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逆变器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)逆变器1引言逆变器是一种电动装置，转换成直流电（DC），交流电流转换的AC（交流）可以在任何所需的电压和频率使用适当的变压器，开关，控制circuits.Solid状态逆变器有没有移动部件，用于广泛的应用范围从小型计算机开关电源，高压大型电力公司电力，运输散装直接电流应用。

逆变器通常用于提供交流电源，直流电源，如太阳能电池板或电池。

逆变器的主要有两种类型。

修改后的正弦波逆变器的输出是类似方波输出，输出变为零伏前一段时间切换积极或消极的除外。

它是简单，成本低，是大多数电子设备兼容，除敏感或专用设备，例如某些激光打印机。

一个纯正弦波逆变器产生一个近乎完美的正弦波输出（<3％的总谐波失真），本质上是相同的公用事业提供电网。

因此，它是与所有的交流电的电子设备兼容。

这是在电网领带逆变器使用的类型。

它的设计更复杂，成本5或10倍以上每单位功率电逆变器是一个高功率的电子振荡器。

它这样命名，因为早期的机械AC到DC转换器工作在反向，因而被“倒”，将直流电转换AC.The变频器执行的整流器对面功能。

2应用2.1直流电源利用率逆变器从交流电力来源，如电池，太阳能电池板，燃料电池的直流电转换成。

电力，可以在任何所需的电压，特别是它可以操作交流电源操作而设计的设备，或纠正，以产生任何所需的voltage Grid领带逆变器的直流送入分销网络的能量，因为它们产生电流交替使用相同的波形和频率分配制度提供。

他们还可以关掉一个blackout.Micro逆变器的情况下自动转换成交流电电网的电流直接从当前个别太阳能电池板。

默认情况下，他们是格领带设计。

2.2不间断电源不间断电源（UPS），电池和逆变器，交流电源，主电源不可用时使用。

当主电源恢复正常时，整流提供直流电源给电池充电。

2.3感应加热逆变器的低频交流主电源转换到更高频率的感应加热使用。

要做到这一点，首先纠正交流电源提供直流电源。

外文翻译中英文对照

Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度，他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。

Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道（如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等）提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。

The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款（如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等）。

Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。

乳腺癌护理中英文对照外文翻译文献

乳腺癌护理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：宗教信仰在应对乳腺癌患者以后生活中的作用目的：识别并检查新诊断为乳腺癌的老年患者中是否存在宗教和精神应对策略现象。

方法：一个简易样本，由被招募来进行为期6个月的诊断的33名65岁女性组成。

受访者被要求参加一个会提出灵活性问题的结构式访谈。

访谈的誊本由三名研究人员各自独立分析讨论其主题,直至达成共识。

结果：参加者的宗教背景为:17名新教徒,五,六名犹太人,天主教和另外四个其它教徒。

她们在出席宗仪式的频率上存在着很大的不同。

而在健康危机期她们的宗教和/或精神信仰或增加或保持不变。

誊本分析显示出了三个主题。

宗教和宗教信仰为受访者提供了必要的情感支持（91%)、社会支持(70%)来面对她们的乳腺癌，以及赋予了她们一些使日常生活变得有意义的能力,特别是癌症经验(64%)。

结论：宗教和宗教信仰为新诊断为乳腺癌的老年女性患者提供了一些重要的应对这些疾病的方法,这些方法也得到了诊断医生的认可。

这可能对于鼓励这些患者寻求宗教的支持和/或重新与她们的宗教团体再结合是非常重要的。

引言一个关于乳腺癌的新的诊断已被证实对女性有重大的影响(格里，1979;琼斯和格林伍德1994；罗兰和马西，1996分;安徒生,1998)。

在老年妇女中，乳腺癌是最常见的癌症，其影响还会因为人口老龄化继续上升。

更好的了解老年妇女如何应对乳腺癌可以使人们更好的增强功能和改善生活质量。

最近日益让人们产生浓厚兴趣的是，宗教或信仰在患者对乳腺癌的反应中所扮演的角色。

在这些老年人中，宗教经常可以帮助她们缓解生理疾病中的固有压力,比如那些伴随着医师会诊、治疗及其它事件所产生的相关压力(包括罗斯,1982;考恩威博士(1985 - 1986);曼弗雷德和皮克特,1987)。

