美国文学常识文档
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料美国文学复习资料美国文学是世界文学宝库中的重要组成部分，它以其独特的风格和丰富的内容吸引着广大读者和研究者。
在这篇文章中，我们将为大家提供一些关于美国文学的复习资料，希望能够帮助大家更好地了解和掌握这一领域的知识。
一、美国文学的起源美国文学的起源可以追溯到17世纪早期的殖民地时期。
当时，由于殖民者来自不同的国家和文化背景，美国文学呈现出多元化的特点。
早期的美国文学作品主要以宗教和探险为主题，其中最著名的作品包括《普利茅斯故事》和《马萨诸塞湾殖民地的历史》等。
随着时间的推移，美国文学逐渐发展壮大。
18世纪的启蒙时代，美国文学开始借鉴欧洲文学的思想和风格，融合了理性主义和启蒙思想。
这一时期的代表作品有本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》和托马斯·潘恩的《常识》等。
二、美国文学的经典作品美国文学的经典作品数不胜数，下面我们列举一些代表作品，供大家参考。
1. 马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》：这是一部以南北战争时期为背景的小说，通过主人公哈克贝利的冒险经历，揭示了奴隶制度的黑暗面和人性的复杂性。
2. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》：这是一部关于道德与罪恶的小说，讲述了一个女性因婚外情而被判刑的故事。
小说通过对社会道德观念的探讨，揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的偏见。
3. 威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》：这是一部以南方小镇为背景的小说，通过对人物内心世界的描写，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等社会问题。
4. 埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌：狄金森是美国文学史上最重要的女性诗人之一，她的诗作以独特的风格和深刻的思想而著称，对后世的诗人产生了深远的影响。
三、美国文学的主题与风格美国文学的主题多种多样，涵盖了社会、政治、种族、性别、宗教等各个方面。
在风格上，美国文学也呈现出多样性，既有浪漫主义的热情奔放，也有现实主义的冷静客观。
此外，美国文学还有一些独特的风格流派，如南方文学、黑人文学和美国现代主义文学等。
美国文学常识
12、Herman Melville 赫尔曼· 梅 尔维尔 1819-1891
1
13 、 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利 · 沃兹沃思 · 朗 费罗 1807-1882
The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens 民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的故事---诗集： An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride 保罗· 里维尔的 夜奔;Evangeline 伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish 迈尔斯· 斯坦迪什的求 婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery 奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question 废奴问题;Voice of Freedom 自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems 内战时期所作;Snow-Bound 大雪 封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems 海滩的帐篷 Ichabod 艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl 冬日田园诗 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 德雷德阴暗 大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing 牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island 奥尔 岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks 老城的人们 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave 弗莱德里克· 道格拉 斯， 一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom 我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass 弗莱德里克· 道格拉斯的生平与时代 The Poems of Emily Dichenson 埃米莉· 迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的
美国文学常识
Essays散
文
集:Natur
e论自然-
----新英
格兰超验
主义者的
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8、Ralf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫· 沃尔多· 爱默生 18031882
Scholar 论美国学 者;Divin ity;The Oversoul 论超 灵;Selfreliance 论自
k Rivers
Leaves
of Grass
草叶
集:Song
of the
Broad-
Axe阔斧
之歌;I
hear
America
Singing
11、Walt Whitman 沃尔特· 惠特曼 18191892
我听见美 洲在歌 唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard
Bloom’d
立;The
Transcen
dentalis
t超验主
义
者;Repre
sentativ
e Men代
表人
物;Engli Concord
Hymn康考
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Humble
Bee野
蜂;Days
日子-首
开自由诗
之先河
9．
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美国文学文化常识略记(英汉对应)
四、Walt Whitman惠特曼 创造了自由诗体（Free verse）
The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》
三、William Faulkner威廉福克纳
Absalom,Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
The sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》
The light in August《八月之光》
As I Lay Dying《我弥留之际》
二、William Carlos Williams威廉姆斯
Pterson 《佩特森》
Red Wheelbarrow《红色手推车》
The Widow's Lament in Spring Time《寡妇的春怨》
三、T.S.Eliot
The Waste Land《荒原》标志现代主义
The love song of J.Alfred Prufrock《普洛夫洛克的情歌》
自然主义
四、Stephen Crane斯蒂文 克瑞恩（第一位美国自然主义者）
Maggie:A Girl of Streets《梅吉街头女郎》
The Red Badage of Courage《红色应用勋章》
五、Frank Norris弗兰克诺里斯
The Epic of the Wheat:The Octopus,The Pit,The Wolf《小麦三部曲》
美国文学知识
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5. William Faulkner: Nobel Prize Winner in 1950; Yoknapatawpha saga约克纳帕塔法县家史; American South; The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》Light in August《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom《押沙龙, 押沙龙》Go Down, Moses《去吧,摩西》As I Lay Dying 在我弥留之际 6. Willa Cather: My Antonia; The Song of the Lark莺 之歌; rejecting the modern and trying to escape into the refuge of the past 7. Sherwood Anderson: Midwestern America; the first American psychological writer; Winesburg, Ohio 《俄亥俄州的瓦恩斯堡镇》”The Triumph of the Egg”鸡蛋的胜利 Death in the Woods林中之死 8. Sinclaire Lewis: the first American author to win the Novel Prize Main Street《大街》Babbitt巴比特: vulgar and philistine businessman
(2) James Fenimore Cooper (novelist): Leather Stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集 The Last of the Mohicans 最后的莫西干人 (3) William Cullen Bryant (poet): To a “Waterfowl” 致水鸟; “The Yellow Violet”黄 色的紫罗兰; poetic translation of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
专八美国文学常识
美国文学Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Thomas Paine Paine 托马斯·潘恩1737-18091737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise 税务员问题；Common Sense 常识；American Crisis 美国危机；Rights of Man 人的权利：Downfall of Despotism 专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason 理性时代 Philip Philip Freneau Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺1752-18321752-1832The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship 英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True V irtue Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-17901706-1790A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard ’s Almanack 穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth 致富之道；The Autobiography 自传自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文1783-18591783-1859A History of New Y ork 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book 见闻札记The The Legend Legend Legend of of of Sleepy Hollow Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers 旅客谈；The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉 James James Fenimore Fenimore Fenimore Cooper Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-18511789-1851The Spy 间谍;The Pilot 领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer 拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人最后的莫希干人;The Prairie 大草原;The Pathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Ralf Waldo Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-18821803-1882Essays 散文集:Nature 论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The The American American American Scholar Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul 论超灵;Self-reliance 论自立;The Transcendentalist 超验主义者;Representative Men 代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address 神学院演说 Concord Hymn 康考德颂;The Rhodo 杜鹃花;The Humble Bee 野蜂;Days 日子-首开自由诗之先河首开自由诗之先河 Henry David Threau 亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-18621817-1862Wadden,or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience 抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-18821807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;V oices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens 民谣及其他诗民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的故事路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生人生礼物/Paul Revere ’s Ride 保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline 伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚------------叙事长诗；叙事长诗；叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery Poems on Slavery 奴役篇奴役篇---------反蓄奴组诗反蓄奴组诗反蓄奴组诗Nathaniel Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Y :Young Goodman Brownoung Goodman Brown 年轻的古德曼·布朗;The ;The Scarlet Scarlet Scarlet Letter Letter 红字;The House of of the the the Seven Seven Seven Gables Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇;The Marble Faun 玉石雕像玉石雕像Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-18911819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比·迪克莫比·迪克莫比·迪克//白鲸；白鲸；Typee Typee 泰比泰比;Omoo ;Omoo 奥穆奥穆;Mardi ;Mardi 玛地玛地;Redburn ;Redburn 雷得本得本;White Jacket ;White Jacket 白外衣白外衣;Pierre ;Pierre 皮尔埃皮尔埃;Piazza ;Piazza 广场故事广场故事;Billy Budd ;Billy Budd 比利·巴德比利·巴德Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼1819-18921819-1892 Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe 阔斧之歌阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing 我听见美洲在歌我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d 小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas 民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question 流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself 自我之歌自我之歌Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·迪金森1830-18861830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson 埃米莉·迪金森诗集埃米莉·迪金森诗集---------------““Tell all the truth and tell it slant slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的”迂回曲折的，玄学的”迂回曲折的，玄学的Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-18491809-1849（以诗为（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）叶芝） Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集;Tales 故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia 莱琪儿;Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李----------歌特风格；歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems 帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems 艾尔·阿拉夫，艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems 乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven 乌鸦;The City in the Sea 海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen 致海伦致海伦Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom ’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing 牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr ’s Island 奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks 老城的人们的人们 Part 4. The age of Realism William Dean Dean Howells Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance 现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia 从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle 透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading 小说创作与小说阅读小说创作与小说阅读 23、Henry James 享利·詹姆斯1843-19161843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller 苔瑟·米乐；苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；贵妇人画像；The Bostonians The Bostonians 波士顿人；顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales The Real Thing and Other Tales 真货色及其他故事；真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼；The Ambassadors 大使；大使；The Golden Bowl The Golden Bowl 金碗金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists 法国诗人和小说家法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne 霍桑;Partial Portraits 不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews 札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays 小说艺术小说艺术Part 5. Local Colorism Mark Mark Twain Twain 马克·吐温（Samuel LonghorneClemens ）------美国文学的美国文学的一大里程碑一大里程碑 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent ’s Abroad 傻瓜出国记;The ;The Gilded Gilded Gilded Age Age 镀金时代;The ;The Adventures Adventures Adventures of of of Tom Tom Tom Sawyer Sawyer 汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Connecticut Y Y ankee ankee in in in King King King Arthur Arthur Arthur’’s s Court Court 亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The ;The Tragedy Tragedy Tragedy of of of Pudd Pudd Pudd’’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊;Personal ;Personal Recollections Recollections Recollections of of of Joan Joan Joan of of of Arc Arc 冉·达克;The ;The Man Man Man That That That Corrupted Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story 怎样讲故事怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American Naturalism Stephen Stephen Crane Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-19001871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat 小划子;The Bride Comes to Y ellow Sky 新娘来到黄天镇新娘来到黄天镇 Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯1870-19021870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty 茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic ）;Mc-Teague 麦克提格（naturalistic ）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus 章鱼,The Pit 小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West 小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事 Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱塞1871-19451871-1945Sister Sister Carrie Carrie 嘉莉姐妹;Jennie ;Jennie Gerhardt Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘;Trilogy ;Trilogy of of of Desire Desire 欲望三部曲(Financer 金融家,The ,The Titan Titan 巨人,The ,The Stoic);An Stoic);An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff 黑人杰弗黑人杰弗 Edwin Edwin Arlington Arlington Arlington Robinson Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig 克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River 河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky 衬托着天空的人;Avon ’s Harvest 沃冯的收成;Collected Poems 诗集诗集 40、Jack London 杰克·伦敦1876-19161876-1916The Son of the Wolf 狼之子,The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白獠牙;The People of the Abyss 深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel 铁蹄铁蹄;Marti Eden 马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist 我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes 阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me 生命对我意味着什么;Revolution 革命;Love ;Love of of of Life Life 热爱生命;The ;The Mexican Mexican 墨西哥人;Under ;Under the the Deck A wings 在甲板的天蓬下 Upton Upton Sinclair Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱尔1878-19681878-1968Spring and Harvest 春天与收获;The Jungle 屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal 煤炭大王;Oil 石油;Boston 波士顿;Dragon ’s Teeth 龙齿龙齿 Part 7. The 1920s Imagism Ezra Ezra PoundPound 艾兹拉·庞德1885-19721885-1972 The Spirit of Romance 罗曼司精神罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes 意像派诗选意像派诗选;Cathay 华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary ;Literary Essays Essays 文学论;Hugh ;Hugh Swlwyn Swlwyn Swlwyn Mauberley;A Mauberley;A Mauberley;A Few Few Few Don Don Don’’ts ts by by by Imagiste Imagiste 意像派戒条;Personage 面具;Polite ;Polite Essays Essays 文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound 庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）成稿）Thomas Thomas Stearns Stearns Stearns Eliot Eliot 托马斯·艾略特1888-19651888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations 普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land 荒原(The Burial of the Dead 死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess 弈棋弈棋;The Fire Sermon 火诫;Death by Water 水边之死;What the Thunder Said 雷电之言); 名诗：Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三;Four Quarters 四个四重奏四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion 大团圆;Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯1879-19551879-1955 Harmonium 风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar 弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction 关于最高虚构的札记(Peter (Peter Quince Quince Quince at at at the the the Clavier Clavier 彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday ;Sunday Morning Morning 礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn 秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems 诗集诗集William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯1883-19631883-1963 收入Des Imagistes 意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All 春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love 爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel 布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson 佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower 常青花日光兰（长诗）常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow 红色手推车;The Widow ’s s Lament Lament in in Spring Spring 寡妇的春怨;The ;The Dead Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father 麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait 无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr 先驱）; The Great American Novels 伟大的美国小说伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain 美国性格;Autobiography 自传自传 Robert Robert Frest Frest 罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-19631874-1963 A Boy ’s Wish 少年心愿；North of Boston 波士顿之北(Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking 摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval 山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken 没有选择的道路没有选择的道路); West-running Brook 西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree 一株作证的树一株作证的树Carl Carl Sandburg Sandburg 卡尔·桑德堡1878-19671878-1967 Always the Y oung Stranger 永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy 肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Y ears 草原的年代一、二;The War Y ears 战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag 美国歌袋;The People,Y es 人民，好;Honey and Salt 蜜与盐;Corn-huskers 辗米机（Fog 雾）;Smoke and Steel 烟与钢烟与钢E Cumings 肯明斯1894-1962 Tulips Tulips anddd anddd anddd Chimneys Chimneys 郁金香与烟囱;The ;The Enormous Enormous Enormous Room Room 大房间;XLI Poems 诗41首;Viva万岁;No ， Thanks 不，谢谢;Collected Poems 诗集;Eimi 爱米（访苏游记）F F Scott Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(1896-1940(迷惘的一代迷惘的一代迷惘的一代)) The Side of Paradise 人间天堂人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned 美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night 夜色温柔夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头最后的巨头 短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers 姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz 爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille 早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace 冰宫;May Days 五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams 冬天的梦;The Rich Boy 富家子弟;Babylon Revisted 重访巴比伦敦巴比伦敦 The Crack-up 崩溃（自传体文集）崩溃（自传体文集）Ernest Ernest Hemingway Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）惘的一代”的代表人物） In In Our Our Our Time Time 在我们的年代里;The ;The Torrents Torrents Torrents of of of Spring Spring 春潮;The ;The Sun Sun Sun Also Also Also Rises Rises 太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms 永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Men Without Without Without W W omen 没有女人的男人;The ;The Winners Winners Winners Take Take Take Notheing Notheing 胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories 第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not 贫与富贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast 到处逍遥到处逍遥William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳1897-19621897-1962 The Marble Faun 云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers ;Soldiers’’ Pay 兵饷（小说）兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September 干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury 愤怒与喧嚣愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying 当我垂当我垂死的时候;Light in August 八月之光;Absalom,Absolam 押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森1876-19411876-1941 Windy Windy McPherson McPherson McPherson’’s s Son Son 饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching ;Marching Men Men 前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants 美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque 俄亥俄州的温斯堡俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White 穷苦的白人;Many Marriages 多种婚姻;Dark Laughter 阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories 鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories 林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why 我想知道为什么我想知道为什么我想知道为什么 Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯1885-1951(1885-1951(美国第一美国第一个获诺贝尔奖个获诺贝尔奖)) Dur Mr Wrenn 我们的雷恩先生;The Job 求职;The Main Street 大先进;Babbitt 巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry 艾尔默·甘特里;Dodsworth 多兹沃斯;It can ’t Happen Here 事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal 王孙梦王孙梦 V illa Sibert Cather 维拉·凯塞1873-19471873-1947 O,Pioneers 啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor ’s House 教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop 大主教之死大主教之死Thomas Thomas W W olfe 托马斯·沃尔夫1900-19381900-1938 Look Homeward,Angel 天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River 时间与河流;The Web and the Rock 蛛网与岩石;Y ou Can ’t Go Home Again 有家归不得;The Hills Beyond 远山（未完成）远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning 从死亡到早晨从死亡到早晨从死亡到早晨 Part 8. The 1930sJohn Dos Dos Passos Passos 帕索斯1896-1970 The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District Money);District of of of Columbia Columbia 哥伦比亚大区(The (The Adventures Adventures Adventures of of of a a a Y Y oung oung Man Man 一个年轻人的冒险;Number One 第一号;The Grand Design 伟大的计划);Orient Express 东方特别快车（游记）东方特别快车（游记） John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克1902-19661902-1966 Cup Cup of of of Gold Gold 金杯;Tortilla ;Tortilla Flat Flat 煎饼房;In ;In Dubious Dubious Dubious Battle Battle 胜负未定;Of Mice and Men 鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down 月亮下去了月亮下去了;Cannery Row 罐头厂街;The Pearl 珍珠短篇小说：The Red Pony 小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains 大山大山;The Promise 许诺,The Leader of the People 人们的领袖) Part 9. Black American LiteratureFrederick Frederick Douglass Douglass 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My /My Bondage Bondage Bondage and and and My My My Freedom Freedom 我的枷锁与我的自由/The /The life life life and and and Time Time Time of of of Frederick Frederick Douglass 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代Booker T. Washington William E ·B Dubois 威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-19631868-1963 Souls Souls of of of Black Black Black Folk Folk 黑人的灵魂(Of (Of Booker Booker Booker T T T Washington Washington and and Others);The Others);The Others);The Suppression Suppression Suppression of of of the the African Slave Trade into into the the the USA USA 制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame 黑色的火焰（三部曲）James James Langston Langston Langston Hughes Hughes 詹姆斯·兰斯顿·休斯1902-19691902-1969Mulatto 混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues 疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death 亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem 哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander 我漂泊我思考我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple 辛普尔精选辛普尔精选辛普尔精选 Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·埃利林1914-1914- 长篇小说：Invisible Man 看不见的人看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act 影子与行动;Going to the Territory 步入文学界步入文学界James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温1924-19871924-1987散文集：Note of a Native Son 土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time 下一次烈火;No Name in the Street 他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work 魔鬼找到工作 小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain 向苍天呼吁;Giovanni ;Giovanni’’s Room 乔万尼的房间;Another Country 另一个国度;Tell ;Tell Me Me Me How How How Long Long Long the the the Train Train Train’’s s Been Been Been Gone Gone 告诉我火车已开多久;If ;If Beale Beale Beale Street Street Street Could Could Talk 假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head 就在我头上就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man 去见这个人去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner 阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley 为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost 有一天当我迷失的时候有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后迷路前后Gwendolyn Brooks Part 10. American DramaEugene Oneil 尤金·奥尼尔1888-19531888-1953 独幕剧：Bound Bound East East East to to to Cardiff Cardiff 东航卡迪夫;The ;The Long Long Long V V oyage oyage Home Home 归途迢迢;The ;The Moon Moon Moon of of of the the Carribbeans 加勒比人之月多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon 天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie 安娜·克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape 毛猿;All the God ’s Children Got Wings 上帝的儿女都有翅膀上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown 大神布朗;The ;The Strange Strange Strange Interlude Interlude 奇异的插曲;Mourning ;Mourning Becomes Becomes Becomes Electr Electr 素娥怨/悲悼a;The Iceman Cometh 送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night 进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉夜常深沉Clifford Odets J J D D D Salinger Salinger 杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格1919-1919- 