变化中的英语辅导材料(一)
变化中的英语复习重点总结参考资料知识点复习考点归纳
电大变化中的英语复习重点总结参考资料考点归纳总结1.全世界语言→ 4000-5000种(P7)2.Dead language → no living speakers (P7)3.Historical variation → variation over timeRegional variation → variation in different places (P15)4.RP Standard English Network English:Standard English → Written EnglishRP → Received Pronunciation ( Also Southern Educated British English)Network English → Educated American English (P19)5.V ocabulary change in English (P23-24)6.词汇来源：Borrowing(e.g dim sum), Abbreviations(e.g MTR), Translations(e.g dragon boat)(P28-29)7.英国语言→English, Welsh(Wales地区) Gaelic （Scotland地区）( P36)8.Dialects→ Different ways of speaking the same languageAccent → We are talking only about the sounds of the language in some places (P39)nguage family:English →Indo-European family(印欧语系)Chinese → Sino-Tibetan family(汉藏语系) P6410.英国历史上三次被入侵：1) BC 1st– AD 5th→Latin- speaking Romans 来自Mediterranean2)AD 5th - 8th and 9th→ Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚人(Angles盎格鲁人, Saxons撒克逊部族, Jutes朱特族人) invaded Britain 来自North West Europe3)AD 11th→French-speaking Normans 来自Normandy(P69-70)11.Standard English:A: Come from → South EastB: Reason →. Its importance is matter of culture and history(P75 )12.13.14.Receptive(听读) →You recognize a word and know what it means.Productive（说写）→You can say a word or you can write it.NOTE: 每个人的Receptive knowledge of vocabulary要大于Productive knowledge (P89-90)15.Prescriptive teaching(说明性教学) →correct students’ mistakesProductive teaching(输出性教学) → Practice students’ Eng lish by speaking and writing.Descriptive teaching(描述性教学) → Tell students how English has changed and come to be as it is now. P100 P10317.Basque(巴斯克语)，Hindi（印地语）P115-11618.美国历史（The New World: the continent of America:)1584, 1585 Sir Walter Releigh’s two expeditions to the New World1620→English Puritan Playmouth Mayflower1775 → American war of Independence started1785 → End of the A set up1790 → First census人口普查held. About 90%of the population of British descent后裔P120-12119. The USA → The melting-potIn New York harbour → You can see the Statue of Liberty P122-12321. 印度英语发展历史：The East Indi a Company → Started in 17 century, by 1813, it came to an end.19th century → The English man named Macaulay was called the President of the Committee of Public Instruction，set up universities of English language P138-13922. 澳大利亚Australia 形成，Captain Cook lead the first exploration in 1770 astronomical observation18th century: penal colony (罪犯流放地) (P140-141)23.Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle →Braj Kachru, from the sub-continent of India developed the idea of classifyingthe international use of English.Inner Circle: native speakers-users mother tongueBritain, North America, Australia New Zealand, South AfricaOuter Circle: taught in schools, international and official businessIndian Hong KongExpanding Circle: not an official language , international use P14724. Esperanto世界语→具有全球扩广的语言特征，且适合全球使用的理想语言What an ideal language for global use 理由P158-159Artificial language → The failed reason (p160-161)Simplify a natural language → Noah Webster made English spelling easie r for the childrenBasic English →designed by C.K.Ogden in 1930, only 850 words P161-16225. Social Variation →speakers use English differ ently with their social and educational level.Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped language p16626. D ead languages → Latin and Sanskrit(梵语)French, Spanish and Portuguese are descendants of Latin p17027. Pygmalion → He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And he loves her and she camelived.My Fair Lady → Wrote by Ge orge Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright. P182-18328. False beginners → The students who have forgotten the early stages of learning a languageThe first stage of learning → Learning the rules of the sound system, the grammar, the writing system, and the vocabulary.The second stage of learning → Using English in a variety of ways. P187-18829. The rules of writing English → p202A. Always make sure your sentences are complete.B. Every sentence must hace a subject and a verb.C. Never put a preposition at the end of the sentence.D. Never use slang(俚语) or even informal words.30. T he components of a Trade Deal → p216A. a commodity(商品).B. a currencyC. a sellerD. a buyerE. a marketF. a means of communication.31. Lingua Franca(交际语/通用语) → used for trade deal p224-228Pidgin(混杂语/洋泾浜语) → It means a language,used for purpose of trade.Creoles(克利奥尔语) →是Pidgin进化后的语言p228-237Black English → P230-233Papua New Guinea → Adopted Tok PisinCreole can become a national language. ,but a pidgin can’t P23532. Present day international trade P24333. Faxed English → P249-250-25234. English in science P262 P265-26635. English in international transport P266-277Risks in air travel P271English in air traffic control →A. The language of Internetational Air Traffic Control is English.B. It is used by all ground control staff and flight crew.C. It is used in all parts of the world.D. It is twentieth century English: It is Standard English.E. It is spoken English and speakers know what they say will be recordedF. It is the English of a special area of knowledge.G. It is formal, but not polite or indirect.H. It is brief, clear, and direct. P 275Sea-speak → A special, restricted variety of English is now used internationally in ship-to-shore communication.Jargon行话→ I t’s a special name for the selection that peole who have a common interest in machines and techniques use it.Slang俚语→ For the language used by young people to keep out the old.36. English and TV → P279 P28737. English and Information technology →P289English and IT → P296 P29838. ELT → English language teachingNative-speaker English language teacher 和Blingual teacher双语教师各自的优点和缺点→见P302表格Five important ELT terms: p307A.Pattern practice句型练习→ Learning by constantly repeating correct English sentecnes.nguage laboratory语言实验室→A classroom equipped with tape recorders and a control desk for theteacher.municative approach交际法| 交际教学法| 沟通式教学法| 传意形式的教学法→A view of ELT thatputs first understanding and being understood by another person.D.Error analysis →Teaching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and useful to teachers.E.English for Specific Purposes → Courses designed to match the future work of and needs of groups of leaners,very often groups with different occupations.39. ESL → English as a Second LanguageEFL → English as a Foreign LanguageL1 → English as a mother tongue见p314 表格40. New Standards → P315-31641. Hong Kong English deviates from Standard English. → P31842. Interlanguage语际语/中间语言/中介语/人工辅助语言→ The languages of learners who have only partial control ofa language.Intro-national and International use →The difference between the use of English inside a country and between that country and the rest of the world. P32143. The advantages and disadvantages of Local standard and StandardEnglish:Advantages →A.They are easier and quicker to learn(so more learners will succeed)B.There are useful where there are many languages in use in a country and no common language.C.Only a minority of people need a language for international use.Disadvantages→A.Local standards change quickly and are not well regarded internationally.B.If they are use intenationally, they don’t do justice to t he user or his ideas.C.Local Standards are emerging and changing, so there may not be enough suitable teachers, or teaching materials.P322-32346. Opportunity cost → All learning is associated with an opportunity cost. Language learning represents a big investmentof time and effort by individuals and by the society of which they are part.47. Shrinking world → P361-36248. Around the World in Eighty Days → Jules V erne (P362)49. Tower of Babel巴别塔| 通天塔| 巴比塔| 巴贝尔塔→ P365-36650. Cultural Imperialism文化帝国主义→ P38251. Proficient in English →Information about English → P394Support and reinforce each other → P407。
变化中的英语复习重点总结
变化中的英语复习重点总结1.全世界语言→ 4000-5000种(P7)2.Dead language → no living speakers (P7)3.Historical variation → variation over timeRegional variation → variation in different places (P15)4.RP Standard English Network English:Standard English → Written EnglishRP → Received Pronunciation ( Also Southern Educated British English)Network English → Educated American English (P19)5.V ocabulary change in English (P23-24)6.词汇来源：Borrowing(e.g dim sum), Abbreviations(e.g MTR), Translations(e.g dragonboat)(P28-29)7.英国语言→English, Welsh(Wales地区) Gaelic （Scotland地区）( P36)8.Dialects→ Different ways of speaking the same languageAccent → We are talking only about the sounds of the language in some places (P39)nguage family:English →Indo-European family(印欧语系)Chinese → Sino-Tibetan family(汉藏语系) P6410.英国历史上三次被入侵：1) BC 1st– AD 5th→Latin- speaking Romans 来自Mediterranean2)AD 5th - 8th and 9th→ Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚人(Angles盎格鲁人, Saxons撒克逊部族, Jutes朱特族人) invaded Britain 来自North West Europe3)AD 11th→French-speaking Normans 来自Normandy(P69-70)11.Standard English:A: Come from → South EastB: Reason →. Its importance is matter of culture and history(P75 )13. A good English dictionary contains about 450,000 separate entries.(P86)14.Receptive(听读) →You recognize a word and know what it means.Productive（说写）→You can say a word or you can write it.NOTE: 每个人的Receptive knowledge of vocabulary要大于Productive knowledge (P89-90)15.Prescriptive teaching(说明性教学) →correct students’ mistakesProductive teaching(输出性教学) → Practice students’ English by speaking and writing.Descriptive teaching(描述性教学) → Tell students how English has changed and come to beas it is now. P100 P10318.美国历史（The New World: the continent of America:)1584, 1585 Sir Walter Releigh’s two expeditions to the New World1620→English Puritan Playmouth Mayflower1775 → American war of Independence started1785 → End of the A set up1790 → First census人口普查held. About 90%of the population of British descent后裔P120-12119. The US A → The melting-potIn New York harbour → You ca n see the Statue of Liberty P122-12321. 印度英语发展历史：The East India Company → Started in 17 century, by 1813, it came toan end.19th century → The English man named Macaulay was called the President of theCommittee of Public Instruction，set up universities ofEnglish language P138-13922. 澳大利亚Australia 形成，Captain Cook lead the first exploration in 1770astronomical observation18th century: penal colony (罪犯流放地) (P140-141)23.Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle →Braj Kachru, from the sub-continent of Indiadeveloped the idea of classifying the internationaluse of English.Inner Circle: native speakers-users mother tongueBritain, North America, Australia New Zealand, South AfricaOuter Circle: taught in schools, international and official businessIndian Hong KongExpanding Circle: not an official language , international use P14724. Esperanto世界语→具有全球扩广的语言特征，且适合全球使用的理想语言What an ideal language for global use 理由P158-159Artificial language → The failed reason (p160-161)Simplify a natural language → Noah Webster made English spelling easier for the children Basic English →designed by C.K.Ogden in 1930, only 850 words P161-16225. Social Variation →speakers use English differently with their social and educational level.Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped language p16626. Dead languages → Latin and Sanskrit(梵语)French, Spanish and Portuguese are descendants of Latin p17027. Pygmalion → He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And heloves her and she came lived.My Fair Lady → Wrote by George Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright. P182-183 28. False beginners → The students who have forgotten the early stages of learning a languageThe first stage of learning → Learning the rules of the sound system, the grammar, the writing system, and the vocabulary.The second stage of learning → Using English in a variety of ways. P187-18829. The rules of writing English → p202A. Always make sure your sentences are complete.B. Every sentence must hace a subject and a verb.C. Never put a preposition at the end of the sentence.D. Never use slang(俚语) or even informal words.30. T he components of a Trade Deal → p216A. a commodity(商品).B. a currencyC. a sellerD. a buyerE. a marketF. a means of communication.31. Lingua Franca(交际语/通用语) → used for trade deal p224-228Pidgin(混杂语/洋泾浜语) → It means a language,used for purpose of trade.Creoles(克利奥尔语) →是Pidgin进化后的语言p228-237Black English → P230-233Papua New Guinea → Adopted Tok PisinCreole can become a national language. ,but a pidgin can’t P23532. Present day international trade P24333. Faxed English → P249-250-25234. English in science P262 P265-26635. English in international transport P266-277Risks in air travel P271English in air traffic control →A. The language of Internetational Air Traffic Control is English.B. It is used by all ground control staff and flight crew.C. It is used in all parts of the world.D. It is twentieth century English: It is Standard English.E. It is spoken English and speakers know what they say will be recordedF. It is the English of a special area of knowledge.G. It is formal, but not polite or indirect.H. It is brief, clear, and direct. P 275Sea-speak → A special, restricted variety of English is now used internationally in ship-to-shore communication.Jargon行话→I t’s a special name for the selection that peole who have a common interest in machines and techniques use it.Slang俚语→ For the language used by young people to keep out the old.36. English and TV → P279 P28737. English and Information technology →P289English and IT → P296 P29838. ELT → English language teachingNative-speaker English language teacher 和Blingual teacher双语教师各自的优点和缺点→见P302表格Five important ELT terms: p307A.Pattern practice句型练习→Learning by constantly repeating correct Englishsentecnes.nguage laboratory语言实验室→ A classroom equipped with tape recorders and acontrol desk for the teacher.municative approach交际法| 交际教学法| 沟通式教学法| 传意形式的教学法→A view of ELT that puts first understanding and being understood by another person.D.Error analysis →Teaching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and usefulto teachers.E.English for Specific Purposes →Courses designed to match the future work of andneeds of groups of leaners, very often groups with different occupations.39. ESL → English as a Second LanguageEFL → English as a Foreign LanguageL1 → English as a mother tongue见p314 表格40. New Standards → P315-31641. Hong Kong English deviates from Standard English. → P31842. Interlanguage语际语/中间语言/中介语/人工辅助语言→The languages of learners whohave only partial control of a language.Intro-national and International use →The difference between the use of English inside a country and between that country and the rest of the world. P32143. The advantages and disadvantages of Local standard and StandardEnglish:Advantages →A.They are easier and quicker to learn(so more learners will succeed)B.There are useful where there are many languages in use in a country and no commonlanguage.C.Only a minority of people need a language for international use.Disadvantages→A.Local standards change quickly and are not well regarded internationally.B.If they are use intenationally, they don’t do justice to the user or his ideas.C.Local Standards are emerging and changing, so there may not be enough suitableteachers, or teaching materials. P322-32345. Mono-lingual and Multi-lingual Societies → P34646. Opportunity cost →All learning is associated with an opportunity cost. Language learningrepresents a big investment of time and effort by individuals and by thesociety of which they are part.47. Shrinking world → P361-36248. Around the World in Eighty Days → Jules V erne (P362)49. Tower of Babel巴别塔| 通天塔| 巴比塔| 巴贝尔塔→ P365-36650. Cultural Imperialism文化帝国主义→ P38251. Proficient in English →Information about English → P394Support and reinforce each other → P407。
变化中的英语期末复习
Unit 6 Changing English since the Second World War
本单元介绍了科技与信息时代的英语。 介绍了英语作为世界科技语言、空中交 通语言的特殊地位及其在世界娱乐业和 信息高速公路中的地位。学过本单元后， 学生应能认识和解释科技英语的重要性； 能举例说明英语在信息时代应用的广泛 性。
Unit 5 Trade within and across Language Barriers
本单元介绍了跨语言贸易中的英语。介 绍了pidgin语、creole语、lingua franca 语及其产生原因；英语的创造性；以及 传真英语对国际贸易运作的重要性。学 过本单元后，学生应能举例说明英语的 创造性；能够初步写出传真英语；能在 讨论中说明英语在国际贸易中作为主要 语言的重要性。
2. 总结教材中的重要知识点。 有一些知识点，如英国的发展 史、美国建国史等，并没有在 Summary中总结，学员必须自 己复习。
3. 学习重要的概念和词汇。本教材 有大量的语言学的词汇，比如RP, network English, borrowing, pidgin, creol等，学员必须认真学习，尤其 是《变化中的英语导学》中每一单元 后面的Important Concepts，一定要 复习。此外教材附录的词汇表也供学 有余力的学员复习。
本单元对于英语全球化现象作了反思。 介绍了英语的全球化现象与地区发展不 平衡的关系；英语与其他语种的关系； 以及英语的全球化与英语教学的情况。 学过本单元后，学生应能就英语当前及 未来发展中最感兴趣的问题发表自己的 看法。
“变化中的英语”期末复习
四川电大 张知奇
一、复习方法介绍。
（一）、认真研究中央 电大印发的《变化中的 英语期末复习指导》手 册。
变化中的英语复习资料( 17页)
变化中的英语复习资料Section One : Multiple Choice1. When we speak of languages as living or dead we mean the language_______. A. are not used now. B. have living speakers or not. C. do notwork now. D. are actually living or dead 正确答案：B2. Standard English refers to the English ________. A. of writing. Bewitch British people use . C. which American people use. D. which British andAmerican people use 正确答案：A3. RP refers to _________. work English. B. General American.C.BBC English and General American.D. Educated Southern BritishEnglish 正确答案：D4. When we say RP, we mean it is a(n) ________. A. variety of spokenEnglish. B. variety of written English. C. regional dialect. D. accent. 正确答案：A5. About some special terms, the statement that _______ is NOT true. A. a language is the major means of human communication. B. a dialect is a variety of a language. C. a variety is a language distinct from others. D. theterm accent has to do only with the sound of the language 正确答案：C6. In Activity 5, you were asked to listen to some regional varieties of English, but ______ is NOT included. A. Cornwall. B. London cockney. C.Northumberland. D. Midland 正确答案：D7. About language change, the statement that ______ is NOT true. A. change in language matches change in p eople’s lives. B. language change is usually even and steady. C. languages change over time. D. new words enterthe language to match new sorts of experience 正确答案：B8. When you meet some old, native speakers of English who are hard to understand, you know, it is probably because ___________. A. your English is too poor. B. they are speaking a variety of English. C. they speak poorEnglish. D. you do not listen carefully enough 正确答案：B9. Dialects refer to ______________. A. different ways of speaking. B. different written systems or different grammatical structures. C. both A andB. D. a form that is quite different from a language 正确答案：A10. New words are from ________. A. old words used with new meaning. B. Words made up by pronouncing the initial letters of several words C. wordsborrowed from other languages D. all of the above 正确答案：D11. Rasselas was written in 18th century by _______________. A. MarkTwain B. Samuel Johnson C. WordsworthD. D. Shakespeare 正确答案：B 12. The Tempest was first printed in 1623, written by ____________. A. Mark Twain B. Samuel Johnson C. Shakespeare D. Geoffrey Chaucer 正确答案：C13. The Canterbury Tales was a famous collection of stories in verse, written by ___________. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Shakespeare C. BernardShaw D. Samuel Johnson 正确答案：A14. Angles and Saxons were _______________. A. Latin-speaking RomansB. French-speaking NormansC. Scandinavian peopleD. Native Britishpeople 正确答案：C15. The final conquer of the British Isles was in _________________. A.1st century B.C. by the Scandinavian people B.5th century A.D. by the Normans C.11th century A.D. by the Normans D. World War II by Germans正确答案：C16. Standard English can be pronounced ___________. A. only using a Received Pronunciation B. only in the accent of educated North American Speakers C. either in educated southern British accent or educated NorthAmerican accent D. with a variety of accents 正确答案：D17. Standard English started in _________________. A. the South East of England B. the east of England C. the south of England D. London, Oxfordand Cambridge 正确答案：A18. Standard English started in ______ century. A.5th B.11th C.14th D.15th正确答案：C19. Standard English started spread all over the country because_______________. A. English was allowed to be taught in schools B. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in English C. William Caxton set up a printingpress in 1475, and printed books D. All of the above 正确答案：D 20. Thecore of English lexicon is ______________. A .French words B. Latin and Greek words C. The words brought back by the overseas D. Of Germanicorigin 正确答案：D 21. When you recognize a word and know what it means, you have a _______ knowledge of it. A. receptive B. productive C. descriptive D. prescriptive 正确答案：A 22. Talking to people needs_________ knowledge and practice. A. receptive B. productive C.descriptive D. prescriptive 正确答案：B 23. Received Pronunciation____________. A. is a regional accent B. belongs to south East of England C. is accepted and understood worldwide D. is the same thing as StandardEnglish 正确答案：C 24. When a teacher corrects a student’s mistakes ,he is doing _________ teaching. A. receptive B. productive C. descriptive D. prescriptive 正确答案：D 25. English is not alone, not unique in being an international language. There are other international languages, such as____________. A. Spanish B. Swedish. C. Japanese D. Danish 正确答案：A 26. An American teacher, who made an especially important contribution to the American way of spelling some English words, he is ____________.A. Noah WebsterB. Mark TwinC. Webster MerriamD. Thomas McCauley 正确答案：A 27. When India was independent, the New Constitution recognized as official languages ______ languages out of about 200 in use.A.2B.3C.5D.14 正确答案：D 28. Most educated Indians speak_________ languages. A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 正确答案：C 29. Britain was an imperial power for about _________ . A.80 years B.100 years. C.2 centuries D.3 centuries 正确答案：D 30. By the discovery of the New World, it is meant the discovery and settlement in _______. A. Australia B. North America C. India D. South East Asia 正确答案：B 31. In the three Circlesof English language users, _______ belong to the Outer Circle. A. native English speaking countries B. colonial countries of Britain and USA C. countries using English as a foreign language D. countries using English asan international language 正确答案：B 32. About the use of Englishworldwide in information age, the statement that _______ is NOT true. A. the number of users of English is important B. who the users of English are and what they do with it are important C. the label “Information Age” is often given to the end of this century D .the most important language for communicative use at the scientific and technological developments inEnglish 正确答案：C 33. Among the main International languages invented or simplified, _________ is the most famous and successful. A. Esperanto B. Interlingua C. Ido D. Basic English (Nuclear English) 正确答案：A 34.About the disadvantages of English as a global language, the statement that _________ is NOT true. A. the English grammar and sounds are difficult, and vocabulary is too large B. the English has inconsistencies C. English belongs to a different language family D. English is deeply rooted in theculture, customs, literature of UK and USA 正确答案：D 35. Languages arelike tools, ____________ A. as they develop and become complex , so they become powerful and effective. B. They all evolve from simple to complex form. C. They are all like living organism. D. But tools may evolve,languages do not . 正确答案：D36. The international use of English is because ____________ A. English is more developed and complex. B. B. English is more flexible and adaptable.C. Of political, cultural and economic reasons.D. All of the above. 正确答案：C37. Languages re like living organism, _______ A. they all evolve from simple from to complex form.. B. They are made y human beings and used for human purposes. C. They all change, but languages do not really evolve.D. Only A and B. 正确答案：C38. The applications of science include ______________. A. international travel B. international travel and tourism C. medical technology andentertainment D. all of the above 正确答案：D39. Science and technology cannot do without symbolic systems. Symbolic systems ________ A. are necessary for thinking and for sharing and recording the results of thinking. B. Include language C. Includemathematics D. All of the above 正确答案：D40. The dominance of English in science is ___________ A. the result of US political supremacy and scientific achievements B. because English is much more suitable than other languages. C. The language of the United Nations.D. The language of the British empire. 正确答案：A41. The special difficulty of scientific English for the readers is that___________ A. they assume much shared knowledge B. the style is impersonal and remote C. the papers are about abstractions. D. All of theabove. 正确答案：A42. English is the language of international air traffic control because__________ A. natural languages are full of ambiguity, but English is an exception. B. English reduces ambiguity C. Any uncertainty of the language used would be disastrous in air so English is the only choice D. None of theabove 正确答案：D43. Of the varieties of English that are designed to avoid ambiguity, the following statement that _____________ is NOT TRUE. A. the English of international air traffic control is used by all ground control staff and flight crew. B. Sea-speak is used internationally in ship-to-shore communication, and it is similar to Police-speak. C. Jargon, argot and slang arte also designed by and for very special groups of users. D. One of the abovestatements is not true. 正确答案：D44.. Communicative approach is ____________. A. a view of ELT that put first understanding and being understood by another person B. learning by constantly doing dialogue practice C. a course designed to match the future work and needs of learners D. a way of learning and teaching that teachersand students communicate with each other 正确答案：A45. Error analysis is _______________. A. way of learning by studying common mistakes in order not to make any mistakes B. teaching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and useful to teachers C. a way of teaching that teachers correct the students’ mistakes in the exercises whenever they occur D. a research method in order to see how good thestudents have learned 正确答案：B46. ELT is the short form of ______________. A. English learning and teaching B. English language teaching C. Elementary learning and teachingD. Elementary language teaching 正确答案：B47. The most important factor that reinforces the international role of English is ___________. A. television B. travel and transport C.entertainments D. developments in IT 正确答案：D 48. IT is the shout form of ___________. A. international net B. international tourism (travel) C. information technology D. information transformation 正确答案：C 49. Theterm “interlanguage” is used for ___________ A. languages that are understood internationally B. languages that are internal to a country C. the languages of learners who has only partial control of a language D.languages that change rapidly 正确答案：C 50. The New Englishes can becalled _______.But their meanings are quite different. A. regional varieties of English B. emerging English C. local standard Englishes D. all of theabove 正确答案：D 51. Of the New Englishes , the following statement that______ is NOT TRUE. A. they arte regular and can be described. B. They are easily understood locally, but not so easily elsewhere C. They change very fast and are unstable and unacceptable D. They have many mistakes ordeviations from standard English. 正确答案：C52. According to the Quirk view, some teachers in schools in Britain have felt unable to correct their students’ faulty English, because they__________ A. were afraid of making students feel humiliated and resentful.B. Were uncertain what was, and was not, correct.C. Did not want to spend time correcting the students’ mistakes.D. Thought students would not learn from the correction of their mistakes. 正确答案：A53. Local varieties are not so difficult to learn as Standard English because ___________ A. the grammar is simpler. B. Mistakes do not matter so much.C. The vocabulary is not so largeD. Students can feel that the languagebelongs to their country and their culture. 正确答案：D 54. The Quirk view is a(n) ___________ view. A. deficit B. liberation C. open D. correct 正确答案：A55. In the Kachru view, the local English _________ A. should be taught, learned and respected B. is not less good than the Standard English C. is nota failure of the education system D. all of the above 正确答案：D56. In quirk view, people learn English mainly for ___________ use. A.regional B. national C. international D. global 正确答案：C57. Language changes because language use is a creative process. Only_______ is not the result of linguistic creativity. A. Pidgins B. Creoles C.Lingua franca D. interlanguage 正确答案：C58 From the learner’s point of view, _________ is not the disadvantage of learning a local standard English. A. Local Standards are useful only within the region B. Local Standards offer limited access to written materials C. Local Standards are not well respected outside the local community D.Local Standards are easier to learn, but they still need time and efforts. 正确答案：D59 Language learning represents a big investment of time and effort. All learning is associated with ______________. A. an opportunity cost. B. The students’ desire C. The learners’ enjoying their education D. The decision ofthe government’s educati on committee 正确答案：A60 Saying that all languages are equal, it means that ____________ A. all languages deserve respect. B. All languages must be taken seriously. C. languages serve perfectly well the purposes of those the use them. D. All ofthe above. 正确答案：D61. Saying that all languages are equal is rather like saying that people areall equal. It means that ________ A. people are actually all equal, and so reall languages. B. People are actually all equal, but all languages are not. C. People are actually not equal, but all languages are equal. D. People areactually not equal, nor are all languages. 正确答案：D 62. Mr. Fletcher thelanguage teacher said, German is disagreeable, French is elegant, and Italian is musical. It is ______________ A. true because actually they are. B. His preference and prejudice. C. Where languages are unequal actually. D. Allof the above 正确答案：B 63. When people say that one variety of alanguage has more prestige than another, they mean that the variety___________ A. belongs to the time when the speakers lived. B. Belongs to a place where the speakers live C. Is connected with speakers who have wealth, education, and power. D. Is connected with speakers who are borninto a social class. 