专业英语课文翻译
专业英语第八章课文翻译1
Chiguo Chapter 8 Section 1 Coal-Fired Power Plants燃煤发电站第一段：在化石燃料发电厂中，煤，石油或者天然气在燃烧室中燃烧，燃烧产生高温的水，然后转换成水蒸气，高温的水蒸气将驱动汽轮机，汽轮机与发电机机械地连接在一起。
图8.1展示了一个典型的图表示意图。
发电厂的运行用一下简洁的语言概述。
从仓库取出煤块放入粉煤机（或者磨粉机）中粉碎，然后与预热的空气混合，最后充入燃烧室中燃烧。
燃烧室包含一个复杂的管道，抽上的水灌输到一个叫锅炉的设备中，锅炉里面水的温度逐渐上升直至它们成为水蒸气。
水蒸气被送至汽轮机中，与此同时，燃烧的废气（烟道气体）通过物理和静电除尘装置除掉99%以上的固体颗粒（灰尘）在通过烟囱或烟囱体排放出去之前。
第二段：刚刚描述的单元，是输入煤粉，空气和水输出水蒸气的单元，这几个方面的系统被统称为蒸汽发电机组，或燃烧室，或者蒸汽发生器。
当考虑根据是燃烧过程的时候常用“燃烧室”这个术语，同时当考虑因素是水汽循环时，“蒸汽发生器”这个术语被更频繁的使用。
水蒸气的3500磅/平方英寸的典型气压和华氏零下1050度的条件，是通过控制和停止（关闭）汽轮机阀门来提供的。
整齐的热能转化为水轮机的机械能。
从排气机中排出的蒸汽在热交换器中成为冷凝器中冷却形成水，再次被泵抽回锅炉里。
通过调节蒸汽的流量变化来控制涡轮发电机的输出。
截止阀具有保护作用，它通常是完全开放的，但可以“跳闸”关闭，以防止汽轮机发电机组超速，使电力输出突然下贱（由于断路器的行动）和控制阀不关闭。
第三段：图8-1表明的是一个单阶段汽轮机，但在实际中一个更加复杂的多级排列被使用以便能实现相对较高的热效率。
一个典型的多级排列如图8-2所示。
它包括四个有着不同蒸汽气压的汽轮机机械地耦合串联在一起。
用常规的概述就是高压蒸汽来自锅炉然后进入高压汽轮机。
在之前离开高压汽轮机的水蒸气回到锅炉（再热器）地区，然后送往中压汽轮机。
刚整理的专业英语课文翻译
第一单元Human bodyTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 16 Basic Concepts of MechanismsA combination of interrelated parts(相关零件的组合体) having definite（确定的）motions and capable of performing useful work may be called machine.具有确定的运动轨迹,并且能做有用的功联接在一起的零件的组合称为机器.A mechanism is a component of a machine consisting of two or more bodies arranged so that the motion of one compels the motion of the others.机构是机器的组成要素.机器由二个及以上的机构组合而成.因此其中一个构件的运动会带动其它的构件的连锁运动.Kinematics is the study of motion in mechanisms without reference to the forces that act on the mechanism运动学仅研究机构的运动而不考虑作用在机构上的力.Dynamics is the study of motion individual bodies and mechanisms under the influence of forces and torques.动力学研究独立构件的运动及力和扭矩作用下对机构的影响.The study of forces and torques in stationary systems (and systems with negligible inertial effects) is called statics研究平衡中的力和扭矩,该系统忽略惯性影响,称之为静力学.Synthesis is the procedure by which a product (a mechanism, for example) is developed to satisfy a set of performance requirements合成是一个程序,通过该程序能够不断改进一个产品(例如一个机构)直到满足一系列的性能要求.If a product configuration is tentatively specified and then examined to determine whether the performance requirements are met, the process is called analysis.如果需要探索性的详细阐述产品的构造结构,然后检验,判断该产品是否满足性能要求,这个过程称为分解.The design of mechanisms involves both synthesis and analysis.机构设计包括合成和分解.The design process begins with the recognition of a need. A set of requirements is then listed设计从对于需求的确认开始,罗列出一系列的要求.Detailed analyses of displacements, velocities, and accelerations are usually required通常需要对位移,速度,加速度进行具体分析.This part of the design process is followed by an analysis of forces and torques. 设计过程中的这个部分是紧跟在对力和扭矩的分析之后.The design process may continue long after（很久以后）the first models have been produced and may include redesigns of components that affect velocities, accelerations, forces, and torques在制造完毕第一个模型之后,该设计过程仍有可能持续很长一段时间. 并且有可能会重新设计这些会影响速度,加速度及所知扭矩的零部件In order to successfully compete from year to year, most manufactures must continuously modify their product and their methods of production为了在年复一年的技术中取得优势,大多数制造商必须不断调整修改他们的产品及加工方式.Increases in the production rate, upgrading of product performance, redesign for cost and weight reduction are frequently required,为了增加出产率,提高产品的性能,经常需要重新设计来降低成本以及减轻重量. Success may hinge on（决定于） the accuracy of the kinematic and dynamic analysis 对问题进行正确的运动学和动力学分析是成功的关键.Many of the basic linkage configurations have been incorporated into（成为……的一部分）machines designed centuries ago, and the terms we use to describe them have changed over the years很久以前,许多基本的连杆构造就已经运用在机器设计中去了,并且我们用来称呼它们的术语在不断的变化,.Thus, definitions and terminology are not consistent throughout thetechnical literature.因此技术供应文献中的定义和说明不是一成不变的In most cases, however, meanings will be clear from the context of the descriptive matter.在大多数的情况下,然而定义,义意可以在的解释性的描述内容中清晰的获得,A few terms of particular interest to the study of kinematics and dynamics of machines are defined below下面定义了在学习,研究机构运动学和动力学中一些特别重要的术语.Link A link is one of the rigid bodies or members joined together to form a kinematic chain.杆件是一个刚体或者连接在一起形成运动链的零部件,因此被称为刚性构件或者是简单构件.The term rigid link, or sometimes simply link, is an idealization used in the study of mechanisms that does not consider small deflections due to strains in machine members刚性构件是在机械装置中的理想化模型.这样就不无需考虑由机器零部件所产生的应力造成的微小偏移量.A perfectly rigid or inextensible link can exist only as a textbook type of model of a real machine member.一个绝对刚性或不可延展的构件只能存在于教科书上的机械零部件的模型.For typical machine parts, the maximum changes in dimension are on the order of only a one-thousandth of the part length.对于典型的零部件,最大的尺寸变化量仅仅是沿着该部件长度方向的千分之一.We are justified（合理的） in neglecting this small motion when considering the much greater motion characteristic of most mechanisms当考虑到大多数的机构相对较为显着的运动特征,忽略这点微量的偏移是合情合理的. The word link is used in a general sense to include cams, gears, and other machine members in addition to cranks, connecting rods and other pin-connected（铰接） components通常意义所说的杆件包括凸轮,齿轮以及它的机器零件的曲柄,连杆机构和其它的销件连接部分.Frame The fixed or stationary link in a mechanism is called the frame机架机械装置中固定或静止不动的构件称为机架.When there is no link that is actually fixed, we may consider one as being fixed and determine the motion of the other links relative to it如果实际中确实没有构件是固定的,我们可以假设其中某个是固定的,这样可以判断出其它与之相连构件的运动.In an automotive engine, for example, the engine block (see Fig.14.1) isconsidered the frame, even though the automobile may be moving例如汽车发动机,我们通常是把发动机气缸视为机架,让它保持静止不动,实际上整部汽车者是运动的.Degree of Freedom The number of degrees of freedom of a linkageis the number of independent parameters required to specify the position of every link relative to the frame or fixed link自由度连杆机构的自由度是给定独立参数的数目，需要自由度来确定某一个与机架或固定杆件相连接的构件的位置，If the instantaneous configuration of a system may be completely defined bespecifying one independent variable, that system has one degree of freedom如果系统的瞬间结构完全可以由一个独立的变量来确定，这样系统就具有一个自由度，An unconstrained rigid body has six degrees of freedom:大多数实际上运用的机构装置只有一个自由度。
专业英语课文翻译
ACCESS 访问the internet and the telephone system are similar—you can connect a computer to the internet much like you connect a phone to the telephone system . 互联网和电话系统是相似的你可以将计算机连接到互联网更像你将电话连接到电话系统。
once you are on the internet ,your computer becomes an extension of what seems like a giant computer-a computer that branches all over the world. 一旦你在互联网上，您的计算机变得什么看起来像一个巨大的计算机——一个计算机的扩展，世界各地的分支机构。
when provided with a connection to the internet ,you can use a browser program to search the Web. 当提供一个连接到互联网，您可以使用要搜索Web 的浏览器程序。
PROVIDERS 提供商the most common way to access the internet is through an internet service provider(ISP).访问互联网的最常见方式是通过互联网服务运营。
（因特网络提供商）the providers are already connected to the internet and provide a path or connection for individuals to access the internet.供应商已经连接到互联网并提供路径或个人能够访问互联网的连接。
your college or university most likely provides you with free access to the internet either through its local area networks or through a dial-up or telephone connection. 你的学院或大学最有可能为您提供免费接入到互联网通过其局域网络或通过拨号或电话连接。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 1 Why GIS?现在，许多组织在地理信息系统和地理数据库方面花费大量的金钱。
预言显示，在整个下一个十年，将有数十亿美元花费在这些上面。
