英语修辞学论文Analysis on Certain Speech of Aristotle’s Ethos, Pathos and Logos
修辞手法的英语作文
修辞手法的英语作文The Power of Metaphor in Literature。
Metaphor is a powerful and evocative literary devicethat has been used by writers and poets for centuries to convey complex ideas and emotions. It allows readers to see the world in a new light and understand abstract conceptsin a more tangible way. In this essay, we will explore the power of metaphor in literature and how it enhances the reader's experience.Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by stating that one thing is another. It is a formof analogy that creates a vivid image in the reader's mind and helps them to understand the deeper meaning of the text. For example, in William Shakespeare's famous line "All the world's a stage," he compares the world to a stage, suggesting that life is like a play with different acts and characters.One of the key benefits of using metaphor in literature is that it allows writers to convey complex ideas and emotions in a more accessible way. By comparing abstract concepts to concrete objects or actions, writers can make their writing more relatable and engaging for readers. For example, in George Orwell's novel "1984," he uses the metaphor of Big Brother to represent the oppressive power of the government, making it easier for readers to understand the dangers of totalitarianism.Furthermore, metaphor can also create a deeper emotional impact on the reader. By using vivid and evocative imagery, writers can evoke strong emotions and create a more immersive reading experience. For example, in Emily Dickinson's poem "Hope is the thing with feathers," she compares hope to a bird, suggesting that it is fragile yet resilient, which creates a powerful and poignant image for the reader.In addition, metaphor can also be used to create layers of meaning in a text, allowing readers to interpret the writing in different ways. By comparing one thing toanother, writers can imbue their writing with symbolic and allegorical meanings that add depth and richness to the text. For example, in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel "The Scarlet Letter," the scarlet letter "A" is a metaphor for the protagonist's sin, but it also represents her strength and resilience in the face of adversity.In conclusion, metaphor is a powerful literary device that enhances the reader's experience by making abstract ideas more tangible, creating a deeper emotional impact, and adding layers of meaning to the text. It allows writers to convey complex ideas and emotions in a more accessible way, making their writing more relatable and engaging for readers. As readers, we can appreciate the beauty and power of metaphor in literature and the way it enriches our understanding of the world.。
谈谈英语的修辞格的论文
肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析
4.And，if abeachheadof cooperation may push back thejungleof suspicion，let both sides join in creating a new endeavor……(Para 19)
6.……wherethe strongare just，andthe weaksecure, andthe peacepreserved。(Para 19）
Reiteration
重复
1。Let every nation know，whether it wishes us well or ill，that we shall payanyprice，bearanyburden, meetanyhardship, supportanyfriend，opposeanyfoe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.（Para 4)
4.Let both sides, for the first time，formulate serious andprecise proposalsfor the inspection and control of arms……(Para 16)
5。Can we forge against these enemies agrandandglobalalliance，North and South, East and West，that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind?（Para23)
用修辞写作文英文
用修辞写作文英文I am a college student . I am studing in the first grade in a economical administration institude in the Gorgoes professinal technology university..I major in electrical calculation department .I am in Class 4.I like music and Linjunjie is my favorite singer star. There are four people in my family and they are my father,my mother ,my little brother and I . My family all live in the countryside and I like my hometown very much.In my spare time I like sleeping,listening to music and do some sports。
I am a college student . I am studing in the first grade in a economical administration institude in the Gorgoes professinal technology university..I major in electrical calculation department .I am in Class 4.I like music and Linjunjie is my favorite singer star. There are four people in my family and they are my father,my mother ,my little brother and I . My family all live in the countryside and I like my hometown very much.In my spare time I like sleeping,listening to music and do some sports.。
英语演讲稿作文有修辞
英语演讲稿作文有修辞When it comes to writing an English speech, one of the most important aspects is the use of rhetoric.修辞是英语演讲中不可或缺的要素之一。
Rhetoric adds depth, emotion, and persuasiveness to a speech, making it more engaging for the audience.修辞为演讲增添了深度、情感和说服力，使其更具吸引力。
There are several types of rhetorical devices that can be used in a speech, such as similes, metaphors, hyperbole, and repetition.演讲中可以使用多种修辞手法，比如比喻、暗喻、夸张和重复。
These devices can help to enhance the overall impact of the speech and make it more memorable for the listeners.这些手法有助于增强演讲的整体影响力，使其更具有记忆点。
Incorporating rhetorical devices into a speech requires a thorough understanding of how they work and when to use them.将修辞手法融入演讲中需要深刻理解它们的运作方式以及何时使用它们。
Each device has its own unique purpose and effect, and knowing how to effectively deploy them can greatly improve the effectiveness of a speech.每种手法都有其独特的目的和影响，了解如何有效地运用它们可以极大地提高演讲的有效性。
运用修辞的英语作文范文
运用修辞的英语作文范文Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively to persuade, inform, or entertain an audience. It is a powerful tool that can be employed in various forms of written and spoken communication, from political speeches to literary works. In the realm of academic writing, the skillful use of rhetorical devices can elevate an essay, transforming it from a mere collection of facts and ideas into a compelling and impactful piece of work.One of the most fundamental rhetorical techniques is the use of repetition. Repetition can serve a variety of purposes, from emphasizing a key point to creating a rhythmic cadence that engages the reader. Consider the famous words of Martin Luther King Jr. in his "I Have a Dream" speech: "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." The repetition of the phrase "I have a dream" creates a powerful and memorable refrain that underscores the speaker's vision.Another powerful rhetorical device is the use of metaphor and analogy. By drawing comparisons between seemingly unrelated concepts, writers can help readers better understand complex ideas or abstract notions. In his essay "Politics and the English Language," George Orwell famously likened the English language to "a worn-out used vehicle," suggesting that it had become bloated and ineffective. This metaphor vividly illustrates Orwell's argument that the English language had been corrupted by political and bureaucratic jargon, and that writers should strive to use clear, concise, and accessible language.Rhetorical questions are another effective tool in the writer's arsenal. By posing a question to the reader, the writer can engage the audience, prompt reflection, or even challenge a prevailing assumption. In his essay "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience," Henry David Thoreau asked, "Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every man a conscience, then?" These questions serve to challenge the reader's assumptions about the relationship between the individual and the state, and to encourage critical thinking.The strategic use of diction, or word choice, is also a crucial aspect of effective rhetoric. Writers can carefully select words that evoke specific emotions, create vivid imagery, or convey a particular tone. In her essay "The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl NamedMaria," Judith Ortiz Cofer masterfully employs diction to paint a vivid picture of her experiences as a Latina woman in the United States. She writes, "I am the great-granddaughter of a female pirate, a woman who dressed like a man, drank like a fish, and spoke with a Spanish accent." The vivid language and evocative imagery in this passage draw the reader into Cofer's world and help to convey the complexities of her identity.Rhetorical devices can also be used to structure an essay in a way that enhances its persuasive power. The use of parallel structure, for example, can create a sense of balance and emphasis. In his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, Martin Luther King Jr. employed parallel structure to great effect: "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'" The repetition of the phrase "I have a dream" and the parallel construction of the sentences create a powerful and memorable rhetorical structure.Ultimately, the skillful use of rhetorical devices can transform a well-researched and informative essay into a truly compelling and impactful piece of writing. By carefully selecting and employing these techniques, writers can engage their audience, convey complex ideas, and ultimately, persuade and inspire. Whether crafting a politicalargument, a literary analysis, or a personal reflection, the mastery of rhetoric is a crucial skill for any aspiring writer.。
英语论文—肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析
IntroductionStylistics is the study of language style with modern linguistic theories and approaches. Functional stylistic theory is one of the most influential theories in recent years, when linguistics lays much emphasis on the social-cultural context. The American Presidential Inaugural Address (APIA) is a very important variety with worldwide influence and long-lasting significance. In the address the speaker makes great efforts to make his policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policies. To achieve the aims, the address has to resort to lots of language skills among other things. Therefore, a stylistic study on APIA is extremely meaningful. In the paper, the writer attempts to apply the theories of functional styl istics into the analysis of American president Kennedy’s address, trying to find out the linguistic characteristics of the particular discourse and explain and evaluate them with the theories.1.An Introduction to American Presidential Inaugural AddressThe inaugural address is the speech delivered by the president-elected on the inauguration day.In the speech, for the first time, the newly elected president will officially announce that he will take up that the responsibility as the highest executive of the country in the next four years. Inaugurals mark the end of the election campaign and at the same time the beginning of a new administration. Although the inaugural address is not required by the constitution, it is made every four years by all the presidents before they take office. It has already become a tradition set by the first president—George Washington. As a rule, the new administrator’s philosophy of politics and the outline of his policy will be announced in his inaugural address. The inauguration is held as a celebration witnessed by many audiences.Inaugurals are of great significance because of what they reveal about the fundamental political values, particular political principles, and enactment of a presidential persona. Their political meanings thus become clear. Inaugural addresses attempt to persuade the citizens ofthe nation on that the newly elected president is fit for the political role and that he is entitled to achieve his programmatic objectives. The addresses, then, cast muc h light on the legitimacy of political power and the worldviews of presidents. Their political intention is to call for support and loyalty to a political regime from both other power-holders in the political system and the public at large during their administration.2. An Introduction to Functional StylisticsThe functional linguistic theory advocated by British linguist, M. A. K. Halliday has been prevailing since the 1970s. It is widely used in stylistic analysis. Functional stylistics has three features: first, stressing the relationship between the text and the context of the situation, and advocating studying the style in the social--cultural context; second, adopting systematic-functional grammar in stylistic analysis; third, summarizing the foregrounding theory systematically. Systematic-functional grammar is a very useful approach to stylistic analysis to some extent, and the theory about context is widely accepted.