生物化学(英文版)biochemistry-chapter 1英

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生物化学(英文版)biochemistry-chapter1英

Secondary structure
Through biochemical research, people can understand the basic processes and mechanisms of organisms, explore the mechanisms of disease occurrence and development, and provide scientific basis for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Biochemistry is an interdisciplinary field that aims to reveal the chemical essence behind life phenomena.
Definition of Biochemistry
Biochemistry helps to increase crop yield and improve quality in agriculture, and contributes to the development of nutritious, safe, and reliable new types of food in the food industry.
Large molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, all have carbon as their core.
Carbon atoms can form complex network structures through covalent bonds, which endow biomolecules with high diversity and stability.

生物化学【英文】

Cellular Neurochemistry

Neurons Action potentials Synapses
Neuron

The neurons are the brain cells that are responsible for intracellular and intercellular signalling. Action potential is large and rapidly reversible fluctuation in the membrane potential, that propagate along the axon. At the end of axon there are many nerve endings (synaptic terminals, presynaptic parts, synaptic buttons, knobs). Nerve ending form an integral parts of synapse. Synapse mediates the signal transmission from one neuron to another.
2. Direct links: http://www.lf1.cuni.cz/zfisar/psychiatry/
(presentation of lectures from psychiatry)

http://psych.lf1.cuni.cz/bpen/default.htm
(teaching material from biological psyNeurons communicate with one another by

生物化学英语版

生物化学英语版陈彻席亚明目录Chapter 1 Overview of Cell1.1 Structural Organization of Prokaryotic Cells1.2 Structural Organization of Eukaryotic CellsMembraneCytoskeletonThe NucleusThe Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus MitochondriaLysosomes and PeroxisomesKey WordsChapter 2 Protein2.1 Amino AcidsGeneral Structures of Amino AcidsStructures of the 20 Common Amino AcidsSpectroscopic Properties of Amino AcidsThe Ninhydrin ReactionIonization of Amino Acids2.2 Structures of ProteinsPeptidePeptide BondsPrimary StructureSecondary StructureSupersecondary StructureTertiary StructureQuaternary StructureThe Classification of Proteins2.3 Structure-function Relationships of ProteinsPrimary Structure Determine the Conformation of Protein Protein Denaturation and RenaturationProtein StabilityCorrelation between Conformation and Function of Protein Protein Misfolding and Diseases2.4 Protein Purification TechniquesSalting OutDialysisGel Filtration ChromatographyIon Exchange ChromatographyAffinity ChromatographyElectrophoresisSDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE）Isoelectric FocusingTwo Dimensional ElectrophoresisUltracentrifugationKey WordsChapter 3 Enzymes3.1 The History of Enzymes3.2 Naming and Classification of EnzymesEC 1 OxidoreductasesEC 2 TransferasesEC 3 HydrolasesEC 4 LyasesEC 5 IsomerasesEC 6 Ligases3.3 Structural Components of EnzymesApoenzymes,Cofactors and HoloenzymesActive Center of EnzymesIsozymes3.4 The Properties of Enzymatic CatalysisEnzymes Greatly Accelerate the Rates of Chemical Reactions Specificity of EnzymesControllability of Enzyme Activity3.5 Mechanism of Enzymatic CatalysisTransition State and Activation EnergyLock and Key HypothesisInduced Fit HypothesisEnzyme-Substrate Interactions3.6 Enzyme KineticsSubstrate Concentration Affects the Rate of Reactions Michaelis-Menton KineticsThe Significance of KmMeasurement of Km and VmaxEnzyme Concentration Affects the Rate of Reactions Temperature Affects the Rate of ReactionspH Value Affects the Rate of ReactionsInhibition of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions……Chapter 4 Coenzymes and VitaminsChapter 5 Nucleic AcidsChapter 6 DNA ReplicationChapter 7 RNA Synthesis-TranscriptionChapter 8 Protein Synthesis-TranslationChapter 9 Regulation of Gene ExpressionChapter 10 Carbohydrate MetabolismChapter 11 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Chapter 12 Lipid MetabolismChapter 13 Amino Acid MetabolismChapter 14 Nucleotides MetabolismChapter 15 Cell SignalingChapter 16 The Popular Techniques in Molecular Biology ReferenceIndex。

