2009 西北师范大学考博英语试题

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2009年考研英语真题及其答案

2009年考研英语真题及其答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank a nd mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart huma ns are. 1 _______ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piec e in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter th an the average fruit fly 2 _______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 _______ bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 _______ in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 _______ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 _______ the starting line because it d epends on learning — a gradual 7 _______ — instead of instinct. Plenty of o ther species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learn ed is when to 8 _______.Is there an adaptive value to 9 _______ intelligence? That’s the questi on behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 _______ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitl y asks what the real 11 _______ of our own intelligence might be. This is 1 2 _______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments anim als would 13 _______ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an own er, 14 _______, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we b elieve that 15 _______ animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 ___ ____ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 _______, not m erely how much of it there is. 18 _______, they would hope to study a 19 _______ question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 _______ the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priori ty5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forwa rd6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by cho osing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creat ivity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consci ously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative track s.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedu re are worn into the hippocampus, they’re ther e to stay. Instead, the new habi ts we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can byp ass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” say s Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an e xecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thi nk er is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationa lly (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have s eemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and proce dure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative mo des of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — t hat anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “Th is Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that w e have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where d eveloping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his loc al drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operat ing officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than twodozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted c hildren can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passi onate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and s ending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision be ing hawked by people claiming they a re doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Dust er, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many a ncestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited thr ough men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only fro m mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancest ors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grand parents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as th e reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some c ompanies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _ _________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor coun tries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in b oth area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual de velopment of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid eco nomic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, beca use new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to imp rove economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countriescan be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a res ult, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United Stat es. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bu bble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the globa l leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that th e U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the p roductivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discove red that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, c onsistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexi ty of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how educati on got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Onl y when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time f or other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in tu rn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probablya necessary, but not a s, ufficient, condition for the complex political syste ms required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possib le only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doe sn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantial ly improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints o n improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly t here than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poo r countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education syste m __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians [B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government [D] requires sufficient labor fo rce33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that ____ ______.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world ar e the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New Eng land. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowh ere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to inte llectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New Englan d’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an un folding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the ch urch-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examin ation of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as c arriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New Engla nd colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely unde rstood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive educa tion and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political lead ers like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crow n before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, rea ching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosph ere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a tradition al superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1 630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with si gns. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name toge ther in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first l ine he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from a mong them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the B ible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that t hey had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fi sh. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England__________ _.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay________ __.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders we re often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Q uestions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into ea ch of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspe cts of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist F ranz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evo lutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of cultur e in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of B oas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the parti cularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gif ted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45. ________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a the ory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed tha t religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in t he relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functiona lism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inve ntions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropo logy, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he call ed the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must ev entually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a peo ple’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify ch ildren’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure o f families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, fo rms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as s ocieties evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts tha t work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Pe rry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused th roughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separa tely at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmen ts into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets fr om living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not t he express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the w orth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experie nce; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associatio ns began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers a nd to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of e nslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the instituti on noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directi ve factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's wo rk is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immedi ate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contac t with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to a ccomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these co nsequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to en able them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made so me headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its dis tinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned l argely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process wh ich we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed d ispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the ad ults loyal to their group.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in som e regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年参考答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46.可以说，要衡量任何社会制度的价值，就要看它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是其原来动机的一部分。

考博英语(阅读理解)历年真题试卷汇编3.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)The United Nations Population Fund has picked October 31 as the day the world will be home to 7 billion people. For better and worse, it's a milestone. And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen years from now, there are expected to be 8 billion people on the planet. Most of the growth will occur in the world's poorer countries. Proportionally, Europe's population will decline, while Africa's will increase. At around the same time, India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth. The growing global population is just one side of the coin. A recent report from the World Health Organization signaled the seriousness of the human population explosion: more than 3 billion people — about half the world's population — are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a large proportion, of the world's people been malnourished. And in a growing number of countries there is a seemingly unstoppable march toward sub-replacement fertility, whereby each new generation is less populous than the previous one, and population aging. As a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity, the populations of more and more countries are aging raging rapidly. Between 2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over will be visible, whereas the number of children(persons under age 15)will decline slightly. Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure. The latest national census in China shows the number of elderly people in the country has jumped to more than 13. 3 percent of the population, an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentage from the previous census in 2000. A quarter of the country's population will be over 65 by 2050, according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission. The growing number of elderly is a challenge that the government needs to tackle, we can't rely on the ever-increasing population to support them or maintain the nation's economic growth. Better solutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greater longevity and working capability of today's older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are more accessible. It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security spokesperson announced in Beijing on Tuesday that the government will take retirement policy seriously and proactively. Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system last October. Eligible employees in the private sector are allowed to postpone retirement until the age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Public servants, however, will continue to retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 for women.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, India will______in 14 years.（分数：2.00）A.be a poorer countryB.be the most populous countryC.decline in populationD.increase investment in Africa(2).What problem will result from the global population explosion?（分数：2.00）A.Population aging.B.Increasing longevity.C.Declining fertility.D.Expanding malnourishment.(3).Population on aging represents the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.rapid economic developmentB.challenge to public in institutionsC.success story of mankindD.changing age structure(4).Today's older adults enjoy______.（分数：2.00）A.more working yearsB.more accessible pension programsC.greater longevityD.greater government support(5).What is the author's attitude toward the spokespersons announcement?（分数：2.00）A.Angered.B.Delighted.C.Indifferent.D.Disappointed.The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalia's famine is over. But the official declaration means little to the millions of Somalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow. Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson College, said it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine, after he worked in the country during the 1991 —1992 one. Each famine, he said, has distinct characteristics, and this one unfold in slow motion over the past couple of years. That's at least partly because the Somali diaspora sent money home that delayed the worst effects. Menkhaus was among four experts on Somalia and famine who spoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening. Who gathered for the event, "Sound the Horn: Famine in the Horn of Africa. " Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, drew on his experience treating malnourished people in Haiti, where he has worked for decade, and said the human and social context of home, and aid to families should be part of wearing the child, he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed to boost local agricultural economies. Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Monday's speakers said that is a false impression. Though Somalia suffered through a severe drought, with today's instant communications, transport systems can move massive amounts of food. Given today's global food markets, famine is too often a failure of local government and international response. "In today's 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. We're no longer in a world of man against nature. " said Robert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought, fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one. Likewise, Paarlberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that fall outside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better. There were several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10 million people and killed between 50, 000 and 100, 000, half of them children under age 5. The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaab militia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need. But the international community isn't blameless. As early as November 2010, an international famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rains in the region, but the international community didn't respond fully until an official famine was declared in July 2011. On top of that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it. Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Monday's speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will take months to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals were greatly reduced during the crisis. Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response for Oxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get its response fight, because the warning signs are pointing to animpending famine in Africa's Sahel, the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the Sahara Desert.（分数：10.00）(1).The current Somali famine is different from the 1991 -1992 one in that______.（分数：2.00）A.it received less international aidB.worst effects came more slowlyC.it caught more attention from the worldD.it lasted longer despite help from the UN(2).In treating the malnourished patients, attention should be paid to the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.making fair trade policiesB.aiding the patients' familiesC.ignoring the indication of povertyD.exercising agricultural interventions(3).What is implied by "We're no longer in a world of man against nature?"（分数：2.00）A.Natural disaster alone cannot explain famine.B.We live in a world of many man-made matters.C.The world is made up of conflicting social forces.D.Human beings fight with one another for better life.(4).Regarding the current famine in Somalia, who's to blame most?（分数：2.00）A.The United States.B.The Al-Shabaab militia.C.The United Nations FAO.D.The international community.(5).What problem still remains from the current Somali famine?（分数：2.00）A.The number of malnourished children remains unknown.B.Half of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance.C.Crops growing from recent rains were reaped before reaching maturity.D.Herds of cows, goats and other animals were greatly reduced during the famine.Both versions of the myth — the West as a place of escape from society and the West as a stage on which the moral conflicts confronting society could be played out — figured prominently in the histories and essays of young Theodore Roosevelt, the paintings and sculptures of artist Frederic Remington, and the short stories and novels of writer Owen Wister. These three young members of the eastern establishment spent much time in the West in the 1880s, and each was intensely affected by the adventure. All three bed felt thwarted by the constraints and enervating influence of the genteel urban world in which they had grown up, and each went West to experience the physical challenges and moral simplicities extolled in the dime novels. When Roosevelt arrived in 1884 at the ranch he had purchased in the Dakota Badlands, he at once bought a leather scout's uniform, complete with fringed sleeves and leggings. Each man also found in the West precisely what he was looking for. The frontier that Roosevelt glorified in such books as The Winning of the West(four volumes, 1889-1896), mad that the prolific Remington portrayed in his work, was a stark physical and moral environment that stripped away all social artifice and tested an individual's true ability and character. Drawing on a popular version of English scientist Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, which characterized life as a straggle in which only the fittest and hast survived, Roosevelt and Remington exalted the disappearing frontier as the last outpost of an honest and tree social order. This version of the frontier myth reached its apogee in Own Wister's enormously popular novels The Virginian(1902), later reincarnated as a 1929 Gary Cooper movie and a 1960s television series. In Wister's tale the elemental physical and social environment of the Great Plains produces individuals like his unnamed cowboy hero, " the Virginian," an honest, strong, and compassionate man, quick to help the weak and fight the wicked. The Virginian is oneof nature's aristocrats-its-ill-educated and unsophisticated but uptight steady, and deeply moral. The Virginian sums up his own moral code in describing his view of God's justice; "He plays a square game with us. " For Wister, as for Roosevelt and Remington, the cowboy was the Christian knight on the Plains, indifferent to material gain as he upheld virtue, pursued justice, and attacked evil. Needless to say, the western myth in all its forms was far removed from the actual reality of the West. Critics delighted in pointing out that no one scene in The Virginian actually showed the hard physical labor of the cattle range. The idealized version of the West also glossed over the darker underside of frontier expansion —the brutalities of Indian warfare, the forced removal of the Indians to reservations, the racist discrimination against Mexican-Americans and blacks, the risks and perils of commercial agriculture and cattle growing, and the boom-and-bust mentality rooted in the selfish exploitation of natural resources.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is probably the main reason for the author to mention Theodore Roosevelt, Frederic Remington and Owen Wister?（分数：2.00）A.They glorified the frontier life.B.They were constrained by the genteel urban world.C.They spent much time in the West.D.They were famous members of the eastern establishment.(2).Which of the following statements best describes The Virginian?（分数：2.00）A.It is the best Western movie ever made in Hollywood.B.It is a popular novel written by Own Wister and Theodore Roosevelt.C.It gives an accurate depiction of the frontier experience.D.It is one of the most successful books about the West.(3).According to the passage, which of the following statements regarding the myth of the West is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.In one idealized view, the West was a place one can escape from society and its pressures.B.in one version of the myth, western frontiersman was depicted as a figure deeply immersed in society and its concerto.C.Some writers portrayed the western wilderness as a simple and innocent society.D.The extreme hardship of the frontier life is one powerful theme of the legendary West.(4).The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.to perpetuate the myth about the WestB.to introduce the famous writers and painters of the WestC.to distinguish the myth of the West and the actual realityD.to present the brutalities of Indian warfare(5).What is probably the reason for people to make up a legendary West?（分数：2.00）A.They liked to make up stories.B.They believed what they portrayed were the actual reality.C.They clung to the myth of the West as an uncomplicated, untainted Eden of social simplicity, and moral clarity in an era of unsettling social transformation.D.They wanted to make profit by luring people to the West.The belief that the mind plays an important role in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally accepted by both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to apply this concept in medical treatments of disease. After the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of the foreign organism or agent that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover antibiotics and drugs that cure specific infections and diseases, the fact that the body's own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and its course was largely ignored by medical researchers. It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatory disease firstled 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mind influences physical illness, and now research in the same field — including the work of our laboratories and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health —is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists between the immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain, and the brain in turn sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system. These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way, whether inherited or through drugs, toxic substances or surgery, exacerbates the diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and associated mood disorders. The clinical significance of these findings is likely to prove profound. They hold the promise of extending the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders, as drugs previously known to work primarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies, and vice versa. They also help to substantiate the popularly held impression(still discounted in some medical circles)that our state of mind can influence how well we resist or recover from infectious or inflammatory diseases. The brain's stress response system is activated in threatening situations. The immune system responds automatically to pathogens and foreign molecules. These two response systems are the body's principal means for maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis. A substantial proportion of human cellular machinery is dedicated to maintaining it. When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened, a repertoire of molecular, cellular and behavioral responses comes into play. These responses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces in order to reestablish a steady state. They can be specific to the foreign invader or a particular stress, or they can be generalized and nonspecific when the threat to homeostasis exceeds a certain threshold. The adaptive response may themselves turn into stressors capable of producing disease. We are just beginning to understand the interdependence of the brain and the immune system, how they help to regulate and counterregulate each other and how they themselves can malfunction and produce disease.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage supplies information to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）A.it has always been the belief of both physician and patient that one's state of mind can affect physical diseaseB.the popular belief that stress exacerbates inflammatory illness has always been discredited by the doctorsC.the discovery of antibiotics sheds light on people's understanding of the mind-body interaction in diseaseD.there is a new understanding of the communication between the brain and immune system(2).Which of the following best states the mind-body interaction in disease?（分数：2.00）A.The brain and immune systems send signals to each other.B.The immune and central nervous systems are organized in very different ways to affect the course of illness.C.Disruption of the communication of the brain and immune system can cure certain disease.D.The immune system and the brain share a lot of hormones to facilitate their communication.(3).Which of the following statements about clinical significance of the new findings can be best supported by the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The responsively to stress is genetically determined.B.The treatment of immune maladies can be consciously controlled.C.Psychoactive drugs may in some cases be used to treat inflammatory diseases.D.Social interactions can lessen psychological stress and alter immune responses.(4).Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Taking the cure at a mountain sanatorium doesn't work for the treatment for many chronic diseases.B.The relaxing effects of hot-springs spa can help restore the communication between the brain and immune system.C.The disruption of the brain's stress response reduces the body's response.D.Depression is also associated with inflammatory disease.(5).According to the passage, in order to maintain an internal steady state called homeostasis,______.（分数：2.00）A.sometimes the stress response needs to go to the extremeB.the stress response has to bar the foreign pathogens from the bodyC.both the stress and immune responses need to be regulatedD.the immune system promotes physiological and behavioral changes。