“Context of situation”is originally suggested by Malinowski and subsequently elaborated by Firth in his 1950 paper Personality and language in society. Essentially what this implies is that language comes to life only when functioning in some environment. According to Halliday, the situation is the environment in which the text comes to life. The type of the language, which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation, is a register. He said, “A register can be defined as the configuration of semantic resources that the member of a culture typically associates with a situation type. It is the meaning potential that is accessible in a given so cial context.” (Halliday, 2001:111) He further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.The field is the social action in which the text is embedded; it includes the subject-matter, as one special manifestation. The tenor is the set of the role relationships among the relevant participants; it includes levels of formality as one particular instance. The mode refers to the medium or way that the communication between people goes. People usually see speaking and writing as the medium.As far as APIA is concerned, the field of the APIA is political since the newly inaugurated president often uses this address to lay out goals and principles, address the nation’s divisions, beliefs, achievements, domestic and world-wide situations, and project American’s place in the world or future expectation.The tenor of the APLA can be displayed in the following way. The participants in the event are the President of the United States, as an addresser, and all the government officials and all the citizens in the country and even people all over the world, as the addressee.The mode of the APLA is also distinct in the situation. In the situation, every word in the address plays a constitutive role. The speech has to fulfill some functions, or convey the president’s attentions, i.e. to make his government policies known to the public and persuade the public to accept and support his government. So the language used in the context is mainly informative and persuasive.3.A Stylistic Study on Kennedy’ s Inaugural AddressThe following analysis aims to reveal the stylistic features of the American presidential inaugural address. It is mainly based on M. A. K. Hallid ay’s functional stylistic theor ies, especially on his theories about “context”. It also adopts some other commonly accepted linguistic theories. Systematic investigation of the linguistic data is a characteristic of this paper. The analysis is mainly concerned with the lexical level, syntactic level, textual level and rhetorical devices. Because of the close relation between speech skill and rhetorical devices, the analysis on the rhetorical device is also a part of this paper.3.1 The Stylistic Features on the Lexical LevelWord is a basic grammatical unit, which is smaller than sentence. This analysis will begin with the analysis on the lexical level.3.1.1Word StructureStylisticians usually set six letters or three syllables in a word as a standard to analyze the length of the words. The words with more than six letters are usually regarded as long words. These long words may be words of Latin, French or Greek origin, which are usually formal words. And they may also be derivation or compounding words, which have relatively complicated structure.John · Fitzgerald · Kennedy’s inaugural speech has a total vocabulary of 1595, of which there is 438 words with more than six letters, accounting for 26%. In English，the words of more than six letters or three syllable are often seen as big. These words often come from the Latin, Greek or French, or have a complex internal structure. “The percentages in daily conversation, instant commentary, and even advertisement are not more than 20%”.( Wang Zuoliang, 1987:235) So comparatively speaking, the words used in inaugural address of Kennedy are quite formal and the structures of the words are more complicated. There are two reasons for this. First, the president deliberately uses formal words to make his speeches more serious. E.g.: prosperity, discrimination, obligation.Then, the intrinsic structures of the words are quite complicated. There are many derivational or compounding words. The derivation from verbs to nouns is a characteristic of the language in the addresses. We can find many such words: affirmation, aggression, celebration. These derivations not only help to form long words with more complicated structures, but also make the words in the address more formal.There is a long lasting dispute that whether public speaking is a spoken variety or a written one. The above analysis on the lexical level shows clearly that as one type of public speaking, American presidential address embodies more features of a written variety, whic h is characteristic of long, complicated, formal words. These features correspond with the tenor of discourse: both consultative and formal, and mode of discourse: written to be spoken.Besides that, in Kennedy’s address we can find m any abstract nouns with such suffixes as: -tion, -ment, -cy, -ty, for they usually refer to the state, quality, cause or result of an action. This phenomenon is determined by the field of discourse. American presidential inaugural address is one type of public political speaking. Its field of discourse is political. Manypolitical terms are abstract. It is natural for Kennedy to use many abstract nouns in his address.3.1.2Word ClassThe choice of word class is determined mainly by the tenor.The functional tenor of inaugural address is both persuasive and informative. In the inaugural address, the speaker is not only to make his government policies known to the public, but also to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. So like advertisements, inaugural address belongs to a loaded language, which triggers emotional reaction. It should have great persuasive power. So the words used in the inaugural address us ually contain emotional color. This is reflected especially in the use of adjectives and the first-person pronoun.AdjectivesThe use of adjectives in the address is mainly determined by the functional tenor of the language. In the address of Kennedy, there are 105 adjectives, accounting nearly 7.8% in the total words of 1342. This percentage is obviously higher than that instant commentary, which is 5%. (Wang Zuoliang，1987:221) Most of the adjectives are subjective and emotional words, such as: fruitful, peaceful, great, powerful, solemn, hard, steady.This is determined by the functional tenor of the presidential address. In these address the speaker is expected to make their government policies known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. In order to achieve these aims, the speaker often resorts to emotional appeal among other things. Adjectives are very useful in expressing one’s emotion, so the speaker uses so many adjectives in the address. Comparatively, there are fewer adjectives in the instant commentary, which is more objective than the inaugural address.On the other hand, the percentage of adjectives is much smaller than that of the advertisement, which is about 30%. (Qin Xiubai, 2002: 309) This is because as a political address with worldwide influence, American presidential address is much more serious thanadvertisements. Preaching political views is different from promoting goods. It should seem more subjective and could not be too garish.The First-person PronounAnother noticeable fact in the presidential address is the use of the first-person pronouns, which is determined by the personal tenor of the inaugural address.The most frequently used pronouns are the first-person pronouns:I, we and their derivational forms: me, us, and our etc. In most of situation, Kennedy used lots of first-person pronouns to substitute the second-person pronoun you.(1) We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution.(2) Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of thisAdministration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet. But let us begin.Because the speaker usually mentions himself and his opinions, it is very natural for him to use I or me frequently. We or us in English are the form referring to both the speaker plus the audience. In the inaugural address, the speaker frequently uses we, us, and our instead for you or yours. This creates some special effects.First, the inclusive pronouns unite the speaker and the audience. They are helpful to build a sense of closeness between the speaker and the audience. The American president appears to be one member among ordinary American citizens. Thus the speech becomes more intimate, and more acceptable.Second, the first person plural can encourage a sense of group unity, a feeling of cohesiveness. “This practice minimizes differences within our group, and emphasizes between group members and those on the outside”. (Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:98) For example in Kennedy’s address, he said,“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friends, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” The first person plurals: we, us in this sentence distinguish American people from the other nations, encourage a sense of group unity, awaken a sense of national pride and responsibility, thus make the speech very inciting.In addition, “the first-person plural in declarative structure can also perform an imperative function”. (Wang Zuoliang，1987:267) This indirect imperative form is implicit and much easier to accept. For example, “We dare not forget today that we are the heirs ofthat first revolution.” If we rewrite the above sentences with