第二章《管理学原理》习题参考答案复习进程
周三多管理学原理课后习题答案
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《管理学——原理与方法》课后习题答案第一章:第一题答案:1:目的性:人类正是在为实现预期目的的活动中,在不断地劳动,思考,谋划,设计和组织管理的过程中,逐步进化的。
2:依存性:人类的目的性来源于对外部环境和人类自身的相互依存关系。
3:知识性:人类能从过去的实践中学习,从前人的经验中学习,并能把学到的知识加以记忆,积累,分析和推理,从而形成人类独有的知识体系。
人类活动的上述三个特点为人类的管理实践提供了客观条件,也回答了为什么管理实践与人类历史同样悠久的原因.第二题答案:管理是社会组织中,为了实现预期的目标,以人为中心进行的协调活动调。
管理的最基本的特征是:1:管理的载体是一个组织2:管理的基本对象是人3:在管理的资源配置中,人才是第一资源。
4:管理的任务:在一般意义上讲,它是通过采取某些具体的手段和措施,设计、营造、维护一种环境,包括组织内部和外部的环境,使所有管理对象在特定的环境中,做到协调而有序地进行活动.第三题答案:许多新的管理论和管理学实践已一再证明:计划、组织、领导、控制、创新这五种管理职能是一切管理活动最基本的职能。
计划:制定目标并确实为达成这些目标所必需的行动.组织中所有的管理者都必须从事计划活动.根据工作的要求与人员的特点,设计岗位,通过授权和分工,将适当的人员安排在适当的岗位上,用制度规定各个岗位的职责和上下左右的相互关系,形成一个有机的组织结构,使整个组织协调运转—-这就是组织的职能组织目标决定着组织的具体形式和特点指导人们的行为,通过沟通增强人们的相互理解,统一人们的思想和行动,激励每个成员自觉地为实现组织目标而共同努力。
控制的实质就是使实践活动符合与计划,计划就是控制地标准。
创新职能与上述各种管理职能不同,他本身并没有某种特有的表现形式,他总是在与其他管理职能的结合中表现自身的存在与价值。
每一项管理工作都是从计划开始,经过组织、领导到控制结束。
各职能之间同时相互交叉渗透,控制的结果可能又导致新的计划,开始了新一轮的管理循环。
管理学原理习题答案
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《管理学--原理与方法》课后习题参考答案周三多、陈佳明、鲁明泓编著(第五版)复旦大学出版社说明:参考答案大部分来自教材。
第一篇总论第一章管理与管理学1、人类活动的特点?目的性、依存性、知识性。
以上三特点为人类管理实践提供了客观条件,回答了为什么管理实践与人类历史同样悠久的原因。
(李兴山:管理活动并不等同于人类的一般生产劳动或社会活动,也非随人类的产生而产生,而是人类历史发展到一定阶段的产物。
)2、管理的定义:是管理者为了有效地实现组织目标、个人发展和社会责任,运用管理职能进行协调的过程。
基本特征:(李兴山:二重性、目的性、人本性、综合性、创新性、艺术性)3、基本职能:计划、组织、领导、控制、创新。
之间的关系:每一项管理工作一般都是从计划开始,经过组织、领导到控制结束。
各职能之间同时相互交叉渗透,控制的结果可能又导致新的计划,开始又一轮新的管理循环。
如此循环不息,把工作不断推向前进。
创新在这管理循环之中处于轴心的地位,成为推动管理循环的原动力。
4、管理的二重性:自然属性和社会属性。
5、有效的管理者需要扮演的角色。
包括:人际角色、信息角色、决策角色。
需具备的技能:概念技能、技术技能、人际技能。
6、管理学的研究对象:以各种管理工作中普遍适用的原理和方法作为研究对象。
研究方法:归纳法、实验法、演绎法。
第二章管理思想的发展1、中国古代管理思想要点的主要内容?顺“道”、重人、人和、守信、利器、求实、对策、节俭、法治。
中国古代法制思想的基本原则?“明法”:制定法规公之于众,使全国皆知;“一法”:人人都得守法,在法律面前,人人平等。
2、斯密与巴贝奇关于劳动分工的研究。
斯密认为分工有三个益处,可以提高劳动生产率:可以使工人重复单项操作,从而提高劳动熟练程度;可以减少由于变化工作而损失的时间;可以使劳动简化,使劳动者的注意力集中在一种特定的对象上,有利于创造新工具和改进设备。
巴贝奇发展了斯密的观点。
认为,可以减少支付工资;管理中应重视人的作用,提出工人可以按照其在生产中所做的贡献分到工厂利润的一部分,鼓励工人提出改进生产的建议。
管理学原理作业(附有答案)
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《管理学原理》作业(附有答案)第一章管理、管理者与管理学单项选择题1、下列不属于管理学的特点:(D)。
A 一般性B综合性C精确性D实践性名词解释管理(P2)、系统(P5)、管理者(P11)、管理者的技能(P16)、管理学(P21)、简答题1、如何理解管理的含义?(P2~P3)2、管理的基本职能有哪些?(P4~P5)3、管理的基本原理有哪些?(P5~P9)4、从管理层次来看管理者可分成哪几类?(P11~P13)5、简述管理者在组织中扮演着三类十种不同的角色。
(P14~P15)6、简述管理者的三种技能。
(P16 ~P17)7、简述管理的科学性和艺术性。
(P24)第二章管理思想与管理理论单项选择题1、被誉为“管理学之父”的是:(B )A 法约尔B泰罗C韦伯D梅奥2、西蒙是哪个学派的代表人物?(C )A 系统管理学派B 权变理论学派C决策理论学派D经验管理学派简答题1、简述《科学管理原理》的理论要点。
(P35~P36)2、什么是管理的14项原则?(P37)3、理想的行政组织体系的理论要点是什么?(P37~P38)4、什么是企业流程再造?(P43)第三章管理环境名词解释管理环境(P61)、组织文化(P75)、科技环境(P67)、社会责任(P84)简答题1、简述管理环境的构成。
(P63)2、组织如何适应环境?(P71~P72)3、简述组织文化的特点。
(P76~P77)4、简述组织文化的功能。
(P77)5、组织文化如何影响管理?(P78~P79)6、如何建设组织文化?(P82~P83)第四章决策单项选择题1、下列哪个不属于决策的特点?( B )A超前性B适时性C目标确定性D风险性名词解释决策(P95)、德尔菲法(P101)简答题1、简述决策的内涵。