正确答案：C 64. “My Fair Lady “ was an excelle nt filmmade from a play called “Pygmalion”, which was written by the famous Irish playwright, _________ A. George Bernard Shaw B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. ShakespeareD. Oscar Wilde 正确答案：A 65. The term “falsebeginners” are used for students who __________ A. say they are beginners, but actually are not. B. Are thought, perhaps wrongly, to be beginners. C. Have forgotten the early stages f learning a language. D. Are not serious intheir wish to learn 正确答案：C 66. There are _________ stages in the study of a language. A. two B. three C. four D. five 正确答案：A 67. Thereare three different ways in which English differs with use. They are_________ A. vocabulary, grammar, and formality. B. Regional, historical and social variety C. Written, spoken and scientific English D. Formal,informal, and casual ways of expression 正确答案：A 68. English varieswith the topic or subject that is spoken or written about, which is a matter of ____________ A. the special vocabulary B. the special vocabulary and styleC. spoken English and written EnglishD. academic purposes 正确答案：B69. Of a shrinking world, it is fight to say ____________. A. the world’s shrinkage is almost even. B. For most people the world do not shrink at all C. The world only shrinks for the rich, the powerful, and the privileged D.Band C. 正确答案：C 70. Jules Verne was French writer, who wrote__________. A. Around the World in Eighty Days B. Persuasion C. Gone With the Wind D. Wimbledon 正确答案：A 71. English is at present thesingle most important language in international use because ___________.A. English is well suited to international useB. English is musical, precise and beautiful and easy to learnC. A and B and English allows you access toa fine culture. D. None of the above 正确答案：D 72. Of an internationallanguage, it is right to say that ___________________. A. it is useful only if it is learnt well by very large number of people B. lonely a musical, exact, interesting language is likely C. beauty and exactness in a language is notjust a matter of individual judgment D. none of the above 正确答案：D 73.By cultural imperialism is meant _____________. A. the spread to other places of products and cultural ideas that are associated with English B. some countries try to conquer other countries by way of culture. C. Some countries use military forces as well as culture to conquer other countries D.To threaten other countries by way of their cultures through English 正确答案：A 74. At the beginning and intermediate stages of learning, people areconcerned almost entirely with ______________. A. information about English B. proficiency in English C. grammar and vocabulary of English D.speaking and reading of English 正确答案：B 75. After studying the course,you have a clearer idea than before of where you stand in the worldwide community of users of English. You are in the _______ of users. A. InnerCircle B. Outer Circle C. Expanding Circle D. None of the above 正确答案：C 76. Information about English enables one to do the things except__________. A. to assess accurately situation in which communication is difficult B. to set realistic targets that can actually be attained within the limits of time available C. to frame specific goals that enable one to make good use of opportunities D. to defend oneself from being influenced by thecultural imperialism 正确答案：D 77. When s shop puts a big notice saying “Sale!” or “Offer will never be repeated!” or “Don’t miss our special offer!” by “Sale!” it means that ______________. A. some new goods are just out B. the shop owner wants to sell the shop C. the shop wants to have asalesman or a saleswoman D. the shop offers a better price 正确答案：D 78.The most commonly used language of international trade is English, while other languages are also in use, such as French, German, __________. A. Portuguese, Spanish B. Spanish, English C. Latin, Greek D. Italian,Esperanto 正确答案：A 79. A shared language, a common language, is technically called a ____________. A. Lingua Franca B. Makeshift language C. Pidgin D. Creole 正确答案：A 80. Pidgin means a a language,used only for purposes of trade. It is said to come from a _______ pronunciation of the English word “business”. A. Latin B. Greek C. American D. Chinese 正确答案：D 81. Pidgin means a a language, usedonly for purposes of trade. It is said to come from a _______ pronunciation of the English word “business”. A. Latin B. Greek C. American D. Chinese正确答案：D 82. Pidgin means a a language, used only for purposes of trade. It is said to come from a _______ pronunciation of the English word “business”. A. Latin B. Greek C. Ame rican D. Chinese 正确答案：B83. Macao, the colony of Portugal in the past, once used a language called Macanese, which is a ____________. A. Pidgin B. Creole C. Lingua FrancaD. Dialect 正确答案：B84._______ is a makeshift language, and evidence of human inventiveness.A. Lingua FrancaB. PidginC. CreoleD. Variety 正确答案：B85. Black English is now a _________________. A. Pidgin B. Creole C.Lingua Franc D. Variety of English 正确答案：D86. “He lazy, a’s why he no like play.” It is an example of ______________.A. PidginB. CreoleC. Black EnglishD. Faxed English 正确答案：C87. People say business is a creative activity, but __________ said “Getting and spending we lay waste our powers.” A. Bernard Shaw B. Mark Twain C.Wordsworth D. Professor Guide 正确答案：C88.About the African slaves in North America and the Caribbean islands, the statement that ___________ is NOT correct. A. they came from thecoast of Africa B. they worked on plantains C. they produced sugar and cotton D. the trade in African slaves start from 18th century正确答案：DSection Two: True or False:1. RP is the short form of received pronunciation.正确答案：T2. Lisa Dolittle is a girl in the story “Pygmalion”, written by the famous written Mark Twain.正确答案：F3. There are, at present, about 5000 languages in use in the world.正确答案：T4. As time goes by, individual language, that is, idiolect, changes too.正确答案：T5. Latin is a living language, and it lives in modern European languages.正确答案：F6. Standard English is better than any other English varieties.正确答案：F7. Learners want to learn to read and write Standard English for international use, and they want to speak like native speakers.正确答案：F8. Most native speaker can understand several dialects , and have difficulty with others.正确答案：T9. Although they don’t speak a RP, English dialect speakers almost always understand it.正确答案：T10. “English in a Changing world” was written by Gu Yueguo.正确答案：F11. English is the language of science, excluding other languages.正确答案：非12. Science is the methodical investigation of our own and other world, and technology si the application of science.正确答案：是13. The present image of the world is a globe, hanging in profound blackness. It is blue, with bands of white cloud washing across it.正确答案：是14. Science and technology cannot do without symbolic system.正确答案：是15. Tourism brings damage to cultures and environments.正确答案：是16. Natural languages are full of ambiguity, but English is an exception, that is why English is the language of international air traffic control.正确答案：非17. Television became generally available after the second world War.正确答案：是18. Television makes English more accessible and provides a better motive of learning it .正确答案：非19. TV promotes the global use of English.正确答案：是20. Edutainment is an invented word, meaning education and entertainment together at the same time.正确答案：是21. IT is the short form of international net.正确答案：非22. The end of the 20th century is often called the age of raped communication.正确答案：是23. English will dominated the making of databases and the processes of retrieval and transfer of information.正确答案：非24. The development of IT forced English to be an international language正确答案：非25. ELT is the short form of English Learning and Teaching.正确答案：非26. Communicative approach is a view of ELT that puts first understanding and being understood by another person.正确答案：是27. Error analysis is a way of learning through studying the mistakes.正确答案：是nguage is shaped by the experiences of the people who use it and change with their changing needs.正确答案：T29 Samuel Johnson is the one who make one of the earliest really good English dictionaries.正确答案：T30. English belongs to a big language family called the Indo-Tibetan family.正确答案：非31. Mandarin and Cantonese belong to the same language family.正确答案：是32.Chinese belongs to the Sino-Japan language family.正确答案：非33. In general it is easier to learn a new language that belongs to the same family than one that belongs to another family.正确答案：是34. Latin should help people understand English better and write it better.正确答案：是35. English is the earliest language4 spoken in England正确答案：非36. The final conquest of the British Isles was in 11th century by ;the French-speaking Normans.正确答案：是37. Standard English began as a regional variety.正确答案：是38. Standard English change more slowly than spoken English.正确答案：是39. Standard English vary much from one part of the world to another, because different people have varying interests and experiences and the vocabulary to match. 正确答案：非40. British spellings of English words are much more difficult than the American spellings, and this caused a lot of troubles to Americans.正确答案：非41. Basque is a regional language in Spain, and the Spanish government tried to stamp it out.正确答案：是42. When the Indian government gave equal right and status to Hindi and English, there were demonstrations against the use of English.. 正确答案：是43 speakers have feelings about the language they use, that is called language attitude. 正确答案：是44. Standard English is same all over the world, which makes it a global language.正确答案：非45. The American War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1785.正确答案：非46. 1620, English Puritan settlers left Plymouth from the New World in the Mayflower.正确答案：是47. The statue of Liberty is in Washington harbor.正确答案：非48. Thanksgiving is a family holiday celebrated to remember how the first generation of immigrants had celebrated, on the anniversary of their landing, their thankfulness that they were still safe, and had food and shelter.正确答案：是49. The differences between American and British spelling are man-made, not naturally occurred.正确答案：非50. British English and American English are mutually intelligible.正确答案：是51. At the height of the British Empire, there were British possessions in every continent.正确答案：是52. Thomas Macaulay advised that English language universities should be set up in Hong Kong.正确答案：非53. The British settlers in Australia in the beginning were mostly explorers.正确答案：非54. The world of the late 20th century needs an international language, and Englsih is ideally suited to international use.正确答案：非55 Standard English is better than non-standard varieties.正确答案：非56. English is used internationally because it is in some sense special and better the languages.正确答案：非57. English is used internationally because it is more flexible than other languages and more adaptable.正确答案：非58. Languages are often called the tools of thought, and they are actually similar to tools.