carbon dietFoodstuffs should be produced as close as possible to the final consumers preferably within walking/cycling distance. This will reduce the amount of carbon-based energy necessary to transport the foodstuffs. Consumers can also buy fresh food rather than processed food, since carbon-based energy might be used to process the food. Cooking presents another opportunity to conserve energy. Energy could be saved if farmers produced more foods that people would eat raw.[weasel words][citation needed]Also, most of the agricultural facilities in the developed world are mechanized due to rural electrification. Rural electrification has produced significant productivity gains, but it also uses a lot of energy. For this and other reasons such as transport costs in a low-carbon society, rural areas would need available supplies of renewably produced electricity.[citation needed]Irrigation can be one of the main components of an agricultural facility's energy consumption. In parts of California it can be up to 90%.[4] In the low carbon economy, irrigation equipment will be maintained and continually updated and farms will use less irrigation water Crops Different crops require different amounts of energy input. For example, glasshouse crops, irrigated crops, and orchards require a lot of energy to maintain, while row crops and field crops don’t need as much maintenance. Those glasshouse and irrigated crops that do exist will incorporate the following improvements:[5]LivestockLivestock operations can also use a lot of energy depending on how they are run. Feed lots use animal feed made from corn, soybeans, and other crops. Energy must be expended to produce these crops, process and transport them. Free-range animals find their own vegetation to feed on. The farmer may expend energy to take care of that vegetation, but not nearly as much as the farmer who grows cereal and oil-seed crops.Many livestock operations currently use a lot of energy to water theirlivestock. In the low-carbon economy, such operations will use more water conservation methods such as rainwater collection, water cisterns, etc. and they will also pump/distribute that water with on-site renewable energy sources most likely wind and solar.Due to rural electrification, most agricultural facilities in the developed world use a lot of electricity. In a low-carbon economy, farms will be run and equipped to allow for greater energy efficiency. The dairy industry, for example, will incorporate the following changes:[5] Irrigated Dairychemical substitute for hot water wash Hunting and FishingFishing is quite energy intensive. Improvements such as heat recovery on refrigeration and trawl net technology will be common in the low-carbon economy.[5][dead link]ForestryMain article: Wood economyIn the low-carbon economy, forestry operations will be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Forest managers will make sure that they do not disturb soil based carbon reserves too much. Specialized tree farms will be the main source of material for many products. Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations in order to imize output.[6]MiningMain article: Gas flareFlaring and venting of natural gas in oil wells is a significant sourceof greenhouse gas emissions. Its contribution to greenhouse gases has declined by three-quarters in absolute terms since a peak in the 1970s of approximately 110 million metric tons/year and now accounts for about 1/2 of one percent of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.[7] The World Bank estimates that 100 billion cubic meters of natural gas are flared or vented annually, an amount equivalent to the combined annual gas consumption of Germany and France, twice the annual gas consumption of Africa, three quarters of Russian gas exports, or enough to supply the entire world with gas for 20 days. This flaring is highly concentrated: 10 countries account for 75% of emissions, and twenty for 90%.[8] The largest flaring operations occur in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The leading contributors to gas flaring are in declining order: Nigeria, Russia, Iran, Algeria, Mexico, Venezuela, Indonesia, and the United States.[9] RetailRetail operations in the low-carbon economy will have several new features. One will be high efficiency lighting such as compact fluorescent, halogen, and eventually LED light sources. Many retail stores will also feature roof-top solar panel arrays. These make sense because solar panels produce the most energy during the daytime and during the summer. These are the same times that electricity is the most expensive and also the same times that stores use the most electricity.[10]Transportation ServicesMore energy efficiency and alternative propulsion:o Increased focus on fuel efficient vehicle shapes and configurations, with more vehicle electrification, particularly through plug-in hybridso More alternative and flex-fuel vehicles based on local conditions and availabilityo Driver training for more fuel efficiencyo Low carbon-biofuels cellulosic biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanolo Petroleum fuel surcharges will be a more significant part of consumer costs? Less international trade of physical objects, despite more overall trade as measure by value of goods Greater use of marine and electric rail transport, less use of air and truck transport?Increased bicycle and public transport usage, less reliance on private motor vehicles? More pipeline capacity for common fluid commodities such as water, ethanol, butanol, natural gas, petroleum, and hydrogen in addition to gasoline and dieselSee [11][12][13]Health Services There have been some moves to investigate the ways and extent to which health systems contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and how they may need to change to become part of a low-carbon world. The Sustainable Development Unit[14] of the NHS in the UK is one of the first official bodies to have been set up in this area, whilst organisations such as the Campaign for Greener Healthcare [15] are also producing influential changes at a clinical level. This work includesQuantification of where the health services emissions stem from? Information on theenvironmental impacts of alternative models of treatment and service provisionSome of the suggested changes needed are:Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices e.g. in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment? A shift from focusing solely on cure to prevention, through the promotion of healthier, lower carbon lifestyles, e.g. diets lower in red meat and dairy products, walking or cycling wherever possible, better town planning to encourage more outdoor lifestyles? Improving public transport and liftsharing options for transport to and from hospitals and clinics Initial stepsInternationally, the most prominent early step in the direction of a low-carbon economy was the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, which came into force on February 16, 2005, under which most industrialized countries committed to reduce their carbon emissions.[16][17] Importantly, all member nations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development except the United States have ratified the protocol CountriesCosta RicaCosta Rica sources much of its energy needs from renewables and is undertaking reforestation projects. In 2007 the Costa Rican government announced the commitment for Costa Rica to become the first carbon neutral country by 2021.[18][19][20]IcelandMain article: Renewable energy in IcelandIceland began utilising renewable energy early in the 20th century and so since has been a low-carbon economy. However since dramatic economic growth, Iceland's emissions have increased significantly per capita. As of 2009, Iceland energy is sourced from mostly geothermal energy and hydropower, renewable energy in Iceland, and since 1999, has provided over 70% of the nation's primary energy and 99.9% of Iceland's electricity.[21] As a result of this, Iceland's carbon emissions per capita are 62% lower than those of the United States[22] despite using more primary energy per capita,[23] due to the fact that it is renewable and thus limitless and costs Icelanders almost nothing. Iceland seeks carbon neutrality and expects to use 100% renewable energy by 2050 by generating hydrogen fuel from renewable energy sources Australia Main article: Renewable energy in AustraliaAustralia has implemented schemes to start the transition to a low carbon economy but carbon neutrality has not been mentioned and since the introduction of such scheme emissions have increased. The current government has mentioned the concept but has done little and has pledged to lower emissions by 5-15%. In 2001, The Howard Government introduced a Mandatory Renewable Energy Target MRET scheme. In 2007, the Government revised the MRET - 20 per cent of Australia's electricity supply to come from renewable energy sources by 2020. In 2009, the Rudd Government willlegislate a short-term emissions reduction target, another revision to the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target as well as an emissions trading scheme. Renewable energy sources provide 8-10% of the nation's energy and this figure will increase significantly in the coming years. However coal dependence and exporting conflicts with the concept of Australia as a low-carbon economy. Carbon neutral businesses have received no incentive; they have voluntarily done so. Carbon offset companies offer assessments based on life cycle impacts to businesses that seek carbon neutrality. The Carbon Reduction Institute is one such offset provider, that has produced a Low Carbon Directory to promote a low carbon economy in Australia New ZealandChinaMain article: Renewable energy in ChinaIn China, the city of Dongtan is to be built to produce zero net greenhouse gas emissions.[24]Chinese State Council has announced its aim to cut China's carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by 40%-45% in 2020 from 2005 levels.[25]SwedenOil phase-out in SwedenUnited KingdomIn the United Kingdom, the Climate Change Act outlining a framework for the transition to a low-carbon economy became law on November 26, 2008. This legislation requires a 80% cut in the UK's carbon emissions by 2050 compared to 1990 levels, with an intermediate target of between 26% and32% by 2020.[26] Thus, the UK became the first country to set such a long-range and significant carbon reduction target into law.A meeting at the Royal Society on 17?18 November 2008 concluded that an integrated approach, making best use of all available technologies is required to move towards a low carbon future. It was suggested by participants that it would be possible to move to a low carbon economy within a few decades, but that 'urgent and sustained action is needed on several fronts'.[27]United StatesLow Carbon Economy Act of 2007.[28]译文低碳经济从维基百科,免费的百科全书一个低碳经济现状或Low-Fossil-Fuel经济LFFE[1]是一种经济具有最小输出的温室气体排放的温室气体进入生物圈,但具体指的温室气体二氧化碳。