为什么在现今成为现实，而在仅仅几年前，GIS还是稀有之物？迅速下降的计算机硬件成本，使得能够负担得起GIS的人迅速增多，范围变广。
更重要的是，我们终于认识到，地理学（和数据描述的地理学）是我们日常生活环境的部分：几乎我们所做的每一个决策都是被一些地学事实所限制，所影响，或是所支配的。
我们派消防车以最快的速度，尽可能短的路径到达着火现场。
我们的中央政府经常根据人口数量拨款物给地方政府。
我们通过确认疾病的流行地区和传播速度来研究疾病。
这种对地理信息的需求与对GIS的需要相吻合，解释了它迅速普及的原因。
然而，如此概括不能够解释GIS为什么能帮助和怎样帮助你。
首先，你必须知道GIS 是什么和它能用来做什么。
下面的主题将帮助你理解GIS。
GIS是什么？在1980年代，GIS的使用显著地增长。
现在，对企业、政府和学术界来说，运用GIS 的许多不同的应用已是寻常之事。
因而GIS的许多定义已经出现了。
例如，翻到本书的词汇表，你将发现GIS被描述为：由计算机硬件、软件、地理数据和人员构成的有机集成，被设计来有效搜集、储存、更新、处理、分析和展示各种空间相关信息。
尽管这个定义正确、全面、并被广泛接受，但它对初学GIS的人帮助不多。
当你读完此工作手册，这个定义的含义将变得清晰，但目前，考虑一个更简单的定义：能够支持和使用数据描述地表区域的计算机系统。
空间操作许多计算机程序，诸如spreadsheets, statistics packages, 或drafting packages能处理简单的地理或空间数据，那么，为什么他们不是通常所认为的是GIS呢？一个通常被接受的回答是，如果它允许对数据进行空间操作，这样的GIS才是GIS。
作为一个例子，考虑下面的表格：这个表格表明，在所选择的活动中心，从事GIS某一方面工作者的大致数量。
专业硕士英语课文翻译顾明远主编
Unit 1 Text1 What’s the Big Idea?Nokia sponsors a wide range of educational, cultural and other activities. One of the most unusual activities was the sponsoring of “Future Histories”, a collection of stories by prominent writers of science ficti on .Why should a telecommunications company become involved with literature? It could be called “research”.诺基亚公司举办了一系列有关教育文化的的意义活动。
其中最不寻常的一项活动是举办“未来的历史”，由科幻小说作家们收集的小说故事系列。
为什么一个通讯公司变得与文学有牵涉，它就是所谓的“科学研究”。
Science and literature have traditionally been hostile to each other. Writers have regarded scientists as dull creatures who take pleasure in destroying great words of the imagination with boring facts. Scientists have thought of writers as frivolous people with no respect for the rules of evidence. At the heart of their mutual suspicion is the question of who owns the truth. Does something become real when it is imagined or when it is physically created?科学和文学传统上就相互敌对。
专业英语王立琦版课文翻译
ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance with Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrical resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.译：电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to anext ernal circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.译：在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
大学-英语专业-精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译
大学英语专业精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译《Half a Day》一、①I walked alongside my father ,clutching his right hand.（走在父亲的身旁，我紧紧地抓住他的右手）②All my clothes were new : the black shoes , the green school uniform ,and the red cap.（那时，我穿着黑鞋子，绿校服，戴着红帽子，它们都是新的。
）③They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for first time.（然而，因为今天是我第一次被送去上学，所以这些衣服并没有给我带来一丝快乐。
）二、①My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help.（母亲站在窗前望着我们缓缓前行，我也不时地回头看她，希望会从她那里得到帮助。
）②We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms.（我们沿着街道走着，街道两旁是花园和田野，田野里栽满了梨树和椰枣树。
）三、①“Why school ?”I asked my father .“What haveI done ?”（“我为什么要去上学？”我问父亲，“是我做错了什么吗？”）四、①“I’m not punishing you,”he said ,laughing.“School’s not a punishment. It’s a place that makes useful men out of boys. Don’t you want to be useful like your brothers?”（“我不是在惩罚你，”父亲笑着说道，“上学不是一种惩罚。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 10 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids1.Chemistry of EstersEsters are neutral compounds derived from reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The esters of any individual carboxylic acid form a homologous series whose lower members are volatile liquids with pleasant, often fruit-like odours. As the relative molecular mass increases, volatility decreases and the esters gradually become viscous, oily liquids or waxy solids. They are immiscible with water and ethyl ethanoate is widely used as an organic solvent. They are polar compounds with boiling points well below those of carboxylic acids of corresponding relative molecular mass, since there is no intermolecular hydrogen bonding:CH3CO2CH2CH3CH3CH2CO2CH3CH3CH2CH2CO2H Ethyl ethanoate (M r=88) methyl propanoate (M r=88) butanoic acid (M r=88) b.p.=77℃ b.p.=80℃ b.p.=163℃Esters occur naturally. Those derived from certain long-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and the alcohol propane-1,2,3-triol(glycerol)are important constituents of vegetable oils and animal fats. Ester polymers, called polyesters, are very important synthetic materials; an example is the synthetic polyester fibre Terylene.The following reactions are typical of esters.1.1HydrolysisThe hydrolysis of an ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol is the reverse of the esterification process and involves an equilibrium:RCOOR’+H2O RCOOH+R’OHThe composition lf the equilibrium mixture is the same, no matter whether one has started from an equimolar mixture of acid and alcohol, or ester and water. Like esterification, the rate of hydrolysis is very slow but hydrolysis is catalysed by acid or alkali. Alkali hydrolysis is usually the more effective method because the salt of the carboxylic acid, rather than the free acid, is obtained, so that the equilibrium position is pushed so much towards the products that reaction is virtually complete. The hydrolysis is normally effected by heating the aster with sodium hydroxide solution under reflux. As hydrolysis proceeds, the separate ester and aqueous layers gradually merge into one. If the alcohol is wanted is can be distilled out of the alkaline mixture; acidification of the residue with sulphuric acid will liberate the free carboxylic acid, which may then be distilled from the solution. The alkaline hydrolysis of esters is sometimes referred to as saponification because the reaction is used in soap-making.1.2 ReductionEsters are reduced by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate to primary alcohols corresponding to the acid from which the ester is derived. The other organic product is the alcohol corresponding to the alcohol component of the ester:RCOOR’→RCH2OH+R’OHe.g.CH3COOCH3→CH3CH2OH+CH3OHMethyl ethanoate ethanol methanol2.Chemistry of Acid ChloridesAcid chlorides are very reaction compounds and hence are not found in nature. Theyare conveniently prepared by the action of sulphur dichloride oxide ( thionyl chloride ) on a carboxylic acid, since the other product of the reaction are gases. The acid chlorides are generally volatile liquids and find applications, in many small-scale laboratory syntheses. The following reactions, in which the chlorine is replaced by other groups, are typical of acid chlorides.2.1 HydrolysisAcid chlorides are vigorously hydrolyzed on contact with water, heat and fumes of hydrogen chloride being evolved. The acid chlorides even fume on contact with moist air, and hence must always be protected from moisture during storage. For the same reason reactions involving acid chlorides must be carried out with water-free reagents, and if a solvent is used, it must also be dry. Care must always be exercised when handling them.RCOCL+H2O→RCOOH+HCLThe acid chlorides are named according to the corresponding carboxylic acid, the suffix-oic being replaced