(P95)2、决策有哪些步骤?(P99~P100)3、悲观决策法、乐观决策法与最小后悔值法有什么区别?(P106)4、如何避免决策的失误?(P110~P111)计算题课本例题4.2、例题4.4第五章计划名词解释计划(P117)、宗旨(P121)、战略(P122)、滚动计划法(P129)、目标管理(P132)简答题1、简述计划的特征。
管理学原理课后习题答案
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管理学原理课后习题答案2011年06月19日星期日上午 10:03第一章答案一、填空1.计划,组织,领导,控制;资源2. 计划,组织,领导,控制;3. 计划4. 人际角色,信息角色,决策角色;5. 决策;6. 协调,人;7. 技术技能,人际技能,概念技能8.组织目标的实现;9. 计划10. 自然,社会11. 管理原理,管理方法;12. 人力资源,物力资源,财力资源,信息资源二、单项选择1.C2. D3.D4.A5. A6.C7.C8.B9.B 10.D11.B 12.C 13.B三、多项选择1. ABEF2. ABD3.ABD四、判断1.×2. ×3.√4. ×5. ×6.√7. √8.√五、简答(要点,非完整答案)1.管理是一个过程,就是一个组织通过计划、组织、领导、控制等工作,对组织所拥有的资源进行合理配置和有效使用,以实现组织预定目标的过程。
计划、组织、领导、控制、创新是一切管理活动最基本的职能。
每一项管理活动都是从计划开始,经过组织和领导,到控制结束。
各职能之间同时相互交叉渗透,控制的结果可能又导致新的计划,又开始一轮新的管理循环。
如此循环不息,把工作不断推向前进。
创新在管理循环中处于轴心的地位,成为推动管理循环的原动力。
2. 管理的科学性表现在它是对劳动过程的管理;管理的艺术性表现在它是对人的管理;二者不可分离。
管理既是科学,也是艺术。
管理是一门科学,由大量学者和实业家在总结管理工作的客观规律基础上形成,用以指导人们的管理实践。
管理者如果没有管理科学知识,则管理过程中或是依靠经验,或是凭主观、靠运气;而有了系统化的科学管理只是,他们就有可能对管理上存在的问题设想出可行的、正确的解决办法。
当然,管理科学并不能为管理者提供解决一切问题的标准方案,它要求管理工作者以管理的基本理论、原则为基础,结合实际,对具体情况做具体分析,以球的问题的解决,从而实现组织目标。
《管理学原理》大纲、目录、课后习题参考答案
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《管理学原理》教学辅助资料集教学大纲《管理学原理》教学大纲(Principals of management)一、课程编号:二、课程名称:管理学原理三、学时:48 学分:3 实验学时:0课内上机学时:0四、先修课程要求:高等数学,英语五、适用专业:管理类专业六、适用年级:一、二年级七、课程的性质和任务:管理学原理是管理学科体系中的一门重要学科,主要是从一般理论、一般原理、一般特征的角度对管理活动加以研究,从中找出一般规律性。
因此,也称一般管理学,管理学研究现代管理的一般规律,具体表现为一般原理。
要求学生通过本课程的学习,了解管理学的研究对象、管理一般原理、管理过程(职能)。
重点是管理原理和管理过程,管理原理主要包括系统原理、动态原理、人本原理和创新原理;管理过程主要以职能为主线,分为决策、计划、组织、领导、激励、控制和创新。
八、课程的内容与基本要求:通过本课程的学习,一是使学生了解和掌握古今中外管理思想的发展、管理的基本原理与方法,真正学会对认识进行再认识、对思想进行再思想;二是使学生了解和掌握管理的计划、组织、领导、控制、创新等职能的基本内涵、要求及科学有效实现的方法,对管理职能和过程有一个基本了解;三是使学生能运用所学管理知识进行具体的管理案例分析,并能够在学完课程后对管理实践进行考察,提高学生分析管理问题和解决管理问题的能力,也就是要使学生不仅能够知道“管理”的过程、而且能够弄清“管理”的逻辑;四是开启学生思维并使之追求管理智慧,使学生通过管理学知识的学习而真正学会并能够用自己的头脑来思考管理学理论与实践问题。
在具体进行本课程的学习时,要求学生一要在课堂上认真听讲并作好课前预习和课后复习,力争弄懂弄通教材内容;二要认真完成所布置的课外作业和案例分析,并积极就课堂讨论题目作好准备;三是自发作些社会(机构或组织)管理调研,以为弄懂课程内容积累感性认识和锻炼自己分析、解决管理问题的能力。
九、学时安排:十、实验内容和要求:无十一、考核方式:考试成绩由两块构成,其中期末成绩占70%,平时成绩占30%。
管理学原理答案
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《管理学原理》习题参考答案第一章概述一、单项选择1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.C 11.B. 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.C 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.D 20.B二、多项选择题:1.ABE 2.ABD 3.BE 4.BD 5.ABDE 6.BCDE 7.BE 8.BD 9.ACDE 10.ABD 11.BCDE 12.AD 13.AC 14.ABCDE 15.ABCDE 16.ABCE 17.ABCDE 18.AC 19.BD 20.ABC 21.BC 22.BCE 23.ABE 三、判断改错题1.×。
管理是一个过程,是让别人与自己一道去实现既定的目标,是一切有组织的集体活动所不可缺少的要素。
2.×。
组织分为三个层次,拥有的权力范围最大、担任的职务最高的管理人员是上层主管人员。
3. √4.×。
管理的任务是设计和维护一种环境,使在这一环境中工作的人们能够用尽可能少的支出,实现既定的目标。
5.×。
管理是由许多人协作劳动而产生的,具有同生产力、社会化大生产相联系的自然属性。
6.×。
管理学的历史性决定了管理学是对前人的管理理论、管理思想的总结、扬弃和发展。
7.×。
研究如何完善组织机构与各种管理体制的问题是管理学内生产关系方面的内容。
8.√9.√四、名词解释(答案略)五、简答题1.管理是一个过程,是让别人与自己一道去实现既定的目标,是一切有组织的集体活动所不可缺少的要素。
管理的基本特征是:(1)管理是一种文化或社会现象。