药学英语生物化学Biochemistry

药学英语⽣物化学BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems Generally speaking it is concerned with the chemistry of those compositions (such as protein, fat, saccharide and nucleic acid)found in living organisms and their metabolic process.●Principles of BiochemistryCells (basic structural units of living organisms) are highlyorganized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state.●Living processes contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation andintegration of these pathways are required to maintain life●Certain important pathways e.g. Glycolysis is found in almost all organisms.●All organisms use the same type of molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleicacids.●Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded intheir DNA1.Saccharide (carbohydrate)Saccharide is a general synonym for sugars. It is a polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis. It can be classified as monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide. Functions●Store energy in the form of starch (photosynthesis in plants) or glycogen (in animals andhumans).●Provide energy through metabolism pathways and cycles.●Supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds.●Form structural components in cells and tissues.●Intercellular communications● 1.1 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They cannot be hydrolyzed intosimpler sugars. Examples are ribose, glucose, fructose and galactose. Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain:1.1 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars. Examples are ribose, glucose, fructose and galactose. Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain:1.3.1Classification of polysaccharidesHomopolysaccharide（同聚多糖）: polysaccharide formed from only one kind ofmonosaccharide.Heteropolysaccharide（杂聚多糖）: polysaccharide formed from different kinds of monosaccharide Mucopolysaccharide（粘多糖）:a group of polysaccharides containing an amino sugar and uronic acid (糖醛酸), provides structural support for connective tissue, lubrication for all body joints, etc.Glycoconjugate（结合糖）:carbohydrates covalently linked with other chemical species ,including glycoprotein, proteoglycan(蛋⽩聚糖), glycolipids, lipopolysaccharide2.Proteins2.1 Proteins are macromolecules made of amino acids and joined together by peptide bonds （肽键）between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.Each amino acid contains:(1) Carboxyl group (-COO-)(2) Amino group (-NH2)(3) Side chain (R) unique to each amino acidMost proteins fold into 3-dimensinal structures.(a) Amino group (blue), carboxylate group (red)(b) Dipeptides are connected by peptideFunction of protain:●Defense (antibodies)●Motion (myosin, action)●Material transport (hemoglobin,myoglobin)●Mechanical support (collagen)●Metabolism(enzymes)●Replication and repairing of genetic information(DNA and RNA polymerases)Saturated fatty acids are single bonds in all carbon-carbon bonds;Unstaurated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chains;triglycerides are esters of glycerol with three long chain fatty acidsCompound lipid（复合脂）: with additional groups other than fatty acids and alcohols, including phospholipid, glycolipid，sphingolipid（鞘脂）Each glycerophospholipid includesa polar region: glycerol, carbonyl O of fatty acids, P i, & the polar head group (X)apolar hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids (R1, R2).A lipid bilayer with associated proteinsRoles of Lipids:Structural elements (phospholipid)Energy storage (fatty acids)Hormones ( sex hormones e.g. Estrogen) biological membraneProtective cushion and structural supportImportant sources for lipid soluble vitamins4.Nucleic acidNucleic acids are large molecules found in the nuclei of cells that contain all theinformation needed to direct the activities of a cell and its reproduction. All of the genetic information in the cell is called the genome. Every time a cell divides, the information in the genome is copied and passed on to the new cells.Flow of genetic information:DNA Transcription RNA Translate Protein4.1 Nucleic acids are:●Molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction.●Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).●Large molecules consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides（核苷酸）.4.2 nucleotidesThe nucleic acids DNA and RNA consist of monomers called nucleotides that consist of a●Pentose.●Nitrogen-containing base.●Phosphate.Pentose Sugars●The pentose (five-carbon) sugar●In RNA is ribose.●In DNA is deoxyribose with no O atom on carbon 2’.Nitrogen BasesThe nitrogen bases in nucleic acids consist of the●Pyrimidines：Cytosine(胞嘧啶), Thymine(胸腺嘧啶), and Uracil（尿嘧啶）●Purines：Adenine（腺嘌呤）and Guamine（鸟嘌呤）.4.3 DNA Double HelixIn DNA:●nucleotide monomers form polynucleotides by phosphodiester bond. There are two strands ofnucleotides that wind together in a double helix.●Two hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs A-T.●Three hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs G-C.●Genetic information is carried by the sequence of base pairsDNA Double Helix StructureBefore a cell divides it has to replicate its DNA so that the daughter cell receives a copy of the genome. The DNA helix consists of two complementary DNA strands. Therefore, each of the two strands serves as a template for the construction of the other strand. This process is called "semiconservative” replication.DNA replication involves:●An enzyme helicase（解旋酶）unwinds the parent DNA at several sections.●At each open DNA sectionDNA polymerase “reads” anintact DNA strand as atemplate and catalyze theformation of phosphodiesterbond between nucleotides.●Pairing of the bases between parent strand and the new complementary strands.●Producing two new DNA strands that exactly duplicate the original DNA.Important morphemevivi, vit, bio-----life，alivevivisect, in-vivo, in-vitro, vitamin, antibioticsnecr/o, mort-----deathnecrosis, necrotomy, mortalitygluc/o, glyc/o, sacchar/o, -ose-----sugarglucose, glycogen, polysacchride, latoserib/o, kary/o, nucle-----nucleus ribose, eukaryocyte, ribozyme,endonuclease, exonucleaseEndonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain, in contrast to exonucleases, which cleave phosphodiester bonds at the end of a polynucleotide chain.amyl/o----starchamylaselact/o-----milklactose, lactic acid, lactobacilliprotein/o, prote/o-----proteinproteoglycan, proteinuriapepid/o-----peptidepolypeptide, oliogpeptide, peptidase endopeptidase, exopeptidaseamin/o----aminoaminotransferase, vitaminenzym/o,zym/o, -ase-----enzymemetalloenzyme, proenzyme, zymogen, isomerase, isozymeco-----help, together, coordinatecoenzyme, cofactor,Lip/o, adip/olipase, lipoma, phospholipid, adipocyte, lipoidmy/o---- musclemyosin, myoglobin, myocardium, myoatrophlysis-----breaking down, dissolving, reducinghydrolysis, hemolysis, zymolysis, dialysis, glycolysis。