短篇小说：The Y oung Folks 年轻人年轻人 短篇小说集：Nine Stories 故事九篇中篇小说：Franny 弗兰尼;Zooey 卓埃;Raise ;Raise High High High the the the Roof Roof Roof Beam,Carpenters Beam,Carpenters 木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction 西摩其人西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye 麦田守望者麦田守望者 Tennessee William 田纳西·威廉斯1911-19831911-1983 American Blues 美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels 天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie 玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Streetcar Named Named Named Desire Desire 欲望号街车;Cat ;Cat on on on a a a Hot Tin Hot Tin Roof 热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of of The The Iguana 鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke 夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo 玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Y o ut out 可爱的青春鸟春鸟Arthur Arthur Miller Miller 阿瑟·米勒1915-1915- Situation Normal 情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck 吉星高照的人;All My Sons 都是我的儿子;The ;The Death Death Death of of of a a a Salesman Salesman 推销员;The ;The Crucible Crucible 严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A ;A V V iew iew from from from the the Bridge 桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays 两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall 堕落之后堕落之后;Incident at V ichy 维希事件维希事件 ;The Price 代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop ’s Ceiling 大主教的天花板;The American Clock 美国时钟Edward Edward Albee Albee 爱德华·阿尔比1928-1928-The Zoo Story 动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith 贝西·史密斯之死;The Sandbox 沙箱;The American Dream 美国梦;Who ’s Afraid of V irginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫;Tiny Alice 小爱丽丝;A ;A Delicate Delicate Delicate Balance Balance 脆弱的羊群;Seascape 海景;The ;The Lady Lady Lady from from from Dubuque Dubuque 来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms 在臂人在臂人 Part 11. The Post-W ar Scene: The Novel . PoetrySaul Bellow 索尔·贝娄1915-1915- 长篇小说：Dangling Man 晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The V ictim 受害者;The Adventure of Augie March 奥基·马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King 雨王汉德逊雨王汉德逊;Herzog 赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet 塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt ’s Gift 洪堡的礼物洪堡的礼物中篇小说：Seize the Day 且乐今朝且乐今朝Norman Mailer 诺曼·米勒1923- (1923- (垮掉的一代；文垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者学恐怖主义者//亡命之徒亡命之徒)) 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore 巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park 廘苑;An American Dream 一场美国梦;The White Negro 白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself 为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner ;The Executioner’’s Song 刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night 夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说;New Journalism 新新闻报道新新闻报道Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒1923-1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened 出了毛病;As Good as Gold 像高尔德像高尔德一样好一样好 剧本：We Bombed in New Haven 我们轰炸纽黑文我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger ;Catch-22;Clevinger’’s Trial 克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）第八章） John Barth 约翰·巴思1930-1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera 漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road 穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor 烟草代理商;Letters 书信集;Giles ;Giles Goat-boy Goat-boy 山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost ;Lost in in in the the the Funhouse Funhouse 迷失在开心馆里（Title 题目）;Chimera 客迈拉；客迈拉； Sabbatical 学院的轮休假;The ;The Friday Friday Friday Book:Essays Book:Essays Book:Essays and and and Other Other Nonfictions 星期五的书：论文及其他非小说 Thomas Pynchon 托马斯·品钦1937- (1937- (后现代后现代主义主义))Geography of a Horse Dreamer 马塞梦测者的地理;Angel City 天使城;The Tooth of Crime 罪恶的罪恶的牙齿;Family 家庭家庭 (Curse of the S tarving Class Starving Class 饥饿阶级的诅咒;Buried Child 被埋葬的孩子;True W est 真正的西部);Fool for Love 情痴;A Lie of the Mind 心灵的谎言;Paris/Texas 德州的巴黎德州的巴黎 Poetry: Stanley Kunitz Richard Wilbur Elizabeth Bishop Howard Nemerov 。
美国文学常识
美国文学一、北美殖民主义时期文学时间：16世纪末到17世纪中特点：The first writings are narratives and journals of early settlers主要作家1.John SmithA True Relation of Virginia : the first book in American literatureA Map of Virginia with a description of the country二、独立革命时期文学时间：17世纪中到18世纪末特点it is featured by two revolutions. One was American revolution and the other is enlightenment, which led to the American independence and an intellectual development whose rationalistic spirit inspired Americans and brought them into a new horizon主要作家1.Benjamin Franklin ( a member of the committee to draft the Declaration ofIndependence)AutobiographyPoor Richard’s Almanac 穷理查德书2.Thomas PaineCommon SenseThe American CrisisRights of manThe Age of Reason3.Philip Freneau (poet of American Revolution)The British Prison ShipThe Rising Glory of AmericaThe Indian Burying GroundThe wild Honey Suckle 野金银花一、浪漫主义时期时间：18世纪末到19世纪中期特点：American Romanticism advocates individualism and encourage people to fight for individual right and human happiness with brevity. It attached importance to individual dignity and value and believed that human nature is benign.主要作家：1.Washington IrvingA history of New YorkThe Sketch Book 见闻札记Rip Van Winkle 瑞普梵温克尔The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷传说Tales of a traveler2.James Fenimore CooperLeather Stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集The last of the Mochicans 最后的末希干人3.William Cullen Bryant (romantic poet)poemsThe fountainThe white-footed deerA forest hymnThe flood of years4.Edgar Allen PoeTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集The Fall of the House Usher 呃舍屋的倒塌The Raven 乌鸦To Helen 致海伦The City in the Sea 海城5.Ralph Waldo EmersonNatureSelf-RelianceThe TranscendentalistThe American ScholarDivinity School Address 神学院的演说6.Henry David ThoreauWalden 瓦尔登湖Resistance to Civil Government 抵制公民政府Civil Disobedience 论市民的不服从7.Nathaniel HawthorneScarlet letterMosses from an old manse 古屋青苔8.Herman MevilleMoby Dick 大白鲸Typee 泰比9.Walt Whitman (诗人)Leaves of GrassSong of myself 自我之歌10.Emily Dickinson （诗人）The Poems of Emily DickinsonThis is my letter to the worldI heard a fly buzz when I died四：现实主义时期时间：19世纪中期到20世纪末特点：The rise and development of American literary realism was the product of the changes in American politics and economic development著名作家：1.Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Tom’s Cabin2.Mark TwainThe adventure of Tom SawyerThe adventure of Huckleberry FinnThe Innocents abroad 傻瓜出国记The Prince and Pauper 王子和贫民The Gilded Age 镀金时代3.O HenryThe Cop and the Anthem4.Henry JamesDaisy MillerThe portrait of a lady 贵夫人的画像The Ambassadors 大使们The wings of a dove 鸽翼5.Jack LondonThe son and the wolfThe call from the wildThe sea-wolfWhite fang 白獠牙The people of the Abyss 深渊中的人们Martin Eden 马丁易登6．Theodore DreiserSister CarrieJennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘Trilogy of DesireAn American TragedyThe FinancierThe Genius五：美国当代文学时间：一战后特点：writers of this time freed themselves from traditional concepts of culture and morality and created the literary art of modernism. The writers of lost generation were frustrated by the war and literature accordingly was featured by disillusionment of ideas and civilization.主要作家诗歌1.Ezra pound (imagism poet)In a station of Metro 地铁站里The Cantos 诗章Homage to Sextus PropertiusPersonage 人物The Pisan Cantos 比萨诗章2.Robert Frost (新英格来背景的诗人)A Boy’s WishNorth of BostonA Witness tree 一棵作证的树Mountain Interval 山间A Further Range 又一片牧场3.Wallace Stevens （诗人）Harmonium (风琴)The man with blue GuitarThe Auroras of Autumn （秋天的晨曦）Collected Poems 诗集4.Thomas Stearns Eliot (诗人，剧作家，1948年诺贝尔文学奖)Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂的谋杀The Waste land 荒原The Hollow Man 空心人The Sacred Wood 圣林小说1.Sinclair Lewis （第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国作家）Our Mr. Wrenn 我们的雷恩先生The Job 求职The Main Street 大街Babbit 吧比特2.Eugene O Neill(唯一一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的剧作家)The Iceman Cometh 送冰的人来了The long day’s journey into night 长夜漫漫路迢迢The Hairy Ape 毛猿Emperor Jones 琼斯皇帝The Great God Brown 大神布朗Desire under the Elm 榆树下的欲望All the God’s Children Got Wings 上帝的儿女都有翅膀3. F. Scott Fitzgerald （爵士乐时代的优秀编年体作家）The Side of Paradise 人间天堂The Beautiful and the Damned 漂亮冤家Tender is the night 月色温柔The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖兹比The last Tycoon 最后的巨头4.Ernest Hemingway （获诺贝尔文学奖，迷茫一代的代言人）The sun also risesA farewell to armsFor whom the bell tollsThe old man and the seaDeath in the Afternoon (午后之死)Green hill of Africa （非洲的青山）5.John Steinbeck （1962获得诺贝尔文学奖）The Grapes of WrathThe PearlOf Mice and MenIn Dubious BattleTortilla Flat (煎饼坪)6.William Faulkner （南方文艺复兴最杰出代表，1949年诺贝尔文学奖）The sound and fury 喧哗与骚动As I lay dying 在我弥留之际Light in August 八月之光Absalom, Absalom 押沙龙，押沙龙。
美国文学相关知识点
美国文学相关知识点1. What is Transcendentalism?In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts, and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, Transcendentalism rejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. Instead, the transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. The transcendentalists found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emers on’s essay Nature(1836) was the first major document of the transcendental schoo l and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. His other key transcendentalist works include The American Scholar(1837), a volume in which he addressed the intellec tual’s duty to culture, and Self-Reliance(1841), an essay in which he asserted th e importance of being true to one’s nature.2. What is Local Colorism?Post-Civil War America was large and diverse(various enough to sense its own local difference. Regional voices had emerged from newly settled territories in the South and to the west of the Appalachan. Local colorism is a unique variation of the American literary realism. Generally, the works by local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region. This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specified setting or of an era, which are marked by its customs, dialects, landscape, orother peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence.3. What is naturalism?In literature, the term refers to the theory that literary composition should aim at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. The movement is an outgrowth of 19th-century scientific thought, following in general the biological determin ism of Darwin’s theory, or the economic determinism of Karl Marx. Artistically, naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language, lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure. Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the individual, or beyond his control and that men are controlled and conditioned by heredity, instinct, chance and above all environment. Notable writers of naturalistic fiction were Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Sherwood Anderson and Theodore Dreiser.4. What is “stream-of-consciousness”?Stream of consciousness is a term coined by William James in his The Principles of Psychology to describe the flow of thoughts of the waking mind. Now it is widely used in a literary context to describe the unspoken thoughts and feelings of the characters, without resorting (jiezhu) to objective description or conventional dialogue. It was adapted and developed by Joyce, V. Woolf, and others. The ability to represent the flux of a character’s thought, impressions, emotions, or reminiscences, often without logical sequence or syntax, marked a revolution in the form of novelat that times Thought, impressions, emotions, or reminiscences, often without logical sequence or syntax, marked a revolution in the form of novel at that time.5. What is the Lost Generation?The Lost Generation refers to the disillusioned (awaken) intellectuals and artists of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair of a cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein, “You are a lost generation,” addressed to Hemingway, was used as a preface to the latter’s novel The Sun also Rises, which brilliantly describes those expatriates(yimin) who had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing.6. What is Black Humor?Black humor is a type of modern humor that is caused by anger. It often describes gruesome events, which are normally associated with pleasant occasions, thus producing the congruous effect for humor. Black humor attacks on social mores through shocking language and offensive imagery. Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. In this meaningless world, accord ing to Black Humorists, man’s fate is decided by incomprehensi ve powers. We can’t do anything about it; therefore we may as well laugh. Sardonic and imaginative 20th-century American writers often used the novel to ridicule society. Such novelists as Thomas Pynchon, John Barth, and Kurt Vonnegut, came to be known as the black humorists, because of their darkly comic writings.7. What is the Beat Generation?Beat Generation is a group of American writers of the 1950s whose writing expressed profound dissatisfaction with contemporary American society and endorsed an alternative set of values. They rejected traditional forms and sought expression in the beatific illumination. The term sometimes is used to referto those who embraced the ideas of these writers. The Beat Generation’s best-known figures were writers Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Jack Kerouac.8. What are the thematic concerns and the artistic characteristics of Emily Dickinson’s poetry?Emily Dickinson is America’s best-known female poet. Her poetry covers the issues vital to humanity, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry, there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form. Due to her deliberate seclusion, her poems tend to be very personal and meditative. Dickinson’s poetry, despite its ostensibleobvious formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness; and her limited private world have never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination. use to her deliberatesec lusion, her poems tend to be very personal and meditative. Dickinson’s poetry, despite its ostensible obvious formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness; and her limited private world have never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.9. What is the feature of the main character in W. Faulkner’sA Rose for Emily?A Rose for Emily is Faulkner’s first short story published in 1930. Set in the town of Jefferson in Yoknapatawpha, the story focuses on Emily, an eccentric spinster who refused to accept the passage of time, or the inevitable change and loss thataccompanies it. As a descendent of the Southern aristocracy, Emily is typical of those in Faulkn er’s Yoknapatawpha stories that are the symbols of the Old Deep South but the prisoners of the past. The deformed (disabled)personality and abnormality Emily demonstrates Faulkner’s point of view that by alienating oneself from reality, a person is bound to be a tragedy. Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the old way of life. Thus her death parallels with the decline of the Old South.10. William Faulkner, a Nobel Prize winner, has an important position in American literature. Do you know anything about "Yoknapatawpha County?" What are his artistic achievements?a Yoknapatawpha County is an imagined place based on Faulkner's own hometown, a place that he took for the setting of 15 of his 19 novels and many short stories. This small region in the American South becomes in Faulkner's fiction an allegory ora parable of the Old Deep South.b. The Sound and the Fury, his masterpiece, is an account of the tragic downfall of the Compson family. The novel uses four different narrative voices to piece together the story and thus challenges the reader by presenting a fragmented plot told from multiple points of view. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1949. Faulkner especially was interested in multigenerational family chronicles, and many characters appear in more than one book; this gives the Yoknapatawpha County saga a sense of continuity that makes the area and its inhabitants seem real.11. What are the stylistic features of Hemingway’s novels?Hemingway’s novels are mainly concerned with“tough” people, known for the Hemingway her o of athletic prowess(weili) and masculinity(male) and unyielding(never give up) heroism,whose essential courage and honesty are implicitly (implied)contrasted with the brutality of civilized society. He deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstance and measures them against an unvarying code, known as “grace under pressure”, which is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had been trying to demonstrate in his works. In the general situation of his novels, life is but a losing battle; however, it is also a struggle man can demonstrate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually. Hemingway once said, “The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eight of it being above water. eight of it being above water.” Typical of this “iceberg” analogy (leisi)is Hemingway’s style: Hemingway’s economical writing style often seems simple, but his method is calculated(right quadrangle). In his writing, Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing hischaracter’s emotions and thoughts directly. Hemingway was deeply concerned with authenticity in writing. Besides, Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiatied by Mark Twain. The accents and mannerisms(special habit) of human speech are well presented, and the use of short, simple words and sentences has an effect of clearness, terseness and great care.12.What is the theme and the major character in F.S. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby?Considered as Fitzgerald’s finest work, The Great Gatsby, written in crisp, concise prose and told by Nick Caraway, a satiric yet sympathetic narrator, it is the story of Jay Gatsby, a young American from the Midwest. Gatsby becomes a bootlegger inorder to attain the wealth and lavish way of life he feels are necessary to win the love of Daisy, a married, upper-class woman who had once rejected him. The story ends tragically with Gatsby’s destruction. The book deals with the bankruptcy of the protagonists’ personal dreams due to the clashes between their romantic vision of life and the sordid reality.The hero of the novel, Gatsby, is the last of romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment takes him in search of his person grail. Gatsby’s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American dream. The protagonist’s pursuit of his dream only proves to be nothing but an illusion. Nevertheless, the affirmation of hope and expectation is self-asserted in the characters.13. What is Robert Frost’s nature poem?Robert Frost, American poet, known for his verse concerning New England life. He learned the familiar conventions of nature poetry from his predecessors, and made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression. A poem so conceived thus becomes a symbol or metaphor, a careful, loving exploration of reality. Images or symbols in his poems are drawn from the simple country life. However, profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the plain language and the simple form, for what Frost did is to take symbols from the limited human world and the pastoral landscape to refer to the great world beyond the rustic scene. These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature, as well as its beauty, and the loneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. In short, the nature poems demonstrate Frost’s love of life and his belief in a serenity that comes from the common experience.。
(完整word版)美国文学史-知识点梳理(word文档良心出品)
Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI．Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV．Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce hiswife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church ofEngland. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition -- intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.Part II The Literature of Reason And RevolutionI．Historical IntroductionWith the growth, especially of industry, there appeared the intense strain with England. The British government did not want colonial industries competing with those in England. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country. They took a series of measures to insure this dependence. They prevented colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. Politically, the British government forced dependenceby ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.However, by the mid-eighteenth century, freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the eloquence of the Declaration of Independence as by the weapons of Washington. In the seventies of the 18th century, the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for 8 years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic -- the United States of America. II．American EnlightenmentIt was supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.It dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The spiritual life during that period was to a great degree moulded by it.The representatives set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.The writers injected an invigorating vein into the English language in America as they aimed at clarity and precision of their writings.At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to journalism. Writings of Europe were widely read in America. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.III．Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacLifeBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.Multiple identities:a printera leading authora politiciana scientista inventora diplomata civic activistFranklin’s Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.Franklin’s Contributions to ScienceHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklin’s Contributions to the U.S.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionThe AutobiographyThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The meticulous chart of 13 virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices, the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person, the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to God – all these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then, the book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.A look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake. The lucidity of the narrative, the absence ofornaments in wording and of complex, involved structures in syntax, and the Puritan abhorrence of paradox are all graphically demonstrated in the whole of the book. Taken as a whole, it is safe to say that the book is an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.IV．Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Common SenseAmerican CrisisV．Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependenceVI．Philip Freneau (1752-1832)“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”Works“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.Life Experience►He was born in New York.►At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He decided to do a postgraduate study in theology. But two years later he gave it up. While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.►Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780.►After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781.►In the same year, he published “To the Memory of the Brave Americans”.►After war, he supported Jefferson, and contributed greatly to American government.►But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.Main Works►“The Rising Glory of America” (1772) 《美洲光辉的兴起》►“The House of Night” (1779,1786) 《夜之屋》►“The British Prison Ship” (1781) 《英国囚船》►“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) 《纪念美国勇士》►“”The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) 《野忍冬花》►“The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) 《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花（黄杲炘译）►美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