其存在的必要条件,一是多人集体活动;二是共同一致目标。
这就使组织成为管理的载体。
(2)管理的主体是管理者。
他的责任是管理组织、管理管理者、管理工作和工人。
(3)管理具有特定任务,职能和层次。
即通过上、中、基层三个层次,运用计划、组织、人员配备、指导与领导、控制等基本职能,设计和维持一种体系,使共同工作的人以尽量少的支出,实现既定目标。
《管理学原理》三习题
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《管理学原理》三习题第一章管理与管理者一、预习题1、管理学的很多理论都是西方学者根据各国管理实践提出的,我们在学习时为什么不能全盘接收?2、通过学校的正规教育,能培养出合格的管理者吗?管理学学了就能用吗?3、你认为泰勒的科学管理的主要贡献是什么?4、“泰勒和法约尔给予我们一些明确的管理原则,而权变方法却说一切取决于当时的情境,我们倒退了七八十年,一套明确的原则退回到一套不明确的和模糊的指导方针上去了。
”你是否同意这种说法,为什么?二、复习题1、效果好的企业都有效率吗?请讨论。
如果你必须在效率和效果之间做出选择,哪一个更重要,为什么?2、大学老师是一名管理者吗?分别从职能观和角色观的角度来讨论。
3、学习管理的两重性有何现实意义?4、如何理解管理的科学性与艺术性?5、泰勒的科学管理理论的内容?6、人群关系理论的主要内容是什么?7、现代管理理论的丛林有哪些代表学派?其代表人物和主要观点是什么?三、练习题1.______职能本身并没有某种特有的表现形式,总是在与其他管理职能的结合中表现自身的存在与价值。
A.计划 B.组织 C.领导 D.控制 E.创新2.为了保证目标及为此而制订的计划得以实现,就需要有______职能。
A.计划 B.组织 C.领导 D.控制 E.创新3.管理者在处理与组织成员和其他利益相关者的关系时,他们就在扮演______。
A.人际角色 B.信息角色 C.决策角色4.在_____中,管理者处理信息并得出结论。
A.人际角色 B.信息角色 C决策角色5.在同不合作的供应商进行谈判的时候,管理者扮演的是______。
A.企业家角色 B.干扰应对者角色 C.资源分配者6.对于基层管理而言,最重要的是______。
A.技术技能 B.人际技能 C.概念技能7.______对于高层管理最重要,对于中层管理较重要,对于基层管理不重要。
A.技术技能 B.人际技能 C.概念技能8.______对于所有层次管理的重要性大体相同。
管理学原理的习题集(有答案)
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习题集第一章思想一、判断题1、管理学反映了管理过程的客观规律性,具有显著的科学性。
但是,管理过程中的诸多不确定因素使管理本身无法完全量化,故而只是一种不精确的科学。
(T)2、管理主要的目的是使资源成本最小化,因此管理最主要的是追求效率。
( F )3、效率与效果之间的差别可表述为:效果是使组织资源的利用成本达到最小化,而效率则是使组织活动实现预定的目标。
( F)4、不同行业中及不同的组织部专业特点差别显著,很难说管理活动有什麽共性。
( F)5、新的管理理论层出不穷,对实际工作中的新问题做出了较好的解释,因此可以说,泰勒的科学管理理论等古典管理理论已经彻底过时,除了尚存历史意义外,对管理实践早已丧失了指导作用。
( F )6、主通过与管理者职能相联系的办法把有关管理知识汇集起来,力图把用于管理实践的概念、原则、理论和方法糅合在一起以形成管理学科的学派是管理过程学派。
(T)7、与韦伯的行政组织理论相匹配的组织是以制度为中心运转的等级化、专业化的金字塔性的组织。
( T )8、管理科学是把科学的原理、方法和工具应用于管理的各种活动,制定用于管理决策的数学和统计模型,并把这些模型通过计算机应用于管理减低不确定性,最大限度地提高了管理活动的程序性,代表着管理理论的发展趋势,因此优于其它的管理理论。
( F )9.马克斯·韦伯的行政组织是有机式组织。
( F )10.企业部环境包括竞争对手、顾客、供应者、政府机构、利益集团。
( F )二、选择题1、将管理要素按目标的要求结合成一个整体,体现了管理的( B )职能。
A. 计划B. 组织C. 领导D. 控制2、粗略划分,管理有(ABCD )职能。
A. 计划B. 组织C. 领导D. 控制3、下列( C )性质不属于管理的特性。
A. 综合性B. 应用性C. 精确性D. 艺术性4、要确保“事有人做,人有事做;事得其人,人得其事”,需做好管理中的(B )工作。
A. 计划B. 组织C. 领导D. 控制5、管理的职能也就是管理工作中所包含的几类基本活动。
林志扬版管理学原理课后习题答案
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第一章1.管理是一种在正式组织内由一个或更多的人来协调其他人活动的活动过程。
2.由于每个企业能投入生产过程的资源都是有限的,整个社会能用于社会生产的资源也是有限的,所以就要求通过有效的管理来提高资源的使用效率,使有限的资源得到有效的运用,以可用的资源尽可能多地实现某种想要完成的任务或目标。
否则,管理就会失去它的必要性。
3.因为管理并不是促进组织目标有效实现的唯一作用力。
组织成效的高低,除了受管理成效影响外,还受到其他一些因素的影响。
4.①活动主体不同:管理活动的主体是管理者,而业务活动的主体是业务活动者。
②活动内容不同:管理活动具有普遍性和全局性,而业务活动具有特殊性和局部性。
③活动的直接目标不同:管理活动的直接目标是协调业务活动,使业务活动能有效地实现组织目标,而业务活动的直接目标是实现组织的目标。
5.⑴组织中的管理者是从事管理活动的人。
⑵特点:①管理者所从事的是协调组织中被管理者活动的活动。
②管理者对组织目标的实现起间接贡献作用。
③管理者在组织中的行为是受双重人格影响和作用的。
④管理者在履行各种管理职能时,考虑问题的出发点是组织整体的利益追求及组织中各个方面相互之间的联系与关系。
6.①高层管理者:侧重思想(概念)技能。
高层管理者要能够总揽全局,判断出重要因素并了解这些因素之间的关系,用观念进行宏观调控。
同时,人际技能对其也很重要。
②中层管理者:侧重人际技能和思想(概念)技能。
中层管理者的位置特殊,处于高层管理者和基层管理者的过渡位置。
中层管理者既要得到高层管理者的赏识,又要得到基层管理者的信任。
