2011材料学院研究生复试笔试真题

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材料专业考研面试题目(3篇)

第1篇一、专业基础知识1. 请简要介绍材料科学的基本概念及其在现代社会中的应用。

2. 解释晶体学中晶胞、晶格、晶面、晶向等基本概念。

3. 简述金属材料的变形机制，并说明其影响因素。

4. 解释金属材料的固溶强化、析出强化、冷变形强化等强化机制。

5. 请说明高分子材料的分类、特性及其在日常生活中的应用。

6. 简述无机非金属材料的基本类型、制备方法及其在工业领域的应用。

7. 解释材料力学性能的基本概念，如强度、硬度、韧性等。

8. 简述材料物理性能的基本概念，如导电性、热导性、磁性等。

9. 介绍现代材料分析技术中的X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等分析方法。

10. 简述电化学在材料制备、加工、检测等方面的应用。

11. 解释工程材料的基本概念，如结构材料、功能材料、复合材料等。

12. 简述新能源材料的基本类型、制备方法及其在新能源领域的应用。

二、专业综合应用1. 举例说明金属材料在航空航天领域的应用，并分析其优缺点。

2. 分析高分子材料在生物医学领域的应用，并讨论其面临的挑战。

3. 简述无机非金属材料在电子信息领域的应用，如光电子器件、传感器等。

4. 讨论复合材料在汽车、船舶、航空航天等领域的应用，并分析其发展趋势。

5. 分析材料力学性能在工程结构设计中的重要性，并举例说明。

6. 介绍材料物理性能在能源、电子、环保等领域的应用。

7. 简述现代材料分析技术在材料制备、加工、检测等方面的应用实例。

8. 分析电化学在材料腐蚀与防护、电池、超级电容器等领域的应用。

9. 讨论工程材料在高温、高压、腐蚀等恶劣环境下的应用，如高温合金、耐腐蚀合金等。

10. 分析新能源材料在新能源领域的应用，如太阳能电池、燃料电池等。

三、科研与创新能力1. 请谈谈你在本科阶段参与的科研项目，包括研究内容、实验方法、成果等。

2. 分析你在本科阶段遇到的科研难题，以及你是如何解决的。

3. 举例说明你在本科阶段取得的创新成果，如论文发表、专利申请等。

北航2011年考研真题答案—911材料综合

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2011 年金属学原理参考答案
九、
解：（1）扩散的基本机制：
a) 间隙机制:在间隙固溶体中，溶质原子从一个间隙未知跳到另外一个间隙位置的扩散。碳，氮氢等小的间隙原子更容易采用间隙机制扩散
b) 空位机制：晶体中存在着空位。纯金属中的自扩散和置换固溶体中的扩散就是通过原子与空位交换位置实现的。这种扩散方式称为空位机制.大多数情况下原子扩散是借助空位机制实现的。
十、
a) 由于相变阻力大，相变的过冷度一般很大 b) 固态相变都非自发形核 c) 晶体缺陷对固态相变形核、生长及固态相变组织和性能具有决定性影响 d) 新相与母相间往往存在严格的晶体学取向过程 e) 相变历程复杂，往往晶粒溶质偏析—过渡相析出—稳定相析出等一系列历程。
十一、
一、控制凝固过程：
a) 加快冷却速度，获得较大过冷度（降低浇铸温度、提高铸型冷却能力、减小零件壁厚、强制冷却、内外“冷铁”，等等），使液态金属同时大量形成晶核。形核率和晶体长大速率都增大但是形核率增长的更快
十二、
1
a) 细晶强化：由霍儿－配奇公式s 0 kd 2 ，晶粒细化后s 增大相当于屈服强度增
大，故细化晶粒可以达到强化的目的，主要是由于晶界处的原子排列不规则，晶界处杂质原子富集形成各种气团，而且晶界两侧的晶粒取向不同，因此常温下晶界的存在会对位错的运动起阻碍作用致使塑性变形抗力提高宏观表现为晶界比晶内具有较高的强度和硬度。 b) 加工硬化：由于位错间交互作用产生位错增殖，位错密度急剧增加，位错难于移动，位错交割形成大量割阶，钉孔位错，位错交割形成位错网，位错反应形成 Lomer 或 Lomer －Contrell 位错锁，以上都会阻止位错的运动滑移都有利于硬化 c) 固溶强化：由于位错与溶质原子的交互作用而产生的强化。溶质原子的存在会产生晶格畸变和弹性应变场阻碍位错的正常运动，溶质原子可能会与位错产生弹性交互作用、化学交互作用、以及静电交互作用；位错运动时会改变溶质原子的分布情况引起系统能量升高，由此也会增加滑移变形的抗力。（或者更简单的解释：溶质原子会向位错偏聚，形成溶质气团，降低位错的应变能和系统能量，位错变得稳定从而难以移动） d) 粒子强化：a 绕过粒子：强化效果取决于粒子尺寸以及粒子间距，与粒子本性无关。运动中心位错在滑移面上受到第二相质点阻碍时，如质点尺寸和间距较大，则位错线将绕其弯曲，且形成包围质点的位错环，同时原位错继续前进，但位错间这种方式运动所受阻力大。b 切割粒子：第二相强度不大时，可随基体一起变形，且第二相质点与位错间作用力不足以把位错组织在质点处时，位错会直接切过质点使质点分成两部分，除质点周围应力场阻碍位错运动外，质点本身对位错亦有阻力。强化效果取决于粒子的本性（界面共格错配度、界面能、弹性模量差、层错能差、有序度等）。