双碳官方翻译

双碳官方翻译中共中央、国务院近日印发《关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见》，提出了构建绿色低碳循环发展经济体系、提升能源利用效率、提高非化石能源消费比重、降低二氧化碳排放水平、提升生态系统碳汇能力等五方面主要目标。

The Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council unveiled a guiding document on the country's work to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals under the new development philosophy. The document outlines five major tasks, including creating a green, low-carbon and circular economy, improving energy efficiency, increasing the share of non-fossil energy consumption, lowering CO2 emissions and boosting the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems.为推动实现碳达峰、碳中和目标，中国将陆续发布重点领域和行业碳达峰实施方案和一系列支撑保障措施，构建起碳达峰、碳中和“1+N”政策体系。

To achieve its carbon peak and neutrality targets, China will release implementation plans for peaking carbon dioxide emissions in key areas and sectors as well as a series of supporting measures, and will put in place a “1+N” policy framework for carbon peak and carbon neutrality.。

大学英语六级翻译练习题：低碳经济.doc

2019年6月大学英语六级翻译练习题：低碳经济英语六级翻译练习题：低碳经济面对日益严重的环境问题，低碳经济越来越引起世界各国的关注。

对于低碳经济的界定虽各有不同，但人们普遍承认，低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式，是人类社会继农业文明、工业文明之后的又一次重大进步。

低碳经济实质上是能源高效利用、清洁能源开发、追求绿色GDP的问题，核心是能源技术和减排技术创新、产业结构和制度创新以及人类生存发展观念的根本性转变。

在我国经济发展的关键时期，更加协调低碳经济与发展的关系，保护地球的生态环境，事关中国人民乃至全世界人民的福祉。

译文：Facing the more and more serious environment issues, low carbon economy increasingly arose the worlds attention. The definitions of low carbon economy are different, while it is wildly acknowledged that low carbon economy is the economic model based on the low energy, low pollution and low emission, which has been a significant advance of human society since it undergoes the agricultural civilization and industrial civilization. The low carbon economy, in essence , is the efficient utilization of energy, the exploration of clean energy and the pursuit of green GDP. Its core is the innovation of energy technology and emission reduction and theindustrial structure and fundamental change of human survival and development concepts. In the critical period of economic development in our country, to further coordinate the relationship between low-carbon economy and the development, protect the ecological environment of the earth, is about the well-being of the Chinese people and the people all over the world as well.。