imperative sentences, they may sound more like orders than requests, and then widen the gap between the speaker and the audience. Thus the inciting effect cannot be achieved.3.2The Stylistic Features on the Syntactical LevelTraditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. How words are combined to form sentence to achieve the stylistic effects in APIA of Kennedy will be discussed in this part. The discussion will include the sentence structure, the postmodification in noun phrase, tense in verb phrase, and imperative sentences.3.2.1Sentence StructureThe average sentence length of different variety is different. According to Wang Zuoliang’s analysis, “the average sentence length of daily conversation is less than 12 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, 1987:247)The sentence length of legal document is much longer. Most sentences in legal document contain more than 40 words. Generally speaking, the longer the sentence length is, the more formal the variety is. “The average sentence length of all varieties is 17.8 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, 1987:245) Short sentence is the characteristic of spoken language.From the sentence length in terms of John F. Kennedy in his inaugural speech of 1342 words, with a total sentence of number 52, the average sentence length of 25.8 words. Of these, the number of sentences containing 1-9 words is 7, accounting for 13.5 percent of the total number; with 10-19 words of the sentence has 13, accounting for 25%; with 20-29 words of the sentence has 17, accounting for the total number of 32.7%; with 30-39 words of the sentence there are five, accounting for 9.6%; containing more than 40 words sentence 10. These figures indicate that the average sentence length of Kennedy’s address is longer than that of daily conversation, but shorter than news report, much shorte r than legal document. And it is near the average sentence length of all varieties.Judging from the types of sentences, simple sentence has 20, accounting for 38.5 percent sentence of the total number; compound sentence has four, accounting for 7.7%; complex sentences are 28, even up to 53.8%. The above data show that Kennedy's speech is mainly based on the complex sentences, followed by a simple sentence, compound sentence the least.From the above statistics about the length and type of the sentences, we can conclude that the sentence structure of American presidential address is characteristic of formal written language while exhibiting features of spoken language.This is determined by its tenor of speech. American president delivers the inaugural address to the people at home or abroad when he takes office. He has good education background, and the situation of inauguration is quite formal. In the address the orator are expected to make his government policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. These personal tenor and functional tenor determine that inaugural address should not be as casual as daily conversation, and it is unnecessary to be as serious as news report and legal document.It is also influenced by the mode of the speech. The address is well prepared in advance in the form of written language, so it is possible to make long and well-structured complicated sentences, which manifest the characteristics of written language. On the other hand, the address is to be spoken. Then, too long and complicated sentences, such as the sentences with more than 40 words, may make trouble for the orator to speaker and for the audience to understand. So most sentences in the address are in middle-length with 10-30 words per sentence.Short sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain more modifiers. Involving such amount of short sentences, long sentences in the address is not only helpful to stress the ideas that should be stressed, but also helpful to achieve a variety of sentence pattern, length and rhythm, thus avoid monotony.3.2.2Postmodification in Noun PhraseThe majority of noun phrases consist of a head noun plus one or two optional elements. These optional elements refer to premodifier and postmodifier. Premodifier refers to the determiners, numbers, pronouns, and adjectives, or nouns with an adjectival function, which appear to the left of the head noun. Postmodifier refers to the phrases or clauses that appear to the right of the head noun. Most of the premodifiers are simple, thus save space. Some types of text, such as adverts, newspaper headlines, frequently use premodifications. The postmodification keeps the head noun in the front of part of the noun phrase, thus making it prominent. In addition, the postmodification supplies more space for accurate expression. The long and complicated postmodification, especially the one with relative clause, appears more frequently in formal texts.In Kennedy's speech, there are 282 nouns; about 32.6% nouns are postmodified. These postmodifiers are infinitive phrases, prepositional phrase, participle phrase, etc. The postmodification makes the expression more serious and emphatic. In addition, the postmodification provides more space for more information, and also make the inaugural address more formal. All these are determined by the tenor of discourse.3.2.3TenseThe use of tense is related to the field of discourse. In American preside ntial inaugural address the president make his government policy known to the public. They need to review the past, summarize the present, and then forecast the future.The tense in the APIA of Kennedy mainly concerns simple present, perfect present, and future tense. 80.8% of sentences in the address are in simple present. 7.7% of sentences are in present perfect. 11.5% of sentences are in future simple. But the simple past tense is even not used.This model of tenses in the American presidential address is quite unique. Because the normal tense used in other literary works, especially in fictional narrative is the simple past tense. Even in other public speaking.In the address, the address makes his government policy known to the public. The policyis planned to be adopted in future. So the future simple is frequently used. And the policy is based on the present situation, explain the reason for the reform, and thus persuade the public to support the policy. The simple present tense is frequently used. Although they need to mention something in the past, the emphasis is its influence to the present situation. So instead of using the simple past, the present perfect is used, which emphasizes the influence of the past events to the present situation.A noticeable phenomenon is that in the address of Kennedy, the simple past tense is not used at all, which is determined by the special social context in his time, and his special personal tenor.When John Kennedy took office in 1961, he was only 44 years old. As the youngest president of America, Kennedy had much confidence in his own governing policy, and was hopeful of the future. It was natural for him to neglect the past and stress the present state and the future plan. So in his address, the simple past tense was not used either.3.3The Stylistic Features on the Textual LevelThe text refers to a unified sentence groups composed by a series of sentences, spoken or written. The stylistic analysis on the textual level is actually to analyze the stylistic features of the textual cohesion, which is also called as the semantic consistency. Moreover, the semantic consistency is dependent upon the socio-cultural context. As a result, the semantic structure and socio-cultural context will be discussed in the following.3.3.1 The Semantic Structure“The text is a sense unit, not a grammar unit paralleled with sentence and clause. Language has mechanism to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. The mechanism is just the semantic structure of the text.”(Zhang Delu, 1998:336) Generally, thetextual function in the context is realized by a certain semantic structure.“A well-organized speech is more easily understood and more positively evaluated than a disorganized message.”(Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:110) Research has shown that a clear organization is positively associated with audience’s understanding and retention; it may influence audience’s perceptions of the speaker’s credibility, and the speech effect is also greatly influenced by organization. The structure of a speech should follow the way people naturally see and arrange in their minds. A well- structured speech has good form, symmetrical and orderly.Inaugural speech is to be delivered to the people both at home and abroad. Every newly elected president attaches much importance to it. And every inaugural speech is well prepared beforehand. Thus not only is the language effective, but the structure is also well organized. Generally speaking, the American presidential inaugural address follows the following pattern:(1)T o greet the audience(2)To declare to take office(3)T o make known the government policy and to persuade the public to accept andsupport his policy(4)T o say the prayersThe third part is the most important part of the whole address. Let’s take Kennedy’s address to have a detailed analysis:(1)T o state the basic policy goals(2)T o address different groups of allied nations or would-be allies(3)T o speak to his enemy(4)T o appeal to his countrymen for support and sacrificeHere, the orator makes the speech clear and proper to show his aims that the new generation of American will do their best to assure the survival and the success of liberty. It follows the process of human thinking and leads the listeners step by step to the desired action.3.3.2 Socio-cultural ContextLanguage is a communicative means of human beings, but any effective communication must be based on a specific social circumstance. Otherwise, the intended function of the text cannot be attained. In other words, text can not fulfill their goals without the necessary context. “Context can mean the history, culture, conventional customs and views on the value of the two sides of communication, so it is also named as socio-cultural context, that is, the so-called background of society and culture”. (Zhang Delu, 1998:340)It has been long recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and indispensable. Study of languages in socio-cultural context is exactly what Halliday and many other modern linguists advocate. Public speaking, which bears much political color and influences the public ideology, inevitably expresses and embodies cultural and social reality.Religion is a very important part of the westerner’s life. Most of the westerners believe in Christianity. Their thoughts and actions are greatly influenced by the doctrines of Bible. Many public speakers make best use of this to make their speeches more inciting. The American presidential addresses are inevitably characteristic of much religious color.First, at the beginning of the inaugural, the newly elected president must put his hand on the Bible and swear the oath. Kennedy say, “For I have swore before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarte rs ago.”Second, when he finishes his address, the president usually says prayers: “Let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.”Third, the speaker tends to quote directly some words from the Bible to illustrate or support his political views. We can find a quotation from the Old Testament: “Let both side unit to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah—to undo the heavy burdens…and to let the oppressed go free.”Then, Kennedy uses Biblical language in some place to add solemnity to some of his weightier sayings. For example: “Let the word go forth from this time and place……”Religion is a product of its social development. The speaker makes use of this and preaches his own idea in the name of God. The religious color in the inaugural address is very helpful to make the address more inciting.3.4Rhetorical Features“The history of stylistics can be traced back to the rhetoric in the ancient Greek, whe n rhetoric refers to the skill of public speaking”. (Hu Zhuanglin，2000：11-24). Rhetorical devices are closely related to the skill of public speaking. And according to Halliday, many rhetorical devices, such as alliteration, parallelism, simile, and metaphor, may have some stylistic effects. So the analysis of the rhetorical features in American presidential inaugural address is not only necessary but also important.The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the audience that what the speaker is saying and planning to do best represent their interests so they should support him. In inaugural address, the president of the USA has to appeal not only to the American people but also to the different groups of nations in the international community. The address should be moving, forceful, and effective. To do this successfully, the speaker must employ suitable rhetorical devices, such as parallelism, metaphor, and alliteration. Kennedy’s inaugural address is generally regarded as one of the best delivered by an American president. Here we’ll take his address to have a detailed analysis of the rhetorical devices.3.4.1 Syntactical Rhetorical Device“Parallelism is a syntactic rhetorical device. It refers to a structural arrangement of parts of a sentence, paragraphs, and larger units of discourse by which one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:31) In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word, phrase with phrase, clause withclause, sentence with sentence, or paragraph with paragraph.(1) …not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, butbecause it is right.(2) Let the world go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that thetorch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century,tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancientheritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rightsto which his nation has always been committed, and to which we are committedtoday at home and around the world.V ery often, repetition is used with parallelism to emphasize the equal importance and weight of the parallel parts. The same sentence appears repeatedly in order to display intense emotion and impression; it is one of the common rhetoric tactics ---- Repetition. Most of the above parallelisms are repetitions too. As for repetition of important words we have: “all force”and “belief”, “committed”, “good”and “free”. Repetition has been proven to increase recall and comprehension, particularly if the message is complex.Another rhetorical device used with parallelism is climax. Climax refers to the arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance. The elements in the parallel constructions are usually arranged in climactic order in order to add force. For example, in Kennedy’s inaugural address, “Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet.”“Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:35) Antithesis is different from parallelism, because it not only needs neat sentence structure but also requests the meanings to be opposite or relative.(1) United , there is little we cannot do…D ivide, there is little we can do…(2) If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who arerich.Parallelism, repetition, antithesis, and climax all involve regular, consistent expressions. Owing to its balanced structure, neat rhyme, parallelism plays an important role in making the inaugural address emphatic, forceful, thus making it a successful appeal to the emotion.。
修辞学大学英语小论文
Rhetorical Functions of Accuracy and Vagueness Vagueness, clearly, is a matter of degree, depending upon the extent of the possible differences between different systems represented by the same representation. Accuracy, on the contrary, is an ideal limit.1Generally speaking, vagueness is a language attribute, so we should bear it in mind that accuracy as well as vagueness is a comparative definition. However, as two important ways of expression, they both possess rhetorical functions.First of all, accuracy enables a speaker or writer to express ideas exactly and to the point while vagueness allows him or her to carry on the communication smoothly.Speech and writing are always man’s important methods of communication, which requires people to convey information and ideas in the exact degree. In other words, accuracy ensures exact expression in communicative function. Hereafter is an example about the British General Churchill, who highly stressed accuracy. During the WWII, an officer working in Department of Chief of General Staff of the British Army once reported that his troop had been fighting with the Germans at a small village in Italy. Back came Churchill’s copy that “We do not fight with Germans. We fight either for or against them.”In this example, the officer had expected to convey the information of fighting against enemies but failed to express it exactly, which aroused ambiguity in meaning.Thought it’s of great importance to adhere to accuracy, when one finds it impossible to be accurate or suddenly is at a loss about expressing something in a exact way, he or she may resort to a vague term to carry on the communication smoothly.. “Oh…in the trade somewhere round fifteen thousand dollars. But if it was bought on Fifth Avenue, I shouldn’t be surprised to hear that anything up to thirty thousand was paid it.”W. Somerset Maugham, Mr. Know-AllIn the example above, the expressions like “somewhere round”are vague 1Bertrand Russell, Vagueness, 2007reference because the speaker can hardly tell how much and where. By doing so, he was able to let the topic move on in a smooth and natural way.Secondly, accuracy allows no ambiguity, so accurate expression is always grand and direct. On the other hand, vagueness can fulfill a useful function of tactful expression.. “Could you do me a favor”“Sorry, I simply can’t promise.”In this example, “simply can’t”shows the speaker’s straightforwardness and frankness about refusal. Thus accuracy here conveys his attitude directly towards the other’s request for help.As to the function of vagueness, when one finds it unnecessary or unwise to be very accurate, he or she may make deliberate use of vagueness. In this respect, what people call “tactful expression” are most commonly used.. TV reporter: “Would you mind telling me frankly what do you think of our programs ”One of the audience: “Well, some are interesting, some could be better, and some are almost sort of rubbish.”In this dialogue, although the questioner was evidently trying to get some frank opinions, the answer was full of vague terms like “some…some…and some…”. The reason is that the person questioned didn’t want to hurt the reporter. Instead, he chose a tactful way of vagueness to show his opinion about the programs.Last but not least, accuracy features the function of persuasion while vagueness serves as a device for emphasis.. “You’ll be surprised to hear that Mrs. Ramsay bought that string at a department store the day before we left New York for eighteen dollars.”W. Somerset Maugham, Mr. Know-AllIn this example, the expressions like “the day before we left New York” and “for eighteen dollars”are accurate and exact reference to numbers and time. These definite terms not only show the speaker’s confidence but also add convictive evidence to his speech. In other words, accuracy here strengthens the persuasivepower of the speaker.Although vagueness usually blurs the idea, appropriate use of vague expression can help to emphasize expressions.. ThanksThanks a million.In the example above, “a million”are the vague expression. Compared with “Thanks”, “Thanks a million” strongly emphasizes the degree of one’s appreciation. In a word, vague elements can be found in rhetorical figures of hyperbole and understatement to function as emphasis.In conclusion, accuracy focuses on exact, direct and persuasive conveyance of ideas, attitudes and argumentations. Then vagueness speaks highly of smoothness, tact and emphasis in expression and communication. Therefore, both accuracy and vagueness give full play to their functions in communicative rhetoric exact, direct, smooth and tactful expressions as well as in aesthetic rhetoric persuasive power and figure of hyperbole.。
使用了修辞手法的英文文章
使用了修辞手法的英文文章Certainly! Here is an example of an English articlethat uses various rhetorical devices:Title: "A Symphony of Solitude: Exploring the Beauty of Being Alone"In a world filled with constant noise and ceaseless activity, the art of solitude often goes unappreciated. Yet, in the quiet embrace of solitude, one can find a symphonyof serenity that is unparalleled. The gentle caress of the wind, the whispered secrets of the trees, and the dance of sunlight on the water all compose a masterpiece that only those who seek solitude can truly appreciate.As the sun dips below the horizon, casting the worldinto a tapestry of twilight, the solitude-seeker becomes a silent witness to the grandeur of nature's nightly performance. The stars, like shimmering jewels, adorn the velvet canvas of the night sky, and the moon, a solitarysentinel, watches over the world with a silent grace. In this nocturnal symphony, one finds solace in the embrace of the universe, a comforting reminder of the vastness of existence.Yet, solitude is not merely a physical state; it is a state of mind. In the quiet recesses of one's thoughts, the mind becomes a canvas upon which dreams and aspirations paint their vibrant hues. It is in solitude that the cacophony of the world fades into a distant murmur, allowing introspection and self-discovery to take center stage. Here, the soul finds nourishment in the silence, and the spirit finds renewal in the absence of distraction.As the first light of dawn breaks the nocturnal spell, the solitude-seeker emerges from the cocoon of silence, rejuvenated and invigorated. The symphony of solitude, with its delicate melodies and harmonious rhythms, has left an indelible mark on the seeker's heart, a testament to the beauty and power of being alone.In this article, various rhetorical devices such asimagery, metaphor, personification, and parallelism are used to create a vivid and engaging portrayal of the beauty of solitude.。