所以人际技能对中层管理者尤为重要。
③基层管理者:侧重技术技能。
基层管理者直接面对员工,这就要求其具备专业知识,技术技能就显得最为重要。
同时,具备人际技能在同下属的频繁交往中也非常有帮助。
7.①研究管理活动的规律性,学习管理的科学理论,掌握新的管理方法。
②在管理实践中不断提高自己的管理艺术水平。
③有效地利用自己与被管理者的时间。
(NEW)刘松柏《管理学原理》笔记和课后习题详解
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目 录第一篇 总 论第一章 管理与管理学1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解第二章 管理思想的形成与发展2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解第三章 管理的基本原理与方法3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解第四章 组织环境4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解第五章 社会责任与管理道德5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解第二篇 计划职能第六章 计划职能概述6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解第七章 预测与决策7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解第八章 目标与战略8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解第三篇 组织职能第九章 组织职能概述9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解第十章 组织结构10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解第十一章 组织设计11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解第四篇 人事职能第十二章 人事职能概述12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解第十三章 人员的选聘、考评与培训13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解第五篇 领导职能第十四章 领导职能概述14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解第十五章 激 励15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解第十六章 沟 通16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解第十七章 领 导17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解第六篇 控制职能第十八章 控制职能概述18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解第十九章 控制的方法与技术19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解第一篇 总 论第一章 管理与管理学1.1 复习笔记一、管理的性质与职能1.管理的性质(1)管理概念的含义①管理概念可从两方面理解:a.职能意义上的管理概念。
管理指管理职能或管理过程,如管理的计划、组织、人事、领导和控制职能。
在这一意义上对管理的研究,形成了以对管理职能研究为主线的主流管理学教程。
职能意义上的管理概念的主要观点可分为以下几类:第一,把管理看成是管理各职能要素的简单相加。
如认为管理就是计划、组织、协调、领导和控制。
管理学原理第2章练习题及答案
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Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。
赵卫东管理学原理习题参考答案解析详解
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《管理学原理》习题集参考答案第一章简答题1、随着市场环境急剧变化,创新成为企业生存的一项重要职能,管理者应如何处理创新和维持企业平稳运作的关系?答:树立创新的观念是企业生存的基本要求,企业管理者应在保证企业运作平稳的前提下,从以下几方面为创新创造条件:(1)始终追踪、及时发现环境的变化。
(2)制定长期发展战略,将企业的长期平稳运作和创新均纳入战略。
(3)建立灵活的组织结构,增强对环境的适应能力。
(4)建立有利于创新的组织文化。
2、管理的有效性体现在什么地方?(“正确地做正确的事”表明对管理的何种要求?)答:(1)管理的效果要求实现组织目标(2)管理的效率要求对组织资源进行优化配置(3)管理追求的是效率与效果的统一,即效率与效果的双重优化(4)管理有效性其实质是正确地作正确的事3、为什么说管理是有目的无目标的活动?(或管理是否可以独立存在?)答:(1)管理是服务于组织目标的实现的有意识、有目的的活动,管理的目的隶属和服务于具有特定使命和目标的组织(2)管理不具有自己的目标,不能为管理而管理,只能服务于组织目标的实现4、系统与权变管理思想的观点是什么?有何价值?答:(1)组织是一个由相互依存的众多要素构成的开放系统(2)强调环境或情景因素,需要根据具体的环境条件的不同而采取相应不同的管理方式(3)将研究的重点转移到对管理行动有重大影响的环境因素上(4)没有一成不变、普遍适用的管理理论与方法5、你如何理解企业经营发展中的“天时”、“地利”、“人和”?答:(1)“天时”主要是指国家的政策、外部机会等(2)“地利”包括地理位置、气候条件、资源赋存(3)“人和”包括“人”:人力资源(数量、结构)与“和”:团队、精神6、概念技能在组织高层管理人员制定战略决策中的作用体现在哪些方面?答:(1)概念技能是指综观全局,认清为什么要做某事的能力,也就是洞察企业与环境相互影响之复杂性的能力。