中国低碳经济的发展【外文翻译】

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Development of a low-carbon economy in China出处：The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology作者：Ding DinG, DongBao Dai and Ming Zhao原文：Key words: Low-carbon economy, climate change, carbon emissions, development strategies, ChinaSUMMARYUnder the pressures of climate change, many countries are trying to adapt to a low-carbon economy. In this paper, we review the development pattern of the low-carbon economy of major countries and its impact on the world economy. We then argue that economic development and abatement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China should be balanced. The challenges that China faces should also be considered carefully. It is necessary for China to find an approach to solve the issues of climate change, which should include new technologies and establishing incentive mechanisms and reform-oriented policies. These guidelines can adjust the structure of the economy and energy use, improve energy efficiency, promote the development of alternative and renewable energy, enhance the potential of carbon sinks, and develop advanced technology to perfect a 'Clean Development Mechanism' and sustainable development through inter-national cooperation. INTRODUCTION：China's current capacity to tackle climate change is relatively low due to its rapid economic development, huge population and coal-dominated energy system. Thus, China faces great challenges in coping with climate change, namely the increasing pressure of CO2 emissions resulting from the high demand for energy in the process of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and globalization. The inter-national community now requests each country to put more effort into controlling climatechanges and mitigating their consequences in order to cope with increasingly serious global climate changes. China's domestic needs and its global climate responsibilities pull the country in different directions and confront China with severe policy challenges (NDRC 2007).Climate change is fuelling a significant renaissance in national environmental movements in Europe. The broad aim of this article is to examine whether it was better to understand the extent to which the 2006 Stem Review on climate change marked a decisive turning point in the UK, or whether it was just another missed opportunity (Jordan 2007). Labelled as the most comprehensive review of the economics of climate change ever produced, the Stem Review was commissioned as part of the G8 Gleneagles Dialogue on Climate Change. The follow-up in terms of new political and policy pronouncements is examined. It is concluded that finding ways to unite domestic and international actions on climate change represents an enormously tricky political challenge for all governments.THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE LOW-CARBON ECONOMYThe idea of a low-carbon economy is related to the basic material cycles on Earth, especially the carbon cycle and carbon balance. Within a given carbon budget, one may calculate various public and commercial activities with regard to their carbon emissions, and use market mechanisms for trading rights for carbon emissions, either domestically or internationally, through mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol. A thorough reconsideration of economic and social activities with regard to the control of greenhouse (GHG) emissions may allow a complete transformation of the system in line with low-carbon economic theory, and therefore may provide a sustainable solution for global climate change. In many countries, great progress has been made in scientific research to understand the impact of human activities on carbon emissions in terms of international research on global climate changes (Zhao 2006).International research on the low-carbon economy is currently focused on the following four areas: 1) energy consumption, including trans-forming the energy consumption structure related and rebuilding energy systems into low-carbon systems;2) development of the economy, concentrating on relations between the modes, stagesand developmental speeds of different economic activities and carbon emissions; 3) agricultural production, comprising changes in land use, regulation of agricultural land and changes in agricultural production levels and structure to reduce emissions; 4) analysis of economic risks and research on various countermeasures for reduction of carbon emissions (Zhang et al. 2002).Besides relevant regional and comparative analyses, more and more importance is placed on integrated analyses using comprehensive models and large amounts of data, such as carbon circulation/energy models, dynamic integrated evaluation models and energy consumption models for carbon emission reduction (Wang et al. 2004; Xu’et al. 2006). However, no satisfactory progress has been made in the conversion of energy within the internal elements generating carbon emissions and the interaction of all elements in the carbon emission cycle (ERI 2005).Some developed countries that have complex energy security constraints regard the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions as an integral part of energy strategy adjustment. These countries are attempting to build a low-carbon emission economy by increasing energy efficiency, optimizing energy structures and strengthening R&D. The strategy pursued by these countries is in accord with the UN General Assembly's determination to initiate international climate convention negotiations, which resulted in the Kyoto Protocol and the Montreal Climate Change Conference's decision to start Post-Kyoto Protocol negotiations in December 2005. The European Union has been very active in this process, and in particular the United Kingdom and Germany have made major commitments (Li et al. 2006; Xu 2007).While securing the supply of conventional domestic petroleum energy, many countries are actively developing renewable energy and new energy sources. Many are reconsidering nuclear power development, and adjusting and optimizing the energy structure to effectively reduce the volume of CO2 emitted per unit of consumption. The EU has announced the development goal of developing new renewable energy sources. The USA and Japan have reinforced the role of nuclear power in their energy strategies, after a 20-year history of not building new nuclear power plants. Japan continues to implement plans to reinforce the national power supply with nuclear power and to speed up its development from 29% at present to30% and up to 40% by 2030.It is essential for all countries to create more material wealth with less energy consumption. This will provide economic benefits and is also an important means to reduce CO2 emissions (Zhuang 2005). Japan will raise energy efficiency by 30% by 2030, while the EU plans to reduce its total energy consumption by 20% by 2020, compared with that in 2004. The USA energy strategy will concentrate on production techniques for advanced batteries and vehicle fuels such as cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen, and how to use sophisticated but clean energy technologies, namely clean coal, nuclear energy, solar energy and wind energy. Japan is emphasising research on super-burning, super time and space energy utilization and advanced energy-saving techniques. The EU proposes to develop the world's most advanced energy technologies and accelerate the development of new technologies such as nuclear fusion ITER, new fuel cells, carbon capture and storage, renewable energy and gas hydrates.CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES IN CHINAClimate change is an overall global concern, and energy is the material basis and guarantee for the sustainable growth of China's economy. China is also one of the main emission sources for green-house gases. On the one hand, China currently has a shortage of energy, while, on the other hand, it consumes too much energy, which increases the emission of CO2. Endeavour to control green-house gas emissions and strengthen its sustainable growth capability is both a fulfillment of the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the inevitable result of the full implementation of scientific development concepts in this new situation.Greenhouse gases emitted from energy consumption account for more than 70% of total emissions in China. According to the 'Initial National Communication on Climate Change of the People's Republic of China', China's total GHG emissions in 1994 were 4,060 million tons of CO2 (equivalent to 3,650 million tons net emission), of which 3,070 million tons of CO2, 730 million tons of CO2 equivalents (tCO2e) of methane (CH4) and 260 million tCO2e of nitrous oxides (N2O). A recent preliminary estimate indicated that the emission volume of N2O, CH4 and N2O in China wasapproximately 6.9 billion tons of equivalent weight of CO2, among which, 5.65 billion tons was CO2, 900 million tons was CH4 and 360 million tons was N2O. The total proportion of the emission volume of CO2 rose from 75.6% in 1994 to 81.9% in 2005. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels in China account for about 18% of the world total. CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels in China were 4.73 billion tons in 2004, 81.6% of that in the USA and 4.3-times as much as in India, accounting for 17.8% of the total 26.6 billion tons worldwide. CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels in China rose from 10.9% in 1990 to 17.8% in 2004. It is estimated that China might overtake the USA to be the largest CO2 emitter in the world in 2007. CO2 emission per unit of primary energy in China is rising, and is 24% higher than the world average. As carbon content and combustion efficiency varies greatly in different energy sources, different energy structures can be distinguished in CO2 emissions. CO2 emitted per unit of primary energy in China was 2.94 tons per ton petroleum, 24% above the world average of 2.37 tons CO2/ton petroleum, 18% higher than in the USA (2.49 tons CO2/ton petroleum) and 1.52-times that of India (1.93 tons CO2/ton petroleum). From 1990 to 2004, the intensity of CO2 emissions from primary energy consumption grew by 12.9% in China, while it declined by 0.7% in the USA.The development history and tendency of all countries indicates that per capita CO2 emissions and per capita energy consumption are closely related to economic growth. At the current technical level and in the consumption mode, reaching the development level of industrialized countries requires that the per capita energy consumption and per capita CO2 emission reach very high levels. There is no world precedent for low per capita energy consumption and CO2 emissions combined with high per capita GDP. The international community's negotiations on reduction and restriction of GHG emissions can never be simple, as each country is striving for development space and options for development pathways. With its large population base, China still faces a long-term development task to accomplish its industrialization and urbanization . As the economy grows, energy consumption and emissions of CO2 will continue to grow, so reduction and mitigation of GHG emissions is driving China to explore new types of production and consumption (Zhao 2006).China is one of the few remaining countries using coal as its major energy source. Coal accounted for 67.7% of primary energy consumption in China in 2004, but only 27.2% globally in the same year. A unit of coal emits 1.36-times as much CO2 as that emitted by petroleum, and 1.61-times as much as that emitted by natural gas. Adjustment of the energy structure is restrained to some extent by the composition of available energy resources, and improvement of energy efficiency confronts a scarcity of technical and financial resources. Thus, the, coal-focused energy resource structure and consumption structure in China cannot change fundamentally in a short time, forcing China to face more difficulties than more developed countries in adjustment of the energy structure and reduction of per unit energy emissions.Old energy production methods and technologies in China are the main barriers leading to inefficiency of energy consumption and higher emissions of GHG. Furthermore, China lags behind developed countries by about 10-15 years in energy exploration, supply and conversion, energy transmission and distribution techniques, industrial production techniques and terminal use techniques for other energy sources. Conventional technologies are the mainstay in China's key industries. For example, production of a ton of steel consumes between 700-800 kg of standard coal. Lack of sophisticated technology and use of many out-dated techniques reduce China's energy efficiency by 10% compared with developed countries. In other words, China's unit energy consumption is about 40% higher than that of other developed countries. Dealing with the challenges of climate change will eventually depend on development of new technologies. China is currently constructing large-scale infrastructure for energy transformation and energy-efficient buildings. Failure to acquire advanced technologies beneficial for reduction of GHG will lead China to be a still higher GHG emitter for several decades, which, in turn, will create more serious challenges in handling climate change.After China became a net petroleum importer in 1993, its imported petroleum has grown year-by-year. In 2006, China's net annual import of petroleum exceeded 160 million tons, or a dependency on foreign imports of nearly 50%. In addition, import of natural gas has also risen dramatically, but this promotes adjustment of China's energy structure and reduces emissions of several pollutants and GHG.Considering China's huge environmental pressure in energy production and consumption and the rapid growth in energy demand, adjustment of energy structure and increase of high-quality energy imports are two further important pathways. The rapid growth of petroleum and coal imported by China will impose great challenges to China's energy security and also increase pressure on international energy markets.CHINA'S DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS FOR A LOW-CARBON ECONOMYBy reviewing the environmental protection history of major countries and analysing their energy strategies, it can be seen that environmental problems have occurred during development in all countries. Developed countries have used new laws, regulations and economic instruments to resolve problems of domestic environmental pollution, ecological destruction and global climate change. With industrialization , urbanisation and modernization , China's consumption of energy will continue to grow rapidly. The development and use of energy will have an increasing impact on the ecological environment, compelling China to face dual challenges of both traditional environmental problems and climate change. China will achieve its sustainable energy development goal only if environmental protection is central to its strategies, and if it builds clean, highly efficient, environmentally friendly and beneficial energy systems appropriate to its economic development stages.Policy tools not only help to implement a low-carbon economy but also to diversify and coordinate policies. China has stipulated and implemented regulations and rules to promote energy saving at various levels. However, we should promote participation and cooperation of 'intermediate powers', including industrial associations, consultant organizations, investment companies, scientific research institutes and the media to better coordinate relations between state-owned and other enterprises. China should endeavour to send a clear message to such groups through the coordination of policy tools in order to help decision-makers to understand the challenges and opportunities that the low-carbon economy will bring. Policies to promote the development of a low-carbon economy are gradually being brought into China's national planning and policy and should be implemented in stages, to avoidlarge impacts on the economy. Active and conscious consideration of low-carbon factors in pollutant control and regulation will enable us to resolve problems of pollutant emissions and achieve low-carbon economic growth.The general concept of China's low-carbon economic development model is to accomplish industrialization by 2020 and modem economic development around 2050. The prerequisite of this concept is to guarantee the construction of a better-off society throughout China. To achieve this, we must take active measures, such as revision of economic and social consumption models, development and popularization of advanced energy-saving technologies, expansion of renewable energy and advanced nuclear energy technologies, optimization of energy structure by applying high-efficiency, clean and low-carbon emission coal technologies and hydrogen technology, combined with ecological environmental protection. These measures will achieve the low-carbon economy and gradually build the system and mechanism for reduction of emissions of CO2 and other GHG (Jiang and Yao 2003).APPROACHES TO REALIZE LOW-CARBON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR CHINATo achieve low-carbon economic development in China, we should consider our national situation and develop our potentials in terms in the areas described above and through international technological and economic cooperation. As a coal-focused energy consumer, China suffers from the resulting complex environmental problems, which are constantly worsening China's ecological environment. To construct an energy-saving and environment-friendly society and revolutionise the traditional extensive growth, China should optimize industrial structures and actively develop high value-added and environmentally friendly high-tech industries and service sectors during its industrialization. It should be emphasized that reform of the chemical industry and encouraging enterprises to install and operate environmentally friendly and energy-saving equipment and improve management and energy consumption efficiency can lead to a low-carbon economy (Lu and Wang 2003). China should speed up development of water, natural gas and renewable energy resources for the home, while encouraging the safe development of nuclear power. Based on current national coal usage, the basic energy supply will not changeradically until 2030. It is our special task to optimize terminal energy and resolve pollutant emissions in energy consumption (Pan and Zhu 2006; He et al. 2006).In spite of a recent decline in energy intensity, China still has a large gap in when compared with developed countries. The integrated energy efficiency of China is currently about 33%, 10% lower than that of developed countries. China's unit energy consumption of major products in industries such as electric power, steel and iron, nonferrous metals, petrochemicals, construction materials, chemicals, light industry and textiles is 40% higher than that of more advanced countries. The integrated energy consumption per unit products for steel, cement, paper and cardboard in China is, respectively, 21%, 45% and 120% higher than in more advanced economies. Oil consumption by vehicles in China is 25% higher than that in European countries, and 20% higher than that in Japan. The energy consumed to supply heating per unit floor space is two to three times as much as that of the developed countries with similar climate conditions. China's recovery ratio of mineral resources is 30%, 20% lower than that of developed countries. Progress and innovation in energy technologies is essential to mitigate emissions of GHG. The developed countries all concentrate on adoption of new energies, R&D for low-carbon fuel, cleaning of traditional fossil fuels and advanced power generation techniques to realize low-carbon economies. China should develop new energy technologies such as 1) production of ethanol from cellulose and hydrogen for vehicle use, 2) advanced power generation such as clean coal, nuclear, solar and wind energy, 3) advanced techniques such as carbon capture and storage, and 4) renewable energy.China should apply economic policy measures, including taxes, pricing and revenues, and concentrate on designing energy-saving and renewable energy, new energy and energy-consumption products to prevent pollution. We should also develop financial incentive mechanisms to encourage investment and financing in energy fields. We should revolutionize the current energy pricing mechanism and price administrative as well as price relationships among energy products, which do not benefit or adapt to environmental protection. Consequently, energy structure will be successfully adjusted and the dominant energy-saving priority strategy in the market will be set up. We should strictly regulate energy consuming projects andequipment into the market, and replace old techniques and equipment, therefore promoting the environmental protection level of the energy consumption system in an all-round way.Although each country has a different understanding of climate change and advances different ways to cope with it, effective cooperation and dialogue are required to deal with challenges produced by climate change. The growth of energy demand and GHG emissions is mostly attributable to developing countries, which are restricted by their economic strength, low technological level and relatively deficient technological R&D capability. To achieve the common goal of global sustain- able growth, developed countries are expected to provide funds for and transfer technologies to developing countries. In addition, China has the responsibility to accelerate its own technological transfer from developed countries.CONCLUSIONSIn the low-carbon economic development mode, carbon emission should be used as a standard to check the validity of any activity. The government, enterprises and individuals should restrict their actions and conduct their life in a much greener and more environmentally friendly manner. Low-carbon and non-carbon energy resources will be largely applied in future. Energy efficiency will be enormously raised and green consumption will be advocated. Carbon emission reduction will be used as a commodity that can be freely transacted in the market. We believe that the building of the new low-carbon society and economic entity will finally realize zero carbon emissions and, therefore, radically restrain climate change.本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Development of a low-carbon economy in China出处：The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology作者：Ding DinG, DongBao Dai and Ming Zhao译文：中国低碳经济的发展关键词：低碳经济，气候变化，碳排放，发展战略，中国概要：根据气候变化的压力，许多国家正在努力适应低碳经济。