宗教或者精神依赖的正面效应，一直被认为是社会支持的次要规定，其通过与社会性的或教会有关的方式来进行宗教活动。

人们去教堂敬拜时通过培养友情和社会关系来获得能够提供正式的和非正式的社会网络的支持。

软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照

软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文学生姓名: 学号专业名称:软件工程译文标题(中英文):Qt Creator白皮书(Qt Creator Whitepaper)译文出处:Qt network 指导教师审阅签名: 外文译文正文:Qt Creator白皮书Qt Creator是一个完整的集成开发环境(IDE)，用于创建Qt应用程序框架的应用。

Qt是专为应用程序和用户界面，一次开发和部署跨多个桌面和移动操作系统。

本文提供了一个推出的Qt Creator和提供Qt开发人员在应用开发生命周期的特点。

Qt Creator的简介Qt Creator的主要优点之一是它允许一个开发团队共享一个项目不同的开发平台(微软Windows?的Mac OS X?和Linux?)共同为开发和调试工具。

Qt Creator的主要目标是满足Qt开发人员正在寻找简单，易用性，生产力，可扩展性和开放的发展需要，而旨在降低进入新来乍到Qt的屏障。

Qt Creator 的主要功能，让开发商完成以下任务: , 快速，轻松地开始使用Qt应用开发项目向导，快速访问最近的项目和会议。

, 设计Qt物件为基础的应用与集成的编辑器的用户界面，Qt Designer中。

, 开发与应用的先进的C + +代码编辑器，提供新的强大的功能完成的代码片段，重构代码，查看文件的轮廓(即，象征着一个文件层次)。

, 建立，运行和部署Qt项目，目标多个桌面和移动平台，如微软Windows，Mac OS X中，Linux的，诺基亚的MeeGo，和Maemo。

, GNU和CDB使用Qt类结构的认识，增加了图形用户界面的调试器的调试。

, 使用代码分析工具，以检查你的应用程序中的内存管理问题。

, 应用程序部署到移动设备的MeeGo，为Symbian和Maemo设备创建应用程序安装包，可以在Ovi商店和其他渠道发布的。

, 轻松地访问信息集成的上下文敏感的Qt帮助系统。

中英文对照翻译文章

中英文对照翻译文章不少英文文章都是带有翻译的，为的就是方便读者在不理解文章的时候能够找到对照的意思。

下面就是店铺给大家整理的中英文对照翻译文章，希望大家喜欢。

中英文对照翻译文章篇1：A Sailor's Christmas Gift一个水手的圣诞礼物William J·Lederer威廉·J·莱德勒Last year at Christmas time my wife，three boys，and I were in France，on our way from Paristo Nice.For five wretched days ererything had gone wrong.Our hotels were“touristtraps”;our rented car broke down;we were all restless and irritable in the crowded car.OnChristmas Eve，when we checked into a dingy hotel in Nice，there was no Christmas spirit inour hearts.去年，在圣诞节期间，我和我的妻子以及我们的三个孩子，从法国踏上由巴黎到尼斯的旅途。

由于接连五天的恶劣天气，旅途上一切很不顺心。

我们下榻的旅馆尽是些敲诈勒索旅客的“陷阱”;我们租用的那辆汽车老是发生故障，在拥挤不堪的车子上大家个个显得烦躁不安。

圣诞节前夕，我们住进了尼斯的一家旅店，这家旅店又脏又暗，我们打心眼里感觉不到丝毫的节日气氛。

It was raining and cold when we went out to eat.We found a drab littlejoint shoddily decoratedfor the holiday.It smelled greasy.Only five tables in the restaurant were occupied.Therewere two German couples，two French families，and an American sailor，by himself.In thecorner a piano player listlessly played Christmas music.我们外出就餐时，天正下着小雨，天气寒冷。

(完整版)冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计

"sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is
is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an
Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals
be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or
modes can be illustrated by considering the deformation of small sheet elements
Sheet forming a simple cup
the blank flange as it is being drawn horizontally through
Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperature
Condition
Hard
0 6T
0 4T
0 2T
5T 13T
0.5T 6T
0.5T 4T
0.7T 3T
2.6T 4T
——thickness of material
one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press.

