速度控制系统设计外文翻译
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献文献翻译原文：Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par 4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is the curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all of this represented giant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of shop floorenvironment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most mportant of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The evelopment of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital ignal Processors.There are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in manyways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP‟s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance SP‟s that can erform broad ranges of processing tasks. Development kits an software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP‟s that allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “drag …n‟ drop” methodologies.DSP‟s more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP‟s behave more like common general-purpose CPU‟s ,with register-files.There are thousands of different DSP‟s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four” manufacturers of DSP‟s: Texas Instruments, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA‟s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (DSP‟s) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The F/C240 is a number of the‟C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the C24x devices provides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniques such as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The C24xDSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-purpose C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the C2x generation , and upwardly source code compatible with the C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow‟s e mbedded control marketplace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the …24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip digital motor controller. The 240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and digital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The 240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the 240 include:---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control---Appliance and HV AC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the 240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it‟s own compare register, supportthe generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.The feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct theerror. A system with one or more feedback pats like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A human being may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It is As anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system of The basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.译文：控制系统基础数字控制机床常常重达上百吨，但却常常要求切削工具的定位精度达到0.002毫米。
中英文外文翻译PLC和微处理器定
Introductions of PLC and MCUA PLC is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for machine control. The PLC works by looking at its inputs and depending upon their state, turning on/off its outputs .The user enters a program, usually via software or programmer that gives the desired results.PLC are used in many “real world〞applications. If there is industry present, chances are good that there is a PLC present. If you are involved in machining, packaging, material handling, automated assembly or countless other industries, you are probably already using them. If you are not, you are wasting money and time. Almost any application that needs some type of electrical control has need for PLC.For example, let’s assume that when a switch turns on we want to turn a solenoid on for 5 seconds and then turn it off regardless of how long the switch is on for. We can do this with a simple external timer. What if the process also needed to count how many times the switch individually turned on? We need a lot of external counters.As you can see, the bigger the process the more of a need we have for a PLC. We can simply program the PLC to count its inputs and turn the solenoids on for the specified time.We will take a look at what i s considered to be the “top 20〞PLC instructions. It can be safely estimated that with a firm understanding of there instructions one can solve more than 80% of the applications in existence.That‘s right, more than 80%! Of course we’ll learn more than jus t these instructions to help you solve almost ALL your potential PLC applications.The PLC mainly consists of a CPU, memory areas, and appropriate circuits to receive input/output data, as shown in Fig. 19.1 We can actually consider the PLC to be a box full of hundreds or thousands of separate relays, counters, timer and date storage locations. Do these counters, timers, etc. really exist? No, they don’t “physically〞exist but rather they are simulated and can be considered software counters, timers, etc. These internal relays are simulated through bit locations in registers.What does each part do?INPUT RELAYS-(contacts) These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and receive signals from switches, sensors, etc... Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors.INTERNAL UTILITY RELAYS-(contacts) These do not receive signals from the outside world nor do they physically exist. They are simulated relays and are what enables a PLC to eliminate external relays. There are also some special relays that are dedicated to performing only one task. Some are always on while some are always off. Some are on only once during power-on and are typically user for initializing data what was stored.COUNTERS These again do not physically exist. They are simulated counters and they can be programmed to count pulses. Typically these counters can count up, down or both up and down. Since there are simulated, they are limited in their counting speed. Some manufacturers also include high-speed counters that are hardware based. We can think of these as physically existing. Most timers these counters can count up, down or up and down.TIMERS These also do not physically exist. They come in many varieties and increments. The most common type is an on-delay type. Other include off-delay and both retentive and non-retentive types. Increments vary from 1ms through 1s.OUTPUT RELAYS-(coil) These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and send on/off signals to solenoids, lights, etc… They can be transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model chosen.DATA STORAGE-Typically there are registers assigned to simply store data. There are usually used as temporary storage for math or data manipulation. They can also typically be user power-up they will still have the same contents as before power war removed. Very convenient and necessary!A PLC works by continually scanning a program. We can think of this scan cycle as consisting of 3 important steps, as shown in Fig. There are typically more than 3 but we can focus on the important parts and not worry about the others. Typically the others are checking the system and updating the current and timer values.Step 1-CHECK INPUT STATUS-First the PLC takes a look at each input to determine if it is on or off. In other words, is the sensor connected to the first input on? How about the second input? How about the third…It records this data into its memory to be used during the next step.Step 2-EXECUTE PROGRAM-Next the PLC executes your program one instruction at a time. Maybe your program said that if the first input was on then it should turn on the first output. Since is already knows which inputs are on/off from the previous step, it will be able to decide whether the first output should be turned onbased on the state of the first input. It will store the execution results for use later during the next step.Step 3-UPDATE OUTPUT STSTUS-Finally the PLC updates the status of outputs. It updates the outputs based on which inputs were on during the first step and the results of executing your program during the second step. Based on the example in step 2 it would now turn on the first output because the first input was on and your program said to turn on the first output when this condition is true.After the third step the PLC goes back to step one and repeats the steps continuously. One scan time is defined as the time is takes to execute the 3 steps listed above. Thus a practical system is controlled to perform specified operations as desired.The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When is written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed lowered address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL) because of the internal pull-ups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX).PLC和微处理器简介PLC(可编程逻辑控制器)是极限控制中为代替必要的继电器时序电路而创造的一种设备。
外文资料翻译---工业控制系统与协同控制系统
外文资料翻译工业控制系统与协同控制系统当今的控制系统被广泛运用于许多领域。
从单纯的工业控制系统到协同控制系统（CCS），控制系统不停变化，不断升级，现在则趋向于家庭控制系统，而它则是这两者的变种。
被应用的控制系统的种类取决于技术要求。
而且，实践表明，经济和社会因素也对此很重要。
任何决定都有它的优缺点。
工业控制要求可靠性，完整的文献记载和技术支持。
经济因素使决定趋向于协同工具。
能够亲自接触源码并可以更快速地解决问题是家庭控制系统的要求。
多年的操作经验表明哪个解决方法是最主要的不重要，重要的是哪个可行。
由于异类系统的存在，针对不同协议的支持也是至关重要的。
本文介绍工业控制系统，PlC controlled turn key 系统，和CCS工具，以及它们之间的操作。
引言：80年代早期，随着为HERA(Hadron-Elektron-Ring-Anlage)加速器安装低温控制系统，德国电子同步加速器研究所普遍开始研究过程控制。
这项新技术是必需的，因为但是现有的硬件没有能力来处理标准过程控制信号，如4至20毫安的电流输入和输出信号。
而且软件无法在0.1秒的稳定重复率下运行PID控制回路。
此外，在实现对复杂的低温冷藏系统的开闭过程中，频率项目显得尤为重要。
有必要增加接口解决总线问题并增加运算能力，以便于低温控制。
因为已安装的D / 3系统[1] 只提供了与多总线板串行连接，以实现DMA与VME的连接并用其模拟多总线板的功能。
温度转换器的计算功能来自一个摩托罗拉MVME 167 CPU和总线适配器，以及一个MVME 162 CPU。
其操作系统是VxWorks，而应用程序是EPICS。
由于对它的应用相当成功，其还被运用于正在寻找一个通用的解决方案以监督他们的分布式PLC的公共事业管理。
德国电子同步加速器研究所对过程管理系统的筛选集散控制系统（D/ 3）：市场调查表明：来自GSE的D / 3系统被HERA低温冷藏工厂选中。
电气系统可编程序控制器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