2009英语二考研真题

2009英语二考研真题In recent years, the number of students taking the English postgraduate entrance exam, also known as the English two exam, has been steadily increasing. This exam is a crucial step for students seeking to pursue further studies or enhance their English proficiency. Today, we will analyze and discuss the 2009 English two exam, exploring its content, structure, and the skills required to excel in the examination.1. Overview of the ExamThe 2009 English two exam consisted of two parts, Reading Comprehension and Translation/Composition. It aimed to assess the candidates' reading comprehension abilities, as well as their translation and writing skills.2. Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section contained four passages of varying lengths and difficulty levels. Each passage was followed by several questions to test the candidates' understanding of the main ideas, critical thinking skills, and ability to infer information from the text. The passages covered a wide range of topics, including literature, history, science, and sociology.To perform well in this section, candidates needed to develop efficient reading strategies, such as skimming and scanning, to quickly locate relevant information. Additionally, they needed to build a strong vocabulary and understanding of idiomatic expressions to handle the complex language usedin the passages. Practice and exposure to a variety of English texts could greatly contribute to success in this section.3. Translation/CompositionThe translation/composition section required candidates to demonstrate their mastery of both written and translation skills. It consisted of two parts: Chinese-to-English translation and English composition.The Chinese-to-English translation part tested candidates' ability to accurately translate Chinese sentences or paragraphs into grammatically correct English. It required not only a deep understanding of the content but also a proficiency in English sentence structures and vocabulary. To excel in this part, candidates needed to practice regularly, expand their vocabulary, and familiarize themselves with various sentence patterns commonly used in English writing.The English composition part assessed candidates' ability to write a coherent and cohesive essay. They were given a topic or prompt and were required to organize their thoughts logically, provide sufficient supporting details, and use appropriate linking words to enhance the overall flow of the essay. Developing strong writing skills involved consistent practice, reading extensively, and seeking feedback to improve grammar, vocabulary, and overall writing style.4. Preparation Tips for SuccessTo prepare for the 2009 English two exam or any similar examination, candidates can follow these strategies:a) Develop a study plan: Allocate specific time each day to focus on different sections of the exam.b) Read extensively: Engage in a wide range of reading materials, including articles, books, and newspapers, to improve reading comprehension and vocabulary.c) Practice past papers: Solve previous exam papers to become familiar with the exam format and gain confidence in tackling similar questions effectively.d) Seek guidance and feedback: Enroll in preparatory courses or work with a tutor to receive guidance, tips, and feedback on your performance.e) Time management: During the exam, manage your time wisely by allocating a specific amount for each section to avoid rushing or leaving questions unanswered.In conclusion, the 2009 English two exam was a comprehensive assessment of candidates' reading comprehension, translation, and composition skills. By focusing on developing efficient reading strategies, expanding vocabulary, practicing translation exercises, and honing writing skills, candidates could enhance their chances of success in this examination. The key lies in consistent practice, exposure to various English texts, and seeking guidance where necessary.。

西北师大教育学博士考试真题(回忆版)

西北师大教育学博士考试真题(回忆版)
-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
西北师大教育学博士考试试题
一、夸美纽斯《大教学论》、赫尔巴特《普通教育学》，再论两三本中国教育家的教育学，就教材内容、逻辑结构的异同论述。

二、中国二十世纪八十年代，教育本质理论的观点论述
1、教育是上层建筑
2、教育是生产力
3、教育具有上层建筑和生产力的双重属性
4、教育是一种综合性的社会实践活动
5、教育是促进社会化的过程
6、教育是培养人的社会活动
三、结合教育和文化的关系，论述多元文化对道德教育的关系（一）教育和文化的关系
（二）多元文化与道德教育
1、多元文化的定义
在一个集团群体、社会共同体、区域联合体等系统中共存的且有一定联系的诸种文化。