比特币中英文对照外文翻译文献

比特币中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)揭秘比特币：手动或全球主要的造化弄人货币替代吗?摘要Bitcoin，一个奇特的加密货币已经在过去一年左右的最响亮的流行语在全球金融，无论是它的壮观和看似强大的升值趋势以及对近期同样财大气粗的灭亡。

回顾比特币和网络-结构的特殊性的历史之后，本文增加了比特币的批判性分析作为国际货币的替代方案。

最近，它的波动已经让过多的，它可以说是不能作为价值储藏。

此外，尽管如果颠簸诚信作为交换的媒介，因为它已被立即要么在支付了领先世界货币转换（由首席供应商），由于考虑潜在的其非凡的汇率波动比特币的单位比特币的上涨似乎是可疑的太。

此外，比特币的旁边，与其他主要货币的动向没有相关性使得它不适合管理外汇风险对冲或目的。

最后，记住有它缺乏正式的储备或存款保险计划对其进行备份，但它也容易被黑客入侵酷似比特币和行为更像是一个比一个全球性的货币替代金字塔的投资工具。

不过，技术，使得它成为可能仍然在产卵我们posses事物的方式演进，转移所有权，并在不久的IT缠身的未来支付商品和服务。

关键词：比特币;加密货币;货币职能;全球货币替代;莱特币一介绍Bitcoina特殊加密的货币已经在过去一年左右的最响亮的流行语在国际金融，无论是它的壮观和看似强大的升值趋势以及对近期同样财大气粗的灭亡。

这是历史最高值左右徘徊1300US$于2013年12月月初（虽然最大日收盘价停在1238US$），其中从今年下跌低至125US$2月21日。

比特币被加密内的计算机化或phabletised对等网络的网络和它的值和存在的理由产生并仅由它的用户的自发共识批准使用的数字浮动的货币。

严格意义上，比特币与资本'B'表示整个技术和发布研究所的开源软件的网络。

本文是研究项目的一部分：179015（挑战和结构性变化在塞尔维亚的前景：经济发展和统一欧盟要求的战略方向）和47009（欧洲一体化在塞尔维亚经济的道路上，欧盟通过教育，科学和塞尔维亚共和国的技术发展部资助，社会和经济变化）。