双碳英语作文带翻译

双碳英语作文带翻译双碳英语作文是一种体现环保理念的写作方式，常常以环保、低碳生活为主题。

下面是一篇关于低碳生活的英语作文，带有中文翻译。

Title: Embracing a Low-Carbon Lifestyle 迈向低碳生活。

In the wake of increasing environmental concerns, the significance of adopting a low-carbon lifestyle cannot be overstated. As individuals, we hold the power to make impactful changes in our daily habits to mitigate climate change and preserve our planet for future generations. In this essay, we will explore the importance of embracing a low-carbon lifestyle and discuss practical ways to achieve it.随着环境问题日益凸显，采用低碳生活方式的重要性不言而喻。

作为个体，我们有能力在日常生活习惯中做出重大改变，以减缓气候变化，保护地球为子孙后代所用。

本文将探讨拥抱低碳生活方式的重要性，并讨论实现低碳生活的实用方法。

First and foremost, reducing our carbon footprint is crucial in combating climate change. Our carbon footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities. By minimizing our consumption of fossil fuels, electricity, and water, we can significantly decrease our carbon footprint. This can be achieved by using energy-efficient appliances, carpooling or using public transportation, and conserving water through simple measures such as fixing leaks and taking shorter showers.首先，减少碳足迹对抗气候变化至关重要。

低碳经济英语作文带翻译

低碳经济英语作文带翻译“Low-carbon life “ (low carbonlife), is refers to life work and rest when try your best to reduce the energy consumption, thereby reducing carbon, especially carbon dioxide emissions, thus reducing the pollution of the atmosphere, slow ecological deteriorating, mainly from energy-saving solar terms and recovery of three links to change life details. As the Chinese civilization and polite, courteous is to respect the rights of their own lives and at the same time, we also want to respect other people ‘s lif e rights against infringement. Let ‘s start from the trivial details, pay attention to energy saving, water saving, fuel-efficient, throttle, make low-carbon living a life attitude and philosophy of life. Set your strength, together to protect the earth mother.Protecting environment starts from me, starts from the minor matter, starts from the campus, let us all to a low carbon life make the campus more beautiful! “低碳生活”(low-carbonlife)，就是指生活作息时所耗用的能量要尽力减少，从而减低碳，特别是二氧化碳的排放量，从而减少对大气的污染，减缓生态恶化，主要是从节电节气和回收三个环节来改变生活细节。

推动绿色经济发展英文作文

推动绿色经济发展英文作文（中英文实用版）Title: Promoting Green Economic DevelopmentGreen economic development has emerged as a crucial strategy in the face of environmental degradation and climate change.It is an approach that seeks to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability, aiming to reduce carbon emissions, protect biodiversity, and enhance the overall well-being of society.To achieve this, governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to adopt and implement various measures that foster a green economy.Firstly, governments should play a pivotal role in promoting green economic development by enacting policies that encourage sustainable practices.This includes implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, offering incentives for clean energy production, and imposing strict regulations on industries with high pollution levels.Additionally, investing in green infrastructure, such as public transportation and renewable energy, can stimulate economic growth while reducing the carbon footprint.Secondly, businesses should embrace the transition towards a green economy by integrating sustainable practices into their operations.This can involve adopting energy-efficient technologies, utilizing renewable energy sources, and implementing waste reduction and recyclingprograms.By doing so, companies can not only minimize their environmental impact but also enhance their brand image and attract environmentally-conscious consumers.Moreover, individuals have a significant role to play in promoting green economic development.By adopting sustainable lifestyle choices, such as reducing energy consumption, using public transportation, and supporting local and eco-friendly products, individuals can contribute to the demand for green products and services.This, in turn, sends a strong signal to businesses and policymakers that there is a growing market for sustainable alternatives.Furthermore, education and awareness are crucial in driving the transition towards a green economy.By educating the public about the importance of environmental conservation and the benefits of sustainable practices, individuals will be more inclined to make informed choices that align with green economic principles.Collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society is also essential in financing green initiatives.By pooling resources and expertise, stakeholders can support the development and deployment of innovative green technologies and practices, ensuring that green economic development is not only feasible but also equitable.In conclusion, promoting green economic development is a collective responsibility that requires the commitment of allstakeholders.By adopting policies, practices, and individual choices that prioritize sustainability, we can build a thriving economy that safeguards the environment for future generations.---标题：推动绿色经济发展绿色经济发展已成为应对环境退化和气候变化的关键策略。