by –oyl; thus ethanoic acid forms the acid chloride, ethanoyl chloride.2.2 Reaction with alcoholsAcid chlorides react with alcohols, although slightly less vigorously than with water, to form eaters;RCOCl+R’OH→RCOOR’+HClThis is a particularly useful method of making esters because the reaction goes to completion, and hence high yields may be expected.2.3 Reaction with ammonia and amines \When an acid chloride is added to a cold, concentrated ammonia solution, a vigorous reaction takes place and an acid amide is formed:RCOCl+NH3→RCONH2+HClA similar reaction occurs with an amine and the reaction is often performed in a dry ether solvent to moderate its vigour. The product is an N-substituted amide, i.e. an amide in which hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom has been replaced by an alkly group:RCOCl+R’ NH2→RCONHR’+HClA secondary amine will also react in a similar fashion but a tertiary amine will not. The reaction of an acid chloride with an amine is used commercially in the manufacture of the very important range of semi-synthetic penicillins, first product by the Beecham Group in 1959. By varying the acid chloride, various groups can be introduced into the essential penicillin structure to produce new penicillin antibiotics with important pharmacological properties not possessed by natural penicillin.2.4 ReductionAcid chlorides can be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation or, more conveniently in the laboratory, by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. The reduction product is a primary alcoholRCOCl→RCH2OH2.5 Friedel- Crafts reactionAcid chloride enters into a substitution reaction with aromatic compounds to formketones. This reaction is known as the Friedel- Crafts reaction.。
(完整版)机械类专业英语课文参考翻译
第一课Text:It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering[7endVi5niEriN] constructions have metal[5metl] parts; some of them consist only of metal parts.众所周知，金属在我们的生活中是非常重要的，金属对于工业而言是有巨大的重要性，所有机器和其他工程构造都有金属零部件，其中一些还只能由金属组成。
There are two large groups of metals:1) Simple metal- more or less pure chemical elements[5elimEnt]2) Alloys[5AlCi]- materials consisting of a simple metal combined with some other elements.有两大类金属：（1）纯金属——或多或少的金属元素（2）合金——组成纯金属的原料结合其他元素。
About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals which are used in industry are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metalis iron[5aiEn], which in the form of alloys with carbon[5kB:bEn] and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous[5ferEs] metals; all the other metals are called nonferrous[5nCn5ferEs] metals. The most important nonferrous metal arecopper[5kCpE], aluminum[E5lju:minEm], lead[li:d], zinc[ziNk], tin[tin], but all these metals are used muchless than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.在地球上发现的所有元素中，大约三分之二是金属元素，但是并不是所有的金属都能够用于工业上。
生物专业英语第三版课文翻译（完整）
生物专业英语第三版课文翻译（完整）Lesson OneInside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts1、 Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory ( 细胞质：动力工厂 )Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
2、The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
英语专业综合英语一课文翻译
Unit1: Translation exercises1. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.2. His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.3、People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.4、Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.5. The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing.6. When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.7. He finally gave in to his daughter's repeated requests to further her education abroad.8. We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday.9. Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past.10. At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy.Unit2:Translation exercises1Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.2、It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills.3、Computers are one of the most useful teaching aids,for all your lessons as well as all the questions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen.4.、Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday; he sent for a doctor immediately.5、He failed in the college entrance examination last year,but he did not feeldisappointed.Instead,he continued to study hard,passed the examination successfully and become a student in famous university this year.6、There are many English words that this middle school student cannot pronounce correctly.7In this era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirement s of our work.8With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy looks just like a boss.9、Although she is only 8 years old，the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions.No wonder her parents feel proud of her.10、All the neighborhood have heard of the news,but you haven't.Don't you think it is strange?Unit31.I am sorry I am late,but I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away.2.At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation.3. She is always wearing stylish clothes, but seldom cares about what she eats or drinks.4.The nurse told me that the doctors had done wonders for your heart disease.5.When awarding the prize, the chairman comlimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind.6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years.7.The crowd demonstrators melted away when the police arrived.8.Since punctuality is such a good habbit,we should pay close attention to it and make every effort to cultivate it.9.The old man cherishes that girl,as if she were his own daughter.10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.Unit 4.1. 1.It is an attempt made to strengthen our competitive ability.2. 2.The police in this district know where the thieves hang out.3. 3.The agreement signed will break down all the barriers to free trade.4. 4.It was a very difficult situation,but he handled it very successfully.5. 5.He is my best friend.I just can’t turn my back on him now that he needs my help.6. 6.So long as you work hard,you are bound to succeed and realize your ambition sooner orlater.7.7.Although he hates the job,yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money tosupport the family.8.8.That cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his disease,persisted in combatingit,and conquered it in the end.9.9.This university has a staff of more than 2000,including about 150 professors and over 500associate professors.10.10.The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer’s death.Unit51. 1.That psychiatrist who had talked about his patients in public, was charged with violatingprofessional ethics.2. 2.Hanging on the walls of the classroom are some famous sayings,which inspire and urgepeople to exert themselves.3. 3.All kinds of commodities are available.Nothing is in short supply.4. 4.We all trust the president for his absolute integrity.5. 