正确答案：非59. The international use of English is the result of evolution.正确答案：非60. A social variety is the sort of language which is associated with a part of society. 正确答案：是61. Languages are actually not equal. It is emerged in educational contexts.正确答案：是62. False beginners refer to students who need basic instruction in the sounds, the grammar, and the vocabulary of a language before they can progress, but who do not recognize the need.正确答案：是63. Progress in the study of English means learning and practicing English that varies with use.正确答案：是64. Code switching here refers to switching between languages.正确答案：是65. Style means choice of suitable words, and has to be consistent.正确答案：是66. Studying a subject means learning the words that go with it. This is true of whatever language \you study.67. Trading is a fundamental activity, necessary to all societies.正确答案：是68. Pidgin is a makeshift language, the result of human inventiveness and creativity in doing business.正确答案：是69 Pidgin is a language for a wide range of purposes, not only to do with coastal trade.正确答案：非70. Macanese was a Creole and now is for practical purpose.正确答案：是71 Creole can be learned by children as a mother tongue, but pidgin can not.正确答案：是72. Pidgins and Creoles are both mixed languages.正确答案：是73. Tok Pisin is a Creole, and is now the national language of Papua New Guinea. 正确答案：是74. The creolised features of English are actually grammatical mistakes.正确答案：是75. Errors in faxed English are just not regarded as grammatical mistakes, and are ignored.正确答案：是76. Faxed English is quite easy to trite and understand, because mistakes are expected and ignored.正确答案：非77. E1L is English as a mother tongue (first language); ESL: is English as a second language; EFL is English as a foreign language.正确答案：是78.. Intelanguae is a new term used to show respect to the language learners正确答案：是79. Creoles and New Englishes are quite different. Creoles are not well respected, while New Englishes are respected.正确答案：非80. Tok Pisin is a Creole, and can be understood by competent English users with some difficulties.正确答案：非81. It is not good for Hong Kong people to study an local standard English.正确答案：是82. The Quirk view of Emerging Englishes is a liberation view.正确答案：非83 In the Kachru view, all the deviations form standard English are mistakes and should be corrected.正确答案：非84. In the Kachru view, people learn English mainly for national use.正确答案：非85. In the Quirk view, the local English should be taught, learned and respected. 正确答案：非86. Language changes because language use is a creative process.正确答案：是87. All learning is associated with an opportunity cost.正确答案：是88. The shrinking world means the world is getting smaller in size.。
英语：Module-2《Change》Unit-1课件(1)(牛津上海版七年级上)
变化中的英语---课程辅导(3)
变化中的英语---课程辅导（3）English in a Changing WorldUnit Five and Unit SixTrading is an essential human activity that has a long history. It is necessary to all except the most undeveloped societies. And language is involved when people trade because they have to talk or communicate in making trade deals. As we can see, this provides people a powerful motivation to use language and sometimes we see language use at its most inventive and creative degree.In trading, the most effective and convenient means of com munication is a language understood and used by both buyers and sellers. If the 2 parties share a common language, then trading would be easy. And, as we all know that, English is currently the most commonly used language of international deals between Asian and other countries though this situation may change in the future.As far as trading is concerned, it’d be helpful to take a look at a trade deal. The purchasing of something is called a deal or transaction. That something (sold or bought) is called commodity. To make a deal happen, we need a commodity, a seller, a buyer, a currency, a market and a means of communication. And people communicate by using a language.Then what do people do if they have no common language for trading purposes? They use ungrammatical English which is termed as Pidgin or a deviant of English. There are different Pidgins used in different places in the world.Pidgins are languages for a very narrow range of purposes - those have to do with coastal trade. They develop wherever traders want to do business with who, they do not share a common language and where there is no lingua franca (通用语，混合语) for them to use. Most Pidgins are mixtures of Asian or African languages and those of major European trading nations (e.g. Spain, France, Germany & Britain, etc.).In general, the sound and grammatical systems of a pidgin are those of the language used locally: The vocabulary is supplied by the voyagers. Pidgins were not a rule written down; they change rapidly and they were quickly learned by those who needed them. When trading stopped, they were discarded and soon forgotten. There must have been many pidgins of which we have no record. Pidgins are makeshift languages and evidence of human inventiveness. They have low prestige.Pidgins change rapidly and don’t last long. They are unstable. But the pidgin becomes a useful language rapidly. It is useful for certain group of users. Contact between different languages produces another language which is related to both, and different from either. The resulting language is called a creole. And the process of this is called creolization.Now we know that pidgins and creoles are alike in some way. They are both the result of languages in contact and used for trading purposes. They are different in important ways: creoles are the only language for some users or the language of a speech community.An English-based creole is Black English. We already covered in the former chapters about Black slaves being captured and shipped to America. They picked up some English just enough to survive. This is important for women as they taught their children a creole which was different from Standard English. Black English is also called Black English Vernacular (BEV) or Ebonic. It is no longer a creole but a variety of English with some creole features.How does a creole differ from Standard English, then? Creoles use a writing system. We will take a look at the example of an English-based creole used in Hawaii.e.g. He lazy, a’s why he no like play.We can understand the sentence without trouble.Could a creole/pidgin be used as a national language? The answer is affirmative to a creole and negative to a pidgin. A pidgin is restricted to buying and selling or to the giving and taking of orders while a creole is a language that can serve as a national language. A good case in point is Papua New Guinea. The new country adopt ed a creole named Tok Pisin as its national language.When learning about the differences between a creole and a pidgin we need to keep in mind that:1.A pidgin has only some of the language functions. However, a creole may do.2.Pidgins and creoles are both mixed languages - usually mixtures of languages belonging to different families.3.By saying that English has some creolized features, we mean some varieties of English include some, but not all the features of a creole.4.Speakers of varieties of English that have creolised features sometimes have difficulties in an English using educational system because of the differences between their mother tongue and the Standard English used in schools.5.Tok Pisin is a creole, with English and German vocabulary, currently in use as a national language.Now, let’s turn our eyes back to trade. How is today’s international trade different from that across the barriers of language that has gone on for centuries in the past? We may find that something has not changed: 1.There are still buyers and sellers. 2.There are still commodities. 3.There has still to be some sort of currency exchange. 4.There has to be some means of transferring ownership from one to another.It is true that the scale of trade today is much larger than before. However, there has still to be communication between buyer and seller by means of language, a language that can be used by both. Besides English, there are other international languages such as German, Spanish, etc. But English is most commonly used worldwide.Two new factors are the effect of the increase in the scale of trade and the scope of international trade. The 1st is that the costs involved are very much larger. The 2nd is that present day trade is regulated by national and in ternational law. In international trade at the present day language is used not only to negotiate deals and track their progress to completion, but also to finance them, and regulate them. Language, especially written language, allows permanent records to be kept, is as important as before and even in a greater variety of ways.Traditionally, the essentials of trade are buyers, sellers, commodities, markets, currency and communication, which is still so. But, the essentials of present day international trade between Asian countries and the rest of the world are more than those above. They are:1.international banking2.national and international regulation3.bilingual merchandisers with access to fax machinesIf we look at the written correspondence between international companies, most likely we will find that English is used and faxes are in use all the time. There are advantages of faxed messages. The most obvious one is their speed. And they can be sent at any time.Moreover, they are easy to write and read. We can even send illustrations such as drawings, diagrams, etc. by faxes.One thing needs to be pointed out here is faxed English is a distinct variety of English as it is similar to a pidgin at the surface level. It can be shorter than the same mean ings in Standard English. It is concise and not a word is wasted. Besides, information is condensed and abbreviations are often used (e.g. attn---attention; etd ----estimated arrival date). The headings of a fax signal changes of topic. Both the sender and the receiver of the fax take it for granted that the fax conveys shared knowledge between them. Superficially faxed English is similar to a creole too.As a matter of fact, faxed business English is not like a pidgin or a creole. It is just a variety used when the topic seems to require it, or when the level of formality makes it suitable.Faxed English is a major means of communication in international business. At present it is learned on the job, rather than deliberately taught. It