电气系统可编程序控制器中英文资料外文翻译文献英文原文Programmable controller designed for electro-pneumatic systems This project deals with the study of electro-pneumatic systems and theprogrammable controller that provides an effective and easy way to control thesequence of the pneumatic actuators movement and the states of pneumatic system.The project of a specific controller for pneumatic applications join the studyof automation design and the control processing of pneumatic systems with theelectronic design based on microcontrollers to implement the resources of thecontroller.1.IntroductionThe automation systems that use electro-pneumatic technology are formed mainlyby three kinds of elements: actuators or motors, sensors or buttons and controlelements like valves. Nowadays, most of the control elements used to execute thelogic of the system were substituted by the Programmable LogicController(PLC).Sensors and switches are plugged as inputs and the direct controlvalves for the actuators are plugged as outputs. An internal program executes allthe logic necessary to the sequence of the movements, simulates other componentslike counter, timer and control the status of the system.With the use of the PLC the project wins agility, because it is possible tocreate and simulate the system as many times as needed. Therefore, time can besaved, risk of mistakes reduced and complexity can be increased using the sameelements.A conventional PLC, that is possible to find on the market from many companies,offers many resources to control not only pneumatic systems, but all kinds of systemthat uses electrical components. The PLC can be very versatile and robust to beapplied in many kinds of application in the industry or even security system andautomation of buildings.Because of those characteristics, in some applications the PLC offers to much resources that are not even used to control the system, electro-pneumatic system is one of this kind of application. The use of PLC, especially for small size systems, can be very expensive for the automation project.An alternative in this case is to create a specific controller that can offer the exactly size and resources that the project needs[3,4].This can be made using microcontrollers as the base of this controller.The controller, based on microcontroller, can be very specific and adapted to only one kind of machine or it can work as a generic controller that can be programmed as a usual PLC and work with logic that can be changed. All these characteristics depend on what is needed and how much experience the designer has with developing an electronic circuit and firmware for microcontroller. But the main advantage of design the controller with the microcontroller is that the designer has the total knowledge of his controller, which makes it possible to control the size of the controller, change the complexity and the application of it. It means that the project gets more independence from other companies, but at the same time the responsibility of the control of the system stays at the designer hands2.Electro-pneumatic systemOn automation system one can find three basic components mentioned before ,plus a logic circuit that controls the system. An adequate technique is needed to project the logic circuit and integrate all the necessary components to execute the sequence of movements properly.For a simple direct sequence of movement an intuitive method can be used[1,5],but for indirect or more complex sequences the intuition can generate a very complicated circuit and signal mistakes. It is necessary to use another method that can save time of the project, make a clean circuit, can eliminate occasional signal overlapping and redundant circuits.The presented method is called step-by-step or algorithmic [1,5], it is valid for pneumatic and electro-pneumatic systems and it was used as a base in this work. The method consists of designing the systems based on standard circuits made for each change on the state of the actuators, these changes are called steps.Fig.1.Standard circuit for the pneumatic system.Fig.2.Standard circuit for the electro-pneumatic system.The first part is to design those kinds of standard circuits for each step, the next task is to link the standard circuits and the last part to connect the control element that receive signals from sensors, switches and the previous movement and give the air or electricity to the supply lines of each step. In Figs.1 and 2 the standard circuits are drawn for pneumatic and electro-pneumatic system [8].It is possible to see the relations with the previous and the next steps.3. The method applied inside the controllerThe result of the method presented before is a sequence of movements of the actuator that is well defined by steps. It means that each change on the position of the actuators is a new state of the system and the transition between statesis called step.The standard circuit described before helps the designer to define the states of the systems and to define the condition to each change between the states. In the end of the design, the system is defined by a sequence that never chances and states that have the inputs and the outputs well defined. The inputs are the condition for the transition and the outputs are the result of the transition.All the configuration of those steps stays inside of the microcontroller and is executed the same way it was designed. The sequences of strings are programmed inside the controller with 5 bytes; each string has the configuration of one step of the process. There are two bytes for the inputs, one byte for the outputs and two more for the other configurations and auxiliary functions of the step. After programming, this sequence of strings is saved inside of a non-volatile memory of the microcontroller, so they can be read and executed.The controller task is not to work in the same way as a conventional PLC, but the purpose of it is to be an example of a versatile controller that is design for an specific area. A conventional PLC process the control of the system using a cycle where it makes an image of the inputs, execute all the conditions defined by the configuration programmed inside, and then update the state of the outputs. This controller works in a different way, where it read the configuration of the step, wait the condition of inputs to be satisfied, then update the state or the outputs and after that jump to the next step and start the process again.It can generate some limitations, as the fact that this controller cannot execute, inside the program, movements that must be repeated for some time, but this problem can be solved with some external logic components. Another limitation is that the controller cannot be applied on systems that have no sequence. These limitations are a characteristic of the system that must be analyzed for each application.4. Characteristics of the controllerThe controller is based on the MICROCHIP microcontroller PIC16F877 [6,7] with 40 pins, and it has all the resources needed for this project. It ha enough pins for all the components, serial communication implemented in circuit, EEPROM memory to save all the configuration of the system and the sequence of steps. For the execution of the main program, it offers complete resources as timers and interruptions.The list of resources of the controller was created to explore all the capacity of the microcontroller to make it as complete as possible. During the step, the program chooses how to use the resources reading the configuration string of the step. This string has two bytes for digital inputs, one used as a mask and the other one used as a value expected. One byte is used to configure the outputs value. One bytes more is used for the internal timer, the analog input or time-out. The EEPROM memory inside is 256 bytes length that is enough to save the string of the steps, with this characteristic it is possible to save between 48 steps.The controller has also a display and some buttons that are used with an interactive menu to program the sequence of steps and other configurations.4.1.Interaction componentsFor the real application the controller must have some elements to interact with the final user and to offer a complete monitoring of the system resources that are available to the designer while creating the logic control of the pneumatic system:.Interactive mode of work; function available on the main program for didactic purposes, the user gives the signal to execute the step..LCD display, which shows the status of the system, values of inputs, outputs, timer and statistics of the sequence execution..Beep to give important alerts, stop, start and emergency..Leds to show power on and others to show the state of inputs and outputs.4.2. SecurityTo make the final application works property, a correct configuration to execute the steps in the right way is needed, but more then that it must offer solutions in case of bad functioning or problems in the execution of the sequence. The controller offers the possibility to configure two internal virtual circuits that work in parallel to the principal. These two circuits can be used as emergency or reset buttons and can return the system to a certain state at any time[2]. There are two inputs that work with interruption to get an immediate access to these functions. It is possible to configure the position, the buttons and the value of time-out of the system.er interfaceThe sequence of strings can be programmed using the interface elements of the controller. A computer interface can also be used to generate the user program easily. With a good documentation the final user can use the interface to configure the strings of bytes that define the steps of the sequence. But it is possible to create a program with visual resources that works as a translator to the user,it changes his work to the values that the controller understands.To implement the communication between the computer interface and the controller a simple protocol with check sum and number of bytes is the minimum requirements to guarantee the integrity of the data.4.4. FirmwareThe main loop works by reading the strings of the steps from the EEPROM memory that has all the information about the steps.In each step, the status of the system is saved on the memory and it is shown on the display too. Depending of the user configuration, it can use the interruption to work with the emergency circuit or time-out to keep