东华大学硕士材料学院研究生入学考试真题2011真题答案

2011真题答案高化部分一、名词解释自动加速现象：当自由基聚合进入中期后，随转化率增加，聚合速率自动加快，这一现象成为自动加速现象。

动力学链长：把每个活性中心从引发到终止所消耗的单体数定义为动力学链长。

立构规整性：是指立构规整聚合物所占总聚合物的百分数平均官能度：每一个分子官能团的加和平均体型缩聚：开始时先形成支化聚合，接着在适宜的条件下聚合度迅速增加，生成无限大的三位交联网状结构，这样的聚合反应成为体型聚合二、问答题1、详见高化课本第233页，（注意：在答这类问题时候，一定要把图形画上，就拿这道题来说，链式聚合的转化率逐步聚合的转化率在图形上是明显区别的，）2、竞聚率表示以单体M1结尾的链自由基的均聚和M2单体的共聚的速率常数之比。

它的物理意义是两单体反应相对活性的大小比较，其倒数分之一如果大于1，则单体M2的活性较大，反之亦然。

可采取的措施有⑴一次性投料⑵控制转化率的方法（3）补加活泼单体法3、主要原因是离子聚合虽然是连续聚合，但是其聚合过程中无双基终止。

4、苯乙烯----自由基、阴离子、阳离子甲基丙烯酸甲酯---自由基、阴离子烷基乙烯基醚----阳离子W氨基酸------（1）以水作为引发剂，逐步聚合（2）以碱作为引发剂，连锁聚合甲醛和苯酚----加成缩合机理进行三、见之于高化课本上（由于这个反应式我不会用word编写，按照书上的写就是满分了）四、1、当量系数r=0.98 聚合度Xn=502、这个题的主要关键点就是最后一步要用到对数算，你肯定会先用到下面这个公式的，在这个公式中由半衰期算出Kd，引发剂浓度也可以由条件算出来，然后就是用下面这个公式M0是原始浓度，M是剩余浓度，此题中M0/M=1/0.9（不能认为是1/0.1）高分子物理一、溶致性液晶：在溶液中当达到某一临界浓度以上时呈现液晶性能损耗模量：G’’= G(ω2τ2)/(1+ω2τ2)，表示在形变过程热损耗的能量串晶：是由伸直链纤维状晶为脊纤维和附生的间隙的折叠连片晶组成的类似于羊肉串的形态，故称为串晶。

材料科学基础考研真题1995-2011(北科大)

北京科技大学1995年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目: 金属学适用专业: 金属塑性加工说明:统考生做1～10题，单考生做1～7题和在8～13题中任选3题。

每题10分。

1、什么是固溶体？固溶体可以分为几种？并说明其各自的结晶特点。

2、计算含0.45%C的亚共析钢在共析温度时铁素体和奥氏体两相的相对数量，在这一温度下铁素体和珠光体的相对数量又是多少？3、用扩散理论来说明高温条件下钢的氧化过程。

4、画出铁碳平衡相图中的包晶反应部分的相图，并给出包晶反应表达式。

5、说明钢中非金属夹杂物的来源及其种类。

6、说明钢的完全退火、不完全退火、等温退火、球化退火、和低温退火的工艺特点及它们的作用。

7、说明轴承钢的碳化物类型及形成原因。

8、画图说明钢的高温和低温形变热处理的工艺特点。

9、从下列元素中指出哪些元素是扩大奥氏体区域的？哪些元素是缩小奥氏体区域的？C Si Ti Cr Mo Ni Cu N10、冷变形金属加热发生低温、中温和高温回复时晶体内部发生什么变化？11、绘出立方系中｛110｝晶面族所包括的晶面，以及（112）、（123）、（120）晶面。

12、说明共析钢加热时奥氏体形成的过程，并画图表示。

13、合金钢中主要的合金相有几种类型？北京科技大学1999年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：金属学1、名词解释:（10分）（1）点阵畸变（2）组成过冷（3）再结晶温度（4）滑移和孪生（5）惯习现象2、说明面心立方、体心立方、密排六方（c/a≥1.633）三种晶体结构形成的最密排面，最密排方向和致密度。