works well for several reasons: (a) Users are highly motivated to make it work. Their livelihoods depend on it. (b) Users have what is needed - detailed knowledge of the context, which increases as they gain experience. (c) Users for whom English is an additional language fin d it easy to use because mistakes are expected and ignored, not criticised. It is informal. Nobody expects or wants polite indirectness! Headings show changes of subject, and abbreviations make it brief.We know that English has played a dominant role in international business and has changed and adapted to meet its changing needs. Now let’s look at other human activities carried on globally. They include science, namely, application of science, or technology. Medicine, transport, entertainment and information technology all belong to the category of technology.Science and technology cannot do without symbolic systems. Languages are symbolic systems though not the only ones. In a world where there are global human enterprises, a language that is widely understood, and that can be used across the boundaries of national language, is a necessity. It has to be English that is already established in the countries of the Inner Circle and the Outer Circle for a long time.English has been extensively used for the purposes of exchanging information, writing papers to be published in journals and presented at international conferences, etc. English is well suited to a great variety of scientific and technological purposes. Ithas a very large vocabulary. And more importantly, it has all sorts of ways of extending that vocabulary to meet changing needs.English enables us to write in a very impersonal way. It can be detached and unemotional. The sciences need this. If a person gets education, chances are he/she is ab le to study English that has been widely taught since the 2nd World War. Nowadays, teaching English as a second language is a very well developed profession.In what way does scientific English differ from the English of everyday living and everyday reading and writing? Generally speaking, scientific English is harder to read than a textbook. The reasons are as follows:1.It needs much shared knowledge.2.The style is impersonal and remote.3.The papers are about abstraction - hypotheses, results and conclusions.4.The passive voice is used a great deal.Now we will shift our attention to the topic of use of English in international transport. We are now living in an era of modern transportation. Airplanes take people to almost every corner of the world. Does English play an important role in communication when we refer to modern transport, then? The answer is: of course. When people travel, esp. when they fly, accurate and immediate communication is a guarantee to safety. Risks and disasters would occur if the instructions and messages are misleading or misunderstood by pilots, crews and people engaged in communication. There is no room for uncertainty or ambiguity. The most contribution English makes to international air safety is in reducing ambiguity.In air traffic control, the vocabulary of English in use is narrow or reduced. This has an additional advantage: it is more rapidly and easily learned by people. In other words, it is very stereotyped language. It may sound dull and boring but the exchanges would be easily recorded and investigations made in case an air traffic accident occurs.English for special purposes of a small group of people has played an important role in reducing traffic accidents or risks. The following are a few terms related to this topic: 1. Sea-speak ---- refers to a restricted variety of English used internationally in ship-to-shore communication. 2. Police-speak ---- similar to English for sea-speak.3. Jargon ---- selection from a language for special purposes of a small group of people who have a common interest in something.4. Argot ---- a special language of thieves.4. Slang ---- language used by young people to keep out the old.Now we are going to look into the relationship between English and entertainment. As we all know that technology has contributed greatly to our everyday life and made our leisure more enjoyable. For instance, watching TV has become the dominant pastime for many people. Television is a hugely popular and influential application of Western science and technology, which makes English more accessible and at the same time provides an additional, powerful, motive for learning it.Television promotes English as a global language in 2 ways: informal and formal. On the one hand, it is informally because English is there for people to choose at any time they want. On the other, English teaching of high quality on TV is available and many people can learn it freely.In short, TV became generally available after WWII. AT that time many people thought it would make the quality of people’s lives poorer, but it soon became hugely popular activity. TV is now available in both developed and developing countries, and in remote places. It tends to break down the barriers between races and culture. Everything that makes TV varied, absorbing, and fun, makes it a good means for people to lean.The end of the 20th century is often called the Age of Rapid Communication or the Age of Information Technology. IT has already many applications to everyday life, and their number increases all the time. But very few people foresaw today’s developments 20 years ago. Developments in information technology have reinforced the international role of English.A big and far-reaching step humans ever take is the invention of computers. In 1970s, PC became available to people and had been more and more accessible ever since. We use computer to store, retrieve and transfer information. To do these, we would use large, ordered collections of information called database. At present English is the language that dominates the making of database and the processes of retrieval and transfer.Without knowing English, one would be very frustrated and put in a disadvantageous position. Another reason for people wanting to study English is that 85% of world’s e-mails are sent or exchanged in English. It is a fact that English has dominated the World Wide Web. The importance of English is obvious. As a result, teaching and learning English has been immensely increased by developments in IT. One thing needs to be stated is the position of English may change as the technology develops.Historical circumstances made it inevitable that English internationally used. So, it had to be accessible at every level (from introductory classes for extremely large numbers of learners to the most advanced, sophisticated, and specialized). The globalus of English since WWII has created a demand for ELT (English Language Teaching) worldwide. During the last 50 years, that demand has increased and shows no sign of declining.There are usually 2 ways to ELT: 1. Having 2 teachers in the classroom working as a team, both well trained, one a native speaker and on bilingual. 2. Technology can provide English instructions by TV or radio, whose programs have been called the world’s largest ELT classroom. Among them the BBC is the superb resources and the model for many localized institutions.There are some other ways in which IT can be used for people to learn English. Such as audio broadcast lessons independent of the teacher; video broadcast lessons independent of the teacher; audio recordings to help the teacher, video recordings to help the teacher; computer assisted learning; computer assisted testing; recorded songs and music; TV on English language channels; broadcasts in English on English language channels, etc.Technology can make learning of English much more varied and enjoyable. It can be most useful in improving the quality of ELT in the classroom as well.Lastly we would say a few words about the profession of ELT. ELT has developed from an occupation to an academic profession, which includes native and bilingual teachers. Three things have contributed to ELT profession. They are: 1. Great stride made in th e understanding of language, or linguistics. Application of linguistics provided a theoretical framework for the profession of ELT. 2. New institutions have been set up, notably the British Council. 3. University departments were set up which served to focus on research and to offer training of a good standard and at a variety of levels.。
变化中的英语辅导材料(一)
变化中的英语辅导材料（一）I. Unit content in Chinese本单元介绍语言，尤其是英语的变化；英国英语的社会方言及地区方言；以及一些用于讨论语言的专门词汇。
II. Main points of the unitThe unit is titled Changing English in a Changing World. The important word that you should bear in mind is “change”: languages change with time and people. While reading the unit, you should make an effort to understand or better, remember the special vocabulary used in talking about language as well as the important facts about language change. At the end of the unit, you should be able to answer the following questions:a. What is meant by “living” and “dead” languages?b. What do language, dialect and accents mean?c. Why is it difficult to understand native speakers?c. Explain what is meant by the following: Standard English, Network English, RP.d. How many languages are in use today? Why is a more exact number not possible?III. Self-assessmentPart A Choose the correct answer.1. When we speak of a language as being dead we mean that it _________.A. does not have a written formB. does not have living speakersC. has not been translatedD. has been forbidden by the government2. About language change, the statement that _________________ is not true.A change in language matches change in p eople’s livesB. language change is usually even and steadyC. languages change over timeD. new words enter the language to match new sorts of experience3. RP refers to _________ English.A. networkB. General AmericanC. BBC English and General AmericanD. Educated Southern British4. Standard English refers to the English _________.A. ofwritingB. of speakingC . British people useD. American people use5. Dialects refer to _________.A. different ways of speaking the same languageB. different written systemsC different grammatical structuresD. different languages spoken in one placePart B Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Standard English means the Educated Southern British English.2. English is spoken differently in different parts of Britain or America.3. Language is shaped by the experiences of the people who use it and changes with their changing needs.There are, at present, about 3000 languages in use in the world.RP is the short form of “Received Pronunciation”.As time goes by, individuals’ language and their idiolect change too.English is the only language in use in Britain.Standard English is usually spoken by Britain’s upper-class.The development of SE occurred before the establishment of RP.10. Latin is a living language, and it lives in modern European languages.11. Although th ey don’t speak RP, English dialect speakers always understand it.12. Standard English varies a great deal from one part of the world to the other, because different people have varying interests, experiences and vocabularies to match.British English and American English are mutually intelligible.Key to self-assessmentPart AB.2.B3.D4. A5. APart B1. T2. T3. T4. F5. T6.T7. F8.F9. T10. F11. T12. F 13. T变化中的英语辅导材料（二）Unit2 content in Chinese本单元介绍英语从古英语到标准英语的变化, 介绍英语与日耳曼语族的关系及标准英语与其他英语变体的关系, 解释不同语言之间的结构差异。