the system safety.A block diagram of micro controller main program is presented.5.Example of electro-pneumatic systemThe system is not a representation of a specific machine, but it is made with some common movements and components found in a real one. The system is composed of four actuators. The actuators A,B and C are double acting and D-single acting. Actuator A advances and stays in specified position till the end of the cycle, it could work fixing an object to the next action for example(Fig.3), it is the first step. When A reaches the end position, actuator C starts his work together with B, making as many cycles as possible during the advancing of B. It depends on how fast actuator B is advancing; the speed is regulated by a flowing control valve. It was the second step. B and C are examples of actuators working together, while B pushes an object slowly, C repeats. its work for some time.Fig.3.Time diagram of A,B,C and D actuators.When B reaches the final position, C stops immediately its cycle and comes back to the initial position. The actuator D is a single acting one with spring return and works together with the back of C, it is the third step. D works making very fast forward and backward movement, just one time. Its backward movement is the fourth step. D could be a tool to make a hole on the object.When D reaches the initial position, A and B return too, it is the fifth step.Fig.4 shows the first part of the designing process where all the movements of each step should be defined[2]. (A+)means that the actuator A moves to the advanced position and (A . )to the initial position. The movements that happen at the same time are joined together in the same step. The system has five steps.Fig.4.Step sequence of A,B,C and D actuators.These two representations of the system(Figs.3 and 4) together are enough to describe correctly all the sequence. With them is possible to design the whole control circuit with the necessary logic components. But till this time, it is not a complete system, because it is missing some auxiliary elements that are not included in this draws because they work in parallel with the main sequence.These auxiliary elements give more function to the circuit and are very important to the final application; the most important of them is the parallel circuit linked with all the others steps. That circuit should be able to stop the sequence at any time and change the state of the actuators to a specific position. This kind of circuit can be used as a reset or emergency buttons.The next Figs.5 and 6 show the result of using the method without the controller. These pictures are the electric diagram of the control circuit of the example, including sensors, buttons and the coils of the electrical valves.Fig.5.Electric diagram of the example.Fig.6.Electric diagram of the example.The auxiliary elements are included, like the automatic/manual switcher that permit a continuous work and the two start buttons that make the operator of a machine use their two hands to start the process, reducing the risk of accidents.6. Changing the example to a user programIn the previous chapter, the electro-pneumatic circuits were presented, used to begin the study of the requires to control a system that work with steps andmust offer all the functional elements to be used in a real application. But, as explained above, using a PLC or this specific controller, the control becomes easier and the complexity can be increase also.It shows a resume of the elements that are necessary to control the presented example.With the time diagram, the step sequence and the elements of the system described in Figs.3 and 4 it is possible to create the configuration of the steps that can be sent to the controller.While using a conventional PLC, the user should pay attention to the logic of the circuit when drawing the electric diagram on the interface (Figs.5and 6), using the programmable controller, describe in this work, the user must know only the concept of the method and program only the configuration of each step.It means that, with a conventional PLC, the user must draw the relation between the lines and the draw makes it hard to differentiate the steps of the sequence. Normally, one needs to execute a simulation on the interface to find mistakes on the logic.The new programming allows that the configuration of the steps be separated, like described by the method. The sequence is defined by itself and the steps are described only by the inputs and outputs for each step.The structure of the configuration follows the order:1-byte: features of the step;2-byte: for the inputs;3-byte: value expected on the inputs;4-byte: value for the outputs;5-byte: value for the extra function.Fig.7.Actuators A and B, and sensors.Fig.8.Actuators C and D, and sensors.Table 5 shows how the user program is saved inside the controller, this is the program that describes the control of the example shown before.The sequence can be defined by 25 bytes. These bytes can be divided in five strings with 5 bytes each that define each step of the sequence (Figs.7 and 8).7. ConclusionThe controller developed for this work shows that it is possible to create a very useful programmable controller based on microcontroller. External memories or external timers were not used in case to explore the resources that the microcontroller offers inside. Outside the microcontroller, there are only components to implement the outputs, inputs, analog input, display for the interface and the serial communication.Using only the internal memory, it is possible to control a pneumatic system that has a sequence with 48 steps if all the resources for all steps are used, but it is possible to reach sixty steps in the case of a simpler system.The programming of the controller does not use PLC languages, but a configuration that is simple and intuitive. With electro-pneumatic system, the programming follows the same technique that was used before to design the system, but here the designer works directly with the states or steps of the system.With a very simple machine language the designer can define all the configuration of the step using four or five bytes. It depends only on his experience to use all the resources of the controller.The controller task is not to work in the same way as a commercial PLC but the purpose of it is to be an example of a versatile controller that is designed for a specific area. Because of that, it is not possible to say which one works better; the system made with microcontroller is an alternative that works in a simple way.References[1]E.Nelli Silva,Fluid-mechanics systems Manual, Escola PolitecnicaUSP,2002(in Portuguese).[2]J.Swider,Control and Automation of Technological Process and Mechatronic systems,Silesian University Publishing Company,Gli-wice,2002(redaction in Polish).[3]J.Swider, G.Wszolek, W.Carvalho. Example of the system prepared to be controlled by the controller based on microcontroller,in:12 International Scientific Conference—Achievements in Mechanical and MaterialsEngineering,Gliwice-Zakopane,Poland,2003,pp.965-970.[4]J.Swider,G.Wszolek,W.Carvalho, Controller based on microcontroller designed to execute the logic control of pneumatic systems, in:12International Scientific Conference— Achievements in Mechanical and Materials Engineering,Gliwice-Zakopane,Poland,2003,pp. 959–964.[5]J.Swider,G.Wszoek, The methodical collection of laboratory and project tasks of technological process control in Pneumatic and Electro-pneumatic Systems with Logical PLC Control, Silesian University Publishing Company,Gliwice,2003.[6]PIC 16f87xDatasheet.MICROCHIP,2001.[7]Application notes AN587 and AN546.MICROCHIP,1997.[8]Fundamental of electro-pneumatic—FESTODidactic,2000.中文翻译应用于电气系统的可编程序控制器摘要此项目主要是研究电气系统以及简单有效的控制气流发动机的程序和气流系统的状态。
基于plc的交流电机控制系统设计外文翻译标准版
河北科技师范学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译通过PLC虚拟仪器使用以太网控制交流电动机院（系、部）名称：机电工程学院专业名称：电气工程及其自动化学生姓名：申再贺学生学号：0413120213指导教师：崔丽娜年月日河北科技师范学院教务处制通过PLC虚拟仪器使用以太网控制交流电动机摘要:远程控制应用程序在当今的各个行业中被广泛使用。
其中的一个常见的是应用程序需要远程控制和监控的是变频感应驱动系统。
驱动系统有各种类型的控制器,以执行一些操作,比如控制速度,前进和反转。
这种方法可以通过可编程序逻辑控制器(PLC)来实现，随着技术的崛起,将使用以太网模块来实现远程控制系统。
加上今天的PLC不仅可以控制使用原来的软件,而且可以使用第三方软件,比如虚拟仪器。
虚拟仪器是一个用户友好的人机界面设计软件。
它可以很容易地与不同的硬件通信。
关键词:虚拟仪器、PLC、以太网、感应电动机、OPC服务器、逆变器。
1 介绍过去,工程师已经设计了需要大量硬件的工程系统。
它是不可能设计远程控制系统因为硬件和布线是必要的。
此外,如果工程师不希望改善设计,所有的不相关的硬件需要扔掉,这不是长久的办法。
随着技术的兴起,可编程序逻辑控制器(PLC)已经缓解了工程设计需求减少了所需的材料,这是因为整个设计采用软件编程范式。
PLC常用在工业中,包括控制旋转感应电动机变频驱动系统，设计远程控制机器现在成为可能, 甚至通过使用以太网作为通信设备计算机和PLC之间的媒介[1]。
除了使用自己专有的软件设计程序结构, PLC也可以简单地被其他软件访问和控制。
请注意这样的软件驱动特殊的plc。
因此工程师可以使用虚拟仪器[2], 它在虚拟仪器上有各种类型的工业应用(VI),虚拟仪器不是真正的沉重的仪器来控制PLC。
2.项目设计的配置和准备2.1. NI OPC服务器NI OPC服务器有欧姆龙FINS以太网驱动程序，它允许欧姆龙CJ1M-CPU11-ETN21与虚拟仪器之间的通信。
外文翻译(Integrated Fault-Tolerant Scheme for a DC Speed Drive)
关于直流调速器的集成容错方案D. U. Campos-Delgado, Member, IEEE, S. Martínez -Martínez,and K. Zhou, Fellow, IEEE译者：张进指导老师：曾孟雄教学单位：机械与材料学院摘要——本文呈现了一个带有干扰补偿的容错控制(FTC)方案。
故障检测和干扰补偿融为一体，对模型系统的不稳定性提出了一种鲁棒算法。
在现行容错方案中，GIMC控制结构[23]被用作反馈装置。
利用鲁棒控制理论可获得容错方案的参数生成。
考虑到数学模型系统的不稳定性和动荡性，设计了一个检测滤波器用于故障分离。
最后，故障补偿机制包括对干扰的评估，在检测到故障后，该评估应用于系统可以提高闭环系统的性能。
为了说明这些想法，选择直流电动机的速度调节作为个案研究，实验成果如下报告。
设计，鲁棒控制。
关键术语——直流电动机，容错控制，H∞Ⅰ. 导言在许多工业应用中，有昂贵设备的管理及操作人员的参与。
在这些情况下，是需要对自动化加工过程提供一些安全程度的。
因此，操作者必须接受一个加入这一加工过程用于指示故障可能产生的指示器，以便采取适当的行动。
对于某些类型的故障，通常可以设计标称控制系统来处理，该系统可用于接受那些故障或者保留故障情况下的一些性能，这是可能的（被动的方法）[1]-[3]。
但是，这一策略在实践中往往是保守的，因为控制器的设计上必须考虑到最坏的情况。
产生这些容错控制器的方法之一，就是采用H∞鲁棒设计技术[4]-[6]。
用于容错控制(FTC)的另一种方法依赖于控制过程中故障实例的检测，目的是把一个合适的补偿机制应用于反馈系统中（主动的方法）[7]。
在这个方案中，首先要检测一种故障情况，这是必须的，其次,需要设计一种算法，来确定所发生的故障类型（故障隔离）。
基于故障分离模块，需要引入一个用于标称控制信号的外部补偿信号，或者更新控制器是参数[8],[9]。
关于控制系统中的PLC的选型方法外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
重庆理工大学文献翻译二级学院班级学生姓名学号关于控制系统中的PLC的选型方法摘要：在设计关于PLC的控制系统时，首先应确定该系统的控制方案，然后下一步工作是为该工程设计选择PLC的型号。
该控制系统运行过程中的特点和应用需求是PLC选型的主要依据。
PLC和相关设备应该根据综合、标准、以及容易形成一个整体的工业控制系统和易扩展其功能的原则选择器件的类型，所选择的PLC应在相关工业领域的有成功的应用成果、该PLC在控制系统中有成熟和可靠的运用制度，该PLC的硬件、软件配置和功能都可适应安装的规模和控制要求。
在设计该系统时知道它所使用的编程控制器，以及它的功能图像及相关的编程语言有利于缩短编程时间，因此，在选择该类型的项目设计和估算时，应先分析该项目的运行过程特点和控制要求，详细地明确该项目的控制任务和范围，根据操作和运动的要求，估算出输入和输出的数量、估计出存储器容量、测定功能的大小以及外部设备性能等，最后选择具有较高的性价比的PLC和相应的控制系统设计。
随着PLC在工业控制系统中的普及，PLC的数量和种类越来越多，功能也日趋完善。