低碳经济作文英文

低碳经济作文英文英文：Low-carbon economy is a term that has been widely discussed in recent years. It refers to an economic system that aims to reduce carbon emissions and minimize the impact of human activities on the environment. In my opinion, the development of a low-carbon economy is essential for the sustainable development of our planet. 。

Firstly, a low-carbon economy can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which is crucial for combating climate change. By promoting the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon emissions. This can help to slow down the rate of global warming and protect our planet from the devastating effects of climate change.Secondly, a low-carbon economy can also bring abouteconomic benefits. For example, the development of renewable energy technologies can create new job opportunities and stimulate economic growth. In addition, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels can also help to reduce our energy costs and improve energy security.However, transitioning to a low-carbon economy is not without challenges. For example, it requires significant investments in renewable energy technologies and infrastructure. It also requires changes in consumer behavior and lifestyle choices. Nevertheless, I believethat the benefits of a low-carbon economy far outweigh the costs.In conclusion, the development of a low-carbon economy is essential for the sustainable development of our planet. It can help to reduce our carbon footprint, combat climate change, and bring about economic benefits. While there are challenges to transitioning to a low-carbon economy, I believe that it is a necessary step towards a more sustainable future.中文：低碳经济是一个近年来被广泛讨论的术语。

低碳经济【外文翻译】

本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文：Low carbon economyThis paper examines different carbon pathways for achieving deep CO2 reduction targets for the UK using a macro-econometric hybrid model E3MG, which stands for Energy–Economy–Environment Model at the Global level. The E3MG, with combines a top-down approach for modeling the global economy and for estimating the aggregate and disaggregate energy demand and a bottom-up approach (Energy Technology sub Model, ETM) for simulating the power sector, which then provides feedback to the energy demand equations and the whole economy. The ETM sub model uses a probabilistic approach and historical data for estimating the penetration levels of the different technologies, considering their economic, technical and environmental characteristics. Three pathway scenarios (CFH, CLC and CAM) simulate the CO2 reduction by 40%, 60% and 80% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels respectively and are compared with a reference scenario, with no reduction target. The targets are modeled as the UK contribution to an international mitigation effort, such as achieving the G8 reduction targets, which is a more realistic political frame work for the UK to move towards deep reductions rather than moving alone. This paper aims to provide modeling evidence that deep reduction targets can be met through different carbon pathways while also assessing the macroeconomic effects of the pathways on GDP and investment.Climate change, as a result of rising greenhouse gas emissions, threatens the stability of the w orld’s climate, economy and population. The causes and consequences of climate change are global, and while national governments can and should take action, the ultimate solution must be a collective global effort. The latest scientific consensus (IPCC, 2007) has further strengthened the evidence base that it is very likely that anthropogenic GHG emissions at or above current rates would causefurther warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century. A major recent report on the economics of global climate change (Stern, 2006) supports the position that the benefits of stringent climate mitigation action outweighed the costs and risks of delayed action. Although there is a global consideration of the climate change effects, individual countries have undertaken different steps in climate change mitigation, which is obvious given the extended negotiations towards the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. The EU and individual Member States have undertaken several commitments and directed several policies towards the reduction of their emissions. UK has been selected for this analysis as there is political will within the country, as described below from the commitments to tackle climate change. But this commitment can be examined in the context of negotiations at international level, such as the recent commitment of G8 to reduce their emissions by 80% by 2050.Climate change mitigation and energy security are the UK’s core energy policy goals (BERR, 2007). In addition, the decline in domestic reserves and production of UK oil and natural gas, combined with increasing geopolitical instabilities in key gas and oil production and transmission countries have highlighted the need for a secure and resilient UK energy system. Other UK energy policy goals are reductions in vulnerable consumers’ exposure to high energy prices and a continued emphasis on open and competitive energy markets.The UK set itself a groundbreaking climate change mitigation policy with the publication of a long-term national CO2 reduction target of 60% by 2050(DTI, 2003). This target was established in response to the climate challenge set out by the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP, 2000). Climate change mitigation targets were reaffirmed in light of competing energy security issues via the 2007 Energy White paper (BERR, 2007). The 60% UK CO2 reductions target is being established in the UK legislative process through the Climate Change Bill as the minimum CO2 reduction target required by 2050 (DEFRA, 2008). This longer term target has been further analyzed by the new regulatory Committee on Climate Change (CCC, 2008), in light of new evidence concerning global stabilization targets (IPCC,2007). This has led to the proposal for an 80% reduction target for greenhouse gases by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. This target has been adopted by the Brown Administration and the Energy and Climate Change Secretary of State Ed Miliband, becoming a law through the Climate Change Act (DECC, 2008). Additionally, the UK has been a leading proponent of global long-term CO2 target setting within the G8, as the causes and consequences of climate change are global, and while national governments can and should take action, the ultimate solution must be a collective global effort. The G8 dialogue resulted in agreement at the 2009 G8 Italian summit for a robust response to climate change including the adoption of the goal to achieve at least 80% reduction of their emissions by 2050, and aiming to reach an agreement of a 50% reduction in global emissions with other countries.The implementation of three deep CO2 reduction targets (40%, 60% and 80%) for the G8 is examined using the macro-econometric E3MG model. Results are reported for the UK, which is selected as there is a political will to implement such reductions. These targets, examined within the UK Energy Research Center’s 2050 project (UKERC, 2050), are met through the implementation of a portfolio of policies in contrast to the neoclassical approach, where the targets are imposed and the marginal abatement cost for meeting those targets is estimated. The paper contributes by adopting a novel hybrid approach integrating simulation models of the economic system and energy technologies and therefore providing an alternative approach to the traditional economic equilibrium modeling. Moreover the paper aims to provide evidence that there exist pathways for meeting deep reduction targets and also helping the economy to grow. The need for such evidence has been noted by the IPCC in its assessment of the literature on stringent mitigation targets. Such evidence can inform the international negotiations for a post-Kyoto global agreement.Long-term forecast of the economy and of the energy system expansion is subject to uncertainties on fossil fuel resources, prices, economic and technical characteristics of new technologies, behavioral change, political framework and regulatory environment. But the modeling approach implemented to simulate the energy system and the interaction with the global economy is crucial for the results.There are many modeling approaches used for examining energy and climate policies at global or at national level either through macro or energy system models. In the extensive literature on energy-economic modeling of energy and climate policies, there are two wide spread modeling approaches: bottom-up vs. top- down models. The two model classes differ mainly with respect to the emphasis placed on technological details of the energy system and the comprehensiveness of endogenous market adjustments (Bohringer and Rutherford, 2007). However, recent evaluations of the literature (IPCC, 2007) have shown the increasing convergence of these model categories as each group of modelers adopts the strengths of the alternate approach. There is a long track record of energy models underpinning major energy policy initiatives, producing a large and vibrant research community and a broad range of energy modeling approaches (Jebara and Iniyan, 2006). Particularly in recent years, energy models have been directly applied by policy makers for long-term decarburization scenarios (IEA, 2008; Das et al., 2007; European Commission, 2006), with further academic modeling collaborations directly feeding into the global policy debate on climate change mitigation (Weyant, 2004; Strachan Neil et al., 2009).Before deriving any particular conclusion from the scenarios presented in this paper, it is important to consider the modeling approach and the way the scenarios have been implemented with E3MG. E3MG being a macro-econometric model of the global economy has the advantage of examining policies at global and at national level, which is more important in cases of international efforts. The 40%, 60% and 80% reduction targets are not realistic options if implemented only by UK because they would not lead to a significant reduction in climate change and because no single country would easily take a decision moving towards such policies on its own. For these reasons we assume that the emissions reduction targets for the UK are implemented as part of international reduction targets. Based on the facts that the Obama USA Administration is committed to finding solution to climate change issue and the major developing countries are reluctant to adopt such policies in the medium term, a G8 reduction target of 40%, 60% and 80% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels seems to be a more realistic framework.The E3MG model adopts a hybrid approach. The aggregate and disaggregate energy demand is estimated using econometric techniques, allowing for fuel switching for the 12 different fuel types and for the 19 fuel users, while the power sector is simulated using a probabilistic approach which considers the economic, technical, environmental characteristics of the power units but considers also the history. The electric system expansion is modeled by using parameters for the different technologies based on historical data on learning rates, which allows new technologies to gain a share in the market even when their cost is higher than conventional technologies. Moreover the dispatch of the different technologies to meet the electric demand, although using the cost optimization approach comparing the penetration of the different technologies, takes historical data as its starting point. Both the energy demand system and the energy technology options are implemented so as to model market imperfections which exist in all markets and are not usually considered in the classical cost optimization techniques. These market imperfections, resulting either from socio-political factors or from the presence of oligopolies that speculate on the electricity price, cause differentiation in the electricity mix across countries, and lead in many cases to significantly different profiles from those projected from models assuming perfect market conditions.The scenarios are implemented in this framework, allowing the cumulative investment at global level for alternative technologies so their faster penetration provides solutions with a more diverse electric mix. It is also important to mention that the emission reduction scenarios are modeled not by imposing a reduction target and estimating the marginal abatement cost for meeting this target, but by applying different policies at different strengths and different timing, which is consistent with the theoretical background of the space–time economics adopted in the E3MG model. The strength and timing of a policy can trigger (or not) the penetration of a new technology. For example, large investments in electric cars in the medium term can lead to their fast penetration, while large investments in hydrogen cars take longer to have effect and so cannot have similar results. The different scenarios have been implemented by applying in different strengths and timing the policies of carbonpricing, direct investment and revenue recycling in the form of investments in the power sector, investments in the transport and other consumption sectors. The aim was all of them to have a positive effect, by reducing emissions whilst maintaining economic growth. This proves to be the most important conclusion of this paper, that there exist several portfolios of policies that can have large emissions reductions and also help the economy to grow. This finding is in contrast with those from many models predicting that energy investments will have an important negative effect on the economic growth, deriving from the assumptions in the neoclassical approach of full employment (so that there are no extra resources available to produce extra output) and of optimization of the baseline economy by a central planner (so that any shift away from the optimal solution will reduce GDP). But it is consistent with recent political decisions at EU, USA and Japan to invest on green technologies and infrastructure so as to boost their economies out of the global recession.The set of Carbon Ambition scenarios (40%, 60%and80% CO2 reductions from 1990 levels by 2050) offer insights on decarburization pathways and energy–economy–environment trade offs. Decarbonising the global energy system is a timing and well as a political problem with the different portfolios of policies becoming preferable depending on the final and intermediate targets. Achieving the stringent 80% target for the UK by 2050 appears feasible, while maintaining economic growth, but implies adoption of a portfolio of policies including strong regulation and high carbon prices.Source: A.S.Dagoumas,T.S.Barker,2010. “Pathways to a low-carbon economy for the UK with the macro-econometric E3MG model”. Energy Policy,April,pp.3067-3077.译文：低碳经济本文通过审查不同的碳途径来实现二氧化碳深度减排的目标，为实现这一目标，英国使用了在全球水平上代表能源——经济——环境的宏观经济混合模型E3MG。