（10分）3、在形变过程中，位错增殖的机理是什么？（10分）4、简述低碳钢热加工后形成带状组织的原因，以及相变时增大冷却度速度可避免带状组织产生的原因。

（10分）5、简要描述含碳量0.25%的钢从液态缓慢冷却至室温的相变过程（包括相变转换和成分转换）。

（10分）6、选答题（二选一，10分）（1）铸锭中区域偏析有哪几种？试分析其原因，并提出消除区域偏析的措施。

哈工大复材所考研-初试-2011

2011年研究生入学考试材料学（航天学院）专业试题一、概念题（每题5分，8题共40分）1.晶界工程：玻璃相处于陶瓷结构中的晶界位置，是影响陶瓷性能的重要显微组成，提高晶界的结晶化程度可以改善陶瓷的高温性能。

此项研究称为“晶界工程”。

2.玻璃陶瓷：对于某些玻璃，通过适当控制反玻璃化过程，可以得到无残余应力的微晶玻璃，这种材料称为玻璃陶瓷。

3.RTM：RTM是“Resin Transfer Molding”的缩写，意思为树脂传递模塑工艺，它是一种先进的、聚合物基复合材料闭模成型的工艺方法。

4.烧蚀型防热：是利用材料的分解、解聚、蒸发、气化及离子化等化学和物理过程带走大量热能，并利用消耗材料本身来换取隔热效果。

5.材料设计：材料设计是指在材料科学的理论知识和已有经验的基础上，利用计算机技术，按预定性能要求，确定材料组分和结构，并预测达到预定性能要求应选择的工艺手段和工艺参数。

6.相变增韧：陶瓷中裂纹尖端的应力场引起裂纹尖端附近的晶体结构发生相变，当相变使该局部区域发生体积膨胀时，体积膨胀会使基体裂纹闭合，从而改善了陶瓷材料的断裂韧性。

7.界面：复合材料的界面是指基体与增强物之间化学成分有显著变化的、构成彼此结合的、能起载荷传递作用的微小区域。

8.微观复合材料：增强相的尺寸为纳米等级的材料称为纳米复合材料，增强相尺寸控制在埃级，即原子或分子水平的称为杂化材料，两者统称为微观复合材料，它们主要用作新型结构材料或功能材料。

二、问答题（每题10分，8题共80分）1.聚合物基复合材料的功能性有哪几种？答：五种：耐烧蚀性好；有良好的摩擦性能，包括良好的摩阻特性及减摩特性；高度的电绝缘性能；优良的耐腐蚀性能；有特殊的光学、电学、磁学的特性。

2.根据使用温度范围，金属基体分哪几类？答：金属与合金种类繁多，目前用作金属基复合材料的金属有铝及铝合金，镁合金，钛合金，镍合金，铜与铜合金，锌合金，铅，钛铝、镍铝金属间化合物等。

2011年华南理工大学材料加工工程802考研真题

2．什么叫固溶强化？综述产生固溶强化的原因以及合金元素形成固溶体时其固溶强
化的规律。
3．为什么铸造合金通常选择共晶或接近共晶成分的合金？
4．3Cr2W8V为一种常用的热作模具钢，根据该钢的牌号，写出主要合金成分含量，
并简述这些合金元素的作用。
5．什么叫加工硬化？简述加工硬化的原因。
五、问答题(共52.5分)
C.间隙扩散机制
3、以下3种铝合金中耐腐蚀性最好的是
。
A．LF6
B．LY12
C．LC4
4、一次渗碳体、二次渗碳体、三次渗碳体的
A．晶体结构不同，组织形态相同
B．晶体结构相同，组织形态不同
。
第
2
页
C．晶体结构与组织形态都不同
5、工业纯铝制造导线时，经过冷拔处理后其强度
。
A．升高
B．降低
C．不变
6、原子越过能垒的激活能为Q，则扩散速率
3、间隙原子的扩散激活能比置换原子的小，所以扩散速度比较快。
4、在立方晶系中，晶向[123]与晶面（123）互相垂直。
5、原子间的结合力越大，则扩散激活能越大。
6、碳原子通常位于α-Fe的八面体间隙中，这说明体心立方晶格的八面体间隙比四面
体间隙大得多。
7、两元素形成间隙固溶体时，只要晶格类型相同，原子直径相近，就可以形成无限
1.右图为一立方晶胞，O、A、B为顶点，C为上平
z
面中心点，AB的晶向指数为
OC的晶向指数为
（2）
（1）
。
，
O
C
A
y
B
x
z
2．右图为一立方晶胞，B、C为棱边中点，A、D、E、
E
F
F、G为顶点，ABC的晶面指数为

10_11太原理工材料复试真题 (1) 2

1.材料的刚度是指材料的（弹性模量）屈服强度弹性模量断裂强度延伸率2.根据断裂机理，材料的断裂分为（韧性断裂、脆性断裂）解理断裂、韧窝断裂、纯剪切断裂韧性断裂、脆性断裂穿晶断裂、沿晶断裂正断、切断3.解理裂纹的萌生不包括（相界萌生）表面萌生晶界萌生相界萌生晶内萌生4.选用（维氏硬度）试验方法，可以测试渗碳层的硬度分布。