核心原则是所有文化都应得到尊重，承认文化的多样性和差异性，并对其持有的一种宽容的态度。

2、多元文化与教育
促进了教育观念和思维方式的改革
促进了教育民主的发展
促进了教育模式的多元
推进了教育的不断变革
四、浅析中国几种教育公平理论的特点和区别。

西北师大心理学考博英语真题试卷

西北师大心理学考博英语真题试卷1、18．Who is staying at home now? ________, all of them are out. [单选题] *A．NoneB．No one(正确答案)C．EveryoneD．Nothing2、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke3、We can’t go out ______ school nights. （）[单选题] *A. inB. on(正确答案)C. atD. by4、78．According to a report on Daily Mail, it’s on Wednesday（）people start feeling really unhappy. [单选题] *A. whenB. whichC. whatD. that(正确答案)5、My camera is lost. I am ______ it everywhere.（）[单选题] *A. looking atB. looking for(正确答案)C. looking overD. looking after6、—______ is it from your home to the bookstore?—About 15 kilometers.（）[单选题] *A. How far(正确答案)B. How muchC. How longD. How many7、Allen is looking forward to _______ his American partner at the trade fair. [单选题] *A. meetB. meeting(正确答案)C. be meetingD. having meeting8、The car _______ after forty minutes driving, so he didn’t have the interview on time. [单选题] *A. broke down(正确答案)B. broke inC. broke outD. broke up9、—How do you find（）birthday party of the Blairs? —I should say it was __________ complete failure．[单选题] *A．a; aB. the ; a(正确答案)C．a; /D．the; /10、27．Will it ______ warm in the room? [单选题] *A．areB．be(正确答案)C．isD．going to be11、While studying abroad, he financially depended（）his wife. [单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. ofC. toD. from12、Be _______ when you are driving. [单选题] *A. afraidB. careful(正确答案)C. clearD. clean13、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)14、( ) _____ New York _____ London have traffic problems. [单选题] *A. All…andB. Neither….norC. Both…and(正确答案)D. Either…or15、—It’s too noisy outside. I can’t fall asleep.—I can’t, either. We have to ______ new ways to solve the problem.（）[单选题] *A. come up with(正确答案)B. get on withC. make up withD. catch up with16、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth17、I don't know the man _____ you are talking about. [单选题] *A. who'sB. whose(正确答案)C. whomD. which18、He didn't allow _____ in his room. Actually he didn't allow his family _____ at all. [单选题] *A. to smoke; to smokeB. smoking; to smoke(正确答案)C. to smoke; smokingD. smoking; smoking19、Jim wants to hang out with his friends at night, but his parents don’t allow him ______ so. （）[单选题] *A. doB. doneC. to do(正确答案)D. doing20、41．—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A．What size(正确答案)B．What colourC．How manyD．How much21、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to22、My brother will come to see me tomorrow. I’ll meet?_______ at the airport. [单选题] *A. herB. youC. him(正确答案)D. them23、Growing vegetables（）constantly watering. [单选题] *A. neededB. are neededC. were neededD. needs(正确答案)24、—Why do you call him Mr. Know?—______ he knows almost everything that we want to know.（）[单选题] *A. SoB. OrC. ButD. Because(正确答案)25、Betty works as a waitress to earn money for her education. [单选题] *A. 服务员(正确答案)B. 打字员C. 秘书D. 演员26、I took?some _______of the Great Wall?in China last year. [单选题] *A. potatoesB. tomatoesC. photos(正确答案)D. paintings27、Online shopping _______ very popular now. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. wasD. were28、—Can you play tennis? —______, but I’m good at football.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I can(正确答案)B. Yes, I doC. No, I can’tD. No, I don’t29、( ). The old man enjoys ______ stamps. And now he has1300 of them [单选题] *A. collectB. collectedC. collecting(正确答案)D. to collect30、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents. [单选题] *A. satisfactionB. development(正确答案)C. communicationD. preparation。

2009年考研英语真题答案完整版

2009年考研英语真题答案完整版：1-10 BADBC BDCAB11-20 CADDA DCBBD21-25 BDAAA26-30 ACAAB31-35DBBCC36-40 DDDAC41-45 35216Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.46题有人说，测量任何学校的价值是扩大和提高经验的影响，这种影响是最初动机的一部分47题只有逐渐注意机构的副产品，并且逐渐增多，它才能初人民认为是机构产品的一个直接因素。

2009年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2009年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Mr. Smith is supposed______for Italy last week.A．to have leftB．having leftC．to leaveD．to be leaving正确答案：A解析：句子大意为：史密斯先生上周就——动身去意大利了。

本题考查常用动词suppose的用法。

sb．be supposed to do sth．相当于sb．should do sth．，意为“某人应该做某事”；sb．be supposed to have done sth．相当于sb．should have done sth．，意为“某人本应该做某事”。

由于本题涉及过去的时间，故须使用完成时态，表示虚拟语气。

所以，正确答案是A。

2．With an initial investment of only ten thousand dollars, both partners have increased their money______.A．by two thousand moreB．by two thousandC．for two thousand moreD．for two thousand正确答案：B解析：句子大意为：由于初始投资只有一万美元，双方各自又——了两千美元。

本题考查常用动词的搭配用法。

动词increase常和介词by搭配，表示具体增加的量。

副词more在本题中属于累赘。

所以，正确答案是B。

3．A______from every person, no matter how small, will help the Red Cross reach its goal of $100,000.A．contractB．concentrationC．contributionD．construction正确答案：C解析：句子大意为：不论多么微小的个人——都有助于红十字会实现其十万美元的募捐目标。

考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷79.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷79(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Eating is related to emotional as well as physiologic needs. Sucking, which is the infant's means of gaining both food and emotional security, conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation. If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body contact as well as good milk intake, if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires, and if both the child and mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment, the child is more likely to thrive both physically and emotionally. On the other hand, if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him or her off from the milk supply before either the child's hunger or sucking need is satisfied, or handles the child hostilely during the feeding, or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child, the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age. If, in addition, the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance, he or she will carry scars of such emotional deprivation throughout life. Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments. If an individual's family eats large quantities of food, then he or she is inclined to eat large amounts. If an individual's family eats mainly vegetables, then he or she will be inclined to like vegetables. If mealtime is a happy and significant event, then the person will tend to think of eating in those terms. And if a family eats quickly, without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table, then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and be adversely affected by it. This conditioning to food can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless the individual is awakened to the fact of conditioning and to the possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake. Conditioning spills over into and is often reinforced by religious beliefs and other customs so that, for example, a Jew, whose religion forbids the eating of pork, might have guilt feelings if he or she ate pork. An older Roman Catholic might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meat on Friday, traditionallya fish day.（分数：10.00）(1).A well-breast-fed child______.（分数：2.00）A.tends to associate foods with emotionsB.is physiologically and emotionally satisfiedC.cannot have physiologic and emotional problemsD.is more likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the future(2).While sucking, the baby is actually______.（分数：2.00）A.conscious of the impact of breast-feedingB.interacting with his or her motherC.creating a nursing environmentD.impossible to be abused(3).A bottle-fed child______.（分数：2.00）A.can be healthy physiologically, but not emotionallyB.cannot avoid physiologic abuse throughout lifeC.is deprived of emotional needsD.is rid of physiological needs(4).From the list of eating habits, we learn that______.（分数：2.00）A.everyone follows his or her eating pattern to deathB.one's eating pattern varies with his or her personalityC.there is no such things as psychosocial environmentsD.everybody is born into a conditioned eating environment(5).A Jew or an older Roman Catholic______.（分数：2.00）A.takes a eating habit as a religious beliefB.is conditioned to feel guilty of eating pork in his or her familyC.cannot have a nutritional eating habit conditioned by religious beliefsD.observes a eating pattern conditioned by his or her psychosocial environmentThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths is falling from favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozart's music promotes mathematical thinking. Researchers reported six years ago that listening to Mozart brings about short-term improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cut in a certain pattern. Some of the students then listened to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved. Shaw found. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons. But Kenneth Steele of Appalachian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to find this effect. He decided to repeat one of Shaw's experiments to see for himself. Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did not listen to anything. Then the students took the test again. No group showed any statistically significant improvement in their abilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesn't exist. "It's about as unproven and as unsupported as you can get," he says. Shaw however defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart but Steele didn't separate his students into groups based on ability. "We're still at the stage where it needs to be examined," Shaw says. "I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the more we'll be able to design tests that give a robust effect. "（分数：10.00）(1).It has been recently found out that______.（分数：2.00）A.Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematical thinkingB.classical music cannot be expected to improve one's mathC.the effects of music on health are widely recognizedD.music favors one's mathematical thinking(2).Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?（分数：2.00）A.Paper cutting and spatial thinking.B.The nature of a task and the type of thinking.C.Classical music and mathematical performance.D.Mathematical thinking and spatial-temporal reasoning.(3).In Shaw's test, the students would most probably______.（分数：2.00）A.draw the image of the cut paperB.improve their mathematical thinkingC.have the idea about classical music confirmedD.increase the number of neurons in their brains(4).From Steele's experiment we can say that______.（分数：2.00）A.his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB.it was much more complicated than Shaw'sC.the results were statistically significantD.Shaw's results were not repeatable(5).Shaw is critical of______.（分数：2.00）A.Steele's results presented at a wrong stageB.Steele's wrong selection of the testeesC.Steele's ignorance of neurobiologyD.Steel's test designFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Sean's case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren't enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal right activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that had lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.A high mortality rate of immune rejection.B.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplant.D.A shortage of human organs.(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage, but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to purchase better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to be desired(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualHere is a great irony of 21st century global health: while many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcingall but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironically improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They turn people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television sets, and computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight is good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries especially the rich ones, have far more than they need —another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults — of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories — are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed towards children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet, or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more, and all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the scarce natural resource and the negligence of food security.D.the consumption of food and the increased risk of diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.。