5.Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.6. 6.The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.7.7.When I saw that he was right,I had to back down.8.8.She has been appointed sales manager,for she is both clever and diligent.9.9.One of the biggest challenges faced by the present government is that of creating more jobs.10.10.The enemy succumbed soon after our soldiers stormed its stronghold.Unit61. The dilemma she is facing is whether to tell her husband the truth about his fatal disease.2.Don’t you think it a sort of stigma that you,already in your thirties,still have to depend on your old parents?3. Almost all the governments in the world are very much concerned about the financialissue.4.With regard to the seminar on English teaching, I suggest that it be held on the comingweekend.5.whether to go abroad for further education or not is entirely up to you.6.Just a single spark can lead to an explosion in a room filled with gas.7.No matter what efforts the government has made,the price for housing has barely declined.8.In order to pass TOEFL,he has devoted almost every minute of his spare time to Englishstudies.9.With his acting potential, the young man is likely to be a superstar in the field of entertainment.10.It is believed that siblings jealousy exists more in a rich family than in a poor one.Unit71.I scrambled up the cliff for a good view of the sea.2.He lunged at the burglar and wrestled with him for the weapon.3.I figure that our national economy will continue to develop rapidly.4.The chairman made an effort to reassure the shareholders that the company’s bad resultswould not be repeated.5. Stop acting like a baby! Pull yourself together!6. Being very much a private man, he does not confide in anyone.7.We all hate the terrorists’ indiscriminate violence against ordinary people.8.Many people in this country are alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent crimes.9. We anticipated that the enemy would try to cross the river. That was why we destroyed thebridge.10. I am indebted to all the people who worked so hard to make the party a great success. Unit81.At Christmas people enjoy themselves very much;they visit one another and present each other with Christmas cards and presents.2.The walls of her bedroom and living room are all decorated with pictures of pop stars and film stars.3. Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly, but Tom teased her curly hair unmercifully.4.He had attained remarkable achievements which surpassed the goal he had set for himself.5. He kept crying bitterly, and I tried to persuade him not to give way to grief.6. I took it for granted that you would like to see the play, so I bought you a ticket.7.They have relegated these problems somewhere down on the priority list.8.I am going to address the letter to Donna in care of her lawyer.9. I don’t know why telling her the news brought a lump in my throat.10.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.Unit91.Towering above all others,this mountain peak commands a fine view.2.I have asked my friends to recommend a doctor who is good at treating children.3.Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly,but Tom teased her about her curly hair unmercifully.4. The government is determined to avoid at all costs a sharp rise in food price.5. He tried his best to save the drowning boy, but in vain.6. That old woman is always interfering in other people’s affairs.7.After having several influential papers published,he became quite distinguished in the academic world.8.Pollution is so serious in this area that the villagers can hardly find any water that is fit for drinking.9.I packed a suitcase with all the things that might be needed.10. We Chinese usually associate the Spring Festival with family reunion.Unit101.2. Many volunteers rendered a valuable service to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.3. The world economy is in a desperate situation, so all governments must take desperate measures to cope with.4.Scissors,knives,matches,and medicine must be kept beyond the reach of children.5.I always keep a sum of at least 1.000yuan on hand, in case of an emergency.6.Honest people despise lies and liars.7. It was a long time before I began to feel at home in English.8. Because of the financial recession, some of small- and medium-size enterprises are, so to speak,up to their necks in debt.9.He is a man that always mouths fine words about people to their faces and speaks ill of them behind their backs.10.I was greatly scared by the zest demonstrated by those radicals.Unit111.They hoped to save their marriage by giving birth to a child.2. Secret service men escorted the President and his family everywhere they went.3. The presidentia l candidate’s speech was often punctuated now and then by outbursts ofapplause from the audience.4. As soon as the news of victory came, there was great rejoicing all over the country.5.The tertiary industry in our country has been developing by leaps and bounds since the reform and opening drive started.6.The priest preached a sermon to the congregation on the need for charity.7.In order to/To maintain his dignity the employee didn’t kneel on his knees in front of theoverbearing boss.8.When the chairman announced the election results,the meeting hall broke into a sea of great joy,with the whole assembly clapping and cheering.9.He has a very bad reputation,for he often takes other people’s names in vain.10. The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather.Unit 121. I marvel at the poet’s ability to express nuances of different feelings.2.Although you have good teachers and a favorable environment,it is your personal effort that comes into play in the success of your English studies.3.As English majors,we need to have a keen awareness of the subtle diffrences between word meaning.4. Some new policies in the educational system will be implemented next year.5. It is unfair to indentify popular culture with vulgar culture.6. He believes that a person should be noble-minded, but not money-oriented all the time.7.The Middle East is generously endowed with petroleum.8.The school authorities are holding a meeting in reference to the construction of a new gymnasium.9.But for his personal visits to the third-world countries,he would not have believed such disparity in the living standars between the rich and the poor.10.No one came to claim the welfare lottery bonus of 5 million yuan RMB,not even to the last day.Unit131. The airport authorities request that every passenger keep an eye on his/her own belongings.2.Although he was diagnosed with stomach cancer,he still took an optimistic attitude toward life.3.His teacher advised him not to eat so much junk food.4. With a high sense of responsibility, the teacher gave his life in order to save his students.5.His comrades did whatever they could for his release from the prison,and they