布氏硬度肖氏硬度洛氏硬度维氏硬度5.检验以下材料的冲击韧性，（W18Cr4V）材料不需要开缺口。

W18Cr4V 40Cr35CrMnSi 42CrMo6.在室温下，下面（）金属将会发生韧脆转变Mg Cu Fe Al7.在较低强度水平，钢中冲击韧性最好、韧脆转变温度最低的组织是（回火索氏体）粒状珠光体片状珠光体回火贝氏体回火索氏体8.最危险的裂纹扩展方式是（撕开型）张开型滑开型撕开型复合型9.σ-1表示（）波动循环应力脉动循环应力不对称循环应力对称循环应力10.疲劳条带不具备（）特征相互平行垂直于裂纹扩展方向由载荷的突然变化引起由载荷的周期性变化引起11.描述材料疲劳裂纹开始扩展的性能指标是（门槛值）疲劳强度门槛值过载持久值过载损伤界12.材料在接触疲劳载荷作用下，如果硬化层过渡区呈陡峭状态，容易发生（D）腐蚀磨损麻点剥落浅层剥落深层剥落13.对在高温工作的材料，不可以采用的强化手段是（B）固溶强化细晶强化位错强化弥散强化14.一下四种材料中，热膨胀系数最大的是（C）三氧化二铝锌石英塑料15.材料在（）的时候，就是半导体。

存在导带允带之间没有禁带或允带重叠满带和空带之间存在较窄的禁带满带和空带之间存在较宽的禁带16.热电偶是利用材料的（C）测量温度的一种方法。

帕尔贴效应汤姆逊效应赛贝克效应热敏效应17.可采用（）方法研究材料的调幅分解转变。

热分析法膨胀法电阻法磁性法18.奥氏体不锈钢在（D）中容易发生应力腐蚀。

氢氧化钠溶液氯化物水溶液氨水氢氟酸19.材料在（B）状态下，容易发生应力腐蚀。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(含答案)

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D an ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Osa ma government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a ―voluntary identify‖ system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on‖ systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a ―walled garden‖ in safe ―neighborhoods‖ and bright ―streetlights‖ to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a ―voluntary ecosystem‖ in which indivi duals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license‖ mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the ―voluntaryand identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University in Rhode Island. For the rest of the decade she apparently juggled both roles (as well as several other directorships) without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms Simmons was under fire from students and alumni for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February Ms Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. Leaders from other fields are frequently in demand: former presidents or Cabinet members, retired CEOs, and yes, university presidents. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms, although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up", leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives, such as increasing pay, says Dr Fahlenbrach.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1,Ms Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profits B .failing to fulfill her dutyC .refusing to make compromises D. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investors B .unbiased executivesC .share price forecastersD .independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University，after an outside director’s Surprisedeparture ,the fire is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC .do less well in the stock market D. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers form the firm.B. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm.C. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm.D. will decline incentives from the firm.25 The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.A permissiveB positiveC scornfulD criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting on June 15th. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. GermA.n and Brazilian papers shrugged off the recession (see article). Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the OECD. In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely pruned. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. Just look at the fate of Otis Chandler’s creation.26.By saying ―Newspapers like ….their own doom‖(lines 3-4,para,1) the author indicates that newspapers .A .neglected the sign of crisisB .failed to get state subsidiesC .were not charitable corporationsD .were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .A .readers threatened to pay lessB .newspapers wanted to reduce costsC .journalists reported little about these areasD .subscribers complained about slimmer products.pared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspaper are much more stable because they .A .have more sources of revenueB .have more balanced newsroomsC .are less dependant on advertisingD .are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?A .Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.B .Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspapers.C .Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspapers business.D .Readers have lost their interest in car and firm30.The most appropriate title for this text would beA .American Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalB .American Newspapers: Gone with the WindC .American Newspapers: A Thriving BusinessD .American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint,in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase ―less is more‖ was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood — materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation ma sked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet —than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward ―less‖ was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses —usually around 1,200 square feet —than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The ―Case Study Houses‖ commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ―less is more‖ trend. Aesthetic effect came from the land scape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though mosteventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .A. prosperity an growthB. efficiency and practicalityC. restraint and confidenceD. pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?A. It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B. Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C. Most American architects used to be associated with it.D. It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design .A. was related to large spaceB. was identified with emptinessC. was not reliant on abundant decorationD. was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?A. They ignored details and proportions.B. They were built with materials popular at that time.C. They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D. They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the ―Case Study Houses‖?A. Mechanical devices were widely used.B. Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C. Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.D. Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded outlandish not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a ―Bermuda triangle‖ of debt, demographic decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive stragglers the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that stray. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a count ry’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French dirigisme.A ―southern‖ camp headed by France wants something different: ―European economic government‖ within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians meddling in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or outright fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: eg, curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more porous to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with to many problems thatA .it has more or less lost faith in marketsB .even its supporters begin to feel concernedC .some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD .it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37 The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powersA .are competing for the leading positionB .are busy handling their own crisesC. fail to reach an agreement on harmonisationD .disagree on the steps towards disintegration38 To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed thatA .EU funds for poor regions be increasedB .stricter regulations be imposedC .only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD .voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies thatA. poor countries are more likely to get fundsB .strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC .loans will be readily available to rich countriesD .rich countries will basically control EurobondsA .pessimisticB .desperate C. conceited D. hopefulPart BDirections：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A — G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41 — 45）. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt toimprove school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes – by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front."He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals – areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.Section III TranslationDirections: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your version on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)We would have thought that globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment Google search an leak between 0.2 and 0.7 grams of C2O,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right‖ answer. To deliver results to its needs quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of C2O,these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centre need to be well air-confirmed gases even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency quickly and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the need to production, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to:(1)congratulate him/her, and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write a short essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图参考答案选择题：1-5ACBDD 6-10BACCA 11-15DBACA 16-20CDACD21-25BBDAA 26-30DBCBB 31-35BDCDB 36-40DCBAC 41-45EDCFG46翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。