近年来，刚刚介绍的PLC产品已有自美国、日本和德国以及国内厂家组装或独立发展成型，已有几十种系列，几百种型号。
PLC的类型众多，它的结构模型，性能、能力、指令系统和编程方法等各有不同，应用场合也各有不同。
因此，在自动控制系统中合理的选择PLC的型号有很重要的作用。
随着科技的不断进步，PLC的种类是越来越多，其功能也在逐渐增加强。
虽然本文总结了一些选择的方法，以及运用实例说明如何使用PLC，但在实际工作中它还必须做出适当的调整。
需要根据实际条件来用PLC设计工业控制系统，满足期望。
关键词：PLC；选型；控制系统1、介绍PLC的技术随着计算机和微电子技术的发展而得到迅速发展。
从开发出第一台PLC后，随着CPU的应用和单片机技术在PLC中的应用,形成现代意义上的第一台PLC。
自80年代到20世纪的第一个十年,随着微电子技术的大跃进，出现了大规模集成电路和超级大型微电子技术，16通道和32通道的微处理器的出现PLC得到了惊人的开发,这使得PLC在概念、设计、性价比以及应用上获得了新的突破，不仅控制功能增强,功耗和体积减少,成本下降,可靠性上升,编程和故障检测更加灵活和方便,同时远程通信网络、数据处理以及人机界面(HMI)也得到了快速的发展。
自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录1：外文翻译自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0。
The new Opel/Vauxhall公司在2014年秋季推出了自动化五速手动变速箱(MTA) Easytronic 3.0。
该变速器使用电动液压离合器和位移控制，其主要部件主来自手动变速箱(F17-5)。
这个新的变速器新增了停止/启动功能，而他的控制系统是根据安全标准ISO 26262设计的。
DIPL.-ING。
THOMAS ZEMMRICH是德国Adam Opel公司变速器自动化MT系统组长和技术专家。
持续战略2014年秋季，欧宝/沃克斯豪尔公司引进了新一代自动化手动变速器MTA(手动变速器) Easytronic 3.0。
这延续了公司自2001年开始战略，通过这种低成本的变速器有效代替小型车辆的常规自动变速器。
由于传统变速器在传动过程中有扭矩中断会使车辆在驾驶时舒适度不佳。
因此，他们设计了与传统变速箱相比操作操作更简便，燃油经济性更好的，并且带有运动驾驶风格的自动化变速器。
这篇文章介绍了欧宝新推出的MTA 的设计和性能特点。
变速器的设计这款新推出的变速器是在Opel公司五速手动变速箱(F17-5)的基础上开发的，它的扭矩容量为190Nm。
这款变速器用在中小型汽油发动机手动档车型上的排量高达1.4L，用在材油机手动挡车型上的排量为1.3L。
虽然拥有高达200Nm转矩容量的6速变速箱越来越受到欢迎，但是考虑到成本，目前五速版的变速箱任是小型汽车的首选。
这款变速器采用拨叉和同步器进行换档，所选的齿轮组传动比范围为5.53，这对于一个五速变速箱来说是一个相当大的传动比范围。
由于较大的传动比范围，使得一档工作时不需要输入较大的转矩，使驾驶舒适性能得到提高，且在五档工作时不需要发动机输入较高的转速就可以获得较高的驾驶速度，还能够降低噪音，提高燃油经济性。
后者是实现自动手动变速器而不损失任何性能，因为加速度可以通过快速自动降档来实现。
变频电机设计及调速系统研究-外文文献及翻译
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：变频电机设计及调速系统研究外文题目：Performance Analysis of Z-source Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive 译文题目：Z源逆变器的驱动性能分析学生姓名：专业：电气工程及其自动化指导教师姓名：评阅日期：Z源逆变器的驱动性能分析摘要：本篇论文提出了三次谐波输入逆变器时最大恒定升压控制的仿真及其性能分析，该方法可在固定的调制指数下获得最大的电压升压。
Z源逆变器是一种全新的电力转换概念，其主要应用于燃料电池汽车。
相比较于传统的逆变器，Z源逆变器有着明显的优势，它可以应用于所有的交/直流转换。
并且所有传统PWM 调制法都可以应用于Z源逆变器的控制。
最大升压控制法通过保持固定的直通占空比消除了电感电流和电容电压的低频脉动，同时减少了开关器件的电磁应力。
最大升压法仅适用于相对较高的输出频率，然而最大恒定升压控制法中的Z 源网络的设计仅取决于开关频率，而与输出频率无关。
在本文中Z源逆变器的升压系数、输出直流线电压、电容电压、输出交流电压、电压增益等参数由调制指数固定的最大升压控制法所确定，并由仿真和实验验证。
关键词传统逆变器，Z源逆变器，升压系数，PWM，三次谐波，电压增益。
1.引言逆变器是直流/交流的转换设备。
以直流形式输入的电压或电流被转换为交流电压输出。
改变直流输入或改变逆变器增益都可以对输出电压进行控制。
传统逆变器广泛应用于工业中的变速驱动及其他场合，根据其输入的不同可分为两种：a电压源逆变器。
b电流源逆变器。
脉冲宽度调制可以控制逆变器的增益，不同的PWM技术就是用来控制此类逆变器。
PWM控制技术还降低了输出信号的谐波失真并且提高了逆变器的性能。
三次谐波输入PWM的方法消除了输出波形中的三次谐波分量，而且提供了比常规PWM技术更大范围的调制指数。
这些PWM 波形可以通过使用带无源和有源元件的模拟电路产生，也可以由微处理器和微控制器产生[4]。
智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一：外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译：智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活，给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便，我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子，单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用，在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。
also known as a standard n。
XXX。
It consistsof gears。
synchros。
roller bearings。
shafts。
and gear selectors。
The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。
and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。
Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。
before it is XXX。
The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。
Unlike automatic ns。
XXX。
as there isno XXX。
Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。
However。
some cars may have up to eight forward gears。
while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。
such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。
外文翻译--步进电机运动控制系统设计
密级分类号编号成绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原文标题Stepper Motor Motion Control System Design 译文标题步进电机运动控制系统设计作者所在系别机械工程系作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化作者所在班级作者姓名作者学号指导教师姓名指导教师职称完成时间2012 年 2 月的个数严格成正比，在时间上与输入脉冲同步，因此只要控制输入脉冲的数量、频率及电动机绕组通电的相序，便可获得所需的转角、转速及转动方向。
在没有脉冲输入时，在绕组电源的激励下气隙磁场能使转子保持原有位置处于定位状态。
因此非常适合于单片机控制。
步进电机还具有快速启动、精确步进和定位等特点，因而在数控机床，绘图仪，打印机以及光学仪器中得到广泛的应用。
步进电动机已成为除直流电动机和交流电动机以外的第三类电动机。
传统电动机作为机电能量转换装置，在人类的生产和生活进入电气化过程中起着关键的作用。
步进电机可以作为一种控制用的特种电机，利用其没有积累误差(精度为100%)的特点，广泛应用于各种开环控制。
现在比较常用的步进电机包括反应式步进电机（VR）、永磁式步进电机（PM）、混合式步进电机（HB）和单相式步进电机等。
一步进电机的工作原理步进电机是一种用电脉冲进行控制 ,将电脉冲信号转换成相位移的电机 ,其机械位移和转速分别与输入电机绕组的脉冲个数和脉冲频率成正比 ,每一个脉冲信号可使步进电机旋转一个固定的角度.脉冲的数量决定了旋转的总角度 ,脉冲的频率决定了电机运转的速度.当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度(称为“步距角”)，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。
可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量，从而达到准确定位的目的；同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的。
二步进电机详细调速原理步进电机的调速一般是改变输入步进电机的脉冲的频率来实现步进电机的调速，因为步进电机每给一个脉冲就转动一个固定的角度，这样就可以通过控制步进电机的一个脉冲到下一个脉冲的时间间隔来改变脉冲的频率，延时的长短来具体控制步进角来改变电机的转速，从而实现步进电的调速。
异步电动机矢量控制调速系统设计外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译文献题目：The Design of the Vector Control System of Asynchronous Motor 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化年级：09级姓名：学号：指导教师：职称：副教授2013年4月20日The Design of the Vector Control System of Asynchronous MotorMin Zhang, Xinping Ding & Zhen GuoCollege of Automation, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, ChinaE-mail: z_m530@Abstract: Among various modes of the asynchronous motor speed control, vector control has the advantages of fast response, stability, transmission of high-performance and wide speed range. For the need of the asynchronous motor speed control, the design uses 89C196 as the controller, and introduces the designs of hardware and software in details. The Design is completed effectively, with good performance simple structure and good prospects of development.Keywords: Asynchronous motor, 89C196, Vector control1. IntroductionAC asynchronous motor is a higher order, multi-variable, non-linear, and strong coupling object, using the concept of parameters reconstruction and state reconstruction of modern control theory to achieve decoupling between the excitation component of the AC motor stator current and the torque component, and the control process of AC motor is equivalent to the control process of DC motor, the dynamic performance of AC speed regulation system obtaining notable improvement, thus makes DC speed replacing AC speed possible finally. The current governor of the higher production process has been more use of Frequency Control devices with vector-control.2. Vector ControlWith the criterion of producing consistent rotating magneto motive force, the stator AC current A i ,B i ,C i by3S/2S conversion in the three-phase coordinate system, can be equivalent to AC current s d i ，s q i ， in two-phase static coordinate system, through vector rotation transformation of the re-orientation of the rotor magnetic field, Equivalent to a synchronous rotation coordinates of the DC current e d i ，e q i . When observers at core coordinates with the rotation together, AC machine becomes DC machine. Of these, the AC induction motor rotor total flux r , it has become the equivalent of the DC motor flux, windings e d equivalent to the excitation windings of DC motor ,e d i equivalent to the excitation current, windings e q equivalent to false static windings, e q i equivalent to the armature current proportional to torque. After the transformation above, AC asynchronous motor has been equivalent to DC motor. As a result, imitating the control method of DC motor, obtaining the control variable of DC motor, through the corresponding coordinates anti-transformation, can control the asynchronous motor. As a result of coordinate transformation of the current (on behalf of magnetic momentum) space vector, thus, this control system achieved through coordinate transformation called the vector control system, referred to VC system.According to this idea, could constitute the vector control system that can control r ψ and e q idirectly, as shown in Figure 1. In the figure a given and feedback signal through the controllersimilar to the controller that DC speed control system has used, producing given signal *e qs i of theexcitation current and given signal *e ds i of the armature current, after the anti-rotation transform VR -1 obtaining *e qs i and *e ds i , obtains *A i ,*B i ,*C i by 3S/2S conversion. Adding the three signals controlled by current and frequency signal 1ω obtained by controller to the inverter controlled by current, can output three-phase frequency conversion current that asynchronous motor needs for speed.3. The Content and Thought of the DesignThis system uses 80C196 as controller, consists of detection unit of stator three-phase current unit of keyboard input, LCD display modules, given unit of simulation speed detection unit of stator three-phase voltage, feedback unit of speed and output unit of control signals. System block diagram shown in Figure 2, the system applies 16 bits MCU 80C196 as control core, with some hardware analog circuits composing the vector control system of asynchronous motor. On the one hand, 80C196 through the A/D module of 80C196, speed gun and the given speed feedback signals has been obtained, obtaining given torque of saturated limiting through speed regulator, to obtain the given torque current; Use a given function generator to obtain given rotor flux, through observation obtaining real flux, through flux regulation obtaining given excitation current of given stator current, then the excitation current and the torque current synthesis through the K/P transformation, obtaining amplitude and phase stator current, after amplitude of stator currentcompared to the testing current , control the size of stator current through current regulator.; on the other hand, the stator current frequency is calculated by the simultaneous conversion rate for the time constant of the control inverter, regularly with timer, through P1,submitting trigger word to complete the trigger of the inverter.4. The Design of Hardware and SoftwareThe hardware circuits of the system mainly consists of AC-DC-AC current inverter circuit, SCR trigger inverter circuit, rectifier SCR trigger circuit, the speed given with the gun feedback circuit, current central regulation circuit, protection circuit and other typical circuits. The design of software includes: speed regulator control and flux detection and regulation.4.1 AC-DC-AC Current Converter CircuitThe main circuit uses AC-DC-AC Current Converter in the system as shown in Figure 3, and main features can be