succeeded.6.The sudden financial tsunami has stripped quite a number of people of their property.7.My secretary is looking for this or that all the time,for she is always misplacing her things.8. After drifting into the woods, he was greatly amazed at the scene in front of him.9.So far no effective remedy for the addiction to the Internet has been found.10. In view of the serious employment situation, many university graduates voluntarily go and work in the remote areas.Unit141.He possesses some fine traits:he has refined and gentle manners;he is kind and generous to others;he is always modest and prudent;and he constantly perfects his work.2.A high crime rate that doesn’t seem to drop is a reflection of an unstable society.3. It is beyond doubt that Shanghai is fast becoming another financial center.4.Such a small gym can hardly meet the needs of such a large student body,amounting to about 3000.5.A person with reason instinctively knows what should be done and what should not be done.6. Despite hardships, she persisted in her efforts to complete her university education.7.As long as you study hard and make progress constantly,your chances to succeed will multiply.8. Xiao Wang works very efficiently, because he possesses strong professional competence and, moreover, he pays particular attention to the methods he employs.9. The so-called problem teens are not born to be problems. Very likely, it is because they lack parental and school discipline.10.The President of the university displays both professional competence and excellent leadership;therefore,he is very popular among the teachers and other staff members.。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
机械工程专业英语教程第一课：机械工程简介Introduction to Mechanical EngineeringSection 1: OverviewMechanical engineering is a diverse and dynamic field that encompasses the design, development, and operation of machinery, structures, and systems. This branch of engineering plays a crucial role in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and energy.Section 2: Responsibilities and SkillsAs a mechanical engineer, your responsibilities will include designing and analyzing mechanical systems, conducting tests and experiments, and supervising the manufacturing process. You will also need to have a strong understanding of physics, mathematics, and computer-aided design (CAD). Additionally, problem-solving skills, attention to detail, and the ability to work well in teams are essential.Section 3: Career OpportunitiesA degree in mechanical engineering can open up a wide range of career opportunities. You could work in research and development, product design, manufacturing, or projectmanagement. Mechanical engineers are in demand in almost every industry, ensuring a stable and rewarding career path.Section 4: University CoursesTo become a mechanical engineer, it is essential to pursue a degree in mechanical engineering from a reputable university. The curriculum typically includes courses in engineering principles, materials science, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanical design. Additionally, practical training through internships or cooperative education programs is crucial for gaining hands-on experience.Section 5: ConclusionMechanical engineering offers a challenging and rewarding career for those with a passion for solving problems and a desire to create innovative solutions. With the right education and skills, you can embark on a successful journey in the field of mechanical engineering. Remember, the possibilities are endless in this ever-evolving discipline.第二课：机械设计基础Fundamentals of Mechanical DesignSection 1: IntroductionIn this lesson, we will explore the fundamentals of mechanical design. Mechanical design involves the creation and development of physical systems and components that meet specific requirements and specifications. This processrequires a deep understanding of materials, mechanics, and engineering principles.Section 2: Design ProcessThe design process typically follows a systematic approach that includes several stages. These stages include problem identification, conceptual design, detailed design, manufacturing, and testing. Each stage involves various activities such as brainstorming, prototyping, and evaluation.Section 3: Design ConsiderationsDuring the design process, there are several important considerations to keep in mind. These include functionality, efficiency, reliability, safety, and cost-effectiveness. It is also crucial to consider the environmental impact and sustainability of the design.Section 4: Tools and SoftwareTo aid in the design process, engineers use various tools and software. Computer-aided design (CAD) software allows for precise modeling and simulation of mechanical systems. Finite element analysis (FEA) software helps in analyzing the structural integrity and performance of designs.Section 5: Case StudyTo further understand the application of mechanical design principles, we will examine a case study. This real-world example will demonstrate how the design process isimplemented to solve a specific problem and achieve desired outcomes.Section 6: ConclusionMechanical design is a critical aspect of mechanical engineering. It requires a combination of creativity, technical knowledge, and attention to detail. By mastering the fundamentals of mechanical design, you will be well-equippedto tackle complex challenges and contribute to the development of innovative solutions.以上是《机械工程专业英语教程》的课文翻译。
英语专业综合英语一课文翻译
Unit1: Translation exercises 1. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2. His sad sad story story story touched touched touched us us us so so so deeply deeply deeply that that that we we we nearly nearly nearly cried.cried.3、People People from from from Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai can can can understand understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.4、Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.5. The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing.6. When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.7. He finally gave in to his daughter's repeated requests to further her education abroad.8. We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday.9. 9. Although Although Although we we we have have have parted parted parted from from from each each each other, other, I I hope hope hope that that that we we we will will will remain remain good good friends friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past.10. At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy.Unit2:Translation exercises 1Yesterday a government delegation headed b y the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.2、It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills.3、Computers Computers are are are one one one of of of the the the most most most useful useful useful teaching teaching teaching aids,for aids,for aids,for all all all your your your lessons lessons lessons as as as well well well as as as all all all the the questions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen. 4.、Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday; he sent for a doctor immediately. 5、He failed in the college entrance examination last year,but he did not feel disappointed.Instead,he disappointed.Instead,he continued continued continued to to to study study study hard,passed hard,passed hard,passed the the the examination examination examination successfully successfully successfully and and become a student in famous university this year. 6、There are many English words that this middle school student cannot pronounce correctly. 7In this era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirement the requirement s of our work. 8With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy looks just like a boss. 9、Although she is only 8 years old ，the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions.No wonder her parents feel proud of her. 10、All the neighborhood have heard of the news,but you haven't.Don't you think it is strange? Unit31.I am sorry I am late,but I was at a meeting and couldn ’t get away. 2. At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation . 3. She is always wearing stylish clothes, but seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse told me that the doctors had done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When 5.When awarding awarding awarding the the the prize, prize, prize, the the the chairman chairman chairman comlimented comlimented comlimented the the the winner winner winner on on on his his his great great great contribution contribution contribution to to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since 8.Since punctuality punctuality punctuality is is is such such such a a a good good good habbit,we habbit,we habbit,we should should should pay pay pay close close close attention attention attention to to to it it it and and and make make make every every effort to cultivate it. 9.The old man cherishes that girl,as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about. Unit 4.1.1.It is an attempt made to strengthen our competitive ability. 2.2.The police in this district know where the thieves hang out. 3. 3.The agreement signed will break down all the barriers to free trade. 4.4.It was a very difficult situation,but he handled it very successfully. 5.5.He is my best friend.I just can ’t turn my back on him now that he needs my help. 6. 6.So 6.So long long long as as as you you you work work work hard,you hard,you hard,you are are are bound bound bound to to to succeed and succeed and realize realize your your your ambition ambition ambition sooner sooner sooner or or later. 7. 7.Although he hates the job,yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money to support the family. 8. 8.That 8.That cancer cancer cancer patient patient patient kept kept kept an an an optimistic optimistic optimistic attitude attitude attitude towards towards towards his his his disease,persisted disease,persisted disease,persisted in in in combating combating it,and conquered it in the end. 9. 9.This university has a staff of more than 2000,including about 150 professors and over 500 associate professors. 10. 10.The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer ’s death. Unit51. 1.That 1.That psychiatrist psychiatrist psychiatrist who who who had had had talked talked talked about about about his his his patients patients patients in in in public, public, public, was was was charged charged charged with with with violating violating professional ethics . 2. 2.Hanging 2.Hanging on on on the the the walls walls walls of of of the the the classroom classroom classroom are are are some some some famous famous famous sayings,which sayings,which sayings,which inspire inspire inspire and and and urge urge people to exert themselves. 3. 3.All kinds of commodities are available.Nothing is in short supply. 4. 4.We all trust the president for his absolute integrity. 5. 5.Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.6. 6.6.The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.7. 7.When I saw that he was right,I had to back down. 8. 8.She has been appointed sales manager,for she is both clever and diligent. 9. 9.One of the biggest challenges faced by the present government is that of creating more jobs. 10. 10.The enemy succumbed soon after our soldiers stormed its stronghold. Unit61. The dilemma she is facing is whether to tell her husband the truth about his fatal disease. 2.Don 2.Don’’t you think it a sort of stigma that you,already in your thirties,still have to depend on your old parents? 3. 3. Almost Almost Almost all all all the the the governments governments governments in in in the the the world world are very much concerned about the the financial financial issue. 4. With regard to the the seminar seminar seminar on on on English English English teaching, teaching, teaching, I I I suggest suggest suggest that that that it it be be held held held on on on the the the coming coming weekend. 5.whether to go abroad for further education or not is entirely up to you. 6.Just a single spark can lead to an explosion in a room filled with gas. 7.No matter what efforts the government has made,the price for housing has barely declined. 8.In 8.In order order order to to to pass pass pass TOEFL,he TOEFL,he TOEFL,he has has has devoted devoted devoted almost almost almost every every every minute minute minute of of of his his his spare spare spare time time time to to to English English studies. 9. With his acting potential , , the the the young young young man man man is is is likely likely likely to to to be be be a a a superstar superstar superstar in in in the the the field field field of of entertainment. 10.It is believed that siblings jealousy exists more in a rich family than in a poor one. Unit71.I scrambled up the cliff for a good view of the sea. 2.He lunged at the burglar and wrestled with him for the weapon. 3.I figure that our national economy will continue to develop rapidly. 4.The 4.The chairman chairman chairman made made made an an an effort effort effort to to to reassure reassure reassure the the the shareholders shareholders shareholders that that that the the the company company company’’s s bad bad bad results results would not be repeated. 5. Stop acting like a baby! Pull yourself together! 6. Being very much a private man, he does not confide in anyone. 7.We all hate the terrorists ’ indiscriminate violence against ordinary people. 8.Many people in this country are alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent crimes. 9. We anticipated that the enemy would try to cross the river. That was why we destroyed the bridge. 10. I am indebted to all the people who worked so hard to make the party a great success. Unit81.At Christmas people enjoy themselves very much;they visit one another and present each other with Christmas cards and presents. 