推动绿色经济发展英文作文

推动绿色经济发展英文作文English: In order to promote the development of a green economy, it is crucial for governments to implement policies that support sustainability and environmental protection. This can include investing in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, promoting energy efficiency in industries and households, and supporting sustainable practices in agriculture and transportation. Businesses also play a key role in driving the green economy by adopting eco-friendly practices, reducing waste and carbon emissions, and investing in sustainable technologies. Consumers can also contribute to the success of the green economy by choosing products with minimal environmental impact, supporting companies that prioritize sustainability, and advocating for policies that promote a cleaner and healthier planet. Ultimately, the transition to a green economy requires collaboration and commitment from governments, businesses, and individuals to create a more sustainable and prosperous future for all.中文翻译: 为了推动绿色经济的发展，政府实施支持可持续发展和环境保护的政策至关重要。

低碳经济外文文献

低碳经济外文文献Low-carbon economy refers to an economic system that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and minimize the negative impact of economic activities on the environment. This concept has gained significant attention in recent years, as the world faces the challenges of climate change and environmental degradation.One of the key components of a low-carbon economy is the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro power. These sources are clean and sustainable, and do not emit greenhouse gases or other pollutants. In addition to reducing emissions, renewable energy can also provide energy security and create new job opportunities.Another important aspect of a low-carbon economy is energy efficiency. This involves using less energy to achieve the same level of output or service. Energy-efficient technologies can be applied in buildings, transportation, industry, and agriculture. By reducing energy waste, efficiency measures can lower greenhouse gas emissions while also saving money forconsumers and businesses.A low-carbon economy also requires changes in consumption patterns and lifestyles. This includes reducing waste, recycling materials, consuming less meat and dairy products, using public transportation or active modes of transport (such as cycling or walking), and choosing products with lower environmental impact.Governments play a crucial role in promoting a low-carbon economy by setting policies that encourage sustainable development. These policies can include carbon pricing mechanisms (such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems), regulations on emissions from industry and transportation, incentives for renewable energy deployment and energy efficiency improvements, and public awareness campaigns.The transition to a low-carbon economy is not without challenges. It requires significant investment in new technologies and infrastructure, which may be costly in the short term. It also involves changing established practices and behaviors that may be resistant to change.However, the benefits of a low-carbon economy are significant. In addition to mitigating climate change impacts, it can create new job opportunities in green industries, improve air quality and public health outcomes by reducing pollution, and enhance energy security by diversifying energy sources.In conclusion, a low-carbon economy is a necessary and desirable goal for sustainable development. It requires a comprehensive approach that includes renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency improvements, changes in consumption patterns and lifestyles, and supportive policies from governments. While there are challenges to overcome, the benefits of a low-carbon economy are substantial and can contribute to a better future for all.。

外文翻译--低碳经济

外文翻译英文：Low-carbon economy, sustainable development is a guiding ideology, through technical innovation, system innovation, industrial upgrading, new energy development and other means to reduce the coal, oil-based high-carbon energy consumption, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve economic, social and environmental sustainable development of the three. Concentrations of atmospheric carbon is the main cause of global climate change. With low power consumption, low emission, low pollution features of low-carbon economy is the human response to global climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the fundamental way out. Closely related to agricultural production and climate change, agriculture is the second most important greenhouse gas sources, how to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and emissions reduction approach has become imperative to explore.Carbon is the diversity of agriculture agriculture, sustainable development of agriculture. The development of agriculture must break the traditional agriculture, "carbon" bottleneck, through agricultural innovations and breakthroughs in science and technology to achieve low-carbon agriculture, the development of high value eco-agriculture, science and technology on agricultural development to increase the contribution rate and more effective to deal with the challenges of traditional agriculture . Agricultural production of carbon mainly in the following aspects: First, agricultural inputs, outputs of their activities both agriculture inputs such as seeds, organic fertilizer, they are also products of industrial production inputs suchas fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural plastic film, etc.; second, the use of agricultural machinery manufacture and use, can not do without electricity, oil and other energy use; the third, agricultural products processing, distribution, energy use is essential. Product sales, whether or not, need to use some of the consumption of materials, such as the farmers market bags; Fourth, agriculture, waste disposal and use, while the maximum benefit the entire community. How to coordinate, to resolve this conflict as crucial aspects of the development of low-carbon agriculture. .The development of ecological agriculture is the high value of low-carbon future response to great challenges of agriculture, sustainable development of agriculture one of the most important innovations, its purpose is to protect the ecological environment in the context of adoption of high-value agriculture, substantial increase in agricultural productivity , industry level, competitiveness and comparative effectiveness. Development of eco-efficient agriculture, high-carbon economy must be achieved from the current fundamental change to a low carbon economy, the transition is a low-carbon agricultural economy. This is a low-carbon economy, an important area that in agricultural production, operation in the least greenhouse gases, while the maximum benefit the entire community of technology. Specifically, low-carbon agricultural technology has the following characteristics: First, it is low power consumption, low pollution, low emissions of the "three low" technology; Second, it is saving technology, saving as much as possible the consumption of various resources, make may reduce the human, financial, material and financial resources for investment; third type of technology it is safe to takevarious measures to agriculture before, during, and post the whole process may bring to society to minimize the adverse effects limits.With those of agriculture to the modern, large-scale industrialization, to establish high-value low-carbon eco-industrial system of agriculture and biotechnology will not only promote agriculture to environmental protection, efficient diversification, but also promote the continuous extension of agricultural industrial chain, and can lead agricultural industry and productivity of science and technology upgrade, I had to constantly meet the growing demand for agricultural products and quality requirements, the full realization of quality of agricultural products, the nutrition, functional and sustainable agro-ecosystems virtuous circle. Agriculture is in response to low-carbon global warming in the new thing came into being, is a high-value agricultural ecology.中文：低碳经济，是在是在可持续发展思想的指导下，通过技术创新、制度创新、产业升级、新能源开发等多种手段，以减少以煤炭、石油为基础高碳能源消耗，减少温室气体的排放，达到经济、社会、环境三者的可持续发展。