北工大材料科学基础09及11年考研真题(09附答案)

北工大材料科学基础09及11年考研真题(09附答案)试卷九2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：材料科学基础适用专业：材料科学与工程一、名词解释1．共价键2．晶族3．电子化合物4．相平衡5．线缺陷6．稳态扩散7．形变织构8．动态再结晶9．一级相变10．调幅分解二、填空1．可以按旋转轴和旋转反伸轴的轴次和数目将晶体分成立方晶系、三方晶系、四方晶系、 (1) 、 (2) 、 (3) 和 (4) 共七个晶系。

2．原子或离子的 (5) 是指在晶体结构中，该原子或离子的周围与它直接相邻结合的原子个数或所有异号离子的个数。

3．固溶体中，当溶质原子和溶剂原子分别占据固定位置，且每个晶胞中溶质原子和溶剂原子数之比一定时，这种有序结构被称为 (6) 。

4．一个滑移面和其面上的一个 (7) 组成一个滑移系。

5．结晶过程中晶体界面向液相推移的方式被称为 (8) ，与液固界面的微观结构有关。

6．相平衡时，系统内的相数可以通过系统自由度、 (9) 和对系统平衡状态能够产生影响的外界因素数目的关系式来进行计算。

7．铸锭三晶区是指紧靠膜内壁的细晶区、 (10) 、铸锭中心的等轴粗晶区。

8．小角度晶界由位错构成，其中对称倾转晶界由 (11) 位错构成，扭转晶界由 (12) 位错构成。

9．强化金属材料的方法有 (13) 强化、 (14) 强化、 (15) 强化、 (16) 强化。

10．再结晶完成后，晶粒长大可分为 (17) 晶粒长大和 (18) 晶粒长大。

11．线性高分子可反复使用，称为 (19) 塑料；交联高分子不能反复使用，称为 (20) 塑料。

三、判断正误1．在密堆结构中会形成两种空隙，一是由8个球形成的八面体空隙，另一种是由4个球形成的四面体空隙。

2．尖晶石型晶体(AB2O4)具有正型和反型结构，其本质是正型中A离子的八面体择位能大于B离子，而反型中是B离子的八面体择位能大于A离子。

3．形成连续固溶体的最主要条件是溶质和溶剂的晶体结构要一致，例如，银和铝都具有面心立方结构。

2011年吉林大学材料加工专业课复试真题

2011年吉林大学专业课复试真题（回忆版）《材料成型原理及工艺》1.铸件常见的凝固方式？影响铸件质量的因素有哪些？画出一般铸锭凝固组织示意图，如何消除柱状晶获得等轴晶？答:（1）逐层凝固方式: 纯金属、共晶合金或结晶温度范围很小的合金，铸件断面温度梯度很大，导致铸件凝固区很小或没有。