(2)战略决策是确定与企业发展方向和远景有关的大政方针政策,一般指时间较长,范围较大的全局性问题。
管理学原理第2章练习题及答案
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Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。
2020年10月自考《管理学原理》2020第二章习题及答案
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第二章管理思想第一节管理理论的产生与形成一、名词解释1、霍桑试验二、填空1、19世纪末20世纪初,随着科技和生产力的飞速发展,出现了(),标志着人类系统的管理理论的诞生2、在管理理论创立与发展的早期,管理理论主要是沿着两个方向发展的:一是将科技成果应用于管理之中,而形成的();二是强调人的作用,注重对人的行为与人群关系的研究,而形成的()。
3、古典管理理论强调组织技术的作用,以提高()和()为目标。
4、古典理论的主要代表人物一是以()为代表的科学管理理论,以()为重点,以()为中心;二是以()为代表的一般管理理论,以企业的()为研究重点,以()为中心。
5、被西方管理学界称为“科学管理之父”的人是()。
6、()亲身参与并指导了具有特殊意义的“霍桑实验”,第一次较为系统地提出要重视管理中人的因素,从而创立了()。
三、简答1、简述古典理论产生的背景2、简述韦伯行政组织理论的管理思想3、简述梅奥的人际关系理论的主要观点四、论述1、试述泰罗的科学管理理论的主要思想与贡献2、试述法约尔一般管理理论的主要管理思想与贡献第二节管理理论的发展一、名词解释1、管理科学2、行为科学3、系统管理理论4、权变理论5、企业再造二、填空1、进入50年代以后,管理理论出现了一种分散化的趋势,形成了诸多的学派,被称之为管理理论的()2、进入60年代后,管理理论的研究出现一种集中化的趋势,学者们先提出()理论,力求建立统一的管理理论;后来又提出更加灵活地适应环境变化的()理论3、管理科学的核心就是寻求()。
4、管理过程学派是在()管理思想的基础上发展起来的。
该学派的代表人物有美国的()和西里尔·奥唐奈。
5、现代行为科学是在早期()的基础上发展起来的。
行为科学的主要代表人物有美国的()、()、()6、系统管理学说的基础是()7、卡斯特等人的系统管理学说,包括()、()和()三个方面8、非理性主义倾向最核心的内容就是强调()9、企业再造的核心是企业()的再造1、简述现代管理理论发展的背景2、简述管理科学理论的主要特点3、简述管理过程学派的主要观点4、简述经验学派的主要观点5、简述行为科学理论的主要观点6、简述社会系统学派的主要观点7、简述决策理论学派的主要观点8、简述系统论的主要思想9、简述非理性主义倾向的主要观点10、简述企业再造流程的过程第三节组织文化一、名词解释1、组织文化二、填空1、组织文化主要由()、()和()三层所构成2、组织文化的核心层是()3、()属于组织文化的中间层,具有将精神文化转化为物质文化的功能4、()是组织文化的表层,具有表达精神文化的功能,主要由()和()构成三、简答1、简述组织文化的功能2、简述组织文化建设的基本要求3、组织文化建设的阶段有哪些1、试述组织文化建设的基本内容。
自考 00054《管理学原理》章节习题:第二章 管理理论的形成与发展
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第二章管理理论的形成与发展✧考情提要第二章 管理理论的形成与发展题型/题量单选多选判断说明简答题论述题案例分析题总计(分)2015(10)113 2016(4)0 2016(10)114 2017(4)114 2017(10)1119✧逐题击破一、选择题1.梅奥的人际关系学说属于()【单选】A.行为科学理论B.科学管理理论C.一般管理理论D.权变管理理论2.第一次提出管理五要素的是()【单选】A.梅奧B.法约尔C.西蒙D.泰勒3.梅奥领导的霍桑试验得出了生产效率的高低主要取决于工人的态度等一系列结论,并在此基础上创立了()【单选】A.古典管理理论B.人际关系理论C.决策理论D.系统管理理论4.提出“标准化原理”的学者是()【单选】A.法约尔B.泰勒C.梅奥D.马斯洛5.在历史上第一次使管理从经验上升为科学的是()。
【单选】A.科学管理理论B.管理科学理论C.管理过程理论D.行为科学理论6.“任何组织都必须以某种权力作为基础,才能实现目标,只有权力,才能变混乱为秩序。
”反映这一观点的理论是()【单选】A.泰勒的科学管理理论B.巴纳德的社会合作理论C.韦伯的行政组织理论D.西蒙的决策理论7.马克思•韦伯的理论为分析实际生活中各组织形态提供了一种规范模型,这种理论是()A.科学管理理论B.行为科学理论C.管理科学体系D.理想的行政组织体系8.在现代管理理论学派中,认为企业管理没有什么一成不变、普遍使用的“最佳的”管理理论和方法的学派是()。
【单选】A.管理过程学派B.行为科学学派C.系统管理学派D.权变理论学派9.满意决策中“满意”标准的提出者是()【单选】A.泰罗B.西蒙C.孔茨D.韦伯10.通过分析、比较和研究各种各样成功和失败的管理经验,抽象出管理的一般性的结论或原理的是哪一个学派的观点?()【单选】A.社会合作学派B.经验或案例学派C.决策学派D.权变学派11.战略管理理论的特点是()。
【单选】A.标准化、制度化B.长远性C.全面性、系统性、精确性D.重视人的因素12.古典管理理论主要是由以下哪几个学派构成的?()【多选】A.科学管理理论B.一般管理理论C.行政组织理论D.行为科学理论E.决策理论13.以下属于亚当·斯密的观点的是()【多选】A.提出了分工协作原理B.提出了生产合理化原理C.提出了“经济人”观点D.提出了“边际熟练原则”E.提出了“管理的机械原则”14.古典管理理论的主要特点()。
(完整版)《管理学原理》习题及答案
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《管理学原理》习题及答案一、单项选择题1、在学习、研究管理学的方法论中,起总的指导作用的是(A 、系统方法B 、理论联系实质的方法C、唯物辨证法 D 、比较解析法C )。