低碳英文作文英语模板

低碳英文作文英语模板英文回答：Low-Carbon Development。

Low-carbon development is a paradigm shift in the way we think about and approach economic development. It is a shift from a focus on maximizing economic growth at all costs to a focus on sustainable growth that minimizes environmental impacts. Low-carbon development aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change by promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable land use practices.There are many benefits to low-carbon development. First, it can help to reduce air pollution and improve public health. Second, it can help to conserve natural resources and protect ecosystems. Third, it can help to reduce energy costs and improve energy security. Fourth, it can create new jobs and boost economic growth.However, there are also some challenges to low-carbon development. First, it can require significant upfront investment. Second, it can be difficult to change the way that we produce and consume energy. Third, there can be political resistance to policies that promote low-carbon development.Despite these challenges, low-carbon development is essential for the future of our planet. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change, we can create a more sustainable and prosperous world for ourselves and for future generations.中文回答：低碳发展。

低碳英语作文200字

低碳英语作文200字
英文回答：
Low-carbon development is a global trend and an inevitable choice for sustainable development. It refers to economic and social development while minimizing the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Low-carbon development involves adopting clean energy sources, promoting energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and protecting forests and other carbon sinks. By pursuing low-carbon development, countries can mitigate climate change, reduce air pollution, conserve natural resources, and enhance energy security.
中文回答：
低碳发展。

低碳发展是全球趋势，是实现可持续发展的必然选择。

低碳发展是指在经济社会发展的同时，尽可能减少温室气体和其他污染物
的排放。

低碳发展包括采用清洁能源，提高能源效率，减少碳排放，保护森林等碳汇。

通过践行低碳发展，国家可以减缓气候变化、降
低空气污染、保护自然资源、增强能源安全。

“低碳经济”及其英译

作者：刘金龙
作者机构：上海市松江九亭洙坊路1033弄140号802,201615
出版物刊名：英语知识
页码： 28-29页
年卷期： 2011年第12期
主题词：低碳经济;《21世纪经济报道》;中国社科院;2010年;英译;标准发布;评估标准;全国政协
摘要：2010年3月3日，全国政协十一届三次会议开幕，“低碳经济”备受关注，九三学社提交的“关于推动我国低碳经济发展的提案”被列为一号提案，低碳经济、新材料、节能环保、新能源则成为当年两会热议的焦点。

2010年3月22日《21世纪经济报道》刊登的“中国首个低碳城市标准发布吉林市成首选适用样本”一文，称：“3月19日，中国社科院公布了评估低碳城市的新标准体系，中国至今还没有任何正式或官方的低碳经济评估标准，这是迄今首个最为完善的标准。

”。

迈向低碳经济

非洲亚太地区欧洲拉丁美洲中东与中亚地区北美全球平均平均人均可用生物承载能力（未考虑野生物种的空间需求）
人类高度发展的极限
来源： WWF / GFN / UNDP
( )
可持续发展区域
Human Development Index (HDI)
11
IEA 2008世界能源展望
当今能源趋势是十分不可持续的–不论从社会、环境还是经济方面来看。为避免“突然的、不可逆转的”气候变化，我们需要在世界能源系统全力施行脱碳。
12
世界排放全览
Source: IEA. ETP 2008
13
能效面临的障碍
电力与燃料补贴造成能源价格偏低缺少行为标准、监管激励缺少对环境的关注缺少以下相关信息：
– 可能的节约 – 选择 – 预期的生命周期成本
不完整的价值链以及相关方之间合作不足
14
示例：建筑能效项目
7
迈向低碳经济
地理方案思维方式
社会
经济
环境
8
全球治理的变革
由G8到G20的转变 MEM – 能源与环境市长经济论坛 G2 – 美国与中国间的新关系以及潜在的合作？
9
WBCSD 工作活动
Focus Areas 关注领域
商业角色
能源与气候
Water - 水资源 Energy - 建筑能效 - Efficiency 林业产品 in Buildings - 水泥 Forest Products -电力 Cement --轮胎 Electricity - 海运 - Utilities 交通 - 生态专利共享 - Eco Patent - Commons 城市基础设施建设 - Urban Infrastructure