体积凝固方式: 合金结晶温度范围大或铸件断面温度梯度小，铸件凝固范围很大。

中间凝固方式: 铸件凝固范围介于逐层凝固方式和体积凝固方式之间。

（2）a.合金的化学成分。

纯金属和共晶合金，凝固温度区间（液相线和固相线温度差）为零，为逐层凝固方式；当合金凝固温度区间很大时，凝固范围宽，为体积凝固方式。

b.铸件断面温度梯度。

温度梯度小，易产生体积凝固方式。

（3）（a）向熔体加入强生核剂——孕育处理控制金属和合金铸态组织的重要方法之一是控制形核。

生产中主要采用孕育处理的方法，强化非均质形核。

（b）控制浇注条件1、采用较低的浇注温度试验及生产实践表明，降低浇注温度是减小柱状晶、获得细等轴晶的有效措施之一。

低温浇注的作用：（1）有利于游离晶及自由表面的晶粒雨更多地残存下来，减少被重新熔化的数量；（2）过热度小——易产生较多的游离晶粒。

但浇注温度不能过低，否则流动性降低——产生浇不足、冷隔、夹杂等。

最好通过试验确定合适的浇注温度。

2、采用合适的浇注工艺等轴晶来源于激冷游离晶，游离晶与液态金属流动密切相关。

凡是能够增加液流对型壁的冲刷和促进液态金属内部产生对流的浇注工艺均能扩大并细化等轴晶区。

2.产生铸造应力的原因，减小或消除的方法？答：1)产生原因：1.铸件在冷却过程中各部分冷却速度不同造成在同一时刻各部分的收缩量不同，在铸件内彼此相互制约的结果便产生热应力2.具有固态相变的合金，铸件各部分在冷却过程中由于散热和冷却条件不同，它们到达固态相变的温度的时间也不同，各部分相变程度也不同产生相变应力3.铸件在收缩过程中，因受到铸型、砂芯浇注系统和冒口等的机械阻碍而产生机械阻力应力。

南京理工大学材料科学与工程学院硕士研究生复试真题+面试过程

三、简述：（每题6分，共42分）1.略2.试分析凹、平、凸面衬底的形核效果。

3.试比较晶体滑移和孪生变形的异同。

4.略5.***焊有哪些特点？适用于什么场合？6.奥氏体不锈钢焊接的主要问题是什么？7.略四、综合题：（每题10分，共30分）1.***有哪些优缺点？适用于什么场合？2.略。

3.述（包括图示）筒形拉深件成形过程中工件的区域划分、各部分应力状态和主要变形区的应变状态。

南京理工大学2012年硕士学位研究生复试笔试试题笔试时间：2012年4月10日 19:30-21:30 试题编号：509 科目名称：材料成形技术基础满分：100分（3）熔滴过渡***（4）***的特点和适用范围（5）滑移系的取向因子与软取向和硬取向的关系（6）试分析***对金属组织的影响四、解答题，每题10分（1）略（2）述（包括图示）筒形拉深件成形过程中工件的区域划分、各部分应力状态和主要变形区的应变状态。

（3）***的优点、缺点和适用范围试卷总结：本套试卷适合南理工的学生作答，因为存在大量与期末考试相近甚至一模一样的试题，且同学们的备考的思维定势是：不看书，直接背诵总结的资料。

事实证明这种复习方向事半功倍，有效的打压了没有参考资料的外校生。

范文如下：Self IntroductionGood morning, I am very glad to be here for this interview.First let me introduce myself. My name is Taozhugong. I will get my undergraduate degree in Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Majoring in Material molding and control engineering.I am open-minded, willing and have broad interests like photography, basketball, reading and Software drawing. During the past four years, I have accomplished the AutoCAD intermediate certificate Issued by the ETC of NJUST. Furthermore, I am also interested in Solidworks and Pro/E.I have broad interests in many aspects and grasp the essential knowledge of my major, but at present, I can just do things in a superficial level owing to lack of enough knowledge and ability. So I think further study is still necessary for me.The major that I hope to pursue for my further education is dissimilar material welding. Because I have found welding among different materials is playing a more and more important role in our modern society. And nowadays in China, with the help of the government, our dissimilar material welding industry is growing rapidly and that may provide a lot of chances to st but not least, this subject is similar with my subject of Research Training and Graduation Design.I plan to concentrate on this field during my graduate time. And I hope I can make a solid foundation for future profession after three years study here.OK, that’s all. Thank you very much.早上好，我很高兴能在这里参加面试。

材料物理与化学历年复试笔试题（重要）

材料物理与化学历年复试笔试题（重要）华工材物化复试笔试题2010年1、一个人海中溺水，救生员离海有一距离，救生员在水中、陆地上的速度不一样，找一最快路线。

2 、列举生活常见的发光显示器，并说明主要特征。

有机发光显示器（OLED，Organic Light Emitting Display）是一种利用有机半导体材料制成的、用直流电压驱动的薄膜发光器件，OLED显示技术与传统的LCD 显示方式不同，无需背光灯，采用非常薄的有机材料涂层和玻璃基板，当有电流通过时，这些有机材料就会发光。

而且OLED显示屏幕可以做得更轻更薄，可视角度更大，并且能够显著节省电能。

OLED的工作原理十分简单，有机材料ITO 透明电极和金属电极分别作为器件的阳极和阴极，在一定电压的驱动下，电子和空穴分别从阴极和阳极注入到电子和空穴传输层，电子和空穴相遇形成激子，使发光分子激发而发出可见光。

根据使用的有机材料不同，OLED又分为高分子OLED和小分子OLED，二者的差异主要表现在器件制备工艺上：小分子器件主要采用真空热蒸发工艺；高分子器件则采用旋转涂覆或喷涂印刷工艺。

特点：1.薄膜化的全固态器件，无真空腔，无液态成份；2. 高亮度，可达300 cd/m2以上；3.宽视角，上下、左右的视角宽度超高170度；4.快响应特性，响应速度为微秒级，是液晶显示器响应速度的1000倍；5.易于实现全彩色；6.直流驱动，10V以下，用电池即可驱动；7.低功耗；8.工艺比较简单，低成本；9.分辨率；10.温度特性，在-40℃~70℃范围内都可正常工作。