翻译中文译文2000字

多一个小时的睡眠可以改变你多少？根据睡眠协会，英国人一晚上的睡眠时间平均是六个半小时。

迈克尔·莫斯利参加了一个不寻常的实验，看是否这就够了。

这段时间以来，已经得知人类睡眠量的平均值在逐年下降。

这个发生是有一系列原因的，尤其是因为我们生活在一种文化里，鼓励人们把睡眠当做是一种你可以很容易削减的奢侈品。

毕竟，这就是咖啡因-摇晃你回到生活。

但是，当我们得到的平均睡眠量有所下降，肥胖和糖尿病率飙升。

两者是否可以连接？我们希望看到将有什么样的效果即使平均睡眠只增加一个小时。

因此，我们请求在萨里大学睡眠研究中心的7个志愿者接受研究，他们通常在任何地方都睡6到9个小时。

志愿者被随机分为两组。

其中一组被要求一个晚上睡六个半小时，另一组睡七个半小时。

一个星期后，研究人员采取了血液测试和志愿者被要求切换睡眠模式。

其中一直睡六个半小时的那组得到了额外一个小时，另一组则少睡一个小时。

虽然我们等着看这将有什么样的影响，我去牛津约翰拉德克利夫医院更多地了解到实际上，当我们睡觉时到底会发生什么。

在睡眠中心，他们给了我一个便携式脑电图设备，测量脑电波活动的。

然后，感觉有点儿可笑，我回家后睡了有七个半小时。

第二天我去和卡塔琳娜乌尔夫博士讨论在夜晚睡觉时间我的脑袋里面发生了什么事。

第一件事，她指出的是，我很快陷入一个深睡眠状态。

深度睡眠听起来是给人休息的，但在深度睡眠状态里，我们的大脑实际上在辛苦工作。

大脑正在做的主要事情之一是将短期存储的记忆移动到到长期储存的记忆当中，使我们在第二天有更多的短期存储记忆空间。

如果你没有得到足够的深度睡眠，那么这些记忆将会丢失。

你可能会想：“我在工作日把深度睡眠削减，然后在周末再弥补回来。

”不幸的是，它不是像那样工作的，因为回忆需要在24小时内整合形成。

由于深睡眠是非常重要的对于巩固记忆，如果你修改或者参加考试，为确保你得到一个合理的晚上的睡眠，这是一个好主意。

在一项研究中，没有人做到比他们的同时代人更糟糕百分之四十。

(完整word版)中英互译文献

外文文献翻译Operational AmplifiersIn 1943 Harry Black commuted from his home in New York City at Bell Labs in New Jersey by way of a ferry. The ferry ride relaxed Harry enabling him to do some conceptual thinking. Harry had a tough problem to solve; when phone lines were extended long distance, they needed amplifiers, and undependable amplifiers limited phone service. First, initial tolerances on the gain were poor, but that problem was quickly solved wuth an adjustment. Second, even when an amplifier was adjusted correctly at the factory, the gain drifted so much during field operation that the volume was too low or the incoming speech was distorted.Many attempts had been made to make a stable amplifier, but temperature changes and power supply voltage extremes experienced on phone lines caused uncontrollable gain drift. Passive components had much better drift characteristics than active components had, thus if an amplifier’s gain could be made dependent on passive components, the problem would be solve. During on e of his ferry trips, Harry’s fertile brain conceived a novel solution for the amplifier problem, and he documented the solution while riding on the ferry.The solution was to first build an amplifier that had more gain than the application required. Then some of the amplifier output signal was fed back to the input in a manner that makes the circuit gain (circuit is the amplifier and feedback components) dependent on the feedback circuit rather than the amplifier gain. Now the circuit gain is dependent on the passive feedback components rather than the active amplifier. This is called negative feedback, and it is the underlying operating principle for all modern day opamps. Harry had documented the first intentional feedback circuit had been built prior to that time ,but the designers ignored the effect.I can hear the squeals of anguish coming from the manager and amplifier designers. I imagine that they said something like this, “it is hard enough to achieve 30kHz gainbandwidth (GBW), and now this fool wants me to design an amplifier with 3MHz GBW. But ,he is still going to get a circuit gain GBW of 30kHz .” Well, time has proven Harry right ,but there is a minor problem. It seems that circuit designed with large pen loop gains sometimes oscillate when the loop is closed. A lot of people investigated the instability effect, and it was prettywell understood in the 1940s, but solving stability problems involved long, tedious, and intricate calculations. Years passed without anybody making the problem solution simpler or more understandable.In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the stability of feedback system by using graphical methods. Until this time, feedback analysis was done by multiplication and division, so calculation of transfer functions was a time consuming and laborious task. Remember, engineers did not have calculators or computers until the ‘70s, Bode presented a log technique that transformed the intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback system’s stability into grap hical analysis that was simple and perceptive. Feedback system design was still complicated, but it no longer was an art dominated by a few electrical engineers kept in a small dark room. Any electrical engineer could use Bode’s methods to find the stability of a feedback circuit, so the application of feedback to machines began to grow. There really wasn’t much call for electrical feedback design until computers and transducers become of age.The first real-time computer was the analog computer! This computer used preprogrammed equations and input data to calculate control actions. The programming was hard wired with a series of circuit that performed math operations on the data, and the hard wiring limitation eventually caused the declining popularity of the analog computer. The heart of the analog computer was a device called an operational amplifier because it could be configured to perform many mathematical operations such as multiplication, addition, subtraction, division, integration, and differentiation on the input signals. The name was shortened to the familiar op amp, as we have come to know and love them. The op amp used an amplifier with a large open loop gain, and when the loop was closed, the amplifier performed the mathematical operations dictated by the external passive components. This amplifier was very large because it was built with vacuum tubes and it required a high-voltage power supply,but it was the heart of the analog computer, thus its large size and huge power requirements were accepted. Many early op amps were designed for analog computers, an it was soon found out the op amps had other uses and were handy to have around the physics lab .At this time general-purpose analog computers were found in universities and large company laboratories because they were critical to the research work done there. There was a parallel requirement for transducer signal conditioning in lab experiments, and op amps found their way into signal conditioning applications. As the signal conditioning applications expanded, the demand for op amps grew beyond the analog computer requirements , and even when the analog computers lost favor to digital computers, the op amps survived because of its importance in universal analog applications. Eventually digital computes replaced the analog computers, but the demand for op amps increased as measurement applications increased.The first signal conditioning op amps were constructed with vacuum tubes prior to the introduction of transistors, so they were large and bul ky. During the’50s, miniature vacuum tubes that worked from lower voltage power supplies enabled the manufacture of op amps that shrunk to the size lf a brick used in house construction, so the op amp modules were nick named bricks. Vacuum tube size and component size decreased until an op amp was shrunk to the size of a single octal vacuum tube. Transistors were commercially developed in the ‘60s, and they further reduced op amp size to several cubic inches. Most of these early op amps were made for specific applications, so they were not necessarily general purpose. The early op amps served a specific purpose, but each manufacturer had different specifications and packages; hence, there was little second sourcing among the early op amps.ICs were developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s, but it wasn’t till the middle 1960s that Fairchild released the μA709. This was the first commercially successful IC op am. TheμA709 had its share of problems, bur any competent analog engineer could use it, and it served in many different analog applications. The maj or drawback of theμA709 was stability; it required external compensation and a competent analog engineer to apply it. Also, theμA709 was quite sensitive because it had a habit of self-destruction under any adverse condition. TheμA741 followed theμA709, and it is an internally compensated op amp that does not require external compensation if operated under data sheet conditions. There has been a never-ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability had improved to the point where present day op amps can be usedfor analog applications by anybody.The IC op amp is here to stay; the latest generation op amps cover the frequency spectrum from 5kHz GBW to beyond 1GHz GBW. The supply voltage ranges from guaranteed operation at 0.9V to absolute maximum voltage ratings of 1000V. The input current and input offset voltage has fallen so low that customers have problems verifying the specifications during incoming inspection. The op amp has truly become the universal analog IC because it performs all analog tasks. It can function as a line driver, comparator (one bit A/D), amplifier, level shifter, oscillator, filter, signal conditioner, actuator driver, current source, voltage source, and etc. The designer’s problem is h ow to rapidly select the correct circuit /op amp combination and then, how to calculate the passive component values that yield the desired transfer function in the circuit.The op amp will continue to be a vital component of analog design because it is such a fundamental component. Each generation of electronic equipment integrates more functions on silicon and takes more of the analog circuit inside the IC. As digital applications increase, analog applications also increase because the predominant supply of data and interface applications are in the real world, and the real world is an analog world. Thus , each new generation of electronic equipment creates requirements for new analog circuit; hence, new generations of op amps are required to fulfill these requirements. Analog design, and op amp design, is a fundamental skill that will be required far into the future.放大器1943年，哈利·布莱克乘火车或渡船从位于纽约市的家去新泽西州的贝尔实验室上班。