2009医博统考听力题解析原文

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be road only once. After you hear the question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the fight answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let's begin with question Number 1.1. A. John failed the exam. B. John didn't take the exam.C. John passed the exam, but scored low.D. It took John a long time to pass the exam2. A. To travel by train. B. To go by Taxi. C. To go hiking. D. To rent a car.3. A. 1-231-555-1212. B. 1-213-555-2112. C. 1-213-555-1212. D. 1-231-555-2112.4. A. Morning sickness. B. A frequent headache.C. A pain in her right leg.D. A boring hospitalization.5. A. Doctor and patient. B. BOSS and secretary.C. Agent and customer.D. Driver and passenger.6. A. To buy another pair of shoes. B. To help his brother right away.C. To turn to his brother for help.D. To seek advice from the woman.7. A. He is offering a piece of advice. B. He is examining a patient.C. He is attending his daughter.D. He is taking a patient's history.8. A. To ask the man to call her back. B. To go to the botanic garden.C. To do some gardening.D. To play tennis.9. A. Louise is not a new comer. B. Louise loves being a nurse.C. Louise did a lot of work for the man,D. Louise has been waiting for a long time10. A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Seven.11. A. She has thrown out of the car. B. She was knocked down by the car,C. She hit her head on the steering wheel.D. She got the steering wheel in her chest12. A. She overacted to the man. B. She cried over her failure.C. She made a success of her diet.D. She was jealous of the man.13. A. He hates those who fool around. B. He will never try the stuff.C. He will shoot any drug dealer.D. He regrets having tried the stuff.14. A. The opposite to the man's expectation. B. A quicker recovery than expected.C. A pair of mismatching boots.D. Her healthy pregnancy.15. A. He will do as requested. B. He will not join the team.C. The woman is crazy about him.D. The woman has trouble standing.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages. After each one, you hear five questions. After each question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A. For the purpose of diagnosis confirmation. B. For the possibility of legal trouble.C. For the doctor's investigation.D. For the patient's future use.17. A. He has got cancer in his pancreas. B. He falls with a stomach problem.C. He suffers from fatigue.D. He has a loss of weight.18. A. See a dietician. B. Have an operation.C. Start chemotherapy.D. Take medication for pain relief.19. A. A couple of years. B. More than 5 years.C. A couple of months.D. Approximately 5 years.20. A. Suspicious. B. Anxious.C. Hesitant.D. Factual.Passage One21. A. Life evolution. B. Space exploration,C. Extraterrestrial life.D. Unknown flying objects.22. A. His 50th birthday.B. NASA's 50th anniversary.C. The University's 50th anniversary.D. The US Cosmology Association's 50th Anniversary.23. A. Even primitive life is impossible. B. Intelligent life is fairly common.C. Intelligent life is less likely.D. Any form of life is possible.24. A. Nuclear weapons. B. Alien kidnapping.C. Human extinction.D. Dangerous infection.25. A. Ironic. B. Negative. C. Indifferent. D. Supportive.Passage Two26. A. Obese people need more food. B. Obese people require more fuel.C. Obesity contributes to global warming.D. Obesity is growing as a global phenomenon.27. A. Limited living space,B. Crowded shopping malls.C. Food shortage and higher energy prices.D. Incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.28. A. Over 700 millions. B. Over 400 millions. C. Over 2. 3 billions. D. Over 3 billions.29. A. 1800 calories. B. 1280 calories. C. 1680 calories. D. 2960 calories.30. A. Climate change. B. The fall of food prices.C. A rise in energy prices.D. An increasing demand for food.Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30 % )Section A1. D 女士的话“Finally(终于通过了)”说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试(英语)