关于用修辞的英语作文高中
As a high school student, Ive always been fascinated by the power of language, particularly the way it can be enhanced through the use of rhetorical devices. Rhetoric, the art of persuasive speaking and writing, has been a cornerstone of education since ancient times, and its something that Ive come to appreciate more and more as I delve deeper into English literature and composition.One of the most compelling aspects of rhetoric is the use of metaphors. Metaphors are a way of comparing two seemingly unrelated things to convey a deeper meaning or to make an abstract idea more tangible. For instance, in Robert Frosts poem The Road Not Taken, the metaphor of the two diverging roads in a yellow wood represents the choices we make in life. This metaphor resonates with me because it encapsulates the feeling of standing at a crossroads, contemplating the path less traveled, and the impact of those decisions on our future.Another rhetorical device that I find particularly effective is alliteration. Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of closely connected words. Its a technique that can make language more memorable and impactful. For example, in J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter series, the names of characters like Luna Lovegood and Dobby are alliterative, making them more memorable and adding a layer of whimsy to the narrative.Simile is another device that I enjoy. Its similar to a metaphor but explicitly compares two things using like or as. It can create vivid imagery and make abstract concepts more relatable. For example, in Shakespeares Romeoand Juliet, Juliets famous soliloquy begins with O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? Here, Juliet uses a simile to express her longing for Romeo, comparing her love to a star that guides her through the night.Personification is yet another rhetorical device that brings inanimate objects or abstract concepts to life. It allows the writer to imbue nonhuman entities with human characteristics, emotions, or actions. In literature, this can create a more engaging and emotionally resonant experience for the reader. For example, in Edgar Allan Poes The Raven, the raven itself is personified, taking on a mysterious and ominous presence that haunts the narrator.Rhetorical questions are a powerful tool for engaging the reader or listener and prompting them to think more deeply about a topic. They are questions that are not meant to be answered but rather to provoke thought and reflection. In Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech, he uses rhetorical questions to challenge the status quo and to inspire change, asking, How long? Not long, because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.The use of irony, particularly dramatic irony, can add depth and complexity to a narrative. It involves the reader or audience knowing more than the characters within the story, creating a sense of tension and anticipation. In George Orwells Animal Farm, the pigs rise to power and their eventual betrayal of the other animals is a poignant example of dramatic irony, as the reader can see the tragic outcome of their actions before thecharacters themselves.In conclusion, the use of rhetorical devices enriches our understanding and appreciation of language. They add layers of meaning, create vivid imagery, and engage the reader or listener on a deeper level. As I continue to study and write in English, I find myself drawn to these techniques, using them to express my thoughts and ideas more effectively. Whether its through metaphors, alliteration, similes, personification, rhetorical questions, or irony, the art of rhetoric is a powerful tool that can transform the way we communicate and connect with others.。
有多种修辞手法的英语作文500字
有多种修辞手法的英语作文500字The Power of Persuasion: A Rhetorical Journey.In the realm of language, where words become the architects of thought and emotion, rhetoric emerges as an indispensable tool for crafting compelling arguments and shaping perceptions. Its multifaceted nature empowers skillful writers and speakers to employ a myriad of techniques, each serving a unique purpose in the pursuit of persuasion.Metaphors: The Art of Comparison.Metaphors, like fleeting glimpses into a hidden world, draw unexpected connections between seemingly disparate ideas. They paint vivid pictures in the minds of readers, evoking emotions and creating lasting impressions. In Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, the powerful metaphor of a "chain reaction of freedom" captures the interconnectedness of human rights and thetransformative potential of collective action.Similes: The Subtlety of Comparison.Similes, the gentler cousins of metaphors, provide less striking but equally effective comparisons. They use the word "like" or "as" to juxtapose two entities, highlighting their shared qualities. In Emily Dickinson's poem "Because I could not stop for Death," the speaker's journey towards the afterlife is likened to a "carriage ride," conveying the surreal and somber nature of the experience.Personification: Giving Life to the Inanimate.Personification breathes life into inanimate objects or abstract concepts, imbuing them with human characteristics. By attributing emotions or actions to the nonhuman, writers create a sense of intimacy and evoke empathy. In John Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath," the land itself becomes a living being, whispering its secrets to the Dust Bowl refugees and bearing witness to their struggles.Hyperbole: The Art of Exaggeration.Hyperbole, a deliberate overstatement, amplifies an idea or emotion to create a memorable impact. It exaggerates reality for emphasis, conveying a sense of urgency or absurdity. In Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," Juliet declares that her love for Romeo is "more ancient than the pyramids," expressing the timeless and boundless nature of their affection.Irony: The Sting of Contrast.Irony presents a sharp contrast between what is said and what is meant, creating a sense of humor or poignancy. It reveals hidden truths or exposes inconsistencies in thought and action. In Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal," the satirical suggestion to alleviate poverty by eating Irish children is a grim indictment of societal indifference to human suffering.Allusion: The Power of Reference.Allusions, subtle references to literature, history, or mythology, evoke shared knowledge and cultural associations. They create a sense of familiarity and add depth to the argument by drawing upon a collective reservoir of ideas.In Barack Obama's 2008 presidential victory speech, his invocation of Abraham Lincoln's "House Divided" speech resonated with Americans, reminding them of the country's long struggle for unity.Rhetorical Questions: Engaging the Audience.Rhetorical questions, designed to provoke thoughtrather than elicit answers, invite the audience to reflect on the speaker's point. They create a sense of urgency and direct attention to important issues. In Bill Gates's "Innovating to Zero!" speech, he poses the question, "Canwe eradicate extreme poverty by 2035?" challenginglisteners to consider the possibility and inspiring them to take action.Call to Action: Empowering the Audience.A call to action is a direct appeal to the audience to take a specific course of action. It provides a clear purpose and motivates the audience to engage with the speaker's message. In Greta Thunberg's powerful speech at the United Nations Climate Action Summit, she urges world leaders to "act now" to address the climate crisis, empowering them to make a difference.In conclusion, rhetoric is a potent force that empowers writers and speakers to craft persuasive arguments and inspire action. Its multifaceted techniques, from metaphors to calls to action, allow them to connect with their audience on an emotional and intellectual level, shaping perceptions and fostering meaningful change. By harnessing the power of rhetoric, individuals can become effective agents of persuasion, using language as a tool for enlightenment and empowerment.。
英语修辞鉴赏 论文
简析比喻及其存在的理据一、引言英语修辞是英语表达中必不可缺的一部分，比喻是英语修辞的重要组成部分，比喻这种修辞格为表情达意增添了一分形象生动的意味，使说话者的意思通俗易懂，但又富有新意。
二、定义比喻是用本质不同而又有相似点的事物描绘事物或说明道理的辞格，通俗来说，就是根据联想，抓住不同事物的相似之处，用浅显、具体、生动的事物来代替抽象、难理解的事物，所谓“举他物而以明之也”。
它能使语言精炼、生动、形象，增加其鲜明性，使人更加印象深刻。
我们不仅在汉语文化中常用比喻的修辞手法，在英语表达中更是一种常见的修辞格。
三、分类比喻可分为明喻和暗喻，二者有相似之处，又有不同之处。
《文学词汇词典》( A Dictionary of Literary Terms )对明喻是这样定义的：A figure of speech in which one thing is liken to another , in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image . It is explicit comparison ( as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit ) recognizable by the use of words “like” or “as”.明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体联系起来。
而A Dictionary od Literary Terms 对隐喻的定义是：A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another . The basic figure in poetry . A comparison is usually implicit ; whereas in silmile it is explicit . 隐喻不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当做乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系含在句意中，从而更生动，更深刻的说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
写音乐的英语作文用修辞手法
写音乐的英语作文用修辞手法The Sublime Art of Music Composition.In the realm of the arts, music stands tall as a language without words, a medium that transcends cultural and linguistic barriers to evoke emotions and tell stories. The process of music composition is an intricate dance between creativity and discipline, where composers weave together sounds and melodies to create something that is both harmonious and original.The genesis of a musical composition often begins with a spark of inspiration. It could be a fleeting melody heard in a dream, a emotional response to a particular event, or a simple chord progression that catches the composer's ear. This initial spark serves as the foundation upon which the entire composition is built.But inspiration alone is not enough. Composition requires meticulous planning and execution. Composers mustconsider the structure of the piece, deciding on the number of movements, the tempo, and the overall arc of the music. They must also choose the appropriate instruments and sounds that will best convey the desired emotion or story.The harmony and melody of a composition are crucial elements. Harmony refers to the vertical sound relationships, where different notes are played simultaneously to create a pleasing and cohesive sound. Melody, on the other hand, is the horizontal flow of notes, guiding the listener through the composition with its rhythmic and pitch contours.Dynamics and texture are also essential considerations. Dynamics refer to the loudness and softness of the music, creating contrast and tension that keeps the listener engaged. Texture, meanwhile, deals with the combination of sounds, ranging from sparse and delicate to rich and orchestral.In the realm of composition, form and structure play a pivotal role. Composers must adhere to certain rules andconventions to ensure that their compositions are both accessible and engaging. The classical forms, such as the sonata or the fugue, have stood the test of time, providing a solid foundation for composers to build upon.However, composition is not merely about adhering to rules. It is also about pushing boundaries and exploring new sonic territories. Many composers throughout history have experimented with form and structure, breaking the mold to create groundbreaking works that have redefined the art of music composition.The role of the listener is also crucial in the composition process. Music is a shared experience, and composers must consider how their music will resonate with their audience. They must strive to create compositionsthat are both honest to their own vision and appealing to a wide range of listeners.In conclusion, music composition is a complex and rewarding process that requires a blend of creativity, discipline, and understanding of the listener. It is an artform that has the power to evoke deep emotions and create lasting memories. As composers continue to explore and experiment with sound, they contribute to the rich tapestry of human culture and expression.。