网络工程中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)目录1 对象的创建和存在时间 (1)1.1 对象的创建及破坏方式 (1)1.2 内存池中动态创建对象 (1)1.3 对象的生命周期 (1)1.4 其它内容 (2)1.4.1 集合与继承器 (2)1.4.2 单根结构 (4)1.4.3 集合库与方便使用集合 (5)2Object landscapes and lifetimes (7)2.1objects created and destroyed (7)2.2objects created dynamically (7)2.3Objects’ Lifetime (8)2.4Other section (8)2.4.1 Collections and iterators (8)2.4.2 The singly rooted hierarchy (10)2.4.3 Collection libraries and support for easy collection use (11)1对象的创建和存在时间从技术角度说，OOP（面向对象程序设计）只是涉及抽象的数据类型、继承以及多形性，但另一些问题也可能显得非常重要。

本节将就这些问题进行探讨。

1.1对象的创建及破坏方式对象需要的数据位于哪儿，如何控制对象的“存在时间”呢？针对这个问题，解决的方案是各异其趣的。

C++认为程序的执行效率是最重要的一个问题，所以它允许程序员作出选择。

为获得最快的运行速度，存储以及存在时间可在编写程序时决定，只需将对象放置在堆栈（有时也叫作自动或定域变量）或者静态存储区域即可。

这样便为存储空间的分配和释放提供了一个优先级。

某些情况下，这种优先级的控制是非常有价值的。

然而，我们同时也牺牲了灵活性，因为在编写程序时，必须知道对象的准确的数量、存在时间、以及类型。

如果要解决的是一个较常规的问题，如计算机辅助设计、仓储管理或者空中交通控制，这一方法就显得太局限了。

光学光刻中英文外文文献翻译

外文文献翻译完整版字数4366字(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Hongfei, Xiaoping. Temperature Control System with Multi-closed Loops for Lithography Projection Lens[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2009, 22(2):207-213.中文译文用于光刻投影镜头的多闭环温度控制系统Hongfei ， Xiaoping摘要图像质量是光学光刻工具的最重要指标之一,尤其易受温度、振动和投影镜头(PL )污染的影响。