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. John failed the exam.B. John didn‘t take the exam.C. John passed the exam, but scored low.D. It took John a long time to pass the exam.2. A. To travel by train. B. To go by Taxi.C. To go hiking.D. To rent a car.3. A. 1-231-555-1212. B. 1-213-555-2112.C. 1-213-555-1212.D. 1-231-555-2112.4. A. Morning sickness. B. A frequent headache.C. A pain in her right leg.D. A boring hospitalization.5. A. Doctor and patient. B. Boss and secretary.C. Agent and customers.D. Driver and passenger.6. A. To buy another pair of shoes. B. To help his brother right away.C. To turn to his brother for help.D. To seek advice from the woman.7. A. He is offering a piece of advice. B. He is examining a patient.C. He is attending his daughter.D. He is taking a patient‘s history.8. A. To ask the man to call her back. B. To go to the botanic garden.C. To do some gardening.D. To play tennis.9. A. Louise is not a new comer.B. Louise loves being a nurse.C. Louise did a lot of work for the man.D. Louise has been waiting for a long time.10. A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Seven.11. A. She was thrown out of the car.B. She was knocked down by a car.C. She hit her head on the steering wheel.D. She got the steering wheel in her chest.12. A. She overacted to the man. B. She cried over her failure.C. She made a success of diet.D. She was jealous of the man.13. A. He hates those who fool around. B. He will never try the stuff.C. He will shoot any drug dealer.D. he regrets tried the stuff.14. A. The opposite to the man‘s expectation.B. A quicker recovery than expected.C. A pair of mismatching boots.D. her healthy pregnancy.15. A. He will do as requested. B. He will not join the team.C. The woman is crazy about him.D. The woman has trouble standing. Section BDialogue16. A. for the purpose of diagnosis confirmation.B. For the possibility of legal trouble.C. For the doctor‘s investigation.D. For the patient‘s further use..17. A. He has got cancer in his pancreas. B. He falls with a stomach problem.C. he suffers from fatigue.D. He has a loss of weight.18. A. See a dietician B. Have an operation.C. Start chemotherapy.D. Take medications for pain relief.19. A. A couple of years. B. more than five years.C. A couple of months.D. Approximately 5 years.20. A. Suspicious. B. Anxious C. Hesitant. D. Factual. Passage One21. A. Life evolution. B. Space exploration.C. Extraterrestrial life.D. Unknown flying objects.22. A. His 50th birthday.B. NASA‘s 50th anniversary.C. The university‘s 50th anniversary.D. The US Cosmology Association‘s 50th anniversary.23. A. Even primitive life is impossible. B. Intelligent life is fairly common.C. Intelligent life is less likely.D. Any form of life is possible.24. A. Nuclear weapons. B. Alien kidnapping.C. human extinction.D. Dangerous infection.25. A. Ironic. B. Negative C. Indifferent D. Supportive. Passage Two26. A. Obese people need more food.B. Obese people require more fuel.C. Obesity contributes to global warming.D. Obesity is growing as a global phenomenon.27. A. Limited living space.B. Crowded shopping mall.C. Food shortage and higher energy prices.D. Incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.28. A. Over 700 millions. B. Over 400 millions.C. Over 2.3 billions.D. Over 3 billions.29. A. 1800 calories. B. 1280 calories.C. 1680 calories.D. 2960 calories.30. A. Climate change. B. The fall of food prices.C. A rise in energy prices.D. An increasing demand for food.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. The ______ conditions and places are likely to cause diseases.A. insanitaryB. insidiousC. insaneD. inefficacious32. The witness was ________ by the judge for failing to answer the question.A. abstainedB. acquittedC. admonishedD. adduced33. He has _________ two cars this year because of traffic accidents.A. pulled offB. worn outC. passed outD. written off34. People are much better informed since the _________ of the internet.A. convenienceB. adventC. interfaceD. aftermath35. All instruments that come into contact with the patient must be ________ before being used by others.A. sterilizedB. labeledC. quarantinedD. retained36. By adopting this cunning policy, the clinic risks _______ many of its patients.A. acquittingB. allocatingC. alleviatingD. alienating37. Humor can also be a powerful ________ against stress and misfortune.A. braveryB. blossomC. bufferD. buffet38. Diabetes upsets the _________ of sugar, fat and protein.A. metastasisB. metabolismC. malaiseD. maintenance39. The muscular ___________ can affect the way we feel mentally.A. potencyB. fiberC. lethargyD. synthesis40. Evidence is widespread that HIV-infected persons show to ______ their unsafe behavior.A. respond toB. reflect onC. wipe outD. put off Section B41. Memory can both be enhanced and impaired by the use of drugs.A. inhibitedB. injuredC. inducedD. intervened42. Is it true that this is the major drawback of the new medical plan.A. defectB. assistanceC. culpritD. triumph43. The physician was becoming exasperated by all the questions they were asking.A. frustratedB. perplexedC. irritatedD. crippled44. We were shocked at the physician‘s callous disregard for the human dimension of medicine.A. involuntaryB. apparentC. deliberateD. indifferent45. For years, biologists have known that chimpanzees and even some monkeys produce a panting Sound akin to human laughter.A. rockingB. gaspingC. vibratingD. resonating46. Everybody at the party was in a very relaxed and jolly mood.A. rejoicingB. reconcilingC. refreshingD. resenting47. The bacterial infection is curable with judicious use of antibiotics.A. impudentB. imprudentC. purulentD. prudent48. He tried to run, but he was hampered by his broken leg.A. endangeredB. enduredC. encounteredD. encumbered49. The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.A. consecutiveB. conductiveC. considerateD. considerable50. The idea of correcting the defective genes is not particularly controversial in the scientific community.A. inevitableB. applicableC. disputableD. incrediblePart III Cloze (10%)Every day, over a million people log onto different Internet-based games. There is truly something for everyone in the gaming world. Games provide a quick escape from ___51___. Game developers are the new breed of storytellers, creating alternative ___52___. Games represent the ultimate interactive movie, allowing the user to control the direction of the plot.And now the newest technologies allow you to play games no matter where you are. At home, we have PC or video game consoles. ___53__, a desktop or laptop computer can be loaded with OS-bundled games or Web-based freebies. Even while traveling, there are many wireless computers, portable game devices, wireless phones and PDAs ___54___.Games are now pushing back all the ___55___ once placed upon them by technology, category, realism, location and time. These advances are helping to push games into the ___56___ of visual reality. Thus, the stuff of science fiction novels is gradually emerging, the graphic aspects of the game quickly ___57___. Initially, electronic involved ___58___ moving blocks across a TV or computer screen. ___59___ the vast increases in processing power, games are quickly approaching three-dimensional realism. This power allows a developer to create a ___60___ world where a gamer can look around in full 360-degree vision.51. A. society B. reality C. dream D. illusion52. A. approaches B. characters C. worlds D. mazes53. A. In general B. At present C. In reality D. At work54. A. to choose from B. to choose C. choosing from D. chosen55. A. defects B. drawbacks C. limitations D. disadvantages56. A. room B. realm C. range D. boundary57. A. evolve B. evolving C. evolved D. evolve58. A. simply B. readily C. exceptionally D. simultaneously59. A. Aiding by B. To aid by C. Aided by D. To be aided by60. A. human B. original C. realistic D. microscopicPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage OneToo much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that the moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers.Researchers at the National Institute for the Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately --- defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day --- had an IQs that was 3.3 points higher than men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2.5 points higher than female teetotalers.The type of alcohol didn‘t influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake.The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent.―It‘s very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship,‖says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. ―we screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake.‖Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is notsomething Japanese normally consume or buy. Shimkata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain.If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimkata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries.The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.61.The Japanese study was carried out on .A. the development of IQB. the secrete of longevityC. the brain food in a glassD. the amount of healthy drinking62. The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ inA. female teetotalers than in male onesB. female drinkers than in male onesC. moderate drinkersD. Teetotalers63.When he says that it is very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that_________.A. the study failed to involve such variables as income and educationB. he is doubtful of the findings of the investigationC. there are some other contributing factorsD. the results were just misleading64.From Shimokata‘s mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancingA. sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheeseB. they promote the drinking effect of sake or wineC. they are not as effective as sake and wineD. sake or wine is not alone65.Based on the study, Shimokata would say thatA. intelligence improves with ageB. IQ can be enhanced in one way or anotherC. polyphenols in alcohol may boost the brainD. alcoholic drinks will make you more intelligentPassage TwoWomen do not avoid fighting because they are dainty or scared, but because they have a greater stake than men in staying alive to rear their offspring. Women compete with each other just as tenaciously as men, but with a stealth and subtlety that reduces their chances of being killed or injured, says Anne Campbell of the department of psychology at the university of Durham.Across almost all cultures and nationalities, men have a much smaller role than women in rearing children. ―Males go for quantity of children rather than quality of care for offspring, which means that the parental investment of women is much greater,‖ says Campbell. And unlike men, who can‘t be sure that their children have not been fathered on the sly by other men, women can always be certain that half an offspring‘s genes are theirs.Women have therefore evolved a stronger impulse than men to see their children grow up intoadults. Men‘s psychological approach is geared to fathering as many children as possible.To make this strategy work and to attract partners, men need to establish and advertise their dominance over rival males. Throughout evolution this has translated into displays of male aggression, ranging in scale from playground fights to world wars.Men can afford to take more risks because as parents they are more expendable. Women, meanwhile, can only ensure reproductive success by overseeing the development of their children, which means avoiding death.― The scale of parental investment drives everything,‖ says Campbell. ― It‘s not that women are too scared to fight,‖ she says. ―It‘s more to do with the positive value of staying alive, and women have an awfully big stake not just in offspring themselves but in offspring they might have in the future,‘ she says.This means that if women do need to compete—perhaps for a partner—they choose low-risk rules of engagement. They use indirect tactics, such as discrediting rivals by spreading malicious rumours. And unlike men who glory in feats of dominance, women do better by concealing their actions and their ―victories‖.But there is no doubt says Campbell, that the universal domination of culture by males has exaggerated these differences in attitudes to physical aggression. ―The story we‘ve always been told is that females are not aggressive,‖ says Campbell. And when they are aggressive, women are told that their behaviour is ―odd or abnormal‖.66. For the sake of their children, according to Campbell, women _______________A. are reluctant to start warsB. cannot avoid being dainty or scaredC. would rather get killed or injured in fightingD. do not fight with men under any circumstances67. It can be learned from the passage that men and women__________________A. present different family values in the worldB. show definite differences in parenting skillsC. are genetically conditioned in educating their childrenD. take different psychological approaches to their children68. Which of the following would men most probably be concerned about according to the passage?A. LifeB. ParentingC. DominanceD. Reproduction69. To avoid death, women _________.A. cannot afford to confront risksB. choose to fight in a violent wayC. try to seek protection from the menD. would resort to the ― odd or abnormal‖ tactics70. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Why men and women possess different parenting skillsB. Why men are more aggressive than womenC. Why women evolve in their own wayD.Why women do not start fightsPassage ThreeThe first line reads: ―She sits on the bed with a helpless expression. What is your name?Auguste. Last name? Auguste. What is your husband‘s name? Auguste, I think.‖ The 32 pages of medical records that follow are the oldest medical description of Alzheimer‘s disease. Psychiatrist Konrad Maurer and his colleagues at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt found the file in their hospital‘s archive, where it had been missing for nearly 90 years, and published excerpts from it last May in the Lancet. The notes, in a cramped, archaic German script, were written by Alois Alzheimer – the physician who first described the disease.His patient, Auguste D, was a 51-year-old woman who had suffered fits of paranoid jealousy and memory lapses so disturbing that her family brought her to a local hospital known as the Castle of the Insane. Over the next four years Alzheimer tracked her condition. Upon her death he examined her brain issue and found the distinctive lesions that are now hallmarks of the disease.Today Alzheimer‘s afflicts some 4 million Americans. Although it still cannot be cured, or even treated very well, several recent studies hint that some treatments – from estrogen to Vitamin E to anti-inflammatory drugs –can reduce either the risk of developing the disorder or its symptoms. And more is being learned about its distinctive pathology. This past year, for instance, researchers discovered a new kind of lesion in Alzheimer‘s patients. A genetic study also pinpointed a mutation that is present in some 60 percent of them –a mutation in the DNA of mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of the cells.But nearly a century ago, it was Alois Alzheimer who first described the disease and in so doing became one of the physicians to offer a biological basis for a psychiatric condition. Finding the file, Maurer says, ―is like holding history in your hands.‖71. Obviously, the discovery of the missing file of Auguste D __________________.A. adds credit to Alois AlzheimerB. sheds doubt on the first description of Alzheimer‘sC. presents a big challenge to the present medical communityD. has a great impact on the development of a cure for Alzheimer‘s72. The anatomical characteristics of Alzheimer‘s _________________________.A. can be found in the missing fileB. could have been confirmed decades agoC. are wrongly described in the missing fileD. even puzzled the medical community today73. The findings of the research on Alzheimer‘s _________________________.A. sound encouragingB. took more time than expectedC. were ascribed to the missing fileD. will bring about a cure in no time74. When he says that finding the file is like holding history in your hands. , Maurer means___________________.A. his assurance of the historical findingB. his further studies on Alzheimer‘sC. the beauty of the medical historyD. the importance of imagination75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. The Physician Who First Described Alzheimer‘sB. The Resent Studies on Alzheimer‘sC. The missing File Of Auguste DD. The history of PsychiatricsPassage FourDry-cleaning machines that use liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent will go on sale in the US next year – thanks to chemists in North Carolina who have developed CO2-solluble detergents. Dry-cleaner will lose their characteristic smell, and the new process will cut the amount of toxic waste in cleaning clothes.Joseph DeSimone, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, says liquid CO2 is an ideal solvent because after cleaning, the CO2 can be evaporated off, collected, liquefied and reused.The problem in developing the process, says DeSimone, has been that CO2 by itself is not a good solvent. However, he points out that not too much dissolves in water without the help of detergents, yet water is the most common solvent. What CO2 needed, the thought, was the right detergent.Detergent molecules such as those in washing-up liquid have two chemically distinct ends: one has a liking for water, the other sticks to dirt. Normal detergents do not dissolve in liquidCO2, so DeSimone created three CO2-soluble detergents. One end of the detergents has a fluorocarbon group, which makes them soluble in CO2. The other end is soluble in water, oil or silicone, depending on the type of dirt being removed. The person doing the dry-cleaning has to decide which of the detergents is best suited for the job.DeSimone‘s company, Micell, will start selling liquid CO2 dry-cleaning machines next year. They operate at room temperature at a pressure ―about ten times the pressure of a bicycle tyre,‖according to a spokesman for Micell.Most dry-cleaners currently use chlorinated hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene. But the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) is clamping down on the toxic waste emissions this produces. After cleaning with the new machines, the liquid CO2 is evaporated and collected for reuse, leaving a residue of detergent and dirt.Brad Lienhart, president of Micell, says that cutting waste and pollution is the company‘s strongest selling point. ―Dry-cleaner owners are saying ‗get this burden off my back‘,‖ he says. He hopes to sell a hundred machines in the first year of business. About 15000 conventional dry-cleaning machines are sold around the world every year. Buster Bell, who owns Bell Laundry and Dry Cleaning in South Carolina, says the Micell technology looks competitive, and he likes the reduced environmental impact. ―You really don‘t know what is coming from the EPA,‖he says.76. The passage begins with ___________________.A. a commercial advertisementB. a horrible warningC. a sale promotionD. good news77. What is the liquid CO2 for?A. Better cleaning clothes.B. Help recycle dry cleaners.C. Dissolve the toxic waste from dry cleaningD. Reduce the toxic emission from dry cleaning78. The right detergent for CO2__________________.A. makes dry cleaning easyB. must be chemically solubleC. is chemically of two purposesD. means a right person for dry-cleaning79. When they are saying ―get this burden off my back,‖the dry-cleaner owners refer to __________________.A. the competition in the business of dry cleaningB. the pressure from EPAC. their potential profitD. their selling point80. What is the strongest selling point of the MiCell technology according to Lienhart?A. It will promote dry-cleaning business.B. It is environment-friendlyC. It costs less in the market.D. All of the abovePassage FiveThe alarm on our household computer terminal rings and wakes me up. My husband simply stirs and goes back to sleep. I transfer today‘s information onto the personal data card I carry with me everywhere and scan today‘s readings. Values are given as to the number of litres of water I can use ,the amount of coal-generated electricity I have been allocated and how many ―envirocredits‖ I have earned.I am free to use the water and electricity as I choose, however I notice that the ration of electricity is decreasing every day. Of course, this will not be a problem when we have earned enough envirocredits to buy another solar panel. Envirocredits are earned by buying goods with limited or no packaging, minimizing the amount of garbage thrown out and by financially supporting ―envirotechnology‘. Before cars were phased out due to unpopularity, credits could be gained by using public transport.I notice an extra passage added to the readings. At last I have been given permission to havea child. Almost instantaneously a package arrives with a label on it: ―anti-sterilization Unit‘. Inside there are instructions and a small device that looks like a cross between a pistol and s syringe. Eagerly I follow the instructions. The procedure is painless and I don‘t know if I am imagining it but I seem to feel the effects at once.Shaking my husband awake, I tell him the good news. I want to get started baby-making right now. ―You‘ve been on the waiting list for 37 years,‖ he says. ―Can‘t you just wait until I‘ve woken up properly?‖I decide that I probably don‘t have much choice and wander downstairs. I am feeling very privileged to have the opportunity to create a new life. It is saddening, however, when I realize that, because of strict population controls, this new life will be replacing an old one.I decide to ring my mother and tell her the good news. When she answers the phone she is crying. She has received word that my grandmother has failed her last health check and will be euthanized next week.For some reason, I don‘t feel like creating that new life anymore.81. Based on today‘s data, the wife will ________________.A. use up all the envirocredits she earnedB. make arrangements with her husband for the dayC. be allowed to use a certain amount of water and electricityD. do as required to generate enough water and electricity for the day82. According to the passage, envirocredits go to those who ______________--.A. recycle their garbage at homeB. limit themselves to solar energyC. push envirotechnology forwardD. do some environment-friendly83. the effects the wife is feeling at once following the instructions refer to _____________.A. the desire to make a babyB. the permission to make a babyC. the device to help her make a babyD. the consequences of making a baby84. The good news for the wife turned into bad news because _____________.A. she has to wait for another 37 yearsB. to create a new life is to replace an old oneC. population is strictly controlled in the countryD. today she is not healthy enough to make a baby85. What is the passage?A. It is a scenarioB. It is a true storyC. It is a piece of newsD. It‘s a scientific reportPassage SixJust because you‘re better educated doesn‘t mean that you‘re any more rational than everyone else, not matter how hard you may try to give that impression.Take the selection of lottery numbers. A survey in Florida described at this year‘s annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science shows that better educated people try to use random number system to pick their lottery numbers.Despite the apparent logic of choosing random numbers, however, their chances of winning are not better than those of ordinary folk who use birthdays, anniversaries and other ―lucky‖ dates. Nor are they better off than those who draw on omens and intuitions, picking numbers seen on car number-plates and in dreams. But no doubt they feel a lot more rational.That appearance of ―rationality‖ may be a dangerous thing. Scientists are not immune to subtle and subjective influences on their judgments. Take the data from a survey of the public and members of the British Society of Toxicology discussed at the same meeting.The survey shows that most people agree with the view that animals can be used to help predict how humans will react to chemicals, and that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal we can be ―reasonably sure‖it will cause cancer in humans. The toxicologists, however, are more circumspect. They accept the first statement but are less likely to agree that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal, it will cause cancer in a human.Can this difference be attributed to their expertise? Perhaps. But consider the considerable variation among toxicologists: those who were young, female, working in academia rather than industry or who felt that technology is not always used for the good of all, were more likely to agree that what causes cancer in an animal will cause cancer in a human.Maybe we need to think more about how who we are affects our ―rational‘ decisions.86. According to the Florida-based survey, those who are better educated feel a lot more rational about the way they ______________________.A. look at the worldB. use logic in doing scienceC. choose their lottery numbersD. use numbers professionally and personally87. Actually, the selection of random numbers _______________________.A. does not work any better than the use of omens and intuitionsB. stands more chance of winning a lottery in the United StatesC. is wrongly appreciated by rational peopleD. is widely practiced in lottery88. What are the survey data suggesting in the passage?A. We are leave in the age of rationality.B. Nobody can be trusted in terms of truth.C. Humans and animals do not react to chemicals in the same way.D. The sense of rationality cannot avoid being subjectively influenced89. What the author is trying to say in the passage ____________________.A. can be further illustrated by the opinion among toxicologistsB. is acceptable to those young and female toxicologistsC. is rational enough to accept in the world of scienceD. has much to do with his own experience90. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. A Very Comforting IllusionB. A Rational Approach to LotteryC. A Survey on Education and RationalityD. A Difference between Scientists and OthersPaper TwoPart V Writing(20%)水果是否可吃可不吃水果含有人体必需而又不能自身合成的矿物质，具有强抗氧化作用、防止细胞衰老的维生素以及可以明显降低血液中胆固醇浓度的可溶性纤维——果胶等，对人体健康十分有益。