3 、发光二极管原理，光电二极管的原理（1）发光二极管（LED）由镓（Ga）与砷（AS）、磷（P）的化合物制成的二极管，当电子与空穴复合时能辐射出可见光，因而可以用来制成发光二极管。

在电路及仪器中作为指示灯，或者组成文字或数字显示。

磷砷化镓二极管发红光，磷化镓二极管发绿光，碳化硅二极管发黄光。

它的基本结构是一块电致发光的半导体材料，置于一个有引线的架子上，然后四周用环氧树脂密封，起到保护内部芯线的作用，所以LED的抗震性能好。

2011-2012年西北工业大学材料学院考研试题及答案

西北工业大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题试题名称：材料科学基础试题编号：832 说明：所有答题一律写在答题纸上第 1 页共 2 页一、简答题（每题10分，共50分）1. 请从原子排列、弹性应力场、滑移性质、柏氏矢量等方面对比刃位错、螺位错的主要特征。

2. 何谓金属材料的加工硬化？如何解决加工硬化对后续冷加工带来的困难？3. 什么是离异共晶？如何形成的？4. 形成无限固溶体的条件是什么？简述原因。

5. 两个尺寸相同、形状相同的铜镍合金铸件，一个含90%Ni ，另一个含50%Ni ，铸造后自然冷却，问哪个铸件的偏析严重？为什么？二、作图计算题（每题15分，共60分）1、写出{112}晶面族的等价晶面。

2、请判定下列反应能否进行：]001[]111[2]111[2a aa →+3、已知某晶体在500℃时，每1010个原子中可以形成有1个空位，请问该晶体的空位形成能是多少？（已知该晶体的常数a ＝0.0539，波耳滋曼常数K ＝1.381×10-23 J / K ）4、单晶铜拉伸，已知拉力轴的方向为[001]，ζ=106 Pa ，求(111)面上柏氏矢量的螺位错线上所受的力（）三、综合分析题（共40分）1. 经冷加工的金属微观组织变化如图a 所示，随温度升高，并在某一温度下保温足够长的时间，会发生图b-d 的变化，请分析四个阶段微观组织、体系能量和宏观性能变化的机理和原因。

2.根据Ag-Cd二元相图：1)当温度为736℃、590℃、440℃和230℃时分别会发生什么样的三相平衡反应？写出反应式。

2)分析Ag-56%Cd合金的平衡凝固过程，绘出冷却曲线，标明各阶段的相变反应。

3)分析Ag-95%Cd合金的平衡凝固与较快速冷却时，室温组织会有什么差别，并讨论其原因。

西北工业大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题参考答案试题名称：材料科学基础试题编号：832说明：所有答题一律写在答题纸上第 1 页共 7 页四、简答题（每题10分，共50分）6.请从原子排列、弹性应力场、滑移性质、柏氏矢量等方面对比刃位错、螺位错的主要特征。

中山大学材料科学与工程学院材料化学2011年真题答案

一、什么是电负性？将下列两组元素的电负性由大到小排序。

（1）Na、F、Al、C （2）Br、O、Cl、I电负性是元素的原子化合物中吸引电子的能量的标度。

元素电负性越大，表示其原子在化合物中吸引电子的能力越强。

F> C>Al> Na; O>Cl> Br>I二、定性判断下列反应或过程中熵变的数值是正值还是负值。

（1）溶解少量食盐于水中；（2）活性炭表面吸附氧气；（3）碳与氧气反应生成一氧化碳（1）△S>0，食盐溶解过程，食盐由固体变为溶液离子混乱度增大，所以熵值增加；（2）△S<0,混乱度减小（3）△S>0，一分子O2变成两分子CO，混乱度增加。

三、比较下列各组化合物性质的强弱或高低。

（1）HF、HBr、HI、HCI的酸性（2）SiF4、SiI4、NaF的熔点（3）天然橡胶、聚苯乙烯的玻璃化转变温度HI>HBr>HCI>HF;NaF> SiI4>SiF4;天然橡胶<聚苯乙烯高分子柔顺性越好，玻璃化转变温度越低，所以天然橡胶含孤立双键，分子链柔顺性比聚苯乙烯好。

(对于塑料来说Tg是最高使用温度，对于橡胶来说是最低使用温度，即耐寒指标。

)五、简述线型无定形高聚物、线型结晶高聚物以及体型高聚物的溶解性特点。

线型无定形高聚物中分子堆砌比较松散，分子间的相互作用比较弱，，因此溶剂分子比较容易渗入聚合物内部使之溶胀和溶解。

线型结晶高聚物由于分子排列整齐，堆积紧密，分子间相互作用强，因此溶剂分子渗入聚合物内部比较困难，所以比线型无定性高聚物溶解性差。

体型聚合物在溶剂中只会发生溶胀，由于有交联化学键的束缚，不能进一步使其扩散到溶剂分子中，故体型高聚物只能发生溶胀不能发生溶解。

六、简要说明比表面积的概念，并解释为什么在多相催化反应中，固体催化剂的比表面积越大，越有利于反应的进行？比表面积通常表示物质的分散程度，一种是单位体积所具有的表面积，另一种是单位质量所具有的表面积。