生物化学：第一章绪论(1周1-3节)

生物化学 Biochemistry
第一章绪论（Introduction）主要内容
一．生物化学的概念二．生物化学的发展三．生物化学与其他学科的关系四．生物体的元素组成五．生物分子（重点）六．生物分子的相互作用（重点）七．生物体系中的水（重点）
一、生物化学的概念
定义：是研究生命的分子和化学反应的科学，是运用化学的原理和语言在分子水平上解释生命现象的一门学科。
A hereditary disease（遗传性疾病） GAG GTG of DNA for -subunit of
hemoglobin, as a result Glu Val Sickle red blood cells is hard, sticky, they clog
the flow and break apart. This can cause pain, damage and a low blood count, or anemia.
.
生物化学在药物研究方面的应用实例
3'-Azido-2', 3'-Dideoxythymidine (AZT)
胸腺嘧啶
3’-叠氮-2’,3’-二脱氧胸腺嘧啶
the first drug approved in USA for the treatment of HIV infections. It acts as an inhibitor of viral reverse transcriptase in making DNA from the viral RNA
三、生物化学与其他学科的关系
化学
生物化学现代生物学
相互渗透相互促进共同发展
(1) 生命科学中的化学问题是化学的重要研究内容之一

生物化学(英文版)：Biochemistry-chapter 1(英文2)

Some functional groups and linkages of biomolecules
Linkages
Examples
（肾上腺素）
1.5.2 Many Important Biomolecules Are Polymers ( biochemistry identity )
1.5 Basic Phenomena of living systems
➢1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life ➢1.5.2 Many Important Biomolecules Are
Polymers ➢1.5.3 The Energetics of Life ➢1.5.4 Biochemistry and Evolution ➢1.5.5 The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life
a protein recognizes its specific metabolite, a strand of DNA recognizes its complementary strand, sperm recognize an egg.
1.5.3 The Energetics of Life ( Metabolism )
1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life
★ The elemental composition of living matter differs markedly from the relative abundance of elements in the earth’s. ★ Only six nonmetallic elements-- carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur—account for more than 97% of the weight of most organisms. ★ Water is a major component of cells and accounts for the high percentage of oxygen.