2009(陕西卷)英语

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（陕西卷）英语一、英语知识运用（共三大题, 满分50分）（一）语音知识（共5小题, 每小题1分, 满分5分）从每小题的A. B. C. D四个选项中, 找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项, 并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

1. permi．tA. fistB. behindC. islandD. smile2. questionA. revolutionB. exhibitionC. suggestionD. education3. emptyA. toilerB. dozen4. socialA. preciousB. certain5. forgetA. ordinaryB. major（二）语法和词汇知识（共15从每小题的A. B. C. D6. What pityA. a; aB. the; aC. a; theD. the; the【答案】C【解析】考查冠词。

第一空所填冠词与上下文构成固定句型what a pity that…，用不定冠词a；第二空后名词表示表特指，用定冠词the，选C。

7. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, visit Beijing this summer.A. is going toB. are going toC. was going toD. were going to【答案】A【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。

主语中心词是Dr. Smith，表单数，谓语动词用单数形式；时间状语是this summer，表计划性的将来，故时态用一般将来时，选A。

8. He invited me to a dance after the show Christmas Eve.A. atB. onC. inD. by【答案】B【解析】考查介词。

此处介词位于日期前，用on，选B。

2009-2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题(词汇部分)

医学考博英语历年真题2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）Part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Beneath each of them are given four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The ____________ conditions and places are likely to cause diseases.A.unsanitaryB.insidiousC.insaneD.inefficacious32.The witness was ___________ by the judge for failing to answer the question.A.abstainedB.acquittedC.admonishedD.adduced33.He has ____________ two cars this year because of traffic accidents.A.pulled ofB.worn outC.passed outD.written off34.People are much better informed since the ____________ of the Internet.A.convenientB.adventC.interfaceD.aftermath35.All instruments that come into contact with the patient must be _____________ before being used by others.A.sterilizedbeledC.quarantinedD.retained36.By adopting this cunning policy, the clinic risks _____________ many of its patients.A.acquittingB.allocatingC.alleviatingD.alienating37.Humor can also be a powerful ____________ against stress and misfortune.A.braveryB.blossomC.bufferD.buffet38.Diabetes upsets the ____________ of sugar, fat and protein.A.metastasisB.metabolismC.malaiseD.maintenance39.The muscular _____________ can affect the way we feel mentally.A.potencyB.fiberC.lethargyD.synthesis40.Evidence is widespread that HIV-infected persons show to ____________ their unsafe behavior.A.respond toB.reflect onC.wipe outD.put offSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phras which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the un derlined part. Mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.Memory can be both enhanced and impaired by use of drugs.A.inhibitedB.injuredC.inducedD.intervened.42.Is it true that this is the major drawback, of the new medical plan?A.defectB.assistanceC.culpritD.triumph43.The physician was becoming exasperated with all the questions they were asking.A.frustratedB.perplexedC.irritatedD.crippled44.We were shocked at the physician's callous disregard for the human dimension of medicine.A.involuntaryB.apparentC.deliberateD.indifferent45.For years, biologists have known that chimpanzees and even some monkeys produce a panting sound akin to human laughter.A.rockingB.gaspingC.vibratingD.resonating46.Everybody at the party was in a very relaxed and jolly mood.A.rejoicingB.reconcilingC.refreshingD.resenting47.The bacterial infection is curable with judicious, use of antibiotics.A.impudentB.imprudentC.purulentD.prudent48.He tried to run, but he was hampered by his broken leg.A.endangeredB.enduredC.encounteredD.encumbered49.The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.A.consecutiveB.conductiveC.considerateD.considerable50.The idea of correcting defective genes is not particularly controversial in the scientific community.A.inevitableB.applicableC.disputableD.incredible2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best complete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A number of black youths have complained of being________ by the police.A.harassedB.distractedC.sentencedD.released32.He rapidly became________ with his own power in the team.A.irrigatedB.irradiatedC.inoculatedD.intoxicated33.Throughout his political career he has always been in the ________ .A.twilightB.spotlightC.streetlightD.torchlight34.We ________ that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don't have definite proof.A.suspendB.superveneC.superviseD.suspect35.A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily ________ .A.alleviatedB.abolishedC.demolishedD.diminished36.The television station is supported by ________ from foundations and other sources.A.donationsB.pensionsC.advertisementsD.accounts37.More legislation is needed to protect the ________ properly fights of the patent.A.integrativeB.intellectualC.intelligentD.intelligible38.Officials are supposed to ________ themselves to the welfare and health of the general public.A.adaptB.confinemitD.assess39.You should stop ________ your condition and do something about it. .A.drawing onB.touching onC.leaning onD.dwelling on40.The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen ________ into human nature.A.perspectiveB.dimensionC.insightD.reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following statements has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A.toxicB.immuneC.sensitiveD.allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A.permanentB.desperateC.destructiveD.sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A.verifiableB.explicitC.preciseD.ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A.credibilitymitmentC.honestyD.talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hah ad to catch a train.A.claimB.clueC.excuseD.circumstance46.The nurse was filled with remorse for not believing her.A.anguishB.regretC.apologyD.grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A.delicatemunicativeC.skillfulD.considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A.dispositionB.qualificationC.temptationD.endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday's surgery for the patient's unexpected complications.A.confirmedB.facilitatedC.postponedD.cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A.cautiousB.motionlessC.calmD.alert参考答案：ADBDA ABCDCACBDC BDADC2011 年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the ___of their behavior as medical professionals.A.transactionB. transformationC.transmissionD. transparency32.He seemed most ___ to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A.alienB. ambulantC.amiableD. amenable33.The first attempts at gene therapy have mostly___, but technique will surely be made to work eventually.A.stumbledB. stammeredC.striddenD. strutted34. She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and___ for fatty foods.A.preferenceB. persistenceC.intoleranceD. appetence35.By sheer___, I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A.coincidenceB. coherenceC.collaborationD. collocation36.As the drugs began to___, the pain began to take hold again.A.wear offB. put offC.all offD. show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the___ medical technologies.A.approachingB. impracticableC.sophisticatedD. transient38.At last, she___ some reasons for his strange behavior.A.abolishedB. admonishedC.abstainedD. adduced39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from___to the grave.A.conceptionB. receptionC.deceptionD. perception40.In more ___ examinations, the blood is tested in a multichannel analyzer machine for abnormities.A.conciseB. deviousC.elaborateD. feasible41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A.embarrassinglyB. reluctantlyC.clumsilyD. dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history, medicine was anything but scientific.A.more or lessB. by and largeC.more often than notD. by no means43.The students were captivated by the way the physician presented the case.A.illuminatedB. fascinatedC.alienatedD. hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data, a product ora financial reward.A.intelligibleB. infinitiveC.substantialD. deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult –or unhealthy –to sustain over time.A.maintainB. reserveC.conceiveD. empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinical medicine.A.specialtiesB. principlesC.rationalesD. doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A.juvenileB. potentC.physicalD. matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed, for it seems quite feasible.A.rationalB. reciprocalC.versatileD. viable49.These are intensely important questions about quality and the benefits of specialty care and experience.A.irresistiblyB. vitallyC.potentiallyD. intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medical advances.A.tendsB. techniquesC.notionsD. breakthroughs医学考博英语历年真题2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）Part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best complete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that ________ diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to ________ in his early 30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness, forgetful of what had happened in the ________A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year, Christmas still represents a great time for ________A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of ________ visits by the two countries' leaders have taken their relations out of the cooler over the past 20 months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister, beset by ________ support rate, made the decision to resign over the weekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,37.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for 2,753 dishes and drinks to ________ public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in ________ breastfed infants who are not supplemented with 400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity ________ to every remote village for the improvement of farmers' livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a ________ of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability, violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections: In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She, a crazy fan, felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind, nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record, the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April 2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze, it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds, including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately, the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake, so they had to do the whole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research that promises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides for the disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation2014 年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A.regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A.catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A.sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A.conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year.A.fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.A.trialsB. applicationsC.implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A.haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______ people in his favor before the election.A.predisposedB. presumedC.presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong ________ toa vast multitude of people.A.flavorB.thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late.A.infinitelyB. temporarilyfortablyD. favorably41.All Nobel Prize winners’success is a process of long-term accumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A.irresistibleB. cherishedC.inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London.A.bestowedB. exhibitedC.imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in the form of mental and physical retardation.A.intensifiedB. apparentC.representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has been applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A.yieldB. amplifyC.adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A.eradicatedB. deterioratedC.vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the original composition by painting over it on canvases.A.duplicateB.eliminateC.substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the construction program of a nuclear power station.A.disapprovedB. despisedC.demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A.loyaltyB. moralityC.qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a full examination.A.prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A.furyB. chaosC.despairD. agony2015医学考博（词汇部分）31.Despite his doctor's note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA.retainedB. dissuadedC.alleviatedD. abstained32.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD. supplement33.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to_ Larry in any way in his success.A.refuteB. ratifyC.facilitateD. impede34.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan___.A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD. relatively35.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B.familiarized C.endow D. amuse36.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices___.A. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD. interposition38.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A.offsetB. intakeC.outletD. onset39.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A.salineB. salivaC.scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD. amenable41.Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD. promising42.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A.disgraceB. discriminationC.harassmentD. segregation43.Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD. handicap44.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD. indistinct45.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD. verify46.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD. demanding47.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A.erasedB. triggeredC.shadowedD. suspended48.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA.nurtureB.eliminateC.assimilateD. puncture49.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A.unpredictableB. unconventionalC.unparalleledD. unexpected50.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A.estimatingB. handlingC.rectifyingD. anticipating2016 年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）31.Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.pensationpromisemodityD.consumption32.The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A.alleviateB.aggravateC.extinguishD.intervene33.But despite all the legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A.induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerve34.To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A.integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intact35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A.provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preference36.It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A.facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnished37.The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A.exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfully38.It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A.recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incredibly39.Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A.filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purified40.We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A.by the wayB.at all eventsC.by no meansD.in any sense41.In any event, lethal injections are under federal scrutiny.A.sanctionB.restrictionC.censusD. examination42.The humble tomato could become a(n) potent weapon in the fight against prostate cancer.A.inexpensiveB. powerfulC. conventionalD. lethal43.Men’s perception of the amount of caregiving they do is completely at odds.A.in tune withB.in favor ofC.for the sake ofD.in disagreement with44.Huangshan Mountain is eminent for its natural scenery d deserves a visit.A.renownedB.notoriousC.popularD.mysterious45.Obesity is a condition perpetuated by a diversity of factors.A.severityB.reliabilityC.varietyD.specificity46.He is usually well- behaved, this rudeness only a(n) lapse.A.errorB.sinC.guiltD.offence47.Did you detect a touch of jaundice in her remark?A.grievanceB.sympathyC.jealousyD.indignation48.In 1912, German doctors attempted to treat children who had underactive thyroids with normal thyroid cells, but to little avail.A.no meansB.in vainC.of no accountD.at stake49.To many observers, he spent his wealth lavishly.A.fearlesslyB.conspicuouslyC.wastefullyD.ferociously50. At present, no medical therapy is known to affect progressions of rheumatic mitral stenosis.A.deteriorationB.accumulationC.expansionD.promotion。