电大学习资料变化中的英语 ：简述题2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8070141. What are advantages and disadvantages of teaching a local Standard English.'?(10 points)Advantages of teaching a local standard English ..1) they are easier and quicker to learn;2) they are useful where there are many languages in use in a country and no common language;3) only the minority of people needs a language for international use.Disadvantages of teaching a local standard English:1 ) local standards change quickly and are not well regarded internationally;2) If they are used internationally, they don't do justice to the users of Standard English;3) Local standards are emerging and changing, for this reason there may not be enough suitable teachers orteaching material.42. Name 5 approaches to ELT methodology. (10 points)1) ELT based on English literature and culture2) Pattern practice3) Language Lab Practice4) Vocabulary for everyday use5) Language teaching based on psychology and linguistics6) A communicative approach to ELT7) Error Analysis8) English for Specific purpose0707Please explain the style of science English.1) Science English is difficult for the ordinary users of English.2) The style is remote and impersonal.3) The topics of the sentences are very often abstract.4) The passive voice is used very frequently.5) The style makes people feel they are looked down by the writer.6) The writers assume large areas of shared knowledge.7) The writer feels he is treating his readers as colleagues and equals.What would you say to someone who thinks that some languages are harsh and ugly or primitive and illogical1). This can only ever be an opinion, not a fact, because all languages are equal. They all deserve respect.2). All languages must be taken seriously and all languages serves perfectly well the purposes of those whouse them.3). Some think a primitive language is a particular languages, which has no grammar.4). In fact some of the languages, spoken by people whose societies and ways of living are primitive, haveespecially complicated languages.5). So if someone says that a particular language is harsh or ugly, then that’s an expression of his or her taste. 0801Write short notes according to what you have learned in the course. (10point for each one)1. There are differences in American and British English spellings. Can you give 5 examples?2. Started as the variety used in South East England, Standard English is now understood and used worldwide. Can you explain what is meant by Standard English?A. Standard English refers to the English of writing or written English.B. It includes the grammar, the lexicon and the discourse of English.C. It has high reputation or prestige.D. It can be spoken with a variety of accents---British or American or Australian accents etc.E. It is the English of education, of official and government use, and of the news media.08071) Science English is difficult for the ordinary users of English.2) The style is remote and impersonal.3) The topics of the sentences are very often abstract.4) The passive voice is used very frequently.5) The style makes people feel they are looked down by the writer.6) The writers assume large areas of shared knowledge.42. Name at least 5 approaches to ELT methodology.1) ELT based on English literature and culture2) Pattern practice3) Language Lab Practice4) Vocabulary for everyday use5) Language teaching based on psychology and linguistics6) A communicative approach to ELT7) Error Analysis8) English for Specific purpose0901090742. Name at least 5 approaches to ELT methodology. 100110071101060751. Started as the variety used in South East England, Standard English is now understood and used worldwide. Can you explain what is meant by Standard English？（5 points）Standard English refers to the English of writing or written English. It includes the grammar, the lexicon and the discourse of English. It has high reputation or prestige. It can be spoken with a variety of accents-British or American Or Australian accents etc. it is the English of education, of official and government use, and of the news media.52. When people say that one variety has more prestige than another, what do they mean？（4 points）They mean that that variety is connected with speakers who have wealth, education, power and all that goes with those things.53. （6 points）1）What is the position of English in a shrinking world？（2 points）2）Give historical reasons for its present position.（4 points）1) For historical reasons English has gained its dominant position since the 16th century.2）a) English belongs to the Germanic group of Indo-European languages. It was the national language ofEngland then. Later, it was taken to the United States by the early explorers and settlers.b) After the US became independent from the British rule, English was made the national language for thenew country and the expansion of British rule in many countries make it a language of administration across the world.c) English was the language of power, privilege and opportunity under British rule.d) As a result, English has become a language of science and technology, of international business, and ofmany enterprises across national borders since WWⅡ.060151. Explain the term culture imperialism.（4 points）By cultural imperialism we mean that the spread to other places/countries of products and cultural ideas that incorporate the use of English words; these are then taken into, and replace, the existing words/language used by that culture.52. （5 points）1）Name three countries where New Englishes have emerged;2）Give a major reason why this language form has occurred.1) Hong Kong; Nigeria; Malaysia; India2）（1）These New Englishes emerged as a result of the influence of British colonization when English was introduced as a major language.（2）Local people used English and adapted and transformed it through the grammatical rules and structures governing their local language.53. （6 points）1）State two reasons that explain what is meant by Standard English.2）Explain how RP originated.3）Give two examples of how Chinese people might be exposed to RP through media broadcasts.1) Standard English refers to the English of writing or written English. It includes the grammar, the lexiconand the discourse of English. It has high reputation or prestige.It can be spoken with a variety of accents, British or American English or Australian accents etc. It is the English of education, of official and government use.2)RP originated in the public schools of southeast England when a teacher (person) decided that there needed to be “standard”form of pronunciation of English that was clearly understandable and would not be laughed at or derided as some local English dialects were.3) Through short wave radio transmissions of the BBC, visit BBC website0507Social and regional varieties are connected. You can tell what region someone who uses the English of the poorer and the less well-educated comes from. The way the better-off use English tells you little or nothing about where the person was born.0501040704010307。
变化中的英语讲解材料
In modern English, the boundary between simple past tense and past continuous tense is gradually blurred. Many verbs gradually converge in these two tenses, making the distinction between the two less obvious. This fusion may be due to the development of language and changes in usage habits.
目录
• Changes in English Writing Standards • The Development Trends of Future English
01
The Development History of English
Language
Incident English
Summary
Loanwords from other languages may adapt to the English language and underground semantic shifts, e.g., "tsunami" originally means "Harbor" in Japanese, but now it refers to a large wave caused by underwater earthquakes or volatile erosion
New words or phrases may spread quickly through the internet and social media platforms, reaching a wide audience in a short time
变化中的英语形成性考核参考答案
学习记录 1学习记录2《变化中的英语》形成性考核参考答案3学习记录3Self-assessment1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. T7. T8. F9.T 10.F20 T11.T 12 T 13 F 14 T 15 T 16 F 17 T 18 F 19 F《变化中的英语》形成性考核参考答案4学习记录4.Self-evaluation作业练习参考答案:Section1.1 Angles and Saxons were : Celtic-speaking Britons2 The core lexicon of basic English is : from Latin and Greek3 The international use of English is because : of all of the above reasons4 In the Kachru view ,the local English : should be taught ,learned ,and respected5 Information about English and proficiency in English :support each other at advanced levels6 The last conquest of the British Isles was in : the 11th century A .D by the Normans7 After studying the ……….: Expanding8 Jules Verne was a French writer ,who wrote : Around the World in Eighty Days9 When we speak of a language as being dead we mean that it : does not have living speakers 10English is not unique……… : JapaneseSection 211 T12 F13 F14 T15 TSection 3Your chosen topic is (topic 1)We learn our mother tongue — we don`t inberit it .Now nobody learns exactly what they are taught , You and I don`t speak exactly as our parents did .As we grow older ,we meet different people and have different experiences .Our language changes and develops and gets more unlike that which questions ,Written English is very similar everywhere in the English speaking world .Written English is standard English course ,There are some differences in the vocabulary used in different places ,You would expect that.。
青海电大《变化中的英语》