生物化学：Chapter 1-2 Foundations_of_Biochemistry

Sept. 11, 2012
Chapters 1-2
The realm of Biochemistry
Professor Zengyi Chang
(昌增益教授）
changzy@ Room 204, New Life Science Building
Tel. 6275-8822
two books into Chinese!
The eight classic papers (to be read by all students)
Topic 1 the prebiotic Origin of Life
Stanley L. Miller.(1953) “A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions”, Science, 117:528-9.
Books on the history of Biochemistry:
1. 昌增益（译者）《蛋白质、酶和基因：化学与生物学的交互作用》，清华大学出版社，2005年1月。
Fruton, J. S. (1999). Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
What is life?
Life: A process or condition but a definition not yet achieved.
Possessing the following basic features:
– Homeostasis;

生物化学_专业英语单词

常用生化中英文对照表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNAEndoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化 fatty acid脂肪酸 degradation降解 Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles类囊体 photosynthesis光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构 Secondary structure 二级结构 Tertiary structure 三级结构 Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate旋转trans configuration顺式构象disulfide bonds二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction 疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force静电力salt bridge盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上 Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S 形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic治疗的Collagen胶原蛋白Skin皮肤Bone骨骼Tendon腱Cartilage软骨blood vessel血管mammal哺乳动物fibrous纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA 酶联免疫吸附测定 purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析 Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC 苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase水解酶 Lyase裂合酶 Isomerase异构酶 Ligase连接酶 Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定 optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNApeptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNAstem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。

生物化学：Chapter 1 Introduction

生物化学
Biochemistry
Prelude
Importance of Biochemistry
生物化学是生物科学的带头学科，是医学、生物工程、农业的基础；改变了医学、工业与农业，创造了新兴的生物工程产业，改变了农作物育种的方向。
Biochemistry is profoundly influencing medicine, agriculture, industry
2. 分离、分析的技术
学习方法
1. 全面掌握概念 2. 化学本质、结构特点与功能 3.分析比较、归纳 4. 适当记忆（符号、经典反应）
看小说似的预习两遍，尤其上课要用心听讲（省时省力），当场或课后整理笔记（重要性），择重记忆（注意方法）。
参考书目
生物化学沈同王镜岩，高等教育出版社，1990年 (第二版)
科学家对生物的研究已从整体水平逐步深入到细胞、亚细胞、分子水平。伴随实验手段、技术的不断改进，使的对生物大分子结构及功能的研究也更加深入。
近半个世纪以来
医学，化学中重大突破与成就者
Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953
Andrew Z. Fire
USA
Craig C. Mello
USA
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
Roger D. Kornberg USA
Kary B. Mullis USA
Michael Smith Canada

化学专业英语-Biochemistry

（2） Building molecules（构件分子）
（3） Biomacromolecules（生物大分子）
常见的功能基团
Functional groups
1) Functional groups are clusters of atoms with characteristic structure and functions. 2) Most biomolecules contain more than one functional group. 3) Different families of organic compounds result when hydrogen atoms on organic molecules are replaced by different functional groups. 4) The distinct chemical properties of each functional group contribute to the behavior of any molecule that contains it.
Fatty acids
Phospholipids 磷脂
Phospholipids are modified so that a phosphate group (PO4-) is added to one of the fatty acids. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails".
Polysaccharides
These classes perform a variety of

【生物化学】Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry

Eukaryotes: plants, animals, fungi, protists
Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus containing the chromosomes
Are commonly 1000-fold greater in volume than prokaryotic cells
5
Foundations of Biochemistry
Biochemistry asks how the remarkable properties of living organisms arise from the thousands of different lifeless biomolecules.
1.3 History of Biochemistry 1.4 Relationship with other subjects 1.5 Nobel prizes for Biochemical studies
Zhao Dandan
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry
Biochemists seek a molecular explanation of life; they are primarily interested in the relationship between molecular structure and function.
Zhao Dandan
Zhao Dandan
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry
6
1.2.1 The Molecular Logic of Life
The study of biochemistry shows how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact to maintain and perpetuate life animated solely by the physical and chemical laws that govern the nonliving universe.