2.The walls of her bedroom and living room are all decorated with pictures of pop stars and film stars. 3. Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly, but Tom teased her curly hair unmercifully. 4.He had attained remarkable achievements which surpassed the goal he had set for himself. 5. He kept crying bitterly, and I tried to persuade him not to give way to grief. 6. I t ook took it for granted that you would like to see the play, so I bought you a ticket. 7.They have relegated these problems somewhere down on the priority list. 4. The government is determined to avoid at all costs a sharp rise in food price. 5. He tried his best to save the drowning boy, but in vain. 6. That old woman is always interfering in other people’s affairs.7.After having several influential papers published,he became quite distinguished in the academic world. 8.Pollution is so serious in this area that the villagers can hardly find any water that is fit for drinking. 9.I packed a suitcase with all the things that might be needed. 10. We Chinese usually associate the Spring Festival with family reunion. 1. 2. Many volunteers rendered a valuable service to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. measures to cope with. 4.Scissors,knives,matches,and medicine must be kept beyond the reach of children. 5.I always keep a sum of at least 1.000yuan on hand, in case of an emergency. 6.Honest people despise lies and liars. in English. 7. It was a long time before I began to feel at home in English. 8. Because of the financial recession, some of small- and medium-size enterprises are, so to speak, up to their necks in debt. 9.He is a man that always mouths fine words about people to their faces and speaks ill of them behind their backs. 10.I was greatly scared by the zest demonstrated by those radicals. Unit11 1.They hoped to save their marriage by giving birth to a child. 2. Secret service men escorted the President and his family everywhere they went. overbearing boss. 8.When 8.When the the the chairman chairman chairman announced announced announced the the the election election election results,the results,the results,the meeting meeting meeting hall hall hall broke broke broke into into into a a a sea sea sea of of of great great joy,with the whole assembly clapping and cheering. 9.He has a very bad reputation,for he often takes other people ’s names in vain. 10. The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather. Unit 12 1. I marvel at the poet’s ability to express nuances of different feelings. 2.Although you have good teachers and a favorable environment,it is your personal effort that comes into play in the success of your English studies. 3.As English majors,we need to have a keen awareness of the subtle diffrences between word meaning. 4. Some new policies in the educational system will be implemented next year. 5. It is unfair to indentify popular culture with vulgar culture. 6. He believes that a person should be noble-minded, but not money-oriented all the time. 7.The Middle East is generously endowed with petroleum. 8.The school authorities are holding a meeting in reference to the construction of a new gymnasium. 9.But for his personal visits to the third-world countries,he would not have believed such disparity in the living standars between the rich and the poor. 10.No one came to claim the welfare lottery bonus of 5 million yuan RMB,not even to the last day. Unit13 1. The airport authorities request that every passenger keep an eye on his/her own belongings. 2.Although he was diagnosed with stomach cancer,he still took an optimistic attitude toward life. 3.His teacher advised him not to eat so much junk food. 4. With a high sense of responsibility, the teacher gave his life in order to save his students. 5.His comrades did whatever they could for his release from the prison,and they succeeded. 6.The sudden financial tsunami has stripped quite a number of people of their property. 7.My secretary is looking for this or that all the time,for she is always misplacing her things. 8. After drifting into the woods, he was greatly amazed at the scene in front of him. 9.So far no effective remedy for the addiction to the Internet has been found. 10. 10. In In In view view view of of of the the the serious serious serious employment employment employment situation, situation, situation, many many many university university university graduates graduates graduates voluntarily voluntarily voluntarily go go go and and work in the remote areas. Unit14 1.He possesses some fine traits:he has refined and gentle manners;he is kind and generous to others;he is always modest and prudent;and he constantly perfects his work. 2.A high crime rate that doesn ’t seem to drop is a reflection of an unstable society. 3. It is beyond doubt that Shanghai is fast becoming another financial center. 4.Such a small gym can hardly meet the needs of such a large student body,amounting to about 3000. 5.A person with reason instinctively knows what should be done and what should not be done. 6. Despite hardships, she persisted in her efforts to complete her university education. 7.As long as you study hard and make progress constantly,your chances to succeed will multiply. 8. Xiao Wang works very efficiently, because he possesses strong professional competence and, moreover, he pays particular attention to the methods he employs. 9. The so-called problem teens are not born to be problems. Very likely, it is because they lack parental and school discipline. 10.The President of the university displays both professional competence and excellent leadership;therefore,he is very popular among the teachers and other staff members. 。
专业英语(土木路桥方向)第12课 课文翻译
9当沥青混凝土设计良好时，是一个折中方案，因为密级配可以对引起车辙的剪力提供良好的抗力，并且其足够的粘结程度对于引起开裂的拉力有较强的抵抗性。通常集料发挥主要作用，密级配沥青碎石级配程度没有沥青混凝土高，并且性能没那么好，因此更利于抵抗车辙而不利于抵抗裂缝。
7近年来，一种薄的或被称为超薄面层被引进，特别是在法国开发出这种材料后，这些材料在细部组成上差异很多，但是通常与沥青玛蹄脂碎石级配相似，一般不与聚合物改性沥青一起使用，他们可以被用于更兼顾的路基和基层上面或者用于重铺显存路面对于小交通量的路面，他的养护原则是最小车道占用理论，这只允许给这些长寿命路面结构更换磨耗层，新一代的薄面层易达到这个要求。
6沥青玛蹄脂碎石最先在德国和斯坦第纳维亚使用，现在英国使用也很广泛，这种材料透水性沥青面层一样拥有粗集料骨架，但是其空隙需细集料，填料，沥青砂浆填充，使用石油沥青的混合料中，加入纤维用来细吸收混合料中沥青（防止沥青粘结料流失）
3在使用聚合物改性沥青时通常不需要加入纤维，沥青玛蹄脂碎石是间断级配材料具有良好的抗车辙能力和耐久性，这不同于热压沥青因为他的砂浆只是用于填充粗集料间的空隙，而在热压沥青混合料中，粗集料和砂浆混合在一起，并且不能形成连续的沥青玛蹄脂，但是与沥青玛蹄脂碎石类似的高石量的热压沥青，并不在英国长用于磨耗层，而是被运用于路基和基层的修筑。
5 沥青混凝土和密级配沥青碎石是连续级配混合料原理上与运用于路基和基层的密级配沥青碎石相似，但是最大粒径要小于他们，除了英国全世界的公路面层都使用较密级配的沥青混凝土，对于英国的抗滑标准密级配沥青碎石路面显然比不上热压沥青混凝土路面沥青玛蹄脂碎石路面或透水性沥青路面，这个问题可以通过一个分离的面层处治但是这样做通常会使密级配碎石沥青路面的造价更高。
环境专业英语第四版课文翻译
环境专业英语第四版课文翻译
What is air pollution.Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more in high enough concentration to harm humans,other animals,vegetation or materials.
什么是空气污染。
空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
There are two major types of air pollution.
主要有两种类型的空气污染。
A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.