生活中的修辞案例英语作文
生活中的修辞案例英语作文In our daily conversations, we often employ rhetorical devices without even realizing it. These linguistic tools help us to make our speech more persuasive, engaging, and expressive. Here are a few examples of how we use them in everyday life:1. Metaphor: We use metaphors to compare two seemingly unrelated things to convey a deeper meaning. For instance, when we say, "He's the backbone of the team," we are using a metaphor to express that he is the main support of the team.2. Simile: Similar to metaphors, similes make comparisons but use "like" or "as" to do so. For example, "She swims like a fish" is a simile that highlights her swimming ability.3. Personification: This device attributes human characteristics to non-human entities. We might say, "The wind whispered through the trees," giving the wind a human-like action of whispering.4. Hyperbole: We use hyperbole to exaggerate for emphasis. When someone says, "I've told you a million times," they are using hyperbole to stress that they have told something many times, not literally a million.5. Alliteration: This is the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of closely connected words. A common example is"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."6. Anaphora: Repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses can create emphasis and rhythm. For example, "We will fight for our freedom, we will stand for our rights, we will never give up."7. Antithesis: This device contrasts two ideas withinparallel grammatical structures. A common example is, "Not only will we survive, but we will thrive."8. Euphemism: We use euphemisms to express something unpleasant or harsh in a more acceptable or less offensive way. Saying "he passed away" instead of "he died" is an example of a euphemism.9. Irony: Irony is used to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning of the words. For example, if it's raining on your friend's wedding day, and you say, "What a perfect day for a wedding!" you're using irony.10. Paradox: A statement that despite sounding reasonable leads to a conclusion that seems senselessly or logically unacceptable. For example, "The more I want to forget, the more I remember."Understanding and recognizing these rhetorical devices not only enriches our language skills but also helps us to appreciate the art of communication in our everyday lives. Whether we're writing an essay, giving a speech, or justchatting with friends, these tools can make our language more vivid and impactful.。
英语修辞写作文章
英语修辞写作文章1.《论读书》培根随笔 Of Study STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, anddisposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots andmarshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilitiesare like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeuntstudia in mores. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. Soif a man\'s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectors. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study thelawyers\' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt. 中文版：读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。
修辞学角度分析西风颂analysis-on-ode-to-the-west-wind-from-th
Stylistics题目：Analysis on Ode to the West WindFrom the Stylistic Perspective班级：学号：姓名：时间：___ ____________ ____ _Analysis on Ode to the West Wind from the Stylistic Perspective Abstract:Ode to the West Wind is masterpiece of Shelley and it is world-renowned especially the last line. From the stylistic perspective, this paper discusses this poem from these three aspects: image, sound and figures of speech to better understand Shelley’ idea to reform just like the west wind.雪莱的代表作《西风颂》世界著名，尤其是最后一句，“当冬天来的时候，春天还会远吗？”脍炙人口。
而本文旨在从文体学角度讨论了该诗的意境，音律和修辞三方面来充分了解雪莱的这首《西风颂》。
Key Words：image，sound，figures of speech, west wind.І Introduction to the General Poem AnalysisⅡIntroduction to Ode to the West WindOde to the West WindO wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou,Who chariotest to their dark wintry bedThe winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,Each like a corpse within its grave, untilThine azure sister of the Spring shall blowHer clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odours plain and hill:Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!Thou on whose stream, mid the steep sky's commotion,Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed,Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,Angels of rain and lightning: there are spreadOn the blue surface of thine aery surge,Like the bright hair uplifted from the headOf some fierce Maenad, even from the dim vergeOf the horizon to the zenith's height,The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirgeOf the dying year, to which this closing nightWill be the dome of a vast sepulchre,Vaulted with all thy congregated mightOf vapours, from whose solid atmosphereBlack rain, and fire, and hail will burst: oh hear!Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams The blue Mediterranean, where he lay,Lull'd by the coil of his crystalline streams, Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,And saw in sleep old palaces and towers Quivering within the wave's intenser day,All overgrown with azure moss and flowersSo sweet, the sense faints picturing them! Thou For whose path the Atlantic's level powers Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear The sapless foliage of the ocean, knowThy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear, And tremble and despoil themselves: oh hear!If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share The impulse of thy strength, only less freeThan thou, O uncontrollable! If evenI were as in my boyhood, and could beThe comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have striven As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!A heavy weight of hours has chain'd and bow'd One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:What if my leaves are falling like its own!The tumult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike wither'd leaves to quicken a new birth! And, by the incantation of this verse,Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!3 Figures of speechA SymbolizationThe use of symbolization is one of the features of Shel ley’s poetry. The main image in Ode to the West Wind is the symbol of the unknown power to encourage life and a kind of great endless power to rule the world. Shelley’s wind is both the destroyer and the protector. It symbolizes not only the dying autumn but also the vigorous spring full of vitality. the changes of leaves, clouds and sea caused by the wind reflect the social backgrounds and the dead leaves symbolize the the uneasy power in British. The richness of colors in “Y ellow and black and pale, and hectic red pestilence-stricken multitudes”gives us a solemn and depressed picture. “a vast sepulcher” symbolizes the ending of the corrupted dark power. In conclusion, the poet uses dozens of symbols to express his enthusiasm and passion for reform and then to affect and move the readers.B PersonificationPersonification is a good way to make the image vivid. Shelley’s wind is the capitalized “Autumn’s being” which is associated with “human being”. From this, we can see that poet personified the wind and give it life, but for the west wind in spring, the poet called it “Thine azure sister of the Spring” and it gave people the youth and vigorous feeling and meanwhile, it associates with the scene of revivification. In “Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air”, the spring wind becomes the sheepherder. In the third canto, the poet uses a series of phrases of personifications such as “where he lay”, “lulled by the coil of his crystalline streams”, “saw in sleep”. the poets use “lay”“lull”“saw in sleep” to portray the peace and serenity of the sea and them makes a strong contrast with the following action “quivering”, thus wholly reflects the destructive force of the west wind.C Metaphor and SimileMetaphor and simile are the most frequently used figures of speech. In this poem, there are a lot of metaphors and similes. For example, in the second canto, “Loose clouds like Earth’s decaying leaves are shed , Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean, Angles of rain and lightening ”, in it, the poet compares the “loose clouds ” to the “decaying leaves” to directly display the scene . and this line “Like the bright hair uplifted from the head of some fierce Maenad” is a simile. It compares the “locks” to “bright hair”, and in it, Maenad is a fable to describe the fierceness of the west wind and to shock people’s heart.ⅣConclusionThe poem, Ode to the West Wind is first English poem I read and therefore, it impressed me most. Every time I read, I cannot help moved by not only the beautiful images and sounds but also the great ideas of saving people regardless of sacrificing himself.Works Cited:1 Shelley. Ode to the West Wind.2 Wang Zuoliang, Ding Wandao. Introduction to English Stylistics. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.3 罗莉.经典重读----雪莱《西风颂》赏析.咸宁学院学报.4崔永芹，黄燕，张蓉芳.《西风颂》赏析.。
英语专业毕业论文-浅论英语修辞格的运用及翻译模板
浅论英语修辞格的运用及翻译摘要修辞格是人们在组织，调整，修饰语言，以提高语言表达效果的过程中长期形成的具有特定结构，特定方法，特定功能，为社会所公认的言语模式。
无论在文学作品还是日常生活中，我们都力求运用生动形象鲜明准确的语言有效地表达思想感情，因而有必要学习和研究修辞格的翻译，从而我们会更好的运用语言，阅读和欣赏文学作品，以提高我们的语言文化修养。
本文主要有三部分组成。
在第一部分，作者主要介绍了修辞格的定义，与此同时，这一部分也阐明了修辞格的作用和范围，因此我们可以更好地理解修辞格。
第二部分，文章介绍了由于语言和文化差异，导致了英汉修辞格翻译的不同，也指出了一些翻译者需要注意的问题。
第三部分主要介绍了几种修辞格和它们相应的翻译方法。