Chapter 1 & 2 The Foundations of Biochemistry

The major types of biomolecules were revealed
The major types of biomolecules found in ALL types of living organism: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids were all discovered before the 19th century. Nucleic acids were the last of these to be isolated, in 1868, by Johann Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss, twenty-four years old.
Nobel prizes for Biochemical studies
1901-2006
A remarkable number of Nobel prizes have been won by biochemists
The aim of study:
To be able to read what is not written and to hear what is not said!
彻未书之道，悉言外之意
Lectured by 史锋 shifeng@ 校园移动网：614263 Please feel free to contact me if you need！

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988
Sir James W. Black
Gertrude B. Elion

生物化学(英文版)biochemistry-chapter 1英文1

In 1828 ， F.WÖ hler (Germany Chemist，1800-1882）showed by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate that compounds found in living organisms could be made in the laboratory from inorganic substrances.Accordingly,he rejected the “Vitalism theory”
In 1883, Anselme Payen (French chemist) discover Amylase.“-ase” was postfix of enzymes. He isolated Cellulose and named it .“-ose” was postfix of carbohydrates.
1780s Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (French): Combustion of a candle is similar to the “respiration ”of animals, as both need O2 . For the first time a physiological process was explained with reference to a nonliving mechanism. Disaffirming “The Phlogiston Theory”
introducechemicalactionscourseslivingsystemsmetabolismproteinproteinenzymeenzymecarbohydratecarbohydratelipidlipidnucleicacidnucleicacidvitaminvitaminhormonehormonestaticbiochemistrydynamicbiochemistrymetabolismenergymetabolismenergycarbohydratemetabolismcarbohydratemetabolismlipidmetabolismlipidmetabolismproteinmetabolismproteinmetabolismnucleicacidmetabolismnucleicacidmetabolismgeneticinformationtransmissiongeneticinformationtransmissioncontentsbiochemistrycontentstextbooksprinciplesbiochemistryprinciplesbiochemistry3rdeditionhrhorton等主编科学出版社20034生物化学第三版生物化学第三版王镜岩朱圣庚等主编高等教育出20029chapterbiochemistrychapterbiochemistry11briefhistorybiochemistry11briefhistorybiochemistry1212whatanswer

Biochemistry 生物化学重点(英文)