2、管理的载体是( D )A 、管理者B 、技术C、工作 D 、组织3、以下四项对主观决策法的认识中,正确的选项是(B)A 、仅供主管人员拟定决策的方法B、直接利用专家的知识和经验进行决策的方法C、优于计量决策法D、特别合适于老例决策4、人员装备工作原理中,表现“知人善任”思想的是(D )A 、公开竞争原理B 、责权益一致原理C、不断培育原理 D 、用人所长原理5、利克特发现,在组织拟定目标和实现目标时,最有效的方法是( D )A 、利用的——命令的方法B、平易——命令的方法C、商议式的方法D、集体参加的方法6、我们把“保证事情按计划进行”的工作称之为( B )A 、领导工作B、组织工作C、协调工作 D 、控制工作7、管理审察的目标是议论( C )A 、个别主管人员的工作质量B 、个别主管人员的管理水平C、整个管理系统的管理质量 D 、整个管理系统的经营绩效8、在控制工作中,不但能够除掉问题以及产生问题的原因,有时甚至能够把企业素质提升到更高水平的工作是( C )A 、拟定标准B、衡量标准C、纠正偏差D、修正标准9、以下计划工作的前提条件中,组织能够控制的是( D )A 、价格水平B、政治环境C、职工情绪D、组织内部政策10、以下原理中属于计划工作原理的是( B )A 、目标一致原理B 、承诺原理C、激励原理 D 、牢固性与适应性相结合的原理11、第一提出目标管理的是(B)。
A 、孔茨B 、德鲁克C、巴纳德 D 、西蒙12、集体行为学派最早的研究活动开始于(A 、铁楸试验B、霍桑试验B )C、搬运生铁块试验 D 、金属切削试验13、管理层次产生的主要原因是( D )A 、职能分工的要求B 、部门划分的需要C、权责明确的需要D、管理宽度的限制14、在计划工作中,拟定“弹性计划”是运用计划工作的( A )A 、灵便性原理B、承诺原理C、限制要素原理 D 、改变航道原理15、我们平常所说的“小道信息”属于( B )A 、下行沟通B、非正式沟通C、双向沟通 D 、用委宛形式进行沟通16、在指导与领导工作中,沟通联系是指( A )A 、人与人之间的沟通C、机器与机器的沟通B 、人与机器之间的沟通D 、主管人员与手下的沟通17、重申预防作用的控制方法是( C )A 、现场控制B、反响控制18、以下组织结构中分权程度最高的是(C、前馈控制D )D、间接控制A 、直线型B、直线—顾问型19、管理的核心是( A )。
管理学原理第2章 习题
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第二章管理环境判断题1)Zappos在线鞋店的关键特征之一是如果鞋子不合适,免费退货。
答案:正确解释:一个在线鞋店需要允许顾客“试”鞋。
Zappos做到了无理由免费退货。
难度:1 参考页码:29目标:2.12)Zappos在线鞋店成功的一个因素是它限制了选择,重视质量而不是众多的品牌和风格。
答案:错误解释:Zappos具有很大的选择性。
选择性是它优于传统鞋店的优势之一。
难度:2 参考页码:29目标:2.13)Zappos在线鞋店的目标之一是向它的顾客传递WOW。
答案:正确解释:提供WOW是Zappos的十大企业价值之一。
难度:2 参考页码:29目标:2.14)2010年宝马公司(BMW)关闭其在南加利福尼亚州的装配厂的主要原因是冰岛的银行危机。
答案:错误解释:冰岛的火山喷发妨碍了工厂的供货是工厂关闭的原因。
难度:2 参考页码:30美国国际商学院联合会(AACSB):全球经济动态性目标:2.1学习目标:了解国际商务与管理的基本概念和观点5)一个组织的外部环境包括影响组织如何运作的因素和力量。
答案:正确解释:外部环境包括影响组织绩效的任何外部原因。
难度:2 参考页码:30美国国际商学院联合会(AACSB):理解多元文化和多样性目标:2.1学习目标:描述管理环境的组成6)一个组织的外部环境的构成包括一个技术部分和一个政治部分。
答案:正确解释:技术部分可能包括新的软件等,而政治部分可能包括直接影响公司业务的政府人员。
难度:2 参考页码:30美国国际商学院联合会(AACSB):分析技能目标:2.1学习目标:描述管理环境的组成7)组织外部环境的社会文化构成包括趋势和传统,但不是基本的态度和价值观。
答案:错误解释:外部环境的社会文化构成包括所有的信念、价值观、态度和行为模式。
难度:1 参考页码:30目标:2.1学习目标:描述管理环境的组成8)全球化的总体趋势是组织外部环境的政治构成的一部分。
答案:错误解释:全球化是组织外部环境全球构成的一部分。
《管理学原理》全套课后习题答案(大学期末复习资料)
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第一章导论1. 什么是管理?什么是管理学?管理是通过计划、组织、领导、控制等职能对组织资源予以协调,以便能够有效率和有效果地实现组织目标的过程。
管理学,又被称为管理学原理,是一门系统研究管理活动与管理过程的基本规律和一般方法的科学。
它已经构建起以管理性质、理论、职能、方法等为基本框架的理论体系,是一门具有规范意义的理论科学,并且对实践具有直接的指导意义,因此又被称为理论管理学。
2. 如何理解管理的二重性?管理的自然属性,与具体的生产方式和特定的社会制度无关。
例如质量管理、库房管理、定额管理、成本管理、财务管理等,属于生产力的范畴,在不同国家、不同社会制度之间可以通用。
管理的社会属性表现为为统治阶级服务,受一定生产关系、政治制度和意识形态的影响和制约。
在管理学中诸如组织目标、组织道德、领导作风、激励方式、管理理念、人际关系、群体价值观、组织文化等,与民族文化传统、社会制度、地方风俗、组织传统、社会风尚等密切相关,因此在不同国家、不同民族、不同社会制度之间的借鉴和交流较为复杂,不可直接照搬。
管理的二重性体现着生产力和生产关系的辩证统一关系。
正确认识管理的自然属性和社会属性的统一,具有以下两方面的重要意义:(1)正确并积极地学习和借鉴国外先进的管理经验和方法。
继承和发展我国已有的科学的管理思想和经验,采取批判性吸收的态度和方针,取其精华,去其糟粕,结合我国国情,形成具有中国特色的、适合中国企业发展的管理理论和方法。
(2)正确认识管理方法、技术和手段的社会性和时代性。
在学习和运用管理理论、原理、技术和手段时,必须结合具体组织的实际特征,甚至组织内不同部门的特点,因地制宜,才能取得预期的效果。
3. 如何理解管理既是一门科学又是一门艺术?管理的科学性是指管理作为一个活动过程,存在着一系列基本的客观规律。