known as follows:1) Main circuit with simple structure and fewer components. For the four-quadrant operation, when the brake of power happens, the current direction of the main circuit keeps the same, just changing the polarity of the voltage, rectifier working in the state of inverter, inverter working in the state of rectifier. The inverter can be easily entered, regenerative braking, fast dynamic response. The voltage inverter has to connect to a group of inverters in order to regenerative braking, bringing the electric energy back to power grids.2) Since the middle using a reactor, current limit, is constant current source. Coupled with current Loop conditioning, current limit, so it can tolerate instantaneous load short-circuit, automatic protection, thereby enhancing the protection of over current and operational reliability3) The current inverter can converter with force and the output current instantaneous value is controlled by current inverter, meeting the vector control requirements of AC motors. Converter capacitor charging and discharging currents from the DC circuit filter by the suppression reactor, unlike a greater inrush current in voltage inverter, the capacitor’s utilization is of high level.4) Current inverter and the load motor form a whole, and the energy storage of the motor windings is also involved in the converter, and less dependent on the voltage inverter, so it has a certain load capacity.4.2 Inverter SCR trigger drive circuitThe Inverter SCR trigger drive circuit as shown in Figure 4. Inverter trigger signal is controlled by P1 of 80C196, slip signal outputting through P1 via PWM regulation in the SCM through the photoelectric isolation to enlarge, to control the trigger of the inverter. The system uses P1.6 as control and uses P1.0~P1.5 to control six SCR inverters separately, so the trigger circuits is composed by six circuits above.The principles of drive circuit of SCR trigger inverter are as follows: when the PWM from P1 is high signal after and gate, photoelectric isolation is not on, composite pipe in a state of on-saturated, the left side of the transformer forming circuit, and that the power of the signal amplifies (current enlarges); when the PWM from P1 is low signal after and gate, photoelectric isolation is on, composite pipe in a state of cut-off, and the left side of the transformer can not form circuit; thus, composite pipe equivalent to a switch, and its frequency relied on the frequency of the PWM, so the left side of the transformer form AC signals, to trigger SCR inverter after transformer decompression, half-wave rectifier and filter.4.3 Current Loop conditioning circuitsAfter the vector calculation, outputting given current through D/A module, testing feedback current by the current testing circuit, sending them to the simulator of the P1 regulator to regulate, can eliminate static difference and improve the speed of regulation. The output of the analog devices can be regarded as the phase-shifting control signals of the rectifier trigger. Current Loop conditioning circuits as shown in figure 5.4.4 The control of speed regulatorSpeed regulator uses dual-mode control. Setting a value T N of speed error, when the system is more than the deviation (more than 10 percent of the rated frequency), as rough location of the start, using on-off control, at this time, speed regulator is in the state of amplitude limit, equivalent to speed loop being open-loop, so the current loop is in the state of the most constant current regulation. Thus, it can play the overload ability of motor fully and make the process of regulation fastest possibly. When the system enters into a state of small deviation, the system uses PI linear control instead of on-off control. As result, absorbing the benefits of non-linear and linear, the system meets stability and accuracy. The speed regulator flowchart is as shown in figure 6.4.5 Flux RegulationSlip frequency vector control system can be affected by the motor parameters, so that the actual fluxand the given flux appear a deviation. This system is of observation and feedback in the amplitude of the magnetic flux, regulating flux of the rotor, actual flux with the changes of given flux.Flux regulator is also the same as the speed regulator, using PI regulator. The discrete formula is:n i S i m m m t n e T n e k n i n i /)}()({)1()(+∆+-= （1） Plus a reminder to forecast for correction:)1()(2--=n i n i I m m m （2） In the formula, m k is proportional coefficient, n t is integral coefficient, s T is sampling period, m I is the actual output value.)1()(--=∆n e n e e n （3）)()(2*2n n e n Φ-Φ= （4）When it is in the state of low frequency (f<5HZ), 1r can not be ignored, the phase difference between 1V and 1E enlarges, and the formula 1V ≈'1V no longer sets up. Through the Approximate rotor flux observer and the formula 1101112/)(L I r I V L I m T m m --==Φω to observe the flux amplitude, only open-loop control of flux, that is, to calculate from a given flux, and that is m m L I /*2Φ=.In addition, in order to avoid disorders, or too weak and too strong magnetic, limiting the output m i in preparation for the software, making it in the ranges from 75% to 115% rated value.5. Design SummaryThis text researches the vector control variable speed control system of the asynchronous motor design. The SCM 80C196 and the external hardware complete the asynchronous motor speed vector control system design efficiently, and meet the timing control requirements. The vector control system design thinks clearly, has a good speed performance and simple structure. It has a wide range of use and a good prospect of development from the analysis and design of the speed asynchronous motor vector control systems.The innovations:(1) Complete the data acquisition of the speed and voltage, output the control signal and save the devices effectively with the help of the 80C196 microcontroller owned A/D, D/A.(2) Because the Current Source Inverter uses forced converter, the maximum operating frequency is free from the power grid frequency. And it is with wide speed range.(3) This system uses constant flux to keep the constant flux stably. Use stator physical voltage amplitude to approximate the observed flux amplitude value. The magnetic flux overcomes the impact of the parameters changes. This way is simple and effective.Figure 1. Vector Control System PrincipleFigure 2. Scheme of SystemFigure 3. AC-DC-AC Current inverter CircuitFigure 4. Inverter SCR trigger drive circuitFigure 5. Current Loop conditioning circuitsFigure 6. Flux regulation flowchartReferencesHisao Kubota and Kouki Matsuse. (1994). Speed Sensorless Field-Oriented Control of Induction Motor withRotor Resistance Adaptation. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vo1.30, No.5,pp.1219-1224.Li, Da, Yang, Qingdong, and Liu, Quan.(2007). The DSP permanent magnet synchronous linear motor vector control system. Micro-computer information, 09-2:195-196Liu, Wei. (2007). The application design about vector control of current loop control. Micro-computer information, 07-1: 68-70Zhao, Tao, Jiang, WeiDong, Chen, Quan, and Ren, Tao. (2006). The research about the permanent magnet motor drive system bases on the dual-mode control. Power electronics technology, 40(5) :32-34异步电动机矢量控制调速系统设计张民，丁兴平，郭振中国，青岛，青岛科技大学自动化学院， 266033，E-mail: z_m530@摘 要:异步电动机的各种调速方式中，矢量控制的调速方式响应快、稳定性好、传动性能高、调速范围宽。
全数字控制的桥式可逆直流脉宽调速系统设计 [附图+中英文翻译]
![全数字控制的桥式可逆直流脉宽调速系统设计 [附图+中英文翻译]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/8a2bccc6aa00b52acfc7cae3.png)
XXXXXXXX大学本科生毕业设计姓名：XXX 学号：XXXX学院：信息与电气工程学院专业：电气工程与自动化设计题目：全数字控制的桥式可逆直流脉宽调速系统设计专题：指导教师：XXXX 职称：XXXXXXXX年6月XXXXXXXX大学毕业设计任务书学院信息与电气工程学院专业年级电气02—3 学生姓名曹言敬任务下达日期：XXXX年2月20日毕业设计日期：XXXX 年 2 月20日至XXXX 年6月20日毕业设计题目：全数字控制的桥式可逆直流脉宽调速系统设计毕业设计专题题目：毕业设计主要内容和要求：1、直流电机的参数为15KW，电枢电压440V，电枢电流39.5A，励磁电压90V，励磁电流7A，转速为1510转/分。
2、制定主电路方案并进行选型设计计算。
3、用PROTEL设计全数字控制系统的电路原理图及PCB图。
4、编制控制软件。
5、基于MATLAB对桥式可逆直流脉宽调速系统进行仿真研究。
6、翻译与论文相关的电气自动化方面专业外文资料约5000字。
7、用OFFICE—WORD打印论文。
院长签字：指导教师签字：XXXXXXXX大学毕业设计指导教师评阅书指导教师评语（①基础理论及基本技能的掌握；②独立解决实际问题的能力；③研究内容的理论依据和技术方法；④取得的主要成果及创新点；⑤工作态度及工作量；⑥总体评价及建议成绩；⑦存在问题；⑧是否同意答辩等）：成绩：指导教师签字：年月日XXXXXXXX大学毕业设计评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评语（①选题的意义；②基础理论及基本技能的掌握；③综合运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力；③工作量的大小；④取得的主要成果及创新点；⑤写作的规范程度；⑥总体评价及建议成绩；⑦存在问题；⑧是否同意答辩等）：成绩：评阅教师签字：年月日XXXXXXXX大学毕业设计答辩及综合成绩摘要直流脉宽调速系统，是采用脉冲宽度调制的高频开关控制方式，形成的脉宽调制变换器——直流电动机调速系统，简称直流PWM调速系统。
PLC控制系统外文翻译
附录Abstract: Programmable controller in the field of industrial control applications, and PLC in the application process, to ensure normal operation should be noted that a series of questions, and give some reasonable suggestions.Key words: PLC Industrial Control Interference Wiring Ground Proposal DescriptionOver the years, programmable logic controller (hereinafter referred to as PLC) from its production to the present, to achieve a connection to the storage logical leap of logic; its function from weak to strong, to achieve a logic control to digital control of progress; its applications from small to large, simple controls to achieve a single device to qualified motion control, process control and distributed control across the various tasks. PLC today in dealing with analog, digital computing, human-machine interface and the network have been a substantial increase in the capacity to become the mainstream of the field of control of industrial control equipment, in all walks of life playing an increasingly important role.