初三被动语态详细讲解
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初三英语被动语态练习(2016.10.23)
语法专练---被动语态
一、语态概述
我吃了一个苹果,那现在苹果怎样了?苹果被我吃了。正如汉语中的被字句,英语中的“被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。例如:Many people speak English.
谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如:English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
例如:He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。
及物动词---本身意义不完整,后必须带宾语,有些还可以带双宾。
不及物动词---本身意义完整,不需要带宾语,如带宾语必须通过介词。
人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时:am/is/are+eaten 一般过去时:was/were+eaten
一般将来时:will/shall/be going to be+eaten 过去将来时:would/should/be going to be+eaten
现在进行时:am/is/are being+eaten 过去进行时:was/were being+eaten 现在完成时:have/has been+eaten 过去完成时:had been+eaten
歌诀是:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。
三、被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如:some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。(没有必要或说出出版者)
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。
例如:The window was broken by mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by Lunxun.这本书是他写的。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。
(3) 为了更好地安排句子。
例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了)
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)
(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:
All the people laughed at him. ---- He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory. ----The bikes are made by them in the factory.
歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是:情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”。例如: we can repair this watch in two days. --This watch can be repaired in two days. We must finish this work soon. --This work must be done soon.
六、主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.
(1)时态保持一致。I have repaired my computer.---My computer has been repaired.
(2)谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。
His best friend often looks after him. --He is often looked after by his best friend.
(3)主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。动词
make/buy//get用for;动词give//send/lend/take用to)
Vivian gave me a book. (双宾语,人间物直, me为间接宾语,a book 为直接宾语)
-- I was given a book by Vivian.
--A book was given to me by Vivian.(直接宾语提前时,要在间接宾语前加介词)(4)主动语态若有复合宾语,(即句子结构为主+及物动词+宾+宾补),将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语,宾补不变。They call him Louis. --He is called Louis.
(5)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
(6)主动语态句中动词make, have, let(使sb做sth), notice. see. watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel等变成被动语态时,后面的不定式需要加上to.
Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. --He was made to wash the dishes.
(7)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
(8)非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
例I don't like being laughed at in the public.
(9)It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。有:
It is said that… 据说,I t is reported that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that…据建议。
例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )
七、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义