人们通过实践,进行收集、归纳、监测数据,提出假设,验证假设,从而形成以反映客观规律的管理理论和方法为指导,有一套分析问题、解决问题的科学的方法论。
第二章《管理学原理》习题参考答案
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第二编一、填空题:1、__计划__是管理的首要职能,它是确定组织的__目标____和实现__目标___的方式。
2、预测是根据__过去__和_现在____预计__未来__、根据_已知__推测__未知___的过程;预测的目的是为了___科学决策_____;___需求与资源、机遇与风险___是任何一个组织需加预测的基本内容。
3、按时间跨度来分,预测可分为_短期__、_中期__、__长期__。
4、预测方法可分为两类,一类是_定性__,一类是___定量___;德尔菲法也叫__专家预测法_____,属于__定性______预测法。
5、假定下一期需求与最近一期需求相同的定量预测法叫__朴素预测法_______。
6、平滑系数值是根据以往的___实际量____与__预测量___之间差异的大小而异,一般在__0___到___1_____之间选定。
7、___目标管理________是美国管理学家彼得•德鲁克于1954年提出的一种综合管理方法,其主要特点是:强调以__目标_________为中心的管理,强调以_____目标网络________为基础的系统管理,强调以_____人__________为中心的参与式管理。
8、实行MBO,就是要___以企业总目标________以来规划各部门、各岗位的工作。
9、MBO的实施程序主要分为__制定目标____、__实施目标_______和___考核评价______三个阶段;10、决策就是组织或个人为了__实现某种目标_______而对未来一段时期内有关活动的方向、内容及方式的_选择_______或____调整________过程。
11、决策的前提是___有所选择_________,决策的实质是_作出决定________;决策是___计划__________的核心环节,也是___管理________的核心环节。
12、按决策的时间划分可分为__长期战略________决策和___短期战术________决策;按决策的可确定程度划分可分为__确定型______决策、___风险型________决策和__非确定型_________决策。
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第二编一、填空题:1、__计划__是管理的首要职能,它是确定组织的__目标____和实现__目标___的方式。
2、预测是根据__过去__和_现在____预计__未来__、根据_已知__推测__未知___的过程;预测的目的是为了___科学决策_____;___需求与资源、机遇与风险___是任何一个组织需加预测的基本内容。
3、按时间跨度来分,预测可分为_短期__、_中期__、__长期__。
4、预测方法可分为两类,一类是_定性__,一类是___定量___;德尔菲法也叫__专家预测法_____,属于__定性______预测法。
5、假定下一期需求与最近一期需求相同的定量预测法叫__朴素预测法_______。
6、平滑系数值是根据以往的___实际量____与__预测量___之间差异的大小而异,一般在__0___到___1_____之间选定。
7、___目标管理________是美国管理学家彼得•德鲁克于1954年提出的一种综合管理方法,其主要特点是:强调以__目标_________为中心的管理,强调以_____目标网络________为基础的系统管理,强调以_____人__________为中心的参与式管理。
8、实行MBO,就是要___以企业总目标________以来规划各部门、各岗位的工作。
9、MBO的实施程序主要分为__制定目标____、__实施目标_______和___考核评价______三个阶段;10、决策就是组织或个人为了__实现某种目标_______而对未来一段时期内有关活动的方向、内容及方式的_选择_______或____调整________过程。
11、决策的前提是___有所选择_________,决策的实质是_作出决定________;决策是___计划__________的核心环节,也是___管理________的核心环节。
12、按决策的时间划分可分为__长期战略________决策和___短期战术________决策;按决策的可确定程度划分可分为__确定型______决策、___风险型________决策和__非确定型_________决策。
13、常用的定量决策方法有____确定型_______决策法、__风险型_________决策法、_____非确定型__________决策法.14、量本利分析法的中心内容是_____盈亏平衡点分析___________的分析。
15、边际贡献是产品销售收入与__全部变动成本_____的差额,利润是边际贡献大于__固定成本________的部分。
16、小中取大法叫__悲观_____决策法,大中取大法叫___乐观___决策法,后悔值决策法也叫__大中取小_决策法。
17、先_宗旨____,后目标;先战略,后_战术____;先长远,后_近期_____是制定计划必须遵循的次序。
18、计划的具体化可概括为“5W1H”,即_Why_____、__When____、__Where___、_What____、__Who____、___How______。
二、选择题:1、在整个管理工作中处于首要位置的是A、计划B、组织C、领导D、控制2、对于风险型决策,最常用的方法A、决策树B、最小后悔值法C、量本利分析法D、边际贡献法3、对未来持悲观态度、比较谨慎的决策者在进行不确定型决策时,一般采用A、小中取大法B、小中取小法C、大中取大法D、大中取小法4、决策过程中的“拍板”是指A、确定决策目标B、确定价值指标C、方案优选D、方案实施5、由组织最高层管理者所作的决策是A、程序化决策B、业务决策C、战略决策D、管理决策6、计划工作一般起始于A、目标制订B、机会估量C、计划审订D、方案选择7、下列几项,哪一项不属于计划的范畴?A、课程表B、规章制度C、统计报表D、工作流程8、MBO认为,有效管理的首要前提是需要有明确的A、宗旨B、政策C、目标D、战略9.狭义的计划指的是()。
A.执行计划B.制定计划 C.计划准备D.检查计划10.涉及计划工作的基本特征的下列各种说法中,错误的是:()。