美国文学常识
2、特点：“迷惘的一代”作家的共同点
是厌恶帝国主义战争，却又找不到出路。 第一次世界大战爆发时，他们大多是20 岁左右的年轻人。他们在美国政府“拯 救世界民主”口号的蛊惑下，怀着民主 的理想，奔赴欧洲战场。他们目睹人类 空前的大屠杀，发现战争远不是他们原 来设想的那种英雄的事业，所谓“民 主”、“光荣”、“牺牲”都是骗人的 东西。他们在战争中经历了种种苦难， 了解到普通兵士中间的反战情绪。这在 他们心灵中留下了无法医治的创伤。他 们的作品反映了这些思想感情。
1、起源：
“垮掉的一代”发起于40年代末至50年代初。当 时，第二次世界大战刚刚结束，战争造成的惨祸仍 像梦魇一样纠结在人们的头脑中。同时，由于以美 国和苏联为首的两大集团的对峙，热战刚停"冷战" 又开始。美国反共的麦卡锡主义异常猖獗，大肆迫 害文化思想界的进步人士，弄得美国文坛一片萧条 和沉寂。这种情况促使许多美国人，特别是年轻的 一代，对美国的社会制度、道德准则和价值观念产 生怀疑，并以不同方式发泄不满，进行抗争。这种 情况反映到文学上，就是作为反传统主流文化现象 的"垮掉的一代"的出现。
3、特点： “垮掉的一代”文学的首倡者是一批青年学生。 他们或正在大学学习，或刚刚涉足社会，对现实极 端不满，但又看不到出路。他们愤世嫉俗，身着奇 装异服，不修边幅；他们放浪形骸，性关系混乱， 甚至同性恋；他们寻求刺激，酗酒吸毒，终日沉湎 在幻境之中。商业化宣传使得美国青年纷纷接受 “垮掉”生活方式，从爵士乐、摇摆舞、吸大麻、 性放纵直至参掸念佛和“背包革命”(指漫游旅行)， 一时成为风气。这样做，他们还觉得不足以宣泄心 中的积愤，就以嚎叫当歌，以涂鸦为画，以记述自 己怪诞经历的文字充作小说。鼓吹性解放和"开放的 人生"，主张打破传统文学形式的束缚，随意挥洒个 人的胸臆。他们提出，他们的生活就是他们的作品， 他们的作品就是他们的生活。他们的生活和作品都 是对社会正统及社会禁忌的挑战与反映。
美国文学相关知识点
美国文学相关知识点说起美国文学，那可真是一个丰富多彩的大宝藏！就拿我之前读的一本美国小说《了不起的盖茨比》来说吧，那真是让我对美国文学有了特别深刻的感受。
《了不起的盖茨比》这本书，讲的是一个叫盖茨比的男人，为了心中的爱情梦想不断努力奋斗的故事。
盖茨比出身贫寒，但他心中一直怀揣着对富家女黛西的深深爱恋。
为了能配得上黛西，他拼命赚钱，举办奢华的派对，希望能吸引黛西的注意。
我还记得第一次翻开这本书的时候，被作者那细腻的描写给吸引住了。
书里对盖茨比举办的派对的描写，那叫一个详细。
灯光闪烁，音乐悠扬，人们穿着华丽的服装，在舞池中尽情地舞动。
酒杯碰撞的声音，欢声笑语，还有那空气中弥漫着的香水味，仿佛都能从书里飘出来，直接钻进我的鼻子里。
再说书中的人物，黛西这个角色让我印象特别深刻。
她美丽、娇柔，但又有些虚荣和自私。
盖茨比把她视为心中的女神，为她付出一切，可她最终还是没能抵挡住现实的诱惑。
这让我不禁感叹，爱情在现实面前有时候是那么的脆弱。
还有书中对于那个时代美国社会的描写，让我仿佛穿越到了那个年代。
人们追求物质的享受，道德和价值观似乎变得模糊不清。
富人们过着纸醉金迷的生活，而穷人们却在社会的底层苦苦挣扎。
这种巨大的反差，让我对美国社会的复杂性有了更深刻的认识。
除了《了不起的盖茨比》，美国文学还有很多其他的经典之作。
比如说马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》，那简直就是每个孩子童年的梦想之旅。
汤姆这个调皮捣蛋但又充满正义感的小男孩，带着小伙伴们在小镇上到处冒险，惹出了一堆麻烦，却也收获了无数的快乐和成长。
还记得书里汤姆和小伙伴们一起去探险的那个片段，他们钻进一个黑漆漆的山洞，心里既害怕又兴奋。
那种紧张刺激的感觉，就好像我自己也跟着他们一起走进了那个神秘的山洞。
还有海明威的《老人与海》，那个与大海和命运顽强抗争的老渔夫桑提亚哥，让我明白了什么叫做坚韧不拔。
他在海上漂泊了那么多天，面对一次次的挫折和失败，却始终没有放弃。
美国文学常识
美国文学1、Benjamin A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richa2、Thomas P The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American C3、Philip F The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船4、Washingt A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sket5、James Fe The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leath6、William The Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗;Thanato7、Edgar Al Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖8、Ralf Wal Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scho Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Bro10、Henry D Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government11、Walt Wh Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing12、Herman Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Red13、Henry W The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of t14、John Gr Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗15、Harriet Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗16、Frederi Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克·道17、Emily D The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth an18、Mark Tw The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The InHow to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结19、Francis The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿------乡土文学作家20、William The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A21、Henry A History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Ma22、William Principles of Psychology心理学原理；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmat23、Henry J小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Boston评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的24、Ambrose小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in Cali短篇小说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life在人生中间;Can Suc25、Edward Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of26、Edwin C The Man With the Hoe荷锄人27、Charles The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color28、Hamlin Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路(The R29、O·Henr The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下30、Edith W The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of In32、George Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域33、William Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppr34、Edgar L A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克)35、Edwin A Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The36、Frank N Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（n37、Stephen Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写38、Theodor Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(39、Paul La We Wear the Mask我们带着面具他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为“黑种人的桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate of the Neg40、Jack Lo The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;41、Upton S Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King42、Irving Babbitt欧文·白壁德1865-1933Literature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学;（新人文主义43、Villa S O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor’s House教授之家44、Gertrud The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button温45、Robert A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall修墙,After ApWest-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树46、Sherwoo Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-AmThe Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other47、Carl Sa Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的48、Wallace Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supr49、Henry L Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯纳的戏剧;The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲学;Th50、William收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Collected 名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨;The Dead Baby;The The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain美国性格;Autobiography自传51、Sinclai Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生;The Job求职;The Main Street大先进;Babbitt巴比特52、Ezra Po The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cath53、Hilda D Sea Garden海的花园;Collected Poems(Dread山精;Pear Tree;Orchard);The Walls54、Thomas Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原(T名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会55、Eugene 独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫;The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢;The M多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie安娜·克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones 56、Katheri Flowering Judas开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny WeatheShip of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）;The Never Ending Wrong千古奇冤（回忆录）57、Archiba Towers of Ivory象牙塔;The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon月色广播剧：The Fall of the City城市的陷落;Airraid空袭58、Michael120 Million一亿二千万;Change The World改变世界;The Hollow Man空心人;Jews W戏剧：Hoboken Blues;Fiesta节日;Battle Hymn歌;Prletarian Literature in the United States美国59、E Cumin Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首60、Edmund Travel in Two Democracies在两个民主国家里旅行;To the Finland Station到芬兰61、John Do The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;191962、F Scott The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事;Taps a 63、William The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers’ Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的64、Malcolm译作：法国安德烈·纪德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虚构的会议诗集：Blue Juniata;The Dry Season;The Exile’s Return流亡者的回归（研究“迷惘的一代”的专著65、Ernest In Our Time在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Co 政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥66、Hart Cr My Grandfather’s Love Letters祖父的情书;Praise for an Urn瓮颂;For the Mar67、Thomas Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流;The W短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨68、James L Mulatto混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death亲爱的死神69、John St Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat煎饼房;In Dubious Battle胜负未定;Of Mice and短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains大山;The Promise许诺,The Leader o70、Nathana The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴尔索·斯纳尔的梦幻生涯;The Day of Locust蝗灾71、James F Studs Lonigan斯塔兹·朗尼根(Young Lonigan少年朗尼根;The Young Manhood of S短篇小说：Calico Shoes花布鞋;Guillotine Party行刑队文艺评论：A Note on Literary Criticism文艺评论札记;Literature and Morality文学与道德72、Lillian The Children’s Hour孩子们的时光;The Little Foxes小狐狸;Watch on the Rhine回忆录：An Unfinished Wonman一个事业尚未终了的女人;Pentimento旧画新貌;Scoundrel Time邪恶的73、Cliffor Waiting for Lefty等待老左/勒夫特;Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱;Till the Day I Di74、Richard Uncle Tom’s Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们;Native Son土生子;Black Boy;黑孩子The75、Eudora 短篇小说：Death of a Travelling,Salesman巡回推销员之死;A Curtain of Green长篇小说：The Robber Bridgeroom强盗新朗;Detta Wedding德尔塔的婚姻;The Ponder Heart庞德的心76、Valdimi Lolita洛莉塔;Pale Fire微暗的火;The Admiralty Sprie海军部大厦塔尖77、Anais N The Novel of Future未来的小说;Heida海达;House of Incest乱伦之家;Collages拼78、Issac B Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔;The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族;Satan in Goray撒短篇小说：The Spinoza of Market Street市场街的斯宾诺莎;A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友名篇：Neighbours邻居79、Robert Night Rider夜间骑士;At Heaven’s Gate在天堂门口;All King’s Men国王的全部人诗集：Thirtysix Poems;Selected Poems1923-1943;Brother to Dragons;Promised:Poems1954-1956;Y 剧作：Proud Flesh骄傲的血肉之躯;Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学；Birth of Love爱之诞生(选自与Cle 逃亡者集团The Fugitive的宣言书I’ll Take My Stand我表明我的立场80、Tenness American Blues美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie玻81、John Ch短篇小说：The Expelled开除短篇小说集：The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式;The Enormous Radio and Other Stories巨长篇小说：The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal瓦普肖特纪事/丑闻;Bullet Park布利特公园;Falconer鹰猎82、Irwin S Bury the Dead埋葬死者;Sailor off the Bremen不来梅港外的水手长篇小说：The Young Lions幼狮;The Troubled Air混浊的空气;Lucy Crown露茜·克朗;Two Weeks in 83、Ralph E长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动;Going to the Territory步入文学界84、Bernard长篇小说：The Natural天生运动员;The Assistant伙计;The Fixer装配工;A New Li85、Landall诗集：Blood for a Stranger献给一个陌生人的血;Little Friend ,Little Friend小小说：Pictures of an Institution学院小景;The Woman at the Washington Zoo华盛顿动物园的女人评论：Poetry and the Age诗歌与时代;The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner旋转炮塔炮手之死86、John Be诗：Homage to Mrs Bradstreet献给布拉兹特里夫人；The Dream Songs梦之歌;Poem小说：Recovery复原 传记：Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩87、Saul Be长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;The Adventure o中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝88、Arthur Situation Normal情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My S89、Robert 诗：Lord Weary’s Castle威尔利老爷的城堡;Life Studies人生探索名篇：For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动90、J D Sal短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人 短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼;Zooey卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高;Sey 长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者91、Betty F The Feminine Mystique女性的奥秘;It Changed My Life它改变了我的生活;The Sec92、Alex Ha The Autobiography of Malcolm X马尔科姆·艾克斯自传Roots根;Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）93、Jack Ke The Town and the City镇和城;On the Road在路上;The Subterraneans地下居民;Th94、Kurt Vo长篇小说：Player Piano自动钢琴;The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖;Cat’s Crad短篇小说集：Welcome to the Monkey House欢迎到猴房来(Report on the Barnhouse Effect关于巴恩95、Norman 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park廘苑;An