本地温度控制的传统方法更容易引入振动和污染,因此研发多闭环温度控制系统来控制PL 内部温度,并隔离振动和污染的影响。

一个新的远程间接温度控制(RITC )方案,提出了利用冷却水循环完成对PL 的间接温度控制。

嵌入温度控制单元(TCU )的加热器和冷却器用于控制冷却水的温度,并且, TCU 必须远离PL, 以避免震动和污染的影响。

一种包含一个内部级联控制结构(CCS )和一个外部并行串联控制结构(PCCS )的新型多闭环控制结构被用来防止大惯性,多重迟滞,和RITC 系统的多重干扰。

一种非线性比例积分(PI )的算法应用,进一步提高收敛速度和控制过程的精度。

不同的控制回路和算法的对比实验被用来验证对控制性能的影响。

结果表明,精度达到0.006℃规格的多闭环温度控制系统收敛率快,鲁棒性强,自我适应能力好。

该方法已成功地应用于光学光刻工具,制作了临近尺寸(CD ) 100纳米的模型,其性能令人满意。

关键词:投影镜头,远程间接温度串级控制结构,并行串连控制结构,非线性比例积分(PI )的算法1引言由于集成电路缩小, 更小的临界尺寸(CD ) 要求, 生产过程的控制越来越严格。

作为最重要的制造工艺设备,先进的光学光刻工具需要更严格的微控制环境[1],如严格控制其温度、洁净度、气压、湿度等。

外文翻译--马铃薯研磨去皮机中文版

外文翻译--马铃薯研磨去皮机中文版马铃薯研磨去皮机摘要不管任何形式的马铃薯加工，去皮都是一项重要的操作环节。

因此，根据不同需求，开发了一系列的马铃薯去皮机。

它们的性能也被不断的评估。

马铃薯研磨去皮机的主要部件由去皮鼓和喷水管组成。

去皮鼓安装在工作圆筒内表面的突起处，它主要靠旋转产生与马铃薯的摩擦力从而达到去皮的目地。

而喷水管喷洒出水来冲洗去皮后的马铃薯，同时皮屑经过排渣管随水流一并流出工作圆筒。

去皮机的生产能力是100kg/h，损耗率是78%—6%之间。

一台附带电动机的马铃薯研磨去皮机的售价大致为250美元。

它适合薯片和其它产品的小型去皮加工。

去皮加工一吨马铃薯的加工费用只需3.85美元。

符号标志D 物料的当量直径(mm) epL,B,T 长度，宽度，物料厚度(mm)去皮效率(,) ,P 功率(,)Q 物料负载容量(,,)r 半径(mm)t 去皮时间(min)损耗率(,) ,填充系数 ,简介在意大利马铃薯一年的总产量大约为15.000.000吨。