A.计划工作的普遍存在B.计划工作居首要地位C.计划是一种无意识形态 D.计划工作要讲究效率11.基本建设计划、新产品开发计划等属于()计划。
A.综合B.专项C.生产 D.财务12.()也被称为数字化的计划。
A.政策B.目标 C.规则D.预算13.计划工作的核心是()。
A、组织B、决策C、预测 D.领导14.战略性计划一般由()负责制定。
A、董事会B、高层管理人员C、中层管理人员 D.基层管理人员15.公司政策规定工作人员享有假期,为实施这项政策公司编制了度假时间表,制订了假期工资率、支付办法,以及申请度假的详细说明,这属于()。
A、规划B、程序C、策略D.规则16.年度计划一般属于()计划。
A、生产B、长期C、中期 D.短期17.首先把目标管理作为一套完整的管理思想提出的是()。
A、泰罗B、梅奥C、赫伯特·西蒙D、彼得·德鲁克18.管理学家彼得·德鲁克认为,单纯强调利润会使经理人迷失方向以至于危及企业的生存,因此他提出,企业目标唯一有效的定义就是()。
A、技术创新B、信誉至上C、创造顾客D、质量优良19.目标的确定要建立在对企业内外环境进行充分分析的基础上,并通过一定的程序加以确定,既要保证目标的科学性又要保证其可行性。
这就是确定目标的()原则。
A、现实性B、可行性C、程序性D、权变性20.在目标设立过程中,以下哪种作法是不对的?()。
A、尽可能量化企业目标B、把目标控制在五个以内C、目标期限应以长期目标为主D、期限适中21.一些学者提出,企业在追求利润最大化的过程中,由于各种内外因素的限制,人们只能得到()。
A、适当利润B、满意利润C、最大利润D、理想利润22.通过对目标变迁的分析,我们有理由相信,()是成功管理的直观标志,也是企业的永恒追求。
A、创造利润B、成功决策C、企业长寿D、最大利润23.企业目标具有变动性,第二次世界大战以后,()的企业目标日益普及。
A、利润目标B、顾客至上C、融入社会责任D、满意利润24.目标不是一成不变的,一般来说,()应保持一定的稳定性。
A、利润目标B、短期目标C、中期目标D、长期目标25.管理学家()从行为科学的角度研究目标管理,提出:工作成果=决策的质量×激发人们履行决策的动机。
A、E·C·施勒B、彼德·德鲁克C、D·麦格雷戈D、R·利克特26.目标管理思想诞生于美国,但最早将目标管理理论应用于管理实践的国家是()。
A.德国 B.法国 C.日本D.英国27.根据过去和现在的已知因素,运用人们的知识、经验和科学方法,对未来进行预先估计,并推测事物未来的发展趋势的活动过程,称为()。
A、预测B、定性预测C、决策D、计划28.如果要对事物发展变化的未来趋势作出描述,例如对五年后技术变革方向进行预测,通常采用()的方法。
A、市场预测B、经济形势预测C、定性预测D、定量预测29.在进行产品价格决策时,需要做的是()。
A、长期预测B、中期预测C、短期预测D、定性预测30.在预测过程中,如果缺乏或难以获取足够数据的资料,而主要运用个人的经验和知识进行判断,这时需要采用()。
A、简单平均法B、定性预测法C、定量预测法D、时间序列法31.选择适当的预测方法对于提高预测的准确性和预测的效率十分重要。
因此,预测者要根据预测的目的和预测对象的性质选择合适的预测方法。
如进行技术预测,往往采用()。
A.时间序列法B.头脑风暴法 C.回归分析法D、专家调查法32.定量预测是运用数学模型对事物未来的发展趋势作出定量、具体描述的方法。
它需要完整有效的()作基础。
A.科学技术B.模拟试验室 C.信息D、数据资料33.某企业试图改变其经营方向,需要企业高层领导做出决策,这种决策属于()。
A、战略决策B、战术决策C、业务决策D、程序化决策34.该项决策具有极大偶然性和随机性,又无先例可循且有大量不确定因素,其方法和步骤也难以程序化和标准化,这项决策就是()。
A、风险型决策B、不确定型决策C、程序化决策D、非程序化决策35.业务决策中,例如生产任务的日常安排、常用物资的订货与采购等诸如此类的经常重复发生,能按原已规定的程序、处理方法和标准进行的决策,属于()。
A、日常管理决策B、程序化决策C、确定型决策D、风险型决策36.在确定决策目标时,要注意把目标建立在()的基础上。
A、需要B、可能C、需要和可能D、必要的利润37.例外决策,具有极大偶然性、随机性,又无先例可循且具有大量不确定性的决策活动,其方法和步骤也是难以程序化、标准化,不能重复使用的。
这类决策又称为()。
A、风险型决策B、不确定型决策C、战略决策D、非程序化决策38.假如各种可行方案的条件大部分是已知的,但每个方案执行后可能出现几种结果,方案的选择由概率决定。
那么,这种决策属于()决策。
A、风险型B、不确定型C、确定型D、非程序化决策39.决策程序的首要环节是()。
A、确定决策原则B、确定决策方法C、确定决策目标D、拟定可行方案40.某企业生产某种产品,固定成本为20万元,单位可变成本为100元,每台售价200元,则该产品的盈亏平衡点产量是()。
A、400台B、2000台C、4000台D、20000台41.某公司的固定成本为300万元,单位可变成本为40元,产品单位售价为55元,那么,当该企业的产量达到20万件时,其总成本为()万元。
A.110 B.1010 C.1100 D.1100042.某企业在下年度有甲、乙、丙三种产品方案可供选择,每种方案都面临畅销、较好、一般和滞销四种状态,每种状态的概率和损益值如下表所示:那么,用决策树法选出的最优方案是()方案。
A.甲 B.乙 C.丙 D.甲和乙43.某企业拟开发新产品,有三种设计方案可供选择,各种方案在各种市场状态下的损益值如下表所示:单位:万元那么,用冒险法选取的最优方案为()。
A.甲 B.乙 C.丙 D.甲和乙三.判断正误并改正1.决策工作是进行组织、人员配备、指导与领导、控制等工作的基础。
N2.计划是对企业内部不同部门和成员在该一定时期内具体任务的安排,他详细规定了不同部门和成员在时期内从事活动的具体内容和要求。
Y3.程序是思想的指南。
N4.计划的效率是指从组织目标所做贡献中扣除制定和执行计划所需费用及其他因素后的总额,所以,在制定计划时,我们应该考虑包括计划的经济方面的利益和非经济方面的利益和损耗。
Y5.政策是指在决策或处理问题时指导及沟通思想活动的方针和一般规定,政策必须保持灵活性和及时性。
N 6.程序是对具体场合和具体情况下,允许或不允许采取某种特定行动的规定。