American Dream一场96、James D诗集：Into the Stone钻入石头;Drowning With Others跟别人一起淹死(The Lifegu长诗：Deliverance解脱诗论集：The Suspect in Poetry诗歌中的嫌疑犯;Babel to Byzatium从巴别尔到拜占庭97、Joseph 长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened出了毛病;As Good as Gol98、James B散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next T小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁;Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间;Another Country另一短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When 100、Flanne长篇小说：Wise Blood慧血;The Violent Bear It Away它为强暴者所夺走短篇小说集：A Good Man Is Hard to Find好人难寻;Everything That Rises Must Converg上升的一切名文：Good Country People善良的乡下人;The Lame Shall Enter First跛腿者先进去;Greenleaf格林101、Willia Lie Down in Darkness躺在黑暗中;The Long March长途行军;Set This House on Fi102、Allen 诗集：Howl and Other Poems嚎叫及其他(America)(The Beat Generation垮掉的一代103、James 诗集：The Green Wall绿墙;Saint Judas圣徒犹大;The Tail and Eyes of a Lion狮104、Edward The Zoo Story动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith贝西·史密斯之死;The Sa105、Martin I Have a Dream;Stride Toward Freedom迈向自由;Strength to Love爱的力量;Why106、Gary S Riprap大卵石(Piute Creek皮尤特河);Myths & Texts神话与现实;The Back Country文集：Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers Without End Plus One山水穷尽六章外一章;The Re 107、John B长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road穷途末路;The Sot108、Tony M The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛;Sula苏拉;Song of Solomon所罗门之歌;Tar Baby柏油娃109、John U长篇小说：The Poorhouse Fair养老院义卖会;Rabbit, Run兔子，跑吧;Rabbit Rela短篇小说集：Pigeon Feather and Other Stories鸽羽及其他故事;The Music School 音乐学校;Probl 评论集：Hugging the Shore:Essays and Criticism拥抱海洋：论文与批评诗集：Midpoint and Other Poems中点及其他诗篇小说：V；The Crying of Lot 49 49号遗物的拍卖;Gravity’s Rainbow万有引力之虹110、Joyce A Garden of Earthly Delights人间乐园;Expensive People奢侈的人们;Them;The A短篇小说集：By the North Gate北门边;Upon the Swearing Flood洪水浪潮;The Wheel of Love爱之轮诗集：Anonymous Sins无名的罪孽;Love and Its Derangement爱与爱的错乱;Dreaming America梦想的剧本：The Sweet Enemy甜蜜的敌人;Sunday Dinner星期天会餐;Ontological Proof of My Existence我论文集：The Edge of Impossibility:Tragic Forms in Literature不可能的边缘：文学的悲剧形式;N 111、Sam Sh剧本：Cowboys牛仔;The Rock Garden岩石花园;Cowboys #2牛仔第二号;Chicago芝加112、Sylvia诗集：The Colossus巨人集;Ariel阿里尔集(Daddy;Lady Lazarus拉扎勒斯夫人);The小说：The Bell Jar钟形玻璃罩（自传体小说）名诗：Death & Co死亡公司113、Philip短篇小说集：Goodbey,Columbus再见，哥伦布Letting Go放手;When She Was Good当她是好女人的时候;Portnoy’s Complaint波特诺伊的怨诉The B 评论集：Reading Myself and Others评论自我与他人114、Le Roi诗集：The Dead Lecturer已故的讲师;Black Magic黑色魔术(Incident事件)剧本：Dutchman;The Slave;The Motion of History历史的运动115、Marrie The Fireside Book of Children’s Songs炉边儿歌集;The Paygroup Book儿童游戏116、Thomas Geography of a Horse Dreamer马塞梦测者的地理;Angel City天使城;The Tooth of117、Alice 长篇小说：TheThird Life of Grange Copeland格兰治科普兰的第三次生活;Meridia短篇小说集：In Love and Trouble相爱与苦恼;You Can’t Keep a Good Woman Down好女人永不屈服诗集：Once有一次;Revolutionary Petunias革命的牵牛花 传记：Langston HughesRichard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Re Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckl 作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The P 短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响; The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of ;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开ems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the merican Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主由诗之先河苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖l Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Riversrica Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vist ardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封门;The Tent oamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Tim the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye erson and Madison(历史著作)；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利·亚当斯的教育意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meanin ；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；l Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网e在人生中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼词典(The Applicant申请者) The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindmaof the Color Line他青年时代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警长的儿女)(the pioneer of the color line); ds大路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Midhe Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回首往事ng存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三大哲s);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia N 上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集e麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bri e欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的ea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁·伊表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿古典文学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民ouse教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死der Button温柔的钮扣修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路株作证的树的人们;Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志he Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么sy肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二;The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American oward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning 尼采的哲学;The American Language美车语言;Happy Days幸福的日子（自传三部曲）;Newspaper Days新闻记者的岁爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;P ;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from An Early utobiography自传abbitt巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾尔默·甘特里;Dodsworth多兹沃斯;It can’t Happen Here 像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagis );The Walls Do Not Fall墙没在倒塌（战争诗三部曲）;Tribute to the Angels天使颂;The Flowering of the R e Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水 Party鸡尾酒会途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀The G ranny Weatherall）;Pale Horse,Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories------TheCollected Stories o 冤（回忆录）the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新发现的大陆;Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems1912-1952空心人;Jews Without Money没在钱的犹太人（自传体小说）he United States美国无产阶级文学选集（与人合编）Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No， Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）Station到芬兰站去;A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里话:行年六十的沉思;Axel’s Castle阿克塞尔arallel;1919;The Big Money);District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区(The Adventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as t lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）“迷惘的一代”的专著）;A Second Flowering第二次繁荣(The Other War另一种战争)lso Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇;For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen为浮士德和海伦的婚姻而作;Voyage航海;The Bridge桥（长诗）;Whit 与河流;The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石;You Can’t Go Home Again有家归不得;The Hills Beyond远山（未完成Of Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐头厂街;T se许诺,The Leader of the People人们的领袖)of Locust蝗灾之日;Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小说Manhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年时代,Judgement Day末日窝审判);Danny O’Neil丹尼·奥尼尔（五部曲）ity文学与道德on the Rhine守望莱茵河;The Searching Wind彻骨的风;The Autumn Garden秋园 ;Tos in the Attic阁楼里的玩具coundrel Time邪恶的时代the Day I Die直到我死的那天;Paradise Lost失乐园;Golden Boy金孩子;Clash by Night夜间冲突;The Big Knif oy;黑孩子The Outsiders局外人;The Long Dream漫长的梦;Eight Men八人行in of Green and Other Stories绿窗帘和其他;The Wide Net and Other Stories大网和其他故事;The Golden Ap onder Heart庞德的心;The Losing Battles失败的战斗;The Optismist’s Daughter乐观者的女儿家;Collages拼贴n in Goray撒旦在戈雷;The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师;The Slave奴隶;The Manor庄园;The Estate产业a卡夫卡的朋友n国王的全部人马;World Enough and Time足够的世界和时间;The Cave洞穴;Band of Angels天使的队伍;A Place ed:Poems1954-1956;You,Emperors and Others;Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966;Elven Poems on the Sa e爱之诞生(选自与Cleanth Brooks合编的 Understanding Poetry/Understanding Fiction)s Menagerie玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他;The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和其他利特公园;Falconer鹰猎者·克朗;Two Weeks in Another Town； Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁声;Rich Man,Poor Man;Evening in B 配工;A New Life新生活;God’s Grace上帝的恩赐 短篇小说：The Magic Barrel魔桶ttle Friend小朋友，小朋友;Losses损失;Seven-league Crutches七里格长的拐杖;The Lost World失去的世界o华盛顿动物园的女人旋转炮塔炮手之死s梦之歌;Poems1942;The Dispossessed被剥夺者(The Ball Poem小球诗);77 Dream Songs;Berryman’s Sonnets;S Adventure of Augie March奥基·马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlar’的人;All My Sons都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman推销员;The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人生活;The Second Stage第二阶段(How to get the Women’s Movement Moving Again);Cat’s Craddle猫的摇篮;Slaughterhouse Five第五号屠场;Mother Night黑夜母亲;God Bless You,Mr Rosewate ouse Effect关于巴恩豪斯效应的报告)can Dream一场美国梦;The White Negro白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietn 死(The Lifeguard救生员);Helmets头盔;Buckdancer’s Choice班克舞者的选择;Poems1957-1967;The Iodiac黄道 Good as Gold像高尔德一样好 剧本：We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevin ;Fire Next Time下一次烈火;No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作;Another Country另一个国度;Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久;If Beale Street 黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后st Converg上升的一切必然汇合e先进去;Greenleaf格林利夫;Revelation;Parker’s Back派克的背House on Fire放火烧屋;The Confessions of Nat Turner纳特·特纳的自白;Sophie’s Choice索菲的选择ion垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作);Kaddish and Other Poems卡第绪及其他;Plannet News行星消息;The Fall of of a Lion狮子的尾巴和眼睛;The Branch Will Not Break树枝不会断;Shall We Gather at the River我们在河边斯之死;The Sandbox沙箱;The American Dream美国梦;Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫爱的力量;Why We Can’t Wait?;Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我们何去何从，纷争还是团Back Country偏僻的山村;Regarding Wave观浪(Meeting the Mountain进山);Turtle Island龟岛;Left Out in th 尽六章外一章;The Real Work:Interviews and Talks脚踏实地工作：访问记与演讲稿末路;The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商;Letters书信集;Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost in the Funhouse迷r Baby柏油娃娃;Beloved;Jazz爵士乐;Rabbit Relax兔子回家;Rabbit Is Rich兔字发财;Centaur马人;Of the Farm农场;Couples夫妇;The Witches of hool 音乐学校;Problems and Other Stories问题及其他故事们;Them;The Assassins刺客;Childwold查尔德伍德;Son of the Morning黎明之子;Unholy Loves不神圣的爱情;Bel Wheel of Love爱之轮;Marriage and Infidelities婚姻与婚外恋aming America梦想的美国of of My Existence我存在的本体论证明;Miracle Play奇迹剧缘：文学的悲剧形式;New Heaven,New Earth:Visionary Experience in Literature新天堂，新人间：文学中的幻想;Chicago芝加哥;Operation Sidewinder响尾蛇行动;Meloddrama情节剧勒斯夫人);The Uncollected Poems杂诗集;Crossing the Water涉水;Winter Trees波特诺伊的怨诉The Breast乳房;The Professor of Desire欲望教授;Our Gang我们这一帮;The Great American N Book儿童游戏大全The Fisherman Who Needed a Knife;The Thief Cather;The Baby Reader幼儿读物;The Plug-i The Tooth of Crime罪恶的牙齿;Family家庭 (Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒;Buried Child被埋葬生活;Meridian梅丽迪安;The Color Purple紫色 名文：The Civil Rights Movement:What Good Was It? Down好女人永不屈服 散文集：In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardenshe Age of Reason理性时代The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦nscendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演even Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌 Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代om Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel 亚当斯的教育的新名称；The Meaning of Truth真理的意义gs of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗ys小说艺术脑壳的蜘蛛网e Applicant申请者)义的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition一脉相承斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家子sphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀);The Last P 国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）Poems诗集鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西 Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗Eden马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之acy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性taken没有选择的道路);亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声传记）;The American Songbag美国歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜与盐;Corn-huskers辗米机（F 风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集per Days新闻记者的岁月;Heathe Days倡导异端邪说的年代hel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光兰（长诗）画像（from An Early Martyr先驱）;can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal王孙梦w Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（ Flowering of the Rod柳条葳蕤;Tribute to Freud献给弗洛伊德;Hellen in Egypt海伦在伦敦（抒情长诗）诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown大神布朗;The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr素娥Collected Stories of K A Porterl’s Castle阿克塞尔的城堡(象征主义批判的圭阜);The Ttriple Thinkers三重思想家;The Wound and The Bow创Young Man一个年轻人的冒险;Number One第一号;The Grand Design伟大的计划);Orient Express东方特别快车（游n最后的巨头Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon idge桥（长诗）;White Buildings白色的楼房（首部诗集）s Beyond远山（未完成）。