ⅡPLC application areasCurrently, PLC has been widely used in domestic and foreign steel, petroleum, chemical, power, building materials, machinery manufacturing, automobile, textile, transportation, environmental and cultural entertainment and other industries, the use of mainly divided into the following categories:1. Binary logic controlReplace traditional relay circuit, logic control, sequential control, can be used to control a single device can also be used for multi-cluster control and automation lines. Such as injection molding machine, printing machine, stapler machine, lathe, grinding machines, packaging lines, plating lines and so on.2. Industrial Process ControlIn the industrial production process, there are some, such as temperature, pressure, flow, level and speed, the amount of continuous change (ie, analog), PLC using the appropriate A / D and D / A converter module, and a variety of control algorithm program to handle analog, complete closed-loop control. PID closed loop control system adjustment is generally used as a conditioning method was more. Process control in metallurgy, chemical industry, heat treatment, boiler control and so forth have a very wide range of applications3. Motion ControlPLC can be used in a circular motion or linear motion control. Generally use a dedicated motion control module, for example a stepper motor or servo motor driven single-axis or multi-axis position control module, used in a variety of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators and other occasions.4. Data ProcessingPLC with mathematics (including matrix operations, functions, operation, logic operation), data transfer, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, bit manipulation functions, you can complete the data collection, analysis and processing. Dataprocessing is generally used, such as paper making, metallurgy, food industry, some of the major control system5. Communications and networkingPLC communication with the communication between PLC and the PLC and other communications between intelligent devices. Along with the development of factory automation network, the PLC now has communication interface, communication is very convenient.ⅢApplication features of PLC1. High reliability, strong anti-interferenceHigh reliability is the key to performance of electrical control equipment. PLC as the use of modern large scale integrated circuit technology, using the strict production process, the internal circuits to the advanced anti-jamming technology, with high reliability. Constitute a control system using PLC, and the same size compared to relay contactor system, electrical wiring and switch contacts have been reduced to hundreds or even thousands of times, fault also greatly reduced. In addition, PLC hardware failure with self-detection, failure alarm timely information. In the application software, application are also incorporated into the peripheral device fault diagnosis procedure, the system is in addition to PLC circuits and devices other than the access protection fault diagnosis. In this way, the whole system extremely high reliability.2. Fully furnished, fully functional, applicabilityPLC to today, has formed a series products of various sizes, can be used for occasions of all sizes of industrial control. In addition to processing other than logic, PLC data, most of computing power has improved, can be used for a variety of digital control in the field. A wide variety of functional units in large numbers, so that penetration to the position of PLC control, temperature control, CNC and other industrial control. Enhanced communication capabilities with PLC and human-machine interface technology, using the PLC control system composed of a variety of very easily.3. Easy to learn, well engineering and technical personnel welcomePLC is facing the industrial and mining enterprises in the industrial equipment. It interfaces easily, programming language easily acceptable for engineering and technical personnel. Ladder language, graphic symbols and expressions and relay circuit very close to are not familiar with electronic circuits, computer principles and assembly language do not understand people who engage in industrial control to open the door.4. System design, the workload is small, easy maintenance, easy to transformPLC logic with memory logic instead of wiring, greatly reducing the control equipment external wiring, make the control system design and construction of the much shorter period, while routine maintenance is also easier up, even more important is to change the procedures of the same equipment has been changed production process possible. This is particularly suitable for many varieties, small batch production situations.(1)Installation and wiring●Power lines, control lines and power lines and PLC I / O lines should be split wiring, isolation transformer and PLC and I / O should be used between the cable connection Shuangjiao. The PLC's IO lines and power lines go separate lines, such as to be in the same groove, the separation of bundled communication lines, DC lines, if conditions allow, the best sub-groove alignment, not only will it have the greatest possible distance and can reduce the noise to a minimum.●PLC should stay away from strong interference sources such as welding, high-power silicon rectifier devices and large power equipment, not with the high-voltage electrical switch installed in the same cabinet. PLC in the cabinet should stay away from power lines (the distance between the two should be more than 200mm). And PLC cabinets installed within the same inductive load, such as large power relay, contactor coil, arc should be parallel RC circuit.●PLC input and output separately from the best alignment, switch and analog should be laid separately. The transmission of analog signals should be shielded cable, one end or both ends of the shield should be grounding resistance should be less than the shielding layer 1 / 10.●AC output line and DC output lines do not use the same cable, the output line should be far from power lines and power lines, to avoid parallel.(2)I / O wiring terminalInput Connection●Input wiring generally not too long. But if the environment interfere with small, small voltage drop, the input terminal can be properly longer.●Input / output lines can not be used with a cable, input / output lines should be separated.●The extent possible, normally open contact form to connect to the input in the establishment of the ladder and relay the same schematic, easy to read。
基于单片机的步进电机控制系统设计外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：机械工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：张XX学号：XXXXXXXXXX外文出处：《Computational Intelligence and (用外文写)Design》附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于微型计算机的步进电机控制系统设计孟天星余兰兰山东理工大学电子与电气工程学院山东省淄博市摘要本文详细地介绍了一种以AT89C51为核心的步进电机控制系统。
该系统设计包括硬件设计、软件设计和电路设计。
电路设计模块包括键盘输入模块、LED显示模块、发光二极管状态显示和报警模块。
按键可以输入设定步进电机的启停、转速、转向,改变转速、转向等的状态参数。
通过键盘输入的状态参数来控制步进电机的步进位置和步进速度进而驱动负载执行预订的工作。
运用显示电路来显示步进电机的输入数据和运行状态。
AT89C51单片机通过指令系统和编译程序来执行软件部分。
通过反馈检测模块，该系统可以很好地完成上述功能。
关键词：步进电机，AT89C51单片机，驱动器，速度控制1概述步进电机因为具有较高的精度而被广泛地应用于运动控制系统，例如机器人、打印机、软盘驱动机、绘图仪、机械式阀体等等。
过去传统的步进电机控制电路和驱动电路设计方法通常都极为复杂，由成本很高而且实用性很差的电器元件组成。
结合微型计算机技术和软件编程技术的设计方法成功地避免了设计大量复杂的电路，降低了使用元件的成本，使步进电机的应用更广泛更灵活。
本文步进电机控制系统是基于AT89C51单片机进行设计的，它具有电路简单、结构紧凑的特点，能进行加减速，转向和角度控制。
它仅仅需要修改控制程序就可以对各种不同型号的步进电机进行控制而不需要改变硬件电路，所以它具有很广泛的应用领域。
2设计方案该系统以AT89C51单片机为核心来控制步进电机。
电路设计包括键盘输入电路、LED显示电路、发光二极管显示电路和报警电路，系统原理框图如图1所示。
毕业设计外文翻译
基于自抗扰控制器的永磁同步电机控制系统刘德俊电气与信息工程学院北华大学吉林，中国电子邮件：dejunliu@车长进周振雄电气与信息工程学院北华大学吉林，中国电子邮件：bhchecj@zzx701111@摘要-磁场定向控制技术被广泛应用于运动控制的感应电动机。
然而，在实时执行，这需要准确的电机参数的精确的去耦不能充分认识到由于显著的的植物不确定性，如外部干扰，参数变化和植物非线性动力学，这可能磁通和转矩的动态性能显着恶化。
为了实现高动力驱动系统的性能，非线性自抗扰控制器控制交流永磁同步伺服电机（AC-PMSM）直接转矩控制调速系统.关键词：交流永磁同步电机，自动抗扰，直接转矩控制系统仿真1.简介通常用在高性能交流调速系统矢量控制，动态性能取决于型号。
但交流调速系统具有的特性是非线性的强耦合，多变量[1]，它是难以得到精确的数学模型，这使得在改善的动态性能的矢量控制的限制。
学者提出了异步电机直接转矩控制（DTC），去耦矢量控制的想法被放弃DTC，复杂的坐标变换，避免磁场定向，定子磁链的估计仅涉及定子电阻，它被削弱依赖电机参数。
这个方法很简单，它具有的扭矩响应速度快和良好的动态性能。
直接转矩控制的感应电机控制系统，在目前的这些优点，一些学者致力于发展同步电机直接转矩控制模式，初步实现了永磁同步，反映电机直接转矩控制，直接转矩控制是一个简单的控制方法，并具有优良的动态性能[2]。
自抗扰控制器应用到DTC速度控制系统，在本文中，观察到系统的状态和系统的内部和外部扰动扩张状态观测器，获得干扰被添加到由前馈控制系统的输入，使系统作为一个简单的线性系统。
基于传统的自抗扰控制器的非线性函数进行了分析，提出了改进的自抗扰控制器仿真结果表明，该控制方案具有良好的实时性能和较强的鲁棒性。
2. 永磁同步电动机直接转矩控制理论在转子运动的参考坐标，di和qi和sω是状态变量，3相交流永久磁铁的同步伺服电机非线性动态数学模型可以表示为以下：qd s dd q rd d dq q fs dq d r sq q q dLdi R Ui idt L L Ldi LR Ui idt L L L Lωψωω=-++=---+⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩通过坐标变换，在dq坐标轴的转矩是：()32sin sin2 4s f q s q dd qpT L L LL Lψψδψδ⎡⎤=--⎣⎦当定子交链磁通是恒定的，转矩可以表示为以下：()32cos2cos2 4s f q s q dd qdT pL L Ldt L Lψψδψδδ⎡⎤=--⎣⎦从方程（3）中，我们可以得出结论，当定子磁链是一个恒定值，电磁转矩电机决定的交链磁通的分离角δ。
网络工程专业外文翻译--PLC控制系统设计的要点
外文原文：Plc control system design elementsOriginally, the PLC was represented by the acronym PC. There was some confusion with using this acronym as it is commonly accepted to represent personal computer. Therefore, PLC is now commonly accepted to mean programmable logic contoller.A PLC is a user-friendly, microprocessor-based specialized computer that carries out control functions of many types and leves of complexity. Its purpose is to monitor crucial process parameters and adjust process operations accordingly. It can be programmed, controlled, and operated by a person unskilled in operating computer. Essentially, a PLC’s operator draws the lines and devices of ladder diagrams with a keyboard onto a display screen. The resulting drawing is converted into computer machine language and run as a user program.The computer takes the place of much of the external wiring required for control of a process. The PLC will operate any system that has output devices that go on and off (known as discrete, or digital, outputs). It can also operate any system with variable (analog) outputs. The PLC can be operated on the input side by on-off devices (discrete, or digital) or by variable (analog) input devices.Today, the big unit growth in the PLC industy is at the low end-where small keeps getting smaller. When a few years ago the micro PLC entered the market, some thougt that these devices had “bottomed out”. Now,nano PLCs-generally defined as those with 16 or fewer I/O-are spreading. Some can fit into your shirt pocket, being no larger than a deck of cards and at the time of this writing, PLC Direct plants to introduce a PLC the size of a box of Tic-Tac candy that will include many features of current micro models.The first PLC systems evolved from conventional computers in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These first PLCs were installed primarily in automotive plants. Traditionally, The auto plants had to be shut down for up to a month at model changeover time. The early PLCs were used along with other new automation techniques to shorten the changeover time. One of the