Dear allFinally I finished the term and essay questions of biochemistry. I already choose the more important questions for all of you, which is attached in a word file.The exam will include choice questions (20 scores), term and essay questions (80 scores). “A leaf which falls from a tree goes wherever wind takes it. Be the wind to drive others, not the leaf to be driven by others.”“Success lies not in the result but in the effort. Being the best is NOT at all important; doing the best is all that matters!”“If you find your world as a sky and your friends as STARS, and if YOU don't find me among them, don’t worry! I've just been fallen to make your wish come true.”Best regard!Brief Exercises of BiochemistryChapter 1 The structure and function of proteinExplain the following terms1. peptide bond2. Amino acid residues3. Primary structure of protein4. isoelectric point5. Secondary structure of protein6. Tertiary structure of protein7. Domain 8. Protein denaturation 9. Quaternary structure of proteinAnswer the following questions briefly1. What is physiological significance of hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve as S-shaped?2. Please describe physiological functions of proteins.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Explain the relationship between the primary and spatial structure and the function of protein.Chapter 2 The structure and function of nucleic acids Explain the following terms1. primary structure of nucleic acids2. DNA denaturation3. Tm4. DNA renaturation5. nucleic acid hybridizationAnswer the following questions briefly1. What is the structural characteristics of an eukaryocyte mature mRNA?2. What is the biological significance of Tm?Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Please compare the two types of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in the chemical composition, molecular structure, cell distribution and biological functions.2. Please describe the structural characteristics of the B-DNA.3. Describe the molecular composition, structural features and functions of tRNA.Chapter 3 EnzymeExplain the following terms1. enzyme2. enzyme active center3. enzyme competitive inhibition4. Km5. isoenzyme6. zymogen activationAnswer the following questions briefly1. Explains with examples the competitive inhibition characteristic and the practical significance.2. What is the relationship between the enzyme cofactor and vitamine?3. What is the physiological significance of zymogen?4. What is isoenzyme? What is clinical significance of isoenzyme?5. How many kinds of essential group of enzyme are there? What is the role of each?Chapter 4 Metabolism of carbohydrateExplain the following terms1. glycolysis2. glycolytic pathway3. tricarboxylic acid cycle4. gluconeogenesis5. blood sugarAnswer the following questions briefly1. Describe briefly source and fate of blood sugar2. Describe briefly the physiological significance of gluconeogenesis3. Describe briefly the physiological significance of glycolysis4. Describe briefly the outline of TCA cycle5. Describe briefly the physiological significance of TCA cycle6. Describe briefly the physiological significance of pentose phosphate pathway7. Outline the reasons for the formation of lactic acid cycle and the physiological significance.8. Overview the important role of B vitamins in glucose metabolism.9. Why 6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase activity will increase after uptake high-carbohydrate diet? Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Explain how is lactate converted into glucose? (Write down the main reactions and key enzymes)2. Explain how is lactate converted into CO2, H2O and releases ATP? (Write down the main reactions and key enzymes)3. Overview the regulation molecular mechanism of adrenaline on the blood sugar level.4. Please explain why a slimmer has to reduce the intake of carbohydrates from the point of view of nutrients metabolism. (Write down the related pathways, cellular localization, main reactions and key enzyme)Chapter 5 Metabolism of lipidsExplain the following terms1. fat mobilization2. ketone body3. plasma lipoprotein4. apolipoprotein5. essential fatty acid6. blood lipidsAnswer the following questions briefly1. What is the function of bile acid at lipids digestion?2. What is the physiological significance of ketone body generation?3. What are materials of fatty acid synthesis?4. What is the physiological significance of cholesterol?5. What are the functions of apolipoprotein?Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Describe the sources, chemical composition characteristics and main physiological functions of plasma lipoprotein.2. Explain how is the stearic acid converted into CO2, H2O and releases ATP?3. Please describe the oxidation catabolism process of glycerol generated from fat mobilization4. Explain how is the glycerol converted into glycogen?5. Describe the source and fate of acetyl-CoA?Chapter 6 Biological oxidationExplain the following terms1. biological oxidation2. respiratory chain3. oxidative phosphorylation4. substrate level phosphorylationDiscuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Write down the sequence of two respiratory chainChapter 7 Metabolism of amino-acidExplain the following terms1. essential amino acid2. deamination of amino acid3. transamination of amino acid4. one carbon unit5. hyperammonemiaAnswer the following questions briefly1. What is the physiological significance of one carbon units?2. What is meaning of PAPS, GABA, SAM and FH4 each?3. Write down the deamination of amino acids in vivo.4. Outline the source and fate of blood ammonia.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. How does a glutamate be oxidized to supply energy? What is the final product?2. What are functions of vitamins B in the metabolism of amino acids?3. Use the alanine as an example, try to explain the gluconeogenesis process of glucogenic amino acids.Chapter 8 Metabolism of nucleotideExplain the following terms1. de novo synthesis pathway of purine nucleotide2. nucleotide antimetaboliteAnswer the following questions briefly1. Outline the biological function of nucleotide.2. Outline the physiological significance of salvage synthesis of purine nucleotide.