关键词：修辞；翻译；语言差异；文化差异ABSTRACTRhetoric is a speech pattern which comes into being in the long-term process of organizing,regulating languages to improve the effectiveness of expression.Rhetoric is approved socially and has its definite structures,techniques and functions.Whether it is in the field of literary works or daily life,we all try our best to express our emotions and feelings effectively by using vivid,lively ang exact languages.Therefore,it is necessary to learn and study the translation of rhetoric so that we could better use language,read and appreciate literary works. Finally,we could improve our cultural refreshment.This paper consists of three parts. In the first part,the author mainly introduces the definition of rhetoric.At the same time,this part also elaborates the scope and function of rhetoric so that we could better understand the rhetoric.In the second part,this paper displays that the rhetorical translation of Chinese and English is different owing to the difference between different languages and cultures.It also points out some problems which translators should pay attention to in the process of translating.The third part mainly displays a few rhetoric and their corresponding translation techniques.Key words:rhetorical device;translation;language difference;Cultural differenceContents摘要ABSTRACTContentsIntroduction1.Rhetoric1.1 Definition of Rhetoric1.2 Modern Rhetoric:Its Scope and Functions1.3 Rhetoric:Its Role in Translation2.Differences between English and Chinese Rhetoric and Their Translation2.1 language Differences and Translation2.1.1 Phonetic Form and Text Patterns2.1.2 V ocabulary Morphology2.1.3 Syntactic Structure2.2 Cultural Differences and Translation2.2.1 The Material Culture2.2.2 Institutional Culture2.2.3 Psychological Culture3.Specific Translation Methods of Rhetocics3.1 Metaphor and Its Translation3.1.1 Simile and Its Translation3.1.2 Metaphor and Its Translation3.2 Metonymy and Its Translation3.3 Parallel Structures and Its Translation 3.4 Personification and Its Translation 3.5 Other Rhetoric3.5.1 Hyperbole3.5.2 Transferred Epithet3.5.3 AlliterationConclusionBibliographyAcknowledgementIntroductionOriginating from 2000 years ago,the ancient Greece,rhetoric is a subject of language arts.Rhetoric is the art of using language,and is seen as the decoration of the languages like icing on the cake.Whether in literature or in daily life people have always sought out the use of vivid,clear,precise language to express their feelings.Therefore,it is necessary to study and research the figure of speech and its translation in order to use languages,read and appreciate literary works as well as to improve our culture refreshment. In translation,we can neither correctly express the original's thoughts,spirits and its styles nor weaken the original without right reflection of figure of speech.Rhetoric in Translation is a huge issue,therefore,people properly handling the translation of the rhetoric is necessary.The relationship between translation and rhetoric are very close.A translator should understand the rhetorical techniques of the source,and make use of rhetorical devices in order to reproduce faithfully and effectively the content,intention,feeling and style of the original text.This paper firstly generalizes thesituation of the study about the rhetoric in the home or foreign from the function and the field of rhetoric.From the comparison of English and Chinese rhetorics,the paper further explains the same and difference of the two kinds of rhetorics because of the languages and cultures.Finally,this paper briefly elaborates how to understand and translate the English rhetoric on the basis of being loyal for the text.This paper consists of three parts.In the first part,author gives the general definition of rhetoric,so that we can have a clear understanding of rhetoric.Also,in this part,we probe into the functions and scope of rhetoric.All in all,in the first part, the author gives some basic knowledge of rhetoric and the relationship between rhetoric and translation.In the second part,this thesis introduces readers some basic knowledge of rhetorical translation.Also,the author displays things that translator should pay attention to in his work.In the third part,this paper probes deep into the relationship between rhetoric and translation.1.Rhetoric1.1 Definition of RhetoricRhetoric originates in speech in the West.Aristotle,in the 4th century BC,first defined rhetoric,which has contributed to its flourishing in the academic field.With the development and influence of modern linguistics,philosophy,semantics, psychology,etc,great success has been achieved in rhetoric studies whether basic conception or specific problem.Since 1950,modern rhetoric,especially Anglo-American modern rhetoric,has developed into a large discipline involving practical rhetoric,rhetoric in argumentation,rhetoric of fiction,stylistics,etc.格式！！！Hence rhetoric is endowed with new meanings.1.2 Modern Rhetoric:Its Scope and FunctionsModern rhetoric is a large field,too large to be plotted here.According to H.Hudson（1990），rhetoric includes both oral rhetoric and literary rhetoric."注明出处Oral rhetoric focuses on the wielders of public opinion while literal rhetoric emphasizes aesthetic analysis"(Hudson.1990).A modern discussion usually consists of chapters on diction,figure of speech,and forms ofarrangement,such as antithesis,periodicity and balance.The identification of rhetoric only with persuasion in the West and with ornament of writing in China seems to have vanished.In the eye of a rhetorician,any linguistic symbol has a rhetorical meaning in a specific situation.Rhetoric,however,as a serious scholarly study,has entered a wider area.That there is a body of philosophy and principle worth scholarly effort in discovery,enlargement,and reinterpretation is beyond question,and fortunately more competent scholars each year are working at it.Rhetorical criticism and the study of rhetoric as a revealing social and cultural phenomenon are also gaining ground.New and interesting directions for studies in these areas are being explored,or at least marked out;they are based on newly developed techniques.Text linguistics,for example,is a newly-developed discipline,out of which textual analysis has developed.An analysis of any language symbol must be based on a specific text.No doubt,therefore,textual analysis will have more and more to contribute to modern rhetoric.Likewise,modern rhetoric has been applied to translation studies,which has developed to be a branch of rhetoric---translative rhetoric.There are many other researchtopics,e.g,rhetoric in discourse,psycho-rhetoric,contrastive rhetoric,pragmatic rhetoric,textual rhetoric,interpersonal rhetoric,rhetoric in journalism,etc.No doubt,these new disciplines on rhetoric will definitely widen and enrich the scope of rhetoric studies.词的间距！！Now turn to the point of rhetorical functions.Generally speaking,the rhetorical function,in present-day usage,is the function of adjusting words or sentences suitable to a discourse situation.According to Bryant(1990)."The rhetorical function is the function of adjusting ideas to people and of people to ideas."More specifically,the major function of rhetoric include wholeness,aesthetic appeal,impact,appropriateness, coherence,cohesion,focus and emphasis.According to different effects produced by these functions in a text,they are subdivided into communicative and aesthetic municative function ensures the choice of words and phrases,and selection of sentence patterns,organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed most clearly,most accurately and most appropriately and the intended results are achieved in municative function includes such matters as wholeness,unity,appropriateness,coherence,and cohesion.Aesthetic function creates the vividness andgracefulness in emotional appeal of one's speech or writing.Aesthetic appeal,impact and emphasis belong to aesthetic function.In fact,any literary text contains a combination of communicative rhetoric and aesthetic rhetoric.Both of them are effective means in communication and are often mingled and permeated with each other.Take the following sentences as an example:(1) I trembled,and turned white.Something…I don't know what or how…connected with the grave in the Churchyard,and the raising of the dead,seemed to strike me like an unwholesome wind(Dickens,92)This is a description of how little David was feeling at the news that he had got a new father.When he was told about it,he ‘trembled and turned white’to describe his feelings at the moment.Dickens appropriately chooses the indefinite pronoun ‘something’and a simile ‘strike me like an unwholesome wind,’which aims at exerting an emotional impact on the readers.1.3 Rhetoric:Its Role in TranslationRhetoric always plays an important role in the process of translation.As we know,the process includes two stages:comprehension and reproduction.The former is theprerequisite for and the beginning of the latter while the latter is the objective and outcome of the former.Inaccurate comprehension of the original will inevitably result in inaccurate reproduction.In some cases,we cannot puzzle out the meaning in reading the original while there are neither new words nor grammatical problems.We just can not make out the true essence of the diction though we check up various dictionaries of idiomatic usages may not help.Why?The obstacles most probably are rhetorical techniques employed in it.Indeed,a translator can hardly understand the original without knowledge of rhetorical techniques.For example:(2) Ham Peggotty,who went to the national school and was a very dragon at his catechism and who may therefore be regarded as a credible witness,reported next day,what happening to peep in at the parlour-door an hour after this…(Dicken,59)Ham Peggotty is likened to dragon,which means that he worked at his catechism as hard as a dragon safeguards his treasure.We may well be puzzled if we do not know about the metaphor.The importance of rhetoric lies not only in comprehending the source text,also in reproducing it.An ideal translation,especially literary translation,not only conveys thecontent of the source text,but reproduces aesthetic or artist charm of the source text.The purpose of rhetoric is to make the translation more effective and more adequate.(3)It haunted me n when I got home.I seemed to have left the Doctor's roof with a dark cloud lowering on it.The reverence that I had for his grey head was mingled with commiseration for his faith in those who were treacherous to him and with resentment against those who injured him(Dickens.339) 【Version 1】在我回家以后，这表情萦绕在我的心目中，我觉得我离开博士的屋顶时，那上面似乎有一层黑云笼罩着，我对他那白发的头所怀抱的敬意中，混有对他寄托在背叛他的人们身上的信心所抱的怜悯，以及对那些伤害他的人的愤慨(Tr.Dong327)【Version 2】在我离开那所房子的时候，好像那所房子上面有一片乌云，阴惨惨地笼罩。
大学英语专业写作修辞手法介绍
The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of the universe; the rules of the game are what we call the laws of Nature. The players on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is always fair, just and patient. But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance. To the man who plays well, the highest stakes are paid, with that sort of overflowing generosity with which the strong shows delight in strength. And one who plays ill is checkmated—without haste, but without remorse. T. H. Huxely
In Wordsworth’s poem on the rainbow: My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began, So is it now I am a man, So be it when I shall grow old Or let me die! The Child is father of the Man And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety.