major time-consuming changeover procedures had been the wiring of new or revised relay and control panels. The PLC keyboard reprogramming procedure replaced the rewiring of a panel full of wires, relays, timers and other components. The new PLCs helped reduce changeover time to a matter of few days.There was a major problem with these early 1970s computer/PLC reprogramming procedures. Theprograms were complicated and required a highly trained programmer to make the changes. Through the late 1970s, improvements were made in PLC programs to make them somewhat more user friendly; in 1978, the introduction of the microprocessor chip increased computer power for all kinds of automotion systems and lowered the computing cost. Robotics, automotion devices, and computers of all types, including the PLC, consequently underwent many improvements. PLC programs, written in high-level language, became more understandable to more people, and PLCs became more affordable.In the 1980s, with more computer power per dollar available, the PLC came into exponentially increasing use. Some large electronics and computer companies and some diverse corporate electronics divisions found that the PLC had become their greatest volume product. The market for PLCs grew from a volume of $80 million in 1978 to $1 billion per year by 1990 and is still growing. Even the machine tool industry, where compute numerical controls (CNCs) have been used in the past, is using PLCs. PLCs are also used extensively in building energy and security control systems. Other nontraditional uses of PLCs, such as in the home and in medical equipment, haved exploded in the 1990s and will increase as we enter the new millennium.A person knowledgeable in relay logic systems can master the major PLC functions in a few hours, These functions might include coils, contacts, timers and counters. The same is true for a person with a digital logic background. For persons unfamiliar with ladder diagrams or digital principles, howere, the learning process takes more time.A person knowledgeable in relay logic can master advanced PLC functions in a few days with proper instruction. Company schools and operating manuals are very helpful in mastering these advanced functions. Advanced functions in order of learning might include sequence/drum controller, register bit use, and more functions.Following are 8 major advantages of using a programmable controller.①Flexibility. In the past, each different electronically controlled production machine required own controller; 15 machines might require 15 different controllers. Now it is possible to use just one model of a PLC to run any one of the 15 machines.②Implementing Change and Correcting Errors. With a wired relay-type panel, any program alterations require time for rewriting of panels and devices. When a PLC program circuit or sequence design change is made, the PLC program can be changed from a keyboard sequence in a metter of minutes.No rewiring is required for a PLC-controlled system.③Large quantities of contacts. The PLC has a large number of contacts for each coil available in its programming.suppose that a panel-wired relay has four contacts and all are in use when a design change requiring three more contacts is made. Time would have to be taken to procure and install a new relay or relay contact block. Using a PLC, howere, only three more contacts would be typed in. the three contact would be automatically available in the PLC. Indeed, a hundred contacts can be used from one relay-if sufficient computer memory is available.④Lower cost. Increased technology makes it possible to condense more functions into smaller and less expensive packages. Now you can purchase a PLC with numerous relays, timers and counters, a sequencer, and other function for a few hundred dollars.⑤Pilot Running. A PLC programmed circuit can be evaluated in the office or lab. The program can be typed in, tested, observed, and modified if needed, saving valuable factory time. In contrast, conventional relay systems have been tested on the factory floor, which can be very time consuming.⑥Visual Observation. A PLC circuit’s operation can be seen during operation directly on a CRT screen. The operation or misoperation of a circuit can be observed as it happens. Logic paths light up on the screen as they are energized. Troubleshooting can be done more quickly during visual observation. In advanced PLC systems, an operator message can be programmed for each possible malfunction.In advanced PLC systems, an operator message can be programmed for each possible malfunction. The malfunction description appears on the screen when the malfunction is detected by the PLC logic. Advanced PLC systems also may have descriptions of the function of each circuit component.⑦Speed of Operation. Relays can take an unacceptable amount of time to actuate. The operational speed for the PLC program is very fast. The speed for the PLC logic operation is determined by scan time, which is a matter of milliseconds.⑧Ladder or Boolean Programming Method. The PLC programming can be accomplished in the ladder mode by an electrician or technician. Alternatively, a PLC programmer who works in digital or Boolean control systems can also easily perform PLC programming.In modern industrial production equipment, and large numbers of simulations of the control devices, such as the cease electrical, electromagnetic devices to turn, the number of products, temperature, Ap power, and set the flow control, the automatic control of the industrial site, If a programmable controller(PLC) to resolve the issue has become a cybernetic one of the most effective tools, this article describes Plc control system design should be noted. Hardware purchase many products currently on the market Plc, with the exception of domestic brands, foreign : Japan Omron, Mitsubishi, FUJJ, ANASONIC, Germany Siemens, Korean LG. In recent years, Plc greater decline in the prices of products, increasing its performance cost rate.This is a technical staff chosen Plc important reasons. Then, how to purchase Plc products?First, the system should first determine the size of single control system with Plc or using Plc networking, thus calculating Plc importing, exporting. Few, and in some Plc to be in real need have a certain cushionSecond, determine the type of load under Plc export-led type of load is the DC or exchange-type, big or small currents, and Plc export points such as the frequency of movements, the use of relays to determine export-export, or transistor output, or goods of export gates. Different load choose different ways to export to the operating system's stability is very important.Third, the storage capacity and speed while foreign manufacturers of Plc products essentially the same, but there are some differences. Currently the company has not yet found full compatibility between products. The development of software companies are not the same, and users of storage capacity and procedures to implement the Directive speed are two important indicators. General greater storage capacity, faster speed on the Plc higher prices, but should be based on system size reasonable choice Plc products.Fourth, programming devices Plc programming can purchase three ways : Using hand-held programming device programming in general, it can provide businesses phrases programming language table. This approach inefficient, but the capacity of small systems, the products more suitable for small consumption, and small size, ease of debugging scene, but also lower costs. Using graphical programming device programming, the programming device used Trapezoid Chart programming for visual and general electrical personnel shortly be applied easily, but the programming device prices higher. Using IBM personal computers and software packages using Plc programming, this approach is the most efficient way, but most of the company's Plc development software packages expensive, and that means not at the scene debugging. Therefore, the system should be based on the size and level of difficulty, the length of the development cycle and reasonable funding of the purchase Plc products.Fifth, And large companies to choose their quality guaranteed products, and good technical support,after sales services are generally better, but also help expand your product and software upgrades.For small systems, such as 80 points within the system. Generally do not need expansion; When a larger system, we must expand. Different companies products to the total points system and the expansion of the number of modules have limitations when expansion can not meet the requirements, can network structure; At the same time, some manufacturers of individual products do not support the expansion module directives, in software development, we must pay attention to. When using such simulation module temperature, some of the manufacturers, see related technical manuals. Many types of companies expansion modules, such as single-input modules, single output modules, input output modules, temperature modules, high-speed input module. This modular design Plc product development provided for the convenience of users.When using a Plc network design, its much more difficult to control than single Plc. First you should choose their own more familiar type, its basic instructions and a more in-depth understanding of the functional commands, and the speed and direction of the implementation of storage capacity users should also be careful about the procedure. Otherwise, you can not adapt to the real-time requirements, resulting in the collapse of the system. In addition to communications interfaces, communication protocols, data transmission speed should also be considered. Finally, we must seek to Plc businessmen network design and software technical support and detailed technical information for the selection of several workstations in your system size.In the preparation of the software, should first become familiar with the use of Plc software products specification, the question skilled later programming. If using graphical programming device or software package programming may direct programming, if using hand-held programming device programming, should be painted Trapezoid Chart before programming, so can less mistakes speed was fast. After the first air conditioning programming procedures to be normal functioning of all, again in equipment debugging.中文译文：PLC控制系统设计的要点可编程序控制器 (可设计的控制器) 本来应简称个人计算机，为了与个人计算机的简称个人计算机相区别,一般将它简称为 PLC(可设计的逻辑控制器)。