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Use the 6-mercaptopurine as an example, please explain the mechanism of antimetabolite.Chapter 10 Biosynthesis of DNAExplain the following terms1. semi-conservative replication2. reverse transcription3. replication4. excision repairing5. frame-shift mutationAnswer the following questions briefly1. Outline the classification and function of prokaryote DNA polymerase.2. Outline the classification and function of eukaryote DNA polymerase.3. Outline the factors causing DNA damage.4. Outline the repairing of DNA damage.5. Outline the central dogma.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Describe the materials involved in prokaryote DNA replication and their functions in that process.2. Describe the biological significance of mutation.Chapter 11 Biosynthesis of RNAExplain the following terms1. transcription2. posttranscriptional process3. hnRNA4. promoter5. ribozyme6. structure geneAnswer the following questions briefly1. Outline the eukaryote posttranscriptional process.2. Outline the products of three kinds of eukaryote RNA polymerases.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Describe the similarity and dissimilarity of replication and transcription.Chapter 12 Biosynthesis of proteinExplain the following terms1. translate2. polyribosomes3. genetic code4. degeneracy of codonAnswer the following questions briefly1. Describe briefly the RNAs involved in the protein synthesis and their functions in that process.2. Outline the main features of the genetic code.3. Describe briefly the dissimilarity of translation initiation complex formation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Describe the materials involved in protein biosynthesis and their functions in that process.3. Please comparing the process of translation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.Chapter 13 The regulation of gene expressionExplain the following terms1. gene expression2. cis-acting element3. trans-acting factor4. operon5. general transcription factor6. enhancerAnswer the following questions briefly1. What is biological significance of regulation of gene expression?2. Outline the function of each component of operon.3. What characteristics does eukaryotic genome structure have?Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Explain the regulation mechanism of lactose operon.Chapter 14 Gene recombination and gene engineering Explain the following terms1. restriction endonuclease2. genomic DNA3. vector4. cDNA. library5. genetic engineering6. DNA cloning7. homologous recombinationAnswer the following questions briefly1. What are the main selection criteria of gene vector?2. What is the significance of restriction endonuclease of bacteria themselves?3. At present, How many ways to get target genes?4. Outline the basic process of DNA cloning.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Why plasmid can be used as the vector of genetic engineering?2. Explain how to connect the foreign gene and the vector.3. What is α-complementary? Explain how to screening recombinant by it using an example.Chapter 15 Cellular signal transductionExplain the following terms1. signal transduction2. receptor3. ligand4. signal transduction pathway5. protein kinase6. second messenger7. G proteinAnswer the following questions briefly1. Describe briefly which protein kinases are regulated by intracellular second messenger.2. Outline the classification of receptor and its chemical signals.3. Describe briefly the basic mode of G protein-coupled receptor (seven transmembrane receptor)-mediated signal transduction.4. Describe briefly the signal transduction pathway of intracellular receptor of steroid hormone. Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. How does intracellular receptor play its function?2. Explain the process of the glycogen metabolism regulated by glucagon.3. Use fat mobilization as an example, explain the process of cAMP-protein kinase pathway.Chapter 16 Blood biochemistryExplain the following terms1. 2, 3-BPG shuntAnswer the following questions briefly1. Outline the function of plasma protein.Chapter 17 Liver biochemistryExplain the following terms1 biotransformation 2. primary bile acid 3. secondary bile acid4. bile pigment5. jaundiceAnswer the following questions briefly1. Describe briefly the physiological significance of biotransformation.2. Outline the main physiological functions of bile acids.3. Describe briefly production and blood transportation of bilirubin.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Describe the influence factor of biotransformation.2. Explain the dissimilarity of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin.Chapter 18 VitaminsExplain the following terms1. vitamin2. lipid-soluble vitamin3. water-soluble vitaminAnswer the following questions briefly1. Outline the biochemical function of vitamin E.2. Describe briefly the biochemical function of vitamin D and its deficiency disease.Discuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Explain the relationship between the water-soluble vitamin and the coenzyme.Chapter 20 Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and growth factor Explain the following terms1. oncogene2. proto-oncogene3. tumor suppressor geneAnswer the following questions briefly1. Describe characteristics of proto-oncogene.2. Describe briefly wild-type p53 tumor suppressor gene mechanism.Chapter 21 The Principle and Application of Common UsedTechniques in Molecular BiologyExplain the following terms1. probe2. PCR3. Gene diagnosis4. gene therapyDiscuss the following questions (Essay questions)1. Describe the definition, type and application of the blotting technique.2. Describe the PCR reaction principle and the basic steps.。