青海电大《变化中的英语》课程教学设计方案任何自然语言，无论是英语还是汉语，都是随着人类的产生而产生，人类的发展而发展；换句话说，语言同人类社会一样在不断地变化着。
本课程主要介绍英语作为一个主要国际通用语言，在这个不断变化和日益"变小"的世界中所处的地位及其作用。
当今世界上有近5000种语言，英语曾经是欧洲边缘一小国的母语，是如何获得今天这样一个显赫的国际地位的呢?本课程的重点就是提高学生对英语的过去和现在的认识，了解其随着世界的变化而变化的一般性规律。
"英语全球化"现象已经引起学者专家们的日益关注。
这个问题对于我国的英语教学已经并将继续产生深远的影响。
本课程从介绍"Quirk对Kachru论辩"的主要观点入手，让学生在学习英国英语的同时，也接触一些美国英语、澳大利亚英语、加拿大英语,以及印度英语、新加坡英语等。
该课程是英语语言交际模块的第七门课程，一般需学习8周，每周11～12学时。
一、《变化中的英语》课程设置原则及设计思想1．教学对象及其特点本课程的教学对象为已具有大专学历的成人学生。
工作、自学和家庭责任三者相互争时争力的矛盾，是本教学对象不同于常规教育对象的显著特点。
2．课程设置与教学方法A . 课程设置按主题编排教程。
总课程分两个模块：英语语言交际模块和专业倾向模块。
语言交际模块包括日常生活、休闲、工作、时事、写作、跨文化交际、英语世界和文学欣赏八个主题，以及两个学习指南。
专业倾向模块包括英语教育、经贸、翻译三个倾向，以及针对不同专业倾向的学习指南。
B . 教学方法通过远距离实施交际教学法，关键要做到两点: 一是把教师在课堂上、课前和课后的各种活动，如反馈、咨询、答疑、鼓励和其他帮助等溶化到教材中去；二是把培养学生的自发、独立治学的精神和方法熔于教材中，编写学生学习指南，以帮助学生养成自我管理、自我约束的习惯。
C . 五项技能合一，进行综合训练目前用于语言技能训练的教科书把听、说、读、写、译分册编写, 这样做是缺乏语言习得理论基础的，在语言习得实际过程中五项技能是不可分的，是互相影响和互为补充的。
英语：Module-2《Change》Unit-1课件(1)(牛津上海版七年级上)
也许很多人认为5S管理就是简单的打扫清洁，做做卫生，人们对5S管理的意识还停留在表面现象，当然也有很多企业推行5S管理还是很成功的，但他们不一定知道5S管理中清洁的四要二标是什么？5S咨询公司为您作如下概述，希望可以在5S管理清扫环节中能帮助到各位。 一、什么是5S管理清扫的四要二标？ 很多企业每周五都是公司的5S管理日，这天公司上上下下都在做5S管理，其实就是做简单的卫生，整理跟整顿几乎没做，或者做了一点点； 清扫不仅仅是清扫卫生，清扫有四大要点二大标准，我称之为四要二标。 二、四大要点 1、天花板：做清扫要从上至下天花板开始打扫，这样效率最高，比如先清扫地面，再清扫桌子，墙面，那么又有垃圾掉到地面，地面等于白清扫了； 2、墙面：天花板清扫完之后从墙面，窗户清扫； 3、桌面：天花板，墙面，窗户清扫完后从桌面，抽屉清扫； 4、地面：最后才是地面，门后死角，柜子后面等看不到的地方清扫； 三、二大标准 1、消除污染源：如果有一个地方在漏脏水，不停的扫水是没有用的，要找到破的水管（污染源）把他修好； 2、设备见本色：看图中，清扫前脏，黄等现象，清扫后要达到像新买来的一样，也就是见设备原始的颜色； 上面所谈到的是做好5S管理清扫的要点，那么，如何去发现这些污染源呢？5S现场管理咨询公司为小伙伴们继续分享5S管理清扫如何发现污染源？ 生产车间的污染发生源，主要是由于"跑、滴、冒、漏"等原因所造成的。 1、跑：可能仪表变动得特别快，叫跑。 2、滴：可能是油管或水管出现滴油或滴水，这种情况有两种原因：(1)、外在的；(2)、内在的。外在的可能是天花板滴水，或因螺丝松动所造成的滴水或滴油。 3、冒：冒气、冒油、冒烟。这可能就是线路的故障。 4、漏：漏油、漏水。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
6S现场管理要做到两点：人的素质改善及企业的素质改善。 一、人的素质改善 不同的人有不同的素质，有的人身体健硕；有的人弱不禁风；有的人儿乎终生不去医院；有的人见寒风就感冒，遇花就过敏；有的人性格开朗，礼貌周到；有的人封闭内向，不善交际；有的人规规矩矩，洁身自好；有的人以身试法，自我放纵；有的人志存高远；有的人鼠目寸光。 我们也许会通过每天跑步、做体操等方式来改善自己的体质；通过去健身房健身来塑造我们的体形；通过打拳、冬泳来提高身体的免疫力；我们还会通过学习来弥补我们能力的不足，使我们彬彬有礼、落落大方；通过目标的树立和精神上的不断追求，使我们进步，树立长远的目标，使我们生活得 企业6S素质改善成果 二、企业的素质改善 企业是由多个工作场所和环节集中起来的，而企业的素质是由工作场所(现场)和环节中人表现出来的素质决定的。不同的企业表现出不同的企业素质(照片对比)，5S培训公司可以从以下几个层面看企业素质： (1)望：从外面以客人的视角看企业的表现，有的企业地物明朋，通道与工作区域分得清清楚楚，工作场所保持整洁；有的企业通道不通，功能区域不清楚，工作场所表现出作坊式的脏、乱、差。 (2)闻：听听员工的心声，征求一下其他职能部门对本部门的意见；听听员工的改善建议，有的企业提出很多有助于改善的新观念，并予以实施，而有的企业规章制度几十年没有变，可见管理者的惰性；听也是一种与员工沟通的有效手段。 (3)诊：企业运营管理简单看就是输人企业资源，经过运营输出产品或服务。对于咨询师而言，了解输人与输出并不难；而对于运营部门(转换系统)而言，短时间内把握并非易事。在诊断时，我们即使不考虑转换系统，通过输人与输出之间的一些指标(主要是财务指标)也可判断运营状况。 (4)切：对企业的状况进行分析。 通过望、闻、诊之后，对企业的经营管理现状做出分析判断评估，我们的现状中有哪些竞争优势，还有哪些待改善的问题?出现这些问题的真正原因是什么?可以采取哪些对策? 实施6S现场管理为什么会变好?为什么实施6S现场管理能够让企业以前没发现或没改善的问题消失呢? ①轻微缺陷：地物明朗化使轻微缺陷的问题日益突显出来，从而得到解决。 ②慢性不合格产品：随着6S现场管理项目的推进，员工发现问题的意识得到提升，原来那些所谓"没办法"的慢性不良、不合格产品，也会得到改善。 ③非能率：6S现场管理的导人，从消除没必要的物品开始，到消除没必要的动作一直到消除没必要的流程，从而达到消除浪费，提高能率的目的。
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变化中的英语辅导材料（一）I. Unit content in Chinese本单元介绍语言，尤其是英语的变化；英国英语的社会方言及地区方言；以及一些用于讨论语言的专门词汇。
II. Main points of the unitThe unit is titled Changing English in a Changing World. The important word that you should bear in mind is “change”: languages change with time and people. While reading the unit, you should make an effort to understand or better, remember the special vocabulary used in talking about language as well as the important facts about language change. At the end of the unit, you should be able to answer the following questions:a. What is meant by “living” and “dead” languages?b. What do language, dialect and accents mean?c. Why is it difficult to understand native speakers?c. Explain what is meant by the following: Standard English, Network English, RP.d. How many languages are in use today? Why is a more exact number not possible?III. Self-assessmentPart A Choose the correct answer.1. When we speak of a language as being dead we mean that it _________.A. does not have a written formB. does not have living speakersC. has not been translatedD. has been forbidden by the government2. About language change, the statement that _________________ is not true.A change in language matches change in p eople’s livesB. language change is usually even and steadyC. languages change over timeD. new words enter the language to match new sorts of experience3. RP refers to _________ English.A. networkB. General AmericanC. BBC English and General AmericanD. Educated Southern British4. Standard English refers to the English _________.A. ofwritingB. of speakingC . British people useD. American people use5. Dialects refer to _________.A. different ways of speaking the same languageB. different written systemsC different grammatical structuresD. different languages spoken in one placePart B Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Standard English means the Educated Southern British English.2. English is spoken differently in different parts of Britain or America.3. Language is shaped by the experiences of the people who use it and changes with their changing needs.There are, at present, about 3000 languages in use in the world.RP is the short form of “Received Pronunciation”.As time goes by, individuals’ language and their idiolect change too.English is the only language in use in Britain.Standard English is usually spoken by Britain’s upper-class.The development of SE occurred before the establishment of RP.10. Latin is a living language, and it lives in modern European languages.11. Although th ey don’t speak RP, English dialect speakers always understand it.12. Standard English varies a great deal from one part of the world to the other, because different people have varying interests, experiences and vocabularies to match.British English and American English are mutually intelligible.Key to self-assessmentPart AB.2.B3.D4. A5. APart B1. T2. T3. T4. F5. T6.T7. F8.F9. T10. F11. T12. F 13. T变化中的英语辅导材料（二）Unit2 content in Chinese本单元介绍英语从古英语到标准英语的变化, 介绍英语与日耳曼语族的关系及标准英语与其他英语变体的关系, 解释不同语言之间的结构差异。
II. Main points of the unitThe unit is titled English in the Past. So the focus is on the past history of English. While reading the unit, you should make note of the special vocabulary used in describing the language change. At the end of the unit, you should be able to answer the following questions:How does Germanic Language came to Britain?What is meant by Family Relationships among languages? What family does Chinese belong to? What family does English belong to?Why is English so rich in synonyms?Why do English dialects or varieties in different regions of Britain differ from each other?Explain what is meant by the following: Standard English, Received Pronunciation, productive teaching, descriptive teaching, prescriptive teaching.Explain how RP originated.III Key statements in the unitEnglish has not been at any time in the past the only language spoken in Britain. Nor is it the only language spoken there now.Standard EnglishWhen we speak of Standard English we mean the English of writing.Standard English can be spoken with a variety of accents—British or American or Australian or with the accents of Delhi or Hong Kong.Standard English is a variety, a dialect, and it began as a regional variety.It was once the variety used in just one part of England—the South East.Standard English is the language of the written word, it changes more slowly than spoken English.If you recognize a word and know what it means, you have a receptive knowledge of it. If you say it or write it then you have a productive knowledge of it.The vocabulary of English includes borrowings from a great variety of languages. The core of Engli sh is Germanic: There are very many borrowings from French and from the Classical languages, Latin and Greek.Changes in vocabulary happen quickly: Grammar resists change.变化中的英语辅导材料（三）.Unit2 Self-assessmentPart A Choose the correct answer.1. Standard English can be spoken ________ .A. only using a Received PronunciationB. only in the accent of educated North American SpeakersC. either in an educated southern British or educated North American accentD. with a variety of accents2. The core of the English lexicon is____________.A. French wordsB. Latin and Greek wordsC. of Scandinavian originD. of Germanic origin3. The final conquest of the British Isles was in the ________.A. 1st century BC by the Scandinavian peopleB. 5th century A.D. by the NormansC. 11th century A.D. by the NormansD. World War II by Germans4. Which of the following is NOT a reason why the English language started to spread throughout Britain? A．It was taught in schools.B．More people learned to read.C．Printed books appeared in English.D．The Romans left Britain.5. Standard English started in_________.A. the south east of EnglandB. the east of EnglandC. the south of EnglandD. the south west of England6. Standard English started in _______ century.A. 5thB. 11thC. 14thD. 15th7. Talking to people in another language requires ____________ knowledge and pra ctice.A. receptiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. prescriptive8. Prescriptive teaching is about the systems of rules, descriptive study is about _____________.A. local standardsB. written English instead of oral EnglishC. different ways to teach a foreign languageD. the language itself9. When a teacher corrects a student’s mistakes, he is doing _________ teaching.A. receptiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. prescriptive10. Which of the following is not considered to be spoken with a Received Pronunciation?A. BBC EnglishB. VOA EnglishC. Jamaican EnglishD. Oxford EnglishPart B Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Samuel Johnson is the writer of one of the earliest really good English dictionaries.2. Chinese belongs to the Sino-Japanese language family.3. Studying Latin should help people understand English better and write it better.4. In general it is easier to learn a new language that belongs to the same family than one that belongs to another family.5. English belongs to a big language family called the Indo-Tibetan family.6.Learning about English is very useful for advanced learners because it can give perspective to study and make possible informed decisions.7. English is the earliest language spoken in England.8. Standard English began as a regional variety.9. English was brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons and Norman-French.10. Geoffrey Chaucer is remembered chiefly for his work The Canterbury Tales.Key to self-assessmentPart A1.D2.D3.C4.D5.A6.C7.B8.D9.D10.CPart B1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T10.T变化中的英语辅导材料（四）IUnit 3本单元介绍英语向英国境外扩张的情况。