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译文流体传动及控制技术已经成为工业自动化的重要技术，是机电一体化技术的核心组成之一。
而电液比例控制是该门技术中最具生命力的一个分支。
比例元件对介质清洁度要求不高，价廉，所提供的静、动态响应能够满足大部分工业领域的使用要求，在某些方面已经毫不逊色于伺服阀。
比例控制技术具有广阔的工业应用前景。
但目前在实际工程应用中使用电液比例阀构建闭环控制系统的还不多，其设计理论不够完善，有待进一步的探索，因此，对这种比例闭环控制系统的研究有重要的理论价值和实践意义。
本论文以铜电解自动生产线中的主要设备——铣耳机作为研究对象，在分析铣耳机组各构成部件的基础上，首先重点分析了铣耳机的关键零件——铣刀的几何参数、结构及切削性能，并进行了实验。
用电液比例方向节流阀、减压阀、直流直线测速传感器等元件设计了电液比例闭环速度控制系统，对铣耳机纵向进给装置的速度进行控制。
论文对多个液压阀的复合作用作了理论上的深入分析，着重建立了带压差补偿型的电液比例闭环速度控制系统的数学模型，利用计算机工程软件，研究分析了系统及各个组成环节的静、动态性能，设计了合理的校正器，使设计系统性能更好地满足实际生产需要水池拖车是做船舶性能试验的基本设备,其作用是拖曳船模或其他模型在试验水池中作匀速运动,以测量速度稳定后的船舶性能相关参数,达到预报和验证船型设计优劣的目的。
由于拖车稳速精度直接影响到模型运动速度和试验结果的精度,因而必须配有高精度和抗扰性能良好的车速控制系统,以保证拖车运动的稳速精度。
本文完成了对试验水池拖车全数字直流调速控制系统的设计和实现。
本文对试验水池拖车工作原理进行了详细的介绍和分析,结合该控制系统性能指标要求,确定采用四台直流电机作为四台车轮的驱动电机。
设计了电流环、转速环双闭环的直流调速控制方案,并且采用转矩主从控制模式有效的解决了拖车上四台直流驱动电机理论上的速度同步和负载平衡等问题。
由于拖车要经常在轨道上做反复运动,拖动系统必须要采用可逆调速系统,论文中重点研究了逻辑无环流可逆调速系统。
大型直流电机调速系统一般采用晶闸管整流技术来实现,本文给出了晶闸管整流装置和直流电机的数学模型,根据此模型分别完成了电流坏和转速环的设计和分析验证。
针对该系统中的非线性、时变性和外界扰动等因素,本文将模糊控制和PI控制相结合,设计了模糊自整定PI控制器,并给出了模糊控制的查询表。
本文在系统基本构成及工程实现中,介绍了西门子公司生产的SIMOREGDC Master 6RA70全数字直流调速装置,并设计了该调速装置的启动操作步骤及参数设置。
完成了该系统的远程监控功能设计,大大方便和简化了对试验水池拖车的控制。
对全数字直流调速控制系统进行了EMC设计,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。
本文最后通过数字仿真得到了该系统在常规PI控制器和模糊自整定PI控制器下的控制效果,并给出了系统在现场调试运行时的试验结果波形。
经过一段时间的试运行工作证明该系统工作良好,达到了预期的设计目的。
提升装置在工业中应用极为普遍,其动力机构多采用电液比例阀或电液伺服阀控制液压马达或液压缸,以阀控马达或阀控缸来实现上升、下降以及速度控制。
电液比例控制和电液伺服控制投资成本较高,维护要求高,且提升过程中存在速度误差及抖动现象,影响了正常生产。
为满足生产要求,提高生产效率,需要研究一种新的控制方法来解决这些不足。
随着科学技术的飞速发展,计算机技术在液压领域中的应用促进了电液数字控制技术的产生和发展,也使液压元件的数字化成为液压技术发展的必然趋势。
本文以铅电解残阳极洗涤生产线中的提升装置为研究对象,采用电液数字控制方法来实现提升装置的速度控制。
论文首先对现有数字阀的种类及优缺点、提升装置的机械结构及工作原理进行分析,选择液压马达作为液压控制系统的执行元件,并选择自带压力补偿装置的数字方向流量阀来控制液压马达的转速和旋转方向,应用速度反馈、微机控制,设计完成了电液数字速度控制系统。
该系统由数字阀步进电机实现数/模信号转换,省去了数/模转换装置,简化了液压控制系统结构。
接着建立了电液数字速度控制系统的数学模型,采用特征方程根法和频域分析法来判断闭环系统的相对稳定性,并应用MATLAB/Simulink仿软件对控制系统进行仿真,在仿真基础上增加PID校正环节,以保证提升装置速度控制系统的稳定性及快速性,实现速度的准确控制。
设计分析表明,在提升装置的速度控制系统中,采用电液数字控制技术是可行的,它可使提升速度稳定,且速度响应较快,理论上可以实现零速度误差,从而为铅电解残阳极板洗涤生产线提升装置的速度控制系统设计提供一种较好的控制方法,为提高生产效率奠定了一定的理论基础。
Hydraulic control and transmission technology has become an important technology of industrial automatism, and it is the key component of mechanic-electronic. The electro-hydraulic control is one of the most vivid branches of this technology. Proportional unit do not need a high requirement of the clearness of media but rather than cheaper, and the static and dynamic responding supplied can meet the using requirements in most industrial fields, and in some fields is no worse than servo valves. The Proportional control technology has a broad prospect in industrial application. However, at present the constructing of closed loop control system using proportional electro-hydraulic control valve is not very frequent in engineering applications. Because its designing theory is not very satisfied by normal use, and it needed to research further . So, the research to this proportional closed loop control system has an important theory value and application meaning.This paper takes Tin earphone, which is the main equipment in Copper electric-anode automatic product line, as research object. Based on the analysis of each composites of Tin , earphone device, it analysis first the key part Milling tool’s geometrical parameters, structure and manufacturing abilities. And an experiment is also taken. With the electro-hydraulic proportional directional restricting flowing valve, pressure-reducing valve, DC line speed measuring sensor etc, the electro-hydraulic proportional closed loop speed control system is designed, and the speed of the longitude feeding equipments of Tin earphone can be controlled, This paper analyzes the compositing usage of several hydraulic valve thoroughly, construct with emphasis the mathematic model of electro-hydraulic proportional closed loop speed control system with pressure difference compensation. Using the computer engineering software, it analyzes the system and its component’s static and dynamic performance, and designs a reasonable corrector , so that the performance of the system designed can fit the application producing requirements better |. Trailer of towing tank is the basic equipment which is used for performance test of ship, and which role is to drag ship model or others for uniform motion in the tank, to measure the relevant performance parameters of ship after speed stable , to prediction and validation of the merits or inferiors of hull form design . As trailers uniform model accuracy directly affects the velocity and the accuracy of test results, which must be equipped with good speed control system which have high precision and immunity in order to ensure tow-speed precision movement. The main task is control system design and research of trailer of towing tank fully digital DC converter control system.It detailed description and analysis the principle of trailer of towing tank in this paper, and in conjunction with the control system performance requirements identified by four DC motor as a four wheel drive motor. Designing of the current loop, double loop speed ring of DC speed control project, and using the torque control mode from the effective solution of the four trailers on the DC drive motor theoretical speed synchronization and load balancing, and other issues. As trailers often repeated in orbit for the campaign drive system must be reversible speed control system should be adopted. It is focused on the reversible logic without circumfluence speed controlrge DC motor speed control system generally use the SCR technology to achieve, this paper give SCR installations and DC motor mathematical model, according to this model, a current loop, respectively, and speed design and analysis of central verified. Against the system of nonlinear, time-varying factors such as disturbance and outside, the paper will be fuzzy control and PI control of combining the design of the fuzzy self-tuning PI controller, and gives a fuzzy control lookup tables.This paper is received by the basic structure and engineering system. It introduce the production of Siemens SIMOREG DC Master 6RA70 fully digital DC converter and designs the device start-up steps and parameter settings at first. Second, it designs the remote monitoring system, greatly facilitate and simplify control of the towing operation. Finally, through the EMC design of the fully digital DC converter control system, improving the system’s anti-jamming capability.Finally, through digital simulation of the system that under the control of the conventional PI controller and fuzzy self-tuning PI controller under, gives the test results waveform of the system debugging operation the at the scene .After a period of trial operation of the system ,proving that works well and achieves the desired objective of the design The application of lifting equipment in industrial is extremely universal, and hydraulic motors or hydraulic cylinder controlled by electric-hydraulic proportional valve or electro-hydraulic servo valve often used as its power sector. With motor or cylinder controlled by valve to achieve up or down and speed control. Electro-hydraulic proportional control and electro-hydraulic servo control need high investment costs, high maintenance requirements. And during the lifting process, there is speed error and vibration phenomenon which affects the normal production. In order to satisfy production requirements and improve production efficiency, it needs to research a new control method to compensate for these deficiencies.With the rapid development of science and technology, the application of computer technology in the hydraulic field promotes generation and development of the digital electro-hydraulic control technology, and also makes digitization of hydraulic components become an inevitable trend of development of hydraulic technology. In this paper, the research object is the lifting equipment of electrolytic lead residual anode washing production line, and it adopts electro-hydraulic digital control to achieve speed control of lifting equipment. Firstly, this paper analyses the types, strengths and weaknesses of existing digital valves, the structure and working principle of lifting equipment. It selects hydraulic motor as implementation components of hydraulic control system, and selects digital direction flow valve which has pressure compensation device to control speed and rotation direction of hydraulic motor. It can realize design of electro-hydraulic digital speed control system by the application of velocity feedback and microcomputer control. D/A signal conversion of this system is controlled by stepper motor of digital valve. This control manner leaves out D/A conversion device, and simplifies the hydraulic control system structure. Then it establishes the mathematical model of the electro-hydraulic digital speed control system, adopts the characteristic equation roots method and frequency domain analysis to determine the relative stability of the closed-loop system, and makes a simulation analysis of the control system by the application ofMATLAB/Simulink software. Based on the simulation analysis, it adds PID correction link in order to ensure the stability and fast of speed control of the lifting equipment, to achieve accurate speed controlThe analysis showed that adopt electro-hydraulic digital control technology in speed control system of the lifting equipment is feasible. It can ensure stability of lifting speed, and speed response is fast. Theoretically, it can realize zero speed error, provide a better control method for speed control system of the lifting equipment of electrolytic lead residual anode washing production line, and lay a theoretical foundation for improving production efficiency.。