2011研究生复试题

2011研究生复试题2011无机化学专业研究生复试考试题（请将答案按照题号，标清楚写在答题纸上）1. O 2、O 3和H 2O 2中，O －O 键最长的是____________，最短的是________________。

2. 同是Fe 3+的配离子，但[Fe(C 2O 4)3]3-与[Fe(CN)6]3-颜色不同，其中较浅的是____________。

3. 主量子数n=4的电子层中电子的最大容量为________。

但4f 电子实际在第______周期的元素的原子中出现。

4. 已知H 3PO 4的pK ? a 1=2.12，pK ? a 2=7.20，pK ? a 3=12.36，则0.10 mol dm -3Na 2HPO 4溶液的pH值约为______________。

5. 根据Pauling 规则，H 3PO 3的pK ? a 1约为___________。

6. HCN 分子中C 原子和N 原子的杂化方式分别为_______和_______。

7. He +的以下原子轨道中，能量最高的是________：1s 2p 3s 3d 4s 。

8. Ga 3+与F -形成的配离子是_____________，与Cl -形成的配离子是_____________。

9. 根据晶体场理论，在八面体弱场中，中心离子d 电子数为____________时，晶体场稳定化能最大。

10. I 2溶解在CCl 4中，呈__________色；而溶解在乙醚中，呈_______色。

11. 常温下硫的稳定单质分子式是_____，其中S 的杂化方式是_______。

12. TlCl 和TlCl 3中比较稳定的是__________，Ga 和In 中熔点较高的是__________，Au和Hg 中金属键较弱的是_________。

二、单选题：（每题2分，共30分） 1. 弱电解质溶液稀释时，pH 将：A. 减少B. 增加C. 不变D. 根据具体情况判断2. 对基元反应而言，下列叙述中正确的是：A. 反应级数和反应分子数总是一致的B. 反应级数总是大于反应分子数填空题：（每空1分，共20分）C. 反应级数总是小于反应分子数D. 不同的情况下有不同的关系3.下列各反应不能自发向右进行的是：A. CsI + LiF = LiI + CsFB. [Cd(H2O)6]2+ + HS- = CdS + H3O+ + 5H2OC. CsBrCl2 = CsCl + BrClD. CuCl + 2CN- = [Cu(CN)2]- + Cl-4.Pr6O11中，Pr的氧化数是：A. +11/3B. +2和+3C. +2和+4D. +3和+4等于5.在难溶电解质M2B饱和溶液中，c(M+)=xmol·dm-3，c(B2-)=y mol·dm-3，则K?spA. x2·yB. x·yC. (2x)2·yD. x2·(?y)6.将标准状况下体积为 2.24dm3的H2S缓慢通入100cm31.5mol·dm-3NaOH溶液中，忽略溶液体积变化，充分反应后，下列关系错误的是：A. c(Na+) + c(H+) = c(HS-) + 2c(S2-) + c(OH-)B. c(Na+) > c(HS-) > c(S2-) > c(H+) > c(OH-)C. c(Na+) > c(HS-) + c(S2-) + c(H2S)D. c(HS-) + c(S2-) + c(H2S) = 1.0mol·dm-37.下列硫化物中，不能用HCl溶解的是：A. SnS2B. Sb2S3C. CdSD. As2S38.在标准Cu电极和标准Zn电极组成的原电池中，如想使电动势增加，可采取的方法是：A. 增大Zn2+浓度B. 减小Cu2+浓度C. 向Cu2+溶液中加氨水D. 向Zn2+溶液中加氨水9.下列化合物具有磁性的是：A. Na2OB. SrOC. KO2D. BaO210.下列物质中，既属于Lewis酸又属于Lewis碱的是：A. B2H6B. CCl4C. H2OD. SOCl211.关于化学键的下列叙述正确的是A. 离子化合物中不可能含有共价键B. 共价化合物中不可能含有离子键C. 分子晶体中一定含有共价键D. 原子晶体中不一定会有共价键12.碱性环境下NaClO不能将下列过渡金属氧化到最高氧化态的是：A. FeB. CoC. NiD. Mn13.下列化合物在水中溶解度最小的是：A. LiFB. CsFC. MgF2D. BaF214.下列含氧酸中，氧化性最强的是：A. HMnO4B. HClO4C. HBrO4D. H5IO615.常温下以液态形式存在的是：A. HgCl2B. LaCl3C. SnCl4D. AsCl5三、问答题：（每题5分，共50分）1.酸碱质子理论指出，酸碱反应的自发方向是强酸+强碱=弱碱+弱酸，但弱酸CH3COOH在水中却能自发解离，生成强酸H3O+，试解释其中的矛盾。