初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。
It can be a natural air component,such as carbon dioxide,that above its normal concentration,or something not usually found in the air,such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.
这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，或通常不会在空气中发现的，如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气。
专业英语(上)课文翻译
1.一般工程钢（淬火和回火钢）经过简单正火处理后的碳素钢（碳含量0.25—0.60％，最大含Mn量1.0％），广泛应用于棒条、一般工程锻件、落垂锻件中。
对于给定的材料的最佳性质组合只体现在不超过一定尺寸的组件中，对于碳钢来说，这个尺寸很小（低限制的最大截面）。
这些碳素钢经过淬火和回火后可以获得优良的拉伸强度、屈服强度、延伸性和抗冲击性。
任何一种钢都有一个最小的冷却速度以产生有效硬化。
同样，热量被淬火介质吸收的速度也会受到最大截面的影响。
虽然有可能通过淬火来硬化特定钢材的小截面，但对于同一钢材的大截面，就不一定了。
这种质量效应和尺寸效应深深地影响着用于淬火和回火的钢的选择。
对于碳素钢来说，要达到满意的硬化效果，冷却速度必须很大，因此，能进行理想热处理的钢材，截面尺寸是有限制的。
而且，在金属中发生相变的参数是其均匀性质是不能赋予给超过一定厚度的工件，因为中心和截面表面之间出在不同的冷却速度。
更进一步说，具有高拉伸强度的普通钢，通常带有相对低的屈服点，并且延展性和韧性都低。
因此，普通碳素钢仅仅可能获得中等的拉伸强度水平与合理的延展性和韧度。
因此，想获得大尺寸和高的拉伸强度的要求，就需要用一种即使在低的淬火热吸收率下也能得到有效硬化的钢。
通过使用合金钢，这些难题便迎刃而解。
通过加入合金元素，如锰、镍、铬、钼、钒，降低了使钢有效硬化的最低冷却速度，这取决于添加元素的含量或元素的组合。
此外，组件的畸变和裂纹也减少了。
多种合金元素总和的应用比单一元素更为广泛。
这是由于有很多种元素同时存在的任一截面起的效果比起有等值的单一元素存在的截面起的效果要大。
此外，某些元素具有的缺点会抵消它们的优点，这就有必要限制它们在金属中的量。
我们也能发现，某些元素组合各自所具有的优点抵消各自的缺点，同时其他优点共同起作用。
铬的单一使用会使晶粒粗化，而镍在长时间加热时也能使含碳量高的钢产生碳化。
铬能够稳定碳化物的出现，而镍帮助晶粒优化。
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United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。
如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。
渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。
在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。
也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。
因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。
比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。
严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。
多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。
“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。
简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。
在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
在更大的结构领域上，其包括大的原子团，这些原子团通常聚集在一起，称为“微观”结构，意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。
最后，结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。
“Property”一词的概念值得详细阐述。
在使用中，所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。
比如，材料受到力作用会引起形变，或者抛光金属表面会反射光。
材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。
通常，材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。
实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。
对于每一种性质，其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能力。
如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关，包括弹性和强度。
对于电性能，如电导性和介电系数，特定的刺激物是电场。
固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。
磁学性质表示一种材料对施加的电场的感应能力。
对于光学性质，刺激物是电磁或光照。
用折射和反射来表示光学性质。
最后，腐蚀性质表示材料的化学反应能力。
除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工和性能。
如果考虑这四个要素的关系，材料的结构取决于其如何加工。
另外，材料的性能是其性质的功能。
因此，材料的加工、结构、性质和功能的关系可以用以下线性关系来表示：加工——结构——性质——性能。
为什么研究材料科学与工程？为什么研究材料科学与工程？许多应用科学家或工程师，不管他们是机械的、民事的、化学的或电子的领域的，都将在某个时候面临材料的设计问题。
如用具的运输、建筑的超级结构、油的精炼成分、或集成电路芯片。
当然，材料科学家和工程师是从事材料研究和设计的专家。
很多时候，材料的问题就是从上千个材料中选择出一个合适的材料。
对材料的最终选择有几个原则。
首先，现场工作条件必须进行表征。
只有在少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
典型的例子是当考虑材料的强度和延展性时，而通常材料具有高强度但却具有低的延展性。
这时对这两种性质进行折中考虑很有必要。
其次，选择的原则是要考虑材料的性质在使用中的磨损问题。
如材料的机械性能在高温或腐蚀环境中会下降。
最后，也许是最重要的原则是经济问题。
最终产品的成本是多少？一种材料的可以有多种理想的优越性质，但不能太昂贵。
这里对材料的价格进行折中选择也是可以的。
产品的成本还包括组装中的费用。
工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、功能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的几个原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
Unit 2 Classification of MaterialsSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basicclassifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is basedprimarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grou ping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。
除此之外，有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors a re utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the h uman body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered n ext.译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。
关于材料类型和他们特殊的特征的一个简单的解释将在后面给出。
METALSMetallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements. They have large numbers of no nlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly able to these electrons.be bound to 被约束于。
be attribute to 归属于。
归因于。
译文：金属材料通常由金属元素组成。
它们有大量无规则运动的电子。
也就是说，这些电子不是被约束于某个特定的原子。
金属的许多性质直接归属这些不规则运动的电子。
Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visible ligh t; a polished metal surface has a lustrousappearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their extensi ve use in structural applications.科技英语在讲述科学真理的时候通常用主动语态。
如： Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity Deformable ？译文：金属是十分好的电和热的导体，它们对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。
除此之外，金属是十分硬的，也是可变形的，这个性质解释了它们广泛使用在结构方面的应用。
CERAMICSCeramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxi des, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass. that引导的定语从句译文：陶瓷是介于金属和非金属元素之间的化合物；它们通常是氧化物，氮化物和碳化物。
落在这个分类种类中的宽的材料范围包括陶瓷，它们由粘土矿物，水泥和玻璃组成。
These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistan t to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to mechanic al behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle. more…. Than….. with regard to….译文：这些材料是典型的电和热的绝缘体，并且它们比金属和聚合物更加耐高温和耐苛刻的环境。
至于机械性能，陶瓷是硬的但是却很脆。
POL YMERSPolymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds t hat are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular structures. These materials typically have low densities and may be extr emely flexible.译文：聚合物包括常见的塑料和橡胶材料。