生物化学(英文版)教学大纲

《生物化学》（英文版）教学大纲课程编号：总学时数：86学时（还有实验教学33学时）学分：5学分一、课程性质、目的和要求生物化学是生物科学和生物技术专业的一门重要的必修专业基础课。

学习和掌握生物化学的大体理论和技术对于其它生物学科的学习及此后的相关工作都具有十分重要的意义。

开展生物化学双语教学的目的是使学生在系统学习和掌握生物化学的理论和和实践知识的同时，更好地掌握和应用专业外语，培育成具有国际合作意识、国际交流与竞争能力的外向型人材。

鉴于生物化学是一门知识涉及面广，复杂程度高的学科，所以，咱们将生物化学双语教学分为不同层次开设，即基础生物化学和高级生物化学的双语教学。

在基础生物化学的双语教学中，着重要求学生学习和掌握生物化学的大体理论、大体知识和大体原理；同时也要求了解一些本学科进展前沿的新理论、新动向，使学生打下生物化学大体理论和知识的坚实基础，适应以后的高级生物化学双语教学及相关学科的学习。

同时，采用原版英文生化教材，有利于学生尽快接触生化进展的新知识，扩大知识面，提高学生阅读英文专业文献的能力，适应生物化学的高速进展。

不仅使学生取得较为广博的生物化学大体理论和基础知识，而且使学生初步树立科学的世界观和人生观，学会用辩证唯物主义的正确观点熟悉生命的现象和本质，从而使学生进一步学习和工作打下坚实的基础。

二、教学内容、要点和课时安排本课程的教学内容共分十三章。

Section A Cell organization 5课时A1 ProkaryotesA2 EukaryotesA3 MicroscopyA4 Cellular fractionationSection B Amino acids and proteins 9课时B1 Amino acidsB2 Acids and basesB3 Protein structureB4 Myoglobin and hemoglobinB5 CollagenB6 Protein purificationB7 Chromatography of proteinsB8 Electrophoresis of proteinsB9 Protein sequencing and peptide synthesisSection C Enzymes 6课时C1 Introduction to enzymesC2 ThermodynamicsC3 Enzyme kineticsC4 Enzyme inhibitionC5 Regulation of enzyme activitySection D Antibodies 6课时D1 The immune systemD2 Antibody structureD3 Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodiesD4 Antibody synthesisD5 Antibodies as toolsSection E Membranes 6课时E1 Membrane lipidsE2 Membrane protein and carbohydrateE3 Membrane transport: small moleculesE4 Membrane transport: macromoleculesE5 Signal transudationSection F DNA structure and replication 6课时F1 DNA structureF2 ChromosomesF3 DNA replication in bacteriaF4 DNA replication in eukaryotesSection G RNA synthesis and processing 8课时G1 RNA structureG2 Transcription in prokaryotesG3 The lac operonG4 The trp operonG5 Transcription in eukaryotes: an overviewG6 Transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotesG7 Regulation of transcription by RNA Pol ⅡG8 Processing of eukaryotic Pre-mRNAG9 Ribosomal RNAG10 Transfer RNASection H Protein synthesis 6课时H1 The genetic codeH2 Translation in prokaryotesH3 Translation in eukaryotesH4 Protein targetingH5 Protein glycosylationSection I Recombinant DNA technology 6课时I1 Restriction enzymesI2 Nucleic acid hybridizationI3 DNA cloningI4 VirusesI5 DNA sequencingI6 Polymerase chain reactionSection J Carbohydrate metabolism 10课时J1 Monosaccharides and disaccharidesJ2 Polysaccharides and oligosaccharidesJ3 GlycolysisJ4 GluconeogenesisJ5 Pentose Phosphate PathwayJ6 Glycogen MetabolismJ7 Control of glycogen metabolismSection K Lipid metabolism 6课时K1 Structures and roles of fatty acidsK2 Fatty acid breakdownK3 Fatty acid synthesisK4 TriacylglycerolsK5 CholesterolK6 LipoproteinsSection L Respiration and energy 6课时L1 Citric acid cycleL2 Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylationL3 PhotosynthesisSection M Nitrogen metabolism 6课时M1 Nitrogen fixation and assimilationM2 Amino acid metabolismM3 The urea cycleM4 Hemes and chlorophylls三、教学方式采用英文原版教材，实行双语教学，制作PPT课件，利用多媒体技术和适当的板书辅助教学。