西北大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

西北大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals,assessing the problem,formulating options,estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision,and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather,in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers,these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,and surprise；and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq: qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition.In general,however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality;others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists.Second,managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly.This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational,but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills.Athird function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha！experience. Fourth,some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action.Finally,managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible ed in this way,intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting.Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it,they frequently act first and explain later.Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles,in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face,senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue.They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue.One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of definingthe problem,not just of implementing the solution.1.According to the text,senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to[A]speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.[B]identify a problem.[C]bring together disparate facts.[D]stipulate clear goals.2.The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line1,paragraph2？[A]They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.[B]They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C]They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.[D]They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.3.It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X,who uses intuition to reach decisions,and Manager Y,who uses only formal decision analysis？[A]Manager X analyzes first and then acts；Manager Y does not.[B]Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis；Manager Y does not.[C]Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem；Manager Y does not.[D]Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creatinga solution to a problem；Manager X does not.4.The text provides support for which of the following statements？[A]Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.[B]Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.[C]Managers''intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.[D]Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？[A]An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.[B]A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.[C]The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.[D]Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.[答案与考点解析]1.「答案」D「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。

2009年考研英语真题真题解析

2009年考研英语真题真题解析IntroductionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (also known as the Gaokao) is a highly significant examination in China. In this document, we will provide a comprehensive analysis of the 2009 exam, discussing the content, structure, and key strategies required to excel in this test. By focusing on understanding the exam format, reviewing the specific questions, and providing valuable insights, we aim to assist students in preparing effectively for the 2009 exam.Exam OverviewThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English consists of three main sections: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and translation and writing. The exam is designed to assess the applicants’ listening, reading, and writing skills in English. Each section of the exam carries a specific weightage and has its unique set of challenges.Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension section of the exam aims to evaluate the candidates’ ability to understand spoke n English in various situations. The questions are designed to test the applicants’ listening skills, including their comprehension of detailed information, understanding of speakers’ opinions, and ability to identify specific information from a passage.Candidates need to develop effective listening strategies to excel in this section. These strategies may include active listening, note-taking, and summarizing the main points of the passage. Furthermore, regular practice with listening exercises, audio recordings, and English language media can significantly enhance listening abilities.Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 2009 exam comprises a series of passages, each followed by a set of questions. This section assesses the candi dates’ ability to understand and analyze written English. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, science, social issues, and more.To excel in the reading comprehension section, candidates should adopt various strategies such as skimming, scanning, and actively analyzing the passage. Skimming a passage helps candidates to quickly grasp its main idea, while scanning helps locate specific details. Additionally, candidates should pay attention to the organization and structure of the passage, as well as the relationship between different ideas.Translation and WritingThe translation and writing section of the 2009 exam requires candidates to translate a given Chinese passage into English and write an essay on a specific topic. This section evaluates the candidates’ translation skills and ability to express themselves fluently in written English.To excel in this section, candidates should practice translation exercises regularly, focusing on accuracy andcoherence. For the essay writing part, candidates should pay attention to structure, coherence, and clarity. It is crucial to plan the essay and organize ideas before writing, ensuring a logical flow of thoughts.Key Tips for Success1.Familiarize yourself with the exam format:Understanding the structure and requirements of eachsection is essential for efficient preparation.2.Develop a study plan: Create a study timetable andallocate sufficient time for each section of the exam.3.Practice regularly: Consistent practice, includingmock tests and past exam papers, can help to improveperformance and build confidence.4.Strengthen your weak areas: Identify the areaswhere you face difficulties and focus on improving thoseparticular skills.5.Utilize available resources: Make use of studymaterials, online resources, and guidance from experienced teachers or mentors.6.Time management: Understand the time constraintsof each section and practice managing time effectivelyduring preparation.ConclusionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English is a challenging test that requires careful preparation and strategic approaches. By understanding the exam format and structure, practicing regularly, and focusing on improving weak areas, candidates can enhance their performance and maximize their chances of success. With determination, consistent effort, and proper guidance, candidates can effectively tackle the exam and achieve their desired results.。

2009考研英语真题及答案解析

2009考研英语真题及答案解析2009年考研英语真题及答案解析2009年的考研英语真题是一次重要的考试，对考生们的英语水平进行了全面的考察。

本文将对2009年考研英语真题进行详细解析，并提供答案和解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对考试。

一、阅读理解2009年的考研英语真题中，阅读理解部分占据了重要的位置。

这一部分主要考察考生的阅读能力和理解能力。

以下是真题中的一篇阅读材料及其答案解析。

阅读材料：In the United States, the social value of a college education has long been taken for granted. American parents expect their children to attend college, and college graduates have become the norm in the professional job market. Among the ten fastest-growing occupations, eight require an associate’s degree o r higher. In fact, experts predict that by 2008, about 90% of the fastest-growing jobs will require post-secondary education or vocational training.However, not all high school students are prepared for college-level work. Even those students who are academically prepared for college may not be able to afford it. Rising tuition (学费) has made college a luxury that is out of reach for many middle-income families.But cost is not the only reason a high school graduate might decide notto attend college. A university education is not appropriate or necessary forall careers. For example, vocational school or on-the-job training is often a better option for careers in the trades (工艺行业) or for those who want tobe business owners or operators. Some people simply choose not to go to college because they do not want to further their education in an academic setting.答案解析：1. According to the passage, what has become the norm in the professional job market in the United States?答案：College graduates.2. What does the author say about the fastest-growing occupations?答案：Eight out of ten of the fastest-growing occupations require a degree or higher education.3. Why do many high school graduates decide not to attend college?答案：The cost of college is one reason, and not all careers require a university education.通过对阅读材料的仔细阅读和理解，我们可以得出以上问题的答案。

西北师范大学841综合英语真题2009

西北师范大学841综合英语真题20091、_______ is on September the tenth. [单选题] *A. Children’s DayB. Teachers’Day(正确答案)C. Women’s DayD. Mother’s Day2、( ) What other books have you read___ this English novel? [单选题] *A. besides(正确答案)B. exceptC.inD. about3、Many of my classmates are working _______volunteers. [单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. toC. atD. like4、The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on_____is accepted. [单选题] *A.what(正确答案)B.whichC.howD.that5、People cut down many trees ______ elephants are losing their homes. （）[单选题] *A. ifB. butC. so(正确答案)D. or6、—Is there ______ else I can do for you? —No, thanks. I can manage it myself.（）[单选题] *A. everythingB. anything(正确答案)C. nothingD. some things7、32．Mr. Black is ______ now, so he wants to go to a movie with his son. [单选题] *A．busyB．free(正确答案)C．healthyD．right8、Don’t ______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worriedB. worry(正确答案)C. worried aboutD. worry about9、He either watches TV _______ reads books in the evening. [单选题] *A. or(正确答案)B. andC. toD. so10、We need two ______ and two bags of ______ for the banana milk shake.（）[单选题]*A. banana; yogurtB. banana; yogurtsC. bananas; yogurt(正确答案)D. bananas; yogurts11、32．There are about __________ women doctors in this hospital. [单选题] * A．two hundred ofB．two hundreds ofC．two hundredsD．two hundred (正确答案)12、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)13、I knocked on the door but _______ answered. [单选题] *A. somebodyB. anybodyC. nobody(正确答案)D. everybody14、We had ____ wonderful lunch last Saturday. [单选题] *A. /B. theC. oneD. a(正确答案)15、We should _______ a hotel before we travel. [单选题] *A. book(正确答案)B. liveC. stayD. have16、The reason I didn't attend the lecture was simply _____ I got a bad cold that day. [单选题] *A. becauseB. asC. that(正确答案)D. for17、( )He gave us____ on how to keep fit. [单选题] *A. some advicesB. some advice(正确答案)C. an adviceD. a advice18、John suggest _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. [单选题] *A not to sayB. not sayC to say notD not saying(正确答案)19、His understanding made a deep impression_____the young girl. [单选题] *A.on(正确答案)B.inC.forD.with20、Your father is very busy, so he ______ play football with you this afternoon.（）[单选题] *A. doesn’tB. don’tC. isn’tD. won’t(正确答案)21、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big22、The soldiers would rather die than give in. [单选题] *A. 呈交B. 放弃C. 泄露D. 投降(正确答案)23、My friends will _______ me at the airport when I arrive in London. [单选题] *A. takeB. meet(正确答案)C. receiveD. have24、92．China is a big country ________ a long history. [单选题] *A．hasB．haveC．with(正确答案)D．there is25、--All of you have passed the test!--_______ pleasant news you have told us! [单选题] *A. HowB. How aC. What(正确答案)D. What a26、Thank you very much. You gave us ____ our factory needed. [单选题] *A. informationB. informationsC. the information(正确答案)D. the informations27、Helen is new here, so we know _______ about her. [单选题] *A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing(正确答案)28、( ) Do you have any difficulty _____ these flowers？I’d like to help you if you need.[单选题] *A in planting(正确答案)B for plantingC with plantingD to plant29、The students _____ outdoors when the visitors arrived. [单选题] *A. were playing(正确答案)B. have playedC. would playD. could play30、A little learning is a dangerous thing, _____ the saying goes. [单选题] *A. likeB. as(正确答案)C. withD. if。

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