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外文题目：Toward a Low-Carbon Economy---Municipal Financing For Energy Efficiency and Solar Power出处：Environment Magazine作者：Merrian C. Fuller, Stephen Compagni Portis, andDaniel M. KammenThe economic and environmental need to transition to a low-carbon economy is now at the forefront of energy science, engineering, and policy discussions in the United States and internationally. Former Vice President Al Gore has called for a carbon-free electricity supply in the United States by 2018,1 and in California, Japan, and the United Kingdom, a growing list of municipalities have legislated 70–80 percent or higher reductions in their greenhouse gas emissions over the next four to five decades. These cuts are consistent with the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Thus far much of the effort has been focused on technology and policy solutions, with very little attention given to how this change can be enabled through creative financing.A critical arena for this transformation is in buildings, which account for more than 70 percent of the electricity use2 and almost 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions3 in the United States. Many of the more stringent laws to reduce energy use in buildings, such as Title 24 in California, 4 target new buildings. However, because buildings have many-decade lifetimes, it may be virtually impossible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the levels described by the lower-risk scenarios of the IPCC5 and adopted by local municipalities,6 states,7 and nations8 without a targeted effort to reduce energy demand in existing homes and commercial spaces.This means that retrofit efforts, such as improving energy efficiency and adding solar photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal systems to buildings, need to expand dramatically.Many barriers exist to reducing energy consumption and increasing the use of renewable energy. One is high first cost (“up-front cost”), which is both a psychological and financial barrier for many people. Our research group from theUniversity of California, Berkeley, has worked with a number of cities, initially Berkeley to address this barrier by making financing for solar power installations and energy-efficiency retrofits more appealing and accessible to property owners. Urgency around the need to cut emissions has inspired cities to apply old tools, such as municipal financing, to the new problem of reducing the amount of carbon in the energy supply.Clean energy municipal financing mechanisms like the City of Berkeley’s program Berkeley FIRST (Financing Initiative for Renewable and Solar Technology) have the potential to help catalyze the transition to a more sustainable use of energy and also deliver benefits beyond emissions reductions, including a new source of job growth, reduced strain on the electric power system, and more comfortable and well-maintained buildings. How do these initiatives work,and what might the financial impact be on participants at the state and national levels.Barriers to Reducing Energy DemandOver the last 30 years, a contentious debate has continued over why consumers and businesses choose or forego energy efficient products and practices, and what role public and enabling programs (financing and other) should play in influencing these decisions. Researchers have often tried to explain consumer efficiency related decisions using a life-cycle cost analysis, which looks at the up-front costs of adoption versus the energy savings over time. Many public policy efforts start with the premise that regulations should only promote options that give consumers a positive net present value for the life-cycle cost, using a discount rate for future savings of 5–8 percent. The net present value is the future discounted benefits minus the initial investment. Appliance standards were created using this framework with the intention of removing the least-efficient appliances from the market while keeping the financial burden to a minimum. The difference between a market rate of return and the implicit discount rates observed in consumer choice was labeled the “energy-efficiency gap,” and much effort has been devoted to closing this gap through incentives and policies to address perceived barriers. these same barriers also affect the decision to install solar power systems.Clean Energy Municipal FinancingBerkeley FIRST is an example of clean energy municipal financing in development by the City of Berkeley that will provide the up-front funds for residential and commercial property owners to install electric and thermal solar systems and make energy-efficiency improvements to their buildings. Berkeley has committed to provide funding for the program through the issuance of a special tax bond that is repaid semi-annually over 20 years through special taxes collected on only the property tax bills of participating property owners. The financing mechanism is based on California’s Mello-Roos financing law and does not require a city subsidy or exposure to the city’s general fund.14 As of summer 2008, the city had received more than 1,300 inquiries from municipalities around the world asking how this program will be implemented.To participate in a clean energy municipal financing program, a residential or commercial property owner selects a contractor and identifies their choice of solar and energy-efficiency upgrades that fit within the scope of the program, as defined by the municipality. A project might include a solar PV array or a solar thermal system and improvements to the energy efficiency of a building, such as adding insulation and new ducts, sealing building shell leaks, and replacing a furnace or air conditioning unit. Improvements to a residential property could cost $4,000–$20,000 or more. The property owner submits an application to the municipality, whose staff reviews the scope of work and checks that they have a clear property title. After the municipality approves the application, the work is completed, a lien is placed on the property, and a check is issued to the property owner. A special tax is added to future property bills. If the property is sold before the end of the 20-year repayment period, the new owner pays the remaining special taxes as part of their property’s annual tax bill. The interest component of the special tax payments will be tax deductible, similar to a home equity line or home mortgage. The special tax bond is backed by the liens on participating property owners’ homes.This program has the potential to be implemented in municipalities across the country. Laws in many states already enable a similar financing mechanism, and other states are pursuing legislation to enable the use of clean energy municipal financing. For example, State House Bill 08-1350, passed by the Colorado legislature and signedinto law in 2008, allows local governments to finance improvements with a repayment over 20 years through special assessments collected through the property tax system. This law allows local governments to proactively provide a mechanism for property owners to decrease their use of fossil fuels for heating and electricity, providing a public benefit. In November 2008, Boulder used this authority to pass Measure 1A, which allows the county to issue up to $40 million in special assessment bonds to finance clean energy improvements. Similar legislation has been enacted in California and is proposed in other states. These early programs have been implemented through city, county, and state-level initiatives; the federal government could support such programs by providing capital or by assisting municipalities in aggregating bonds so that larger bonds can be issued at a lower cost.Financial Modeling AnalysisTo assess the impact of clean energy municipal financing on residential customers, our research team at the University of California, Berkeley, created a model to compare the net present value of annual cash flows over 25 years for a system like Berkeley FIRST using an “average” Calif ornia home and three U.S. cases with high, low, and average energy prices. See Table 1 for model assumptions.As shown in Table 2 on this page, the energy-efficiency measures alone always have a positive net present value. The solar-only case is positive when energy prices increase 4 percent annually over the EIA forecast, an annual price increase of about 6 percent in nominal terms. The combination of energy-efficiency improvements and solar installations is positive only in the +4 percent case, and the case with a $30 payment per ton of abated CO2 is positive only in the +2 percent and +4 percent scenarios. These numbers are sensitive to the cost of solar installations and changes inThe model also assesses the net present value for households on a national level. Because energy prices can vary widely, for instance, between North Dakota and Massachusetts, three cases are modeled: a U.S. average case, a high energy price case, and a low energy price case. Again, see Table 1 for model assumptions.The differences between the three U.S. cases show how higher energy prices make solar installations and energy-efficiency retrofits significantly more financially rewarding. However, the solar-only option has a negative net present value for all of the cases because electricity prices are still below the levelized cost of solar power. The solar and energy-efficiency combination becomes positive only in the +2 percent and +4 percent scenarios for the high price U.S. case. With a CO2 price of $30 per ton, the high price U.S. case is positive in all pricing scenarios.Implications for Berkeley FIRSTIt is important to note that Berkeley’s average energy use is low compared to state and national averages, largely because of Berkeley’s mild climate,which requires little or no air conditioning. Berkeley homes also tend to be smaller than newer homes in the state and Berkeley residents tend to be more conscious about energy consumption. This means that the average Berkeley resident pays for only a small fraction of their energy at rates higher than 13 cents per kWh (tier 2). Figure 3 on page 30 graphs Berkeley electricity consumption in summer and winter and shows how many homes pay the tier 3 rate of 23 cents per kWh, which is the first rate tier that is higher than the levelized per kWh cost of solar power after state and federal subsidies. The implication is that this financing program will produce even better returns in other parts of the state, such as the Central Valley, Los Angeles, and SanDiego, which have higher overall energy consumption and produce more electricity per solar panel because of better solar resources.Municipal Financing versus Other Financing OptionsHomeowners and businesses traditionally have relied on several options to finance improvements to their homes and offices. These include paying for the improvements up front, refinancing their mortgages or securing home equity lines of credit, and taking out personal loans. How does clean energy municipal financing compare? To answer this question, it is helpful to look at the net pres-ent value of a solar and energy-efficiency project in California based on how it is financed. Four alternatives are compared in Table 6 below):• no financing, cash paid up front;• a 20-year fixed mortgage refinance at 7 percent;• a 15-year home equity line at 8.5 percent; and• a 5-year unsecured personal loan at 13 percent (interest not tax-deductible).Compared with up-front cash or a 5-year loan, clean energy municipal financing is superior because it gives the participant the tax advantage of deducting the interest payments. It is also preferable to a 15-year equity line because of its lower interest rate. The closest competitor to municipal financing is the 20-year mortgage refinance, which has the same term and similar rate. A mortgage refinance may be a better option for a property owner if they have particularly good credit or are already planning on refinancing for other reasons. However, especially in the current credit market, other transaction costs, fees, and barriers could make mortgage refinancing a more expensive option. The mortgage refinance also must be repaid upon sale of the home, so it does not have the benefit that the outstanding financing repayments will transfer to the new owner.ConclusionOffering affordable financing lowers the barriers for many property owners to install solar power systems or make energy-efficiency improvements. However, financing alone cannot make up for the current high cost of solar PV without rebates.A price on CO2 emissions—through a tax or a cap-and-trade scheme—changes theequation significantly, as seen in the case of a U.S. region with high energy prices. Many states have already enacted climate change legislation, and this program has natural extensions to the federal level. This may push average U.S. electricity prices up toward the high energy price case and, combined with declining solar costs, may greatly increase the economic benefits of solar installations. It is also important to emphasize that financing programs for energy-efficiency improvements already make economic sense, depending on the measures implemented.Transaction costs will also be an important factor in the success of versions of this financing model. Much of the onus of reducing this barrier falls on the contractors and installers who need to get in and out of a property quickly at times convenient to the owner. However, the financing itself needs to be easy to access for both property owners and contractors. Turnaround time for getting approved for financing must be fast and painless for property owners. And payment must get to the contractor or installer quickly so that they do not have to carry project costs.Other forms of financing are currently being used to fund energy-efficiency projects, such as on-bill financing, specialized unsecured bank loans for solar installations and energy-efficiency retrofits, mortgages designed to reward investments in energy efficiency, and traditional sources of funds such as home equity lines, second mortgages, and unsecured personal loans. but it is clear that experimentation in this area is important for speeding the transition to a low-carbon economy. The importance of developing novel mechanisms of this sort is clear if we are to meet energy security and climate goals; the challenge will be implementing programs in this vital yet uncertain time of national and global financial instability.译文：迈向低碳经济---市政融资和能源效率经济与环境需要向低碳转型处于美国和国际社会关于能源科学、工程学和政策讨论的最前沿。

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