美国文学常识
美国文学常识美国文学常识1.乔纳森。
爱德华兹：（Jonathan Edwards）主要作品：自述（Personal Narrative）.意志的自由（Freedom of the Will）.原罪说辩（The Doctrine of Original Sin Defended）和神灵的形影（Images or Shadows of Divine Things）真正的美德（the Nature of True Virtue）他是北美殖民地时期最富创见的神学家。
爱德华兹的思想是清教传统中虔诚精神一面的代表。
是19世纪新英格兰超验主义的先驱。
即：one of the most important figures in Puritan tradition.Influenced by the new ideas of Enlightenment, such as empiricism.First modern American and the country’s last medieval man.孤独（solitude）禁欲（asceticism）2.本杰明。
富兰克林：（Benjamin Franklin）重点：十三戒条。
主要作品：富兰克林自传（The Autobiography）A famous statesman. (the only American who once signed all the four documents that created the new country).An example who made American Dream come true.He was the first great self-man in American.独立宣言（Declaration of Independence）3.菲利普。
福瑞诺：（Philip Freneau）主要作品:（野金银花the Wild Honey Suckle）美国诗歌之父（Father of American poetry）获得美国革命诗人的光荣称号（英国囚船The British Prisonship）民族之声（National Gazette）4.华盛顿。
美国文学知识
美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。
代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。
代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。
代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。
代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。
代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。
爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。
代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。
乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。
代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。
二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。
美国文学选读复习资料
美国文学选读复习资料美国文学选读复习资料美国文学是世界文学宝库中的一颗璀璨明珠，承载着美国历史、文化和社会的精华。
作为文学爱好者和学生，对于美国文学的了解和掌握是必不可少的。
本文将为大家提供一份美国文学选读的复习资料，帮助大家更好地理解和欣赏美国文学的经典之作。
一、美国文学的起源与发展美国文学的起源可以追溯到十七世纪的殖民地时期。
最早的美国文学作品是早期殖民者的日记、教会纪实和历史记录，如《普利茅斯纪事》和《马萨诸塞纪事》。
随着殖民地的发展和美国独立战争的爆发，美国文学逐渐形成了自己的独特风格和主题，如《飘》、《红字》和《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。
二、美国文学的主题与特点美国文学的主题广泛而多样，涵盖了对自由、平等、个人主义和社会正义的探索。
美国文学作品常常关注社会问题和人类命运，如种族歧视、性别平等、战争和社会阶级等。
同时，美国文学也以其写实主义和现实主义的风格著称，力求真实地描绘社会生活和人物形象。
三、美国文学的代表作品1.《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这是美国作家海明威的代表作之一，通过描写一战期间的士兵们的生活和战争的残酷性，展现了人性的脆弱和战争的荒谬。
2.《了不起的盖茨比》这是美国作家菲茨杰拉德的代表作之一，以20世纪20年代的纽约社交圈为背景，描绘了财富、爱情和欲望的交织，对美国梦的追求和破灭进行了深刻的探讨。
3.《杀死一只知更鸟》这是美国作家哈珀·李的代表作之一，通过一个小女孩的视角，揭示了种族歧视和社会不公的问题，以及人性的复杂性和善恶的边界。
4.《老人与海》这是美国作家海明威的另一部代表作品，通过一个老渔夫与大海的搏斗，探讨了生命的意义和人与自然的关系。
5.《傲慢与偏见》这是英国作家简·奥斯汀的作品，虽然不是美国文学，但对美国文学的影响深远。
通过描写女主角伊丽莎白·班纳特的成长和婚姻观念的转变，探讨了社会等级、婚姻和爱情的主题。
四、美国文学的影响与意义美国文学不仅仅是一种艺术形式，更是美国文化和民族精神的重要组成部分。
美国文学知识
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：
被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：
被誉为“美国历史之父”。代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
代表作《日记》（Journal of John Woolman）。
菲利普·弗瑞诺（Philip Freneau）：
爱国诗人，革命诗人。代表作《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》（The Rising Glory of America）。
菲利斯·惠特利（Phillis Wheatley）：
美国文学史上第一位黑人女诗人。代表作《胡塞先生和棺木》（On Messrs Hussey and Coffin）。
亨利·大卫·梭罗（Henry David Thoreau）：
超经验主义（Transcendentalism）的另一位重要代表。代表作《沃尔登湖，或林中生活》（Walden, or Life in the Woods）。
亨利·华兹沃斯·朗费罗（Henry Wadsworth Longfellow）：
爱德华·爱斯特林·肯明斯（Edward Estlin Cummings）：
诗人，具象诗（concrete poetry）的先驱。代表作《郁金香与烟囱》（Tulips and Chimneys）。
尤金·奥尼尔（Eugene O’Neil）：
1936年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作《天边外》（Beyond the Horizon），《送冰人来了》（The Iceman Cometh），《长夜漫漫路迢迢》（Long Day’s Journey Into Night）。
(完整word版)美国文学简史中文版
美国文学简史什么是文学?文学是语言的艺术来实现识别的文艺气质，并传达有意义的信息。
第1章殖民时期一，项目背景：清教主义一，特点清教主义（1）宿命：神决定一切之前的事情发生。
（2）原罪：人类天生是邪恶的，并可以通过这种原罪了一代又一代。
（3）总的堕落（4）有限赎罪：※当选§可以保存。
2.Influence（1）A组每艰苦奋斗，勤俭节约,虔诚，庄重(认真周到的)影响了美国文学的优秀品质。
（2）它导致了永恒的神话.所有文献的基础上每伊甸园的神话。
（3)象征主义:美国的清教徒*隐喻模式的看法，主要是在调用的文学象征，这是典型的美国。
(4）关于他们的写作，风格清新，简单和直接的说辞是平原和诚实，不无淡淡的贵族往往可以追溯到“圣经"的直接影响.II。
文献综述1.型式的写作日记，历史,日记，信件，书籍,自传/传记，布道2。
writers的殖民时期（1）安妮邓白氏(2）爱德华·泰勒(3）罗杰·威廉斯(4）约翰伍尔曼（5）托马斯·潘恩(6）菲利普FreneauIII。
乔纳森·爱德华兹1。
life2。
works（1）自由的意志（2）大原罪的学说辩护（3）自然真德3.ideas每超验主义的先锋（1）精神的复兴运动（2)再生人(3）神*的存在（4）清教徒理想主义IV。
本杰明·富兰克林1.life2。
works(1)差理查德*年鉴（2)自传3。
contribution（1）他帮助了宾夕法尼亚州的医院和美国哲学学会。
（2)他被称为※新普罗米修斯偷火从天上（在这种情况下，电力）§。
（3)一切似乎都在这一个男人，以满足每※万事通§。
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔如此描述他※大师和掌握的没有§.第2章美国浪漫主义第1节什么是早期浪漫主义时期的浪漫主义呢?古希腊柏拉图的LAN的方法LA文学思潮：18C在英国(1798〜1832）lSchlegel兄弟I.预览：浪漫主义的特点1。
美国文学_精品文档
美国文学美国文学是世界文学中的一颗璀璨明珠，它自从独立战争胜利以来就逐渐走向繁荣，在19世纪中后期以及20世纪，美国文学更是走向了巅峰。
在这样的大背景下，美国文学活跃着各种流派，涌现着历久不衰的经典佳作，而其中更是蕴含着丰富的人文养分以及灵性思考。
那么，我们就来探讨一下美国文学中的典故与经典，以介绍这一独具魅力的文学之国。
前期小说与文化汇聚首先要讲的是美国文学的初兴阶段。
在19世纪，小说这一文类由欧洲传入美国，而美国的作家在创造自己的文学之前，主要是借鉴了欧洲的文学技巧和思想。
不过，即便是作家们借鉴外来文化，他们仍不失为独具个性的作家，在19世纪中叶诞生的美国文学创始人华盛顿·欧文就因他对美国人民性格的研究，而被认作是美国文学史上的里程碑之作。
欧文以小说为主要创作形式，他的许多作品皆以美国本土的民俗文化为发端点。
在这一类作品中，欧文运用了真实的人物与事件，刻画了一个真实的美国。
例如，他的《睡谷传奇》就是以一个名叫睡谷的小村庄为背景，描写了一些神秘和神奇的事件。
通过对于牛仔传统与西部文化的描写，欧文确立了美国文学的本土特色，并且成为了后来瓦尔德去野外写作，以及本·哈姆思出版《飘》这一美国经典小说的影响之一。
美国文学中的自由主义在美国文学的发展中，自由主义是一个重要的流派。
启蒙时期与现实主义文学中，这一主义显得尤为强大。
这一流派的作家包括马克·吐温、黑暗旅程中的作家杰克·伦敦、正义传统的欧亨利和奥本海非等。
上述作家的作品中，关注的主题包括了社会和道德问题等，而且他们也采取了在自己的小说之中表现出真实事实、真实心理的写作方法。
自由主义流派，不仅是美国文学的一部分，更是美国文化和历史的一部分。
自由主义流派带给人们的不仅是文学上真实的描述，更是对自由、平等、个人尊严三大价值观的深刻解析。
自由主义的小说不仅是一件艺术作品，更是一种文化形态，可以告诉我们很多关于美国人的生活、信仰与自我反省。
美国文学考试必备知识点
1. Romantic period2.Washington Irving3. Edgar Allan Poe4. Nathanial Hawthorne5. Walt Whitman6. Emily Dickinson7.II. Realist period8.Mark Twain9.Sherwood Anderson10. Stephen Crane11. Theodore Dreiser12.III. Modern period13. F. S. Fitzgerald14. Ernest Hemingway15. William Faulkner1.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific” status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects. Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.3.American DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.4.The Lost GenerationThe term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T. S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein (“You are all a lost generation”) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises. More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were “lost” because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to more into asettled life5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. Romanticism.7. PuritanismThe principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism. Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God; the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of God’s will for man in every act of life from cradle to grave. These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine God’s will.8.Hemingway Heroes / Code Hero“Hemingway Heroes” refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. Such a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of a few words. He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness. The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. In a world which is essentially chaotic and meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand. The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, engenders a sense of despair. But Hemingway heroes possess a kind of “despairing courage”as Bertrand Russell terms. It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity. Surely Hemingway heroes differ, one from another, in their view of the world. The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway’s outlook had undergone.ExpressionismExpressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world. The main principle involved is that expression determines form, and therefore imagery, punctuation, syntax, and so forth. In brief, any of the formal rules and elements of writing can be bent or disjointed to suit the purpose. Theatrically, expressionism was a reaction against realism in that it tends to show inner psychological realities. O’Neill’s plays are some of the best examples.The Imagist Movement (Imagism)Led by Ezra Pound and flourished from 1909 to 1917, the movement advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson' s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry. The three principles followed by the Imagists were:(1)"Direct treatment" (2) "Economy of Expression" (3) " Rhythm" symbolismSymbolism originates in France in the middle 19th century. The poetry collection The Flowers of Evil by the French poet Charles Baudelaire is a representative work of this genre. Symbolism tries to express the dreamy mysterious inner world of the writer.Stream-of-consciousnessStream-of-consciousness begins in the 1920’s in Britain. It is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”. In late 19th century, the literary device of “interior monologue” was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creation. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of consciousness” method of novel writing. The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves. (to be continued)Free verse:a form of poetry without rhyme, meter, regular line length, and regular stanzaic structure. It depends on natural speech for rhythm. Robert Frost compared it to “playing tennis with the net down.” Though much simpler and less restrictive than conventional poetry and blank verse, free verse does no mean “formlessness.” T. S. Eliot once said that “no verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job.” Though its origin is unknown,it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson. It was Whitman who did the greatest contribution to the development and popularity of free verse. Whitman favored the simplicity and freedom of expression. According to him, “The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshine of light of letters is simplicity. Noting is better than simplicity.”Jazz age:Jazz is a form of dance music that is derived from early Afro-American folk music, ragtime, and Negro blues. It is marked with exciting rhythm, pronounced syncopation, and constant improvisation. The musical instruments used are mainly drums, trumpets, and saxophones. Major composers of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W. C. Handy. The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement. According to Malcolm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such profusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats.”F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age, like Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age, was an epoch-making work.Black humor:a term frequently used in modern literary criticism. It is sometimes called ‘black comedy’ or ‘tragic farce.’ It is humor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence. Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and anti-dramas. Examples are Franz Kafka’s stories like “Metamorphosis”, “The Castle” and “The Trial”, Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22 and Albee’s The Zoo Story. Other writers who did much contribution to the popularity of black humor were Beckett, Camus, Ionesco, Vonnegut, Pynchon and so on.Autobiography:a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences. It is narrated from the first-person point of view. The term was probably first used by Southey. But the first important autobiography was Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo. Other examples include Franklin’s Autobiography, Adams’s The Education of Henry Adams, John Stuart Mill’s Autobiography, Carlyle’s Reminiscences, Henry David Thoreau’s Walden, and so on.Surprise Ending:Also called “O. Henry ending,” it is a completely unexpected turn or revelation of events at the conclusion of a story or play. An example is “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant. Another instance is O. Henry’s story “The Gift of the Magi.”Blank verse:poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines. Though notoriginated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form. Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech. Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse. This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc. It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton. In the 18th century, most poets favored heroic couplets. But Young and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank verse. The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form. Masters of blank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant. The fact that blank verse is still practiced by writers like T.S. Eliot, Yeats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.Characteristics of Realism2.1 Realism aims at the description of the actualities of the life and free from subjective prejudice, idealism or romantic color.2.2 Realism focuses on commonness of the common people. The emphasis is on ordinary people, settings and events.2.3 Life is presented as it is.2.4 Use real characters, real incidents, real language and local dialects.2.5 In matters of style, diction and sentence structure tend toward a plain style.3.Representative writersWilliam Howells .Mark Twain .Henry JamesMajor features of Naturalism1. At the core of naturalism is determinism2.An individual’s course in life is wholly determined by some combination of animal instinct, heredity, and environment. Humans lack freedom of their own will. All of their actions are controlled, determined.3.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle for survival.Two of the naturalist’s recurrent concerns are: social systems that destroy and dehumanize, and individual experience of loss and failure.4.Naturalism is a harsher and extreme form of realism. The naturalists have a major difference from the realists.Themes of Hawthorne’s writing1. Explore the relationship between the past and the present2. Explore the hidden motivations of his characters.3. Examine the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt4. Moral or immoral, right or wrong is the question Hawthorne always talks about in his works.1.5. Style1. His style was soft, flowing and almost feminine.nguage: smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning3. He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal the psychology of the characters.Appreciation of The Scarlet Letter1. Main Character:Hester Prynne.，Roger Chillingworth.，Arthur Dimmesdale3. Character AnalysisHester: brave, strong-minded, warm-hearted, intelligent, sacrificing, decisive Dimmesdale: timid, selfish, irresponsible, cowardly, weak-mindedChillingworth: cold-blooded, dehumanizedTheme of The Scarlet LetterTo escape the bondage of religion either on people’s spirit or on people’s natural desire4. Abundant use of symbolsA ---adultery angel ablePrison—the place that deprived people of spiritual freedomForest---the natureRose near the prison—Hester and her loveCap—sth controlling one’s beautyWalt Whitman(1819-1892)Leaves Of Grass“Song of myself”Analysis of the artistic features2.4.1. form: free verseOral and powerful lg: Although free verse, he wrote with repeated and parallel sentences to strengthen the feelings. He express what he wanted to express freely, smoothly, and heatedly. His poems are like waves of the sea that rushed to the beach violently, one after another.2.4.2 the first person narrator: direct and sympathetic to the reader2.4.3. topic: sex.To use his own expression, “he saw the world as a vision of love.”He believes that life is the source of poems, love and enthusiasm are the motives of creation.III. Comments on the writer3.1. Subject: son of time, feels the pulse of the time. As a romanticist and transcendentalist, he broke the conventional poetic materials, no myth,no romance, no story of king and lords. He sings for self, common people, America, city life, nature, etc.3.2. Form: (Free verse) poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme. Whitman is the first great American poet to use this form of poetry, he also used it more skillfully than any other poet.(1)One's Self I Sing1. What is the significance of singing about one's self?It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy? Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3. What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"?He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias.(3) O Captain! My Captain!1. Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?In this poem the word “Captain” specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem?Life is a journey.3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so sad?They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.Mark Twain 马克·吐温The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Count卡拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙(1865):a short storyThe Innocents Abroad国外的无辜者(1869)Roughing It苦行记(1872): on his experience in the western America The Gilded Age (1873): his first novel, collaborated with Charles Dudley WarnerThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记(1884): masterpieceLife on the Mississippi (1883)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court误闯亚瑟王宫(1889)The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏了哈德莱堡的人(1900)The Mysterious Stranger (1916)e. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer1. It is "a boy's book" which sets 20 years before Civil War.2. themes:1)picaresque以流浪汉和无赖为题材的(adventure story)2) moral growth of Tom3. techniques: verisimilitude, humor, colloquial styleMark Twain’s Style in Generalthe true father of American literatureFrequent use of sarcasm, slang and regional dialects.4.5.1. Subject Matter: came directly from American people’s life along the Mississippi River, less influenced by foreign cultures4.5.2. Genuine American style:a) Language: easy, informal, humorous and unaffected [free from affectation; sincere], wildb) He intentionally deviates from classical genteel and tends to use local dialects, colloquial language, even Black English, slang, clipped structures and ungrammatical sentencesMajor work : Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》 show escape to freedomTheodore Dreiser (1871-1945) 德莱赛Naturalism is a theory in literature emphasizing the role of heredity and environment upon human life and character development roughly between 1890’s and early 1900’s. There is no clear-cut chronological division between the American naturalists and the American realists.Realism Naturalismemphasis on the ordinary emphasis also on the extraordinarya mirror a lensthe observer the scientistmoral or rational the accidental and physiologicalMajor Writing Features6.3.1 As a naturalistic writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels.His characters can’t assert their will against natural and economic forces.Dreiser held that people are not entirely to blame for what they are and what they do.6.3.2. He developed the capacity for photographic and relentless observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time and making his novels very believable and convincing.Almost all of his main characters are based on the real people.Vivid description of environmental settings and social background 6.3.3. His novels are full of tragedies, serious subjects and miserable side of the society.·Dreiser broke through the genteel tradition , revealed the life of the lower class people and dared to expose the vulgar and ugly side of the society.Style6.4.1. Language: very awkward, crude/on the bordering of line of grammar.6.4.2. Serious in tone: never satirical or comic6.4.3. Natural narrative method, free from artifice.His narrative is based on quantities of materials and detailed descriptions.作品Si ster Carrie 嘉莉妹妹(1900): the first novel, masterworkJannie Gerhardt (1911)The Fanancier (1912)The Titan (1914)The Stoic (1947)The Genius (1915)An American Tragedy美国悲剧 (1925)Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928)c. Sister Carrietheme:the emptiness of Ameircan Dreami. jungle lawFamous actress bank manager(the unfit is bound to die) <——Country girl (able to follow her instinct) commit suicideii. chance and luckiii. criticism of American values: money and sex —the standards to see if a person is successfuliv. concern for the poorF.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)an Irish-American Jazz Age novelist and short story writer.Theme of the American DreamFitzgerald’s favorite theme is the American Dream. In The Great Gatsby and other works, a general pattern can be found to fully demonstrate Fitzgerald’s enthusiasm and his disillusionment with the American Dream: formally, a poor young man from the West trying to make his fortune in the East, but thematically, the young man goes on a journey of discovery from dream, through disenchantment, and finally to a sense of failure and despair. In this general pattern of the protagonist’s personal experience is incarnated the whole of American experience.. Languagesmooth, sensitive, original, simple and gracefulJay Gatsby Nick Carraway Tom Buchanan Daisy BuchananThe Great GatsbyTheme:1. about reality and atmosphere of 1920s2. failure of American Dreamc. attitude towards the rich: paradoxicalHe is charmed by the rich.He is critical of the rich who are corrupted themselves and meanwhile corrupting others.d. attitude towards the Jazz Age: insider and outsider人物 Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Tom Buchanan Daisy Buchanan Gatsby, with all his freshness, his optimism, and his vitality Gatsby in the novel represents the newly rich upstart, vulgar in his ostentatious [showy] wealth. However, he becomes a kind of new American Adam. He is “great”, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life.Tom Buchanan ：He is vulgar, hypocritical racist and bigot [person who holds sth strongly]. He is practical and non-idealistic, shallow and mistrustful of emotion. He never cares or takes responsibility.Daisy Buchanan：she also has an inner emptiness, marked by her boredom and cynicism and moral irresponsibility. She is afraid of being alone, as though she has no inner self. But she has the power to charm. Daisy represents material wealth to Gatsby, but it also connects with physical attraction. However, Daisy is unworthy of Gatsby’s love. She is incapable of living the fully imagined life that Gatsby has visualized. She is cowardly and selfish.Nick is both a narrator and a character in this novel. He leads us tothe dignity and depth of Gatsby’s character, and suggests the relation of his tragedy to the American situation.Ernest Hemingway 海明威style1.iceberg principle. The meaning here is that the writer should say only one eighth, in such a way that the remaining seven eighths be discerned and provided by the reader.nguage: short, common, fundamental words, simple sentence, structure.The effect of the language: clearness, cleanness and great care.3.dialogue: plays a very important part in his writings. Hemingway’s dialogue can show setting, development of plot, characters, even theme.4.cinematic way: he uses showing instead of telling. He likes to describes actions (kiss, withdraw hand) vividly instead of mentaldescription.5.symbolisme of stream of consciousnesstraits for the Code Hero:(1) Measuring himself against the difficulties life