大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第十四章 WTO英文文本的翻译
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翻译英文法律文本“成对词”一定要 清楚近义词完全同义还是部分同义。 如果完全同义,可以采取综合的方法, 找出合适的中文概况词,涵盖其他的 并列近义词;反之,则应认真体会其 差异,将其正确译出;但如果这类词 语如果表示的意思是平衡的,有时也 不必把每个词都译出来。
如:affirm and confirm ( 确认),而具 有递进关系的词语则需要全部译出, 如:rectify, amend or modify ( 更正、 修正或更改)。
(1) It oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreements.
(2) It provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes.
普通词汇
法律词语
中文释义
ask
request
请求
adopt
foster
采取
end
conclude
结束
fair
equitable
公正
guess
conjecture
推测
include
encompass
包含
in proportion to commensurate with 与…相当
keep...from
一、法律文体、措词严密
1、庄严词语的使用
WTO法律文件以准确严谨为主要特点, 其文体属于庄严文体(The frozen style),其用词、句法结构、文体、行 文方式等有其自身的特点和要求。由 于WTO协定直接规定成员的权力和义 务,其用词自然不同于文学语言丰富 多样性和新闻词汇时尚创新性,其追 求的是词汇的严谨统一,并体现法律 文件的庄严冷峻和不带感情色彩的语 气。
The WTO has 153 members, which represents more than 95% of total world trade.
The WTO is governed by a Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years; a General Council, which implements the conference’s policy decisions and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and a directorgeneral, who is appointed by the Ministerial Conference.
5、动词名词化
动词名词化是指动词的词性作用转化 为名词的表现形式,常与修饰语或附 加成分一起构成一个短语。动词名词 化组合方式众多,意义容量大,表达 简洁客观。这种现象在WTO文本中表 现非常突出。为了使国际法规具有严 肃性,同时又避免出现真正意义上的 执行者,动词名词化就让原来的施动 意义隐含在结构深层里面,其表述语 气也从“动”到“静”,更符合文本 目的,也更容易为目的语读者所理解 并遵守。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第十四章 WTO英文文本的翻译
第一节 WTO概述
一、概述
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization designed to supervise and liberalize international trade. The WTO came into being on 1 January 1995.
一般说来,“成对词”中的or 多译为 “或”,and多译为 “和”,and/or 多译为“和/或”,如:Any significant changes and/or developments in the agreements should be reported as they occur. ( 协议中任何重大变更和/或进展一 发生即应报告。)
反倾销措施 anti-dumping measures against…
非配额产品 quota-free products
非生产性投资 investment in nonproductive projects
风险管理/评估 risk management/ assessment
国际收支 balance of international payments/ balance of payment
世界贸易组织 WTO (World Trade Organization)
乌拉圭回合 Uruguay Round
最惠国待遇(现通常称"正常贸易关系 ")MFN(most-favored-nation) treatment
争端解决机构 dispute settlement body
《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》 DSU (Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)
Its five principles: (1) Non-Discrimination (2) Reciprocity (3) Binding and enforceable
commitments (4) Transparency (5) Safety valves
二、相关术语的翻译
关贸总协定,世界贸易组织的前身 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
除此之外,在法律文献中出现频率较 高的古体词汇还有:aforementioned (上述的),aforesaid(如前所述), thence(从那时起),thenceforth (其后,从那时起),whosoever (不管是谁)等等。
Members shall comply with Articles 1 through 21 of the Berne Convention (1971) and the Appendix thereto. However, Members shall not have rights or obligations under this Agreement in respect of the rights conferred under Article 6 is of that Convention or of the rights derived therefrom.
The WTO’s headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland.
Its main mission is "to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible".
Its main two functions
Members may avail themselves of the exceptions permitted under paragraph 1 in relation to judicial and administrative procedures, including the designation of an address for service or the appointment of an agent within the jurisdiction of a Member, only where such exceptions are necessary to secure compliance with laws and regulations which are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement and where such practices are not applied in a manner which would constitute a disguised restriction on trade.
(2) 拉丁语
3、古英语词语的使用 在WTO的所有协定中,几乎都能找到
这样的行文"Members,...Hereby agree as follows:(各成员,……特此 协议如下:)此处的“hereby”为古英语 词汇,这类词语一般都用于法律文件 中,体现其典型的国际协议的行文体 例和风格。这类词语大多以 “here”,”there”开头,部分以 “where”开头。以here和there开头的 这类词语几乎可以互用。
在司法和行政程序方面,各成员 均可利用本条第一款允许之例外, 包括在各成员管辖权范围内指定 服务地址或任命代理人,但此例 外应为确保遵守与本协议规定不 相符合的法律和法规所必需,且 此类行为的实施未构成对贸易的 变相限制。
二、句子冗长、结构复杂
All quantitative restrictions within bilateral agreements maintained under Article 4 or notified under Article 7 or 8 of the MFA in force on the day before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement shall, within 60 days following such entry into force, be notified in detail, including the restraint levels, growth rates and flexibility provisions, by the Members maintaining such restrictions to the Textiles Monitoring Body provided for in Article 8 (referred to in this Agreement as the "TMB"). ( word count=80)
refrain...from
避免
meet
convene
开会
obtain
secure
获得
pass
elapse
消逝
perform
discharge
及行
qualified
eligible
够格的
relevant
pertinent
有关的
start
commence
开始
supply
furnish
提供
2、频繁使用法语、拉丁语等 (1)法语单词
此句中的thereto和therefrom都是复合副 词,。Thereto可理解为to there或to that, there from可理解为from there或from that。
译:各成员均应遵守《伯尔尼公约》(1971) 第一条至第二十一条及其附录。但就《伯 尔尼公约》第六条附则下授予的权利或该 附则中引出的权利而言,各成员不应享有 或承担本协议的权利或义务。
4、并列近义词与同义词
(1)由两个同义词用and连接;
terms and conditions(条款) rights and interests(权益) losses and damages(损失)
(2)由两个或两个以上词性相同、 词义相近/相对的词用or连接构成
any part or parts of it (其任何一 部分或若干部分)
loss or damage (灭失或损坏) express or implied (明示的或暗 示的)
成对的同义词和近义词简称“成对 词” 。
“源自文库对词”在法律文本中的出现频率 是其他一般文体的4-5倍。
英文法律文本中由or或and连接的 “成对词”套语有一个明显的语法特 征,既or或and连接的词的词类基本 一致,如名词or/and名词,动词 or/and动词等形式。
实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to
第二节
WTO英文文本的语言特色
从 1948 年的 GATT 到今天 WTO, WTO 已经制定和通过了大量的法律 文件和各种协定, 以此来规范WTO 成员国之间的经贸活动。WTO 这些 法律和协定用三种语言拟定, 即英语、 法语和西班牙语, 三种文本具有同等 效力, 尤以英文文本的使用最为广泛。 WTO 英文法律文本具有一定的语言 特色, 了解这些语言特色有助于我们 更好的理解 WTO 英文法律文本。