但由于缺乏合适的储藏设备，马铃薯的实际产量有着不同程度的减少。

因此用适当的加工技术和设备将马铃薯制造成食品不仅能帮助减少每年马铃薯的产量损失，同时还能提高收益，增加农村或落后地区的就业机会。

对马铃薯任何形式的进一步加工，去皮都是一个重要的操作环节。

在意大利薯片是一种非常流行的快餐食品。

为了将马铃薯加工成片状，对它的重要预处理操作就是去皮和清洗。

手工去皮是一种传统的加工方式，但这种去皮方式很枯燥和耗费时间，而且马铃薯的营养价值也损耗比较大。

可是，马铃薯加工产业所使用的蒸汽去皮法也不可取。

因为在蒸汽去皮过程中，环状蒸汽在马铃薯的下表面作用，但由于缺乏薄纱的保护以及各种酶作用的化学反应，不推荐使用这种加工方法加工薯片。

基于以上的各种原因，利用研磨原理的马铃薯去皮机被大力的推广。

基于以上的情况，一系列功率类型的马铃薯研磨去皮机被开发和评估。

这种去皮机的重要性在这篇文章中也将得到阐述。

外文文献翻译原文+译文

外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。

Scalable Person Re-identification A Benchmark 外文翻译

图1. Market-1501数据集的示例图像。

所有图像标准化到128x64. (上:) 具有独特外观的三个行人的示例图像。

(中:)我们展示了三个外观非常相似的行人的情况。

(下:) 提供了一些干扰图像样本(左侧)以及无用图像(右侧).作为一项次要贡献，受到最先进的图像搜索系统的启发，我们还提出了一种无监督的BoW 表示法。

在生成训练数据的码本之后，将每个行人图像表示为视觉词汇直方图。

在这一步中，整合了许多技术，例如根描述子[2]，负证据[14]，突发加权[16]，avgIDF [41]等。

此外，还采用了几个进一步的改进，如几何弱约束，高斯模板，多查询和重排序。

通过简单的点积作为相似性度量，我们证明了所提出的BoW表示在获得快速响应时间的同时可以产生有竞争力的识别精度。

2. 相关研究表1. Market-1501和现有的数据集[20,10,44,22,19,4]比较首先，尽管大多数现有数据集都使用手工裁剪的包围框，但Market-1501数据集采用了最先进的检测器，即可变形部件模型（DPM）[9]。

基于“完美的”手绘包围框，目前的方法并没有充分考虑行人图像的不对齐，这是基于DPM的包围框中一直存在的问题。

如图1所示，在检测到的图像中，未对齐和部分缺失是常见的。

图2. 干扰数据集的示例图片干扰数据集我们强调规模是行人重识别研究中的重要问题。

因此，我们进一步增加了Market-1501据集，增加了一个额外的干扰集。

该数据集包含超过500,000个包围框，包含背景虚假警报以及不属于1,501个标注行人的行人。

样本图像如图2所示。

在实验中，除了Market-1501度量之间差异的一个简单例子。

真实匹配和错误匹配分别为绿色和红色。

对于所有三个排序列表，Market-1501数据集，查询图像是手绘包围框。

每个行人有最多数据集，每个查询平均有14.8个跨摄像头的真实匹配。

因此，我们使）来评估整体表现。

对于每个查询，我们计算）。

外文翻译--中文

多无线电发射极地和笛卡尔的相关架构的性能分析高效率开关模式功率放大器摘要：多无线电无线本文在频段的发射机架构为800 MHz - 6 GHz。

作为一个常量的后果在通信系统的演进过程中，移动发射TERS必须能够工作在不同频段和模式，根据现有的标准规格。

一个独特的多模架构的概念是一个EVO，多标准收发器lution特点是每个标准的电路并行。

多无线电概念就是优化表面和功耗。

发射机架构，使用的是抽样技术和基带，或PWM信号的编码之前，他们放大出现很好的候选人为多模。

发射机的几个原因——他们允许使用开关模式功率大、放大器的功率大，这是由于高度灵活易于集成他们的数字性质。

但是，当传输效率大，许多元素都必须考虑：信号的编码效率，射频滤波器，PA的效率。

本文探讨这些架构的利益——多无线发射器，能够支持现有的无线800兆赫和6 GHz 之间的通信标准。

它的计算和比较不同的可能architec、iMAX和LTE标准tures信号质量和发射功率的效率。

关键词：多模发射器，高效率的射频发射器，极性发射架构，笛卡尔变送器架构，E类功率放大器，PWM编码，WiMAX和LTE。

1引进和语境包括蜂窝无线通信系统通信，个人局域网（PAN），本地区域网络（LAN）和城域网（MAN）中已经提出了长足的发展。

近年来持续不断的改进。

共存同一个设备上的不同的无线标准是必要的以满足用户期望流动性，无处不在的CON-在同一时间连接和高速率的数据。

此coexis-唐塞不应增加设备的大小或减少其电池寿命。

这种演变的目标是减少外部元件数目和增加集成在低成本CMOS 技术的运移。

另一个阶段它奉行对认知无线电的演变并意味着每个阶段的沟通的灵活性链是认知无线电多。

而不是包括每个标准，通用的独立架构能够生成所有的发射器架构不同的标准波形，似乎是最好的解决办法（尤其是在消耗功率和表面占用pation）。

这个概念被称为多无线电发射机。

认知多无线电有能力multistan-dard的概念，而且是能够执行一个高效的环境频谱扫描和反应环境条件选择的拨款通信标准。