论文：文学中几种常见的英语修辞手法及其翻译
论文：文学中几种常见的英语修辞手法及其翻译several common english figures of speech and their translating in literatureauthor: liu baijingabstract: english figures of speech are the artistic nature of language. as special signs of the language, they are widely used in literary works; as unique contexts of mind, they are widely used in different cultural backgrounds. by briefly analyzing several common english figures of speech, this paper makes readers understand what figures of speech are and how to apply them, and suggests some methods of translating them.摘要：修辞是语言表达的艺术。
作为积极修辞的英语修辞格广泛运用于文学作品。
从语言学的观点看，英语修辞格是一种特殊的符号。
从翻译学的观点看，英语修辞格是一种不同文化背景下独特的意境。
本文通过对几种常见修辞的粗略分析，来体会其中翻译的韵味，并掌握其翻译技巧。
key words: figures of speech, translation, method 关键词：修辞，翻译，方法introduction:different countries and different cultures carry different histories, but it makes us get together at the same time. language is a tool for people to convey their feelings and thoughts. in order to improve the effects of expression and strengthen the persuasion, people apply many varieties of methods. m.a.k halliday said: “each language has its own logic, own figures of speech, and own value of aesthetics.” so we find, figures of speech are the artistic nature of language.as special signs of the language, figures of speech are widely used in literary works; as unique contexts of mind, they are widely used in different cultural backgrounds. the categories of english figures of speech (feng cuihua. english figures of speech): simile, metaphor, analogy, personification, hyperbole, understatement, euphemism, metonymy, synecdoche, antonomasia, pun, zeugma, irony, innuendo, sarcasm, paradox, oxymoron, antithesis, epigram, climax,anti-climax, apostrophe, transferred-epithet, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and repetition.the charm of figures of speech in literature liesin its beauty of relation, beauty of change, beauty of harmony, and beauty of sound and color. now, let us analyze several common english figures of speech in literature, and try to summarize the methods of translating them.1. simileit is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. to make the comparison words like as ,as…as, as if, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.e.g. ①sore-eyed children clouds cluster of everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies.(“marrakech” ae1)眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见，多的像一群群的苍蝇,数也数不清。
修辞学论文——公文中修辞学(英语)
Rhetoric in Official Document公文中的修辞学The significance of choosing the topic:选择这个论点的重要性：Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations。
Because it can help the speaker express better, even obtain some unexpected effects, rhetoric is used so broadly that we can see it everywhere in our daily life. Similarly, rhetoric is indispensable in work, especially in official document in that rhetoric can help the speaker use lexical chunks more smoothly and present their views more accurately. Comparing to the usual writing, rhetoric is applied in practice and act upon practice, so that rhetoric in office document has its outstanding features and aesthetic effect. If somebody want conduct it proficiently, he should make strenuous effort to learn a great of knowledge and all kinds of abilities. In a word, rhetoric in official document is so practical and important that I think it's very necessary to talk about it.修辞，就是适应特定的交际需要与情境，增强那些想告知、说服或者鼓动特定人群的说话者或写作者的言辞或文句效果的一种说话艺术。
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Analysis on Certain Speech of Aristotle’s Ethos, Pathos
and Logos
1009班叶鹏2010103010901
Whether a person is writing a letter or giving a speech, the goal of any argument is to persuade. The philosopher Aristotle created a way for an individual to persuade or convince his intended audience that his thoughts and ideas are valid and believable. The means of persuasion——or appeals, as Aristotle called it——is divided into three areas: logos, ethos and pathos. One of the finest examples of these three appeals in play is in the essay titled Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Ethos is a Greek word that means ‘character’ and refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the author. So this first type of appeal deals with you as the writer of the essay. Let's review how Dr. King utilized ethos in his letter.
We find the first appeal using ethos in the salutation of the letter, which reads ‘My Dear Fellow Clergymen.’ Here we see Dr. King letting the reader understand him in his role of rel igious leader. This tends to be a position in which the person is seen as overall moral, trustworthy, honest and credible. The overall point is that Dr. King was using the ethos appeal in reminding the reader about his role as a religious leader, rather than another role that would have been equally valid. Another important thing to note is this letter was written during a time of racial turmoil, and the response was to religious leaders that were white. So Dr. King calling them 'fellow clergymen' was also using an ethos appeal of being an equal in status and stature. This was particularly important because Dr. King was in jail at the time in which the letter was written.
Logos is a Greek term meaning 'word' and refers to using logic and reasoning as your appeal. Logos are the words we use, the clarity of the message itself, the credible arguments used and the supporting evidence on which our arguments are built. Returning to our Letter from a Birmingham Jail, Dr. King uses logos as an appeal throughout his letter. Here is an excerpt that show his use of logos:
‘In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action.’
Here we see Dr. King providing a logical step analysis of any social activist campaign, not just one confined to the civil rights arena.
Pathos is a Greek word meaning 'suffering' or 'experience,' and it appeals to the reader's emotions, utilizing story, sensory-based details and vivid language. Pathos appeals bring human experience into the argument. While logos may touch the mind, pathos touches the heart. Again,
we return to our Letter from a Birmingham Jail to find the use of pathos. ‘… When you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she can't go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority begin to form in her little mental sky …’
It's hard to not be touched by the words penned by Dr. King in this paragraph. Who can find an argument to combat a father looking into the eyes of his daughter and explaining injustice? Pathos takes readers from the page and transports them to the experience. It makes the words real and makes them come to life. Not all pathos appeals need to be as dramatic, as potent, as shocking as the ones penned by Dr. King. Even telling a humorous story can have readers shaking their head in agreement and reminding themselves of their human side and experiences.
While each appeal is valid in its own right and can be used individually, being able to utilize all three appeals appropriately within an essay can provide a very powerful and memorable experience for the reader.
References:
①Aristotle.修辞学，罗念生，上海人民出版社，2006年。
②Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Letter from a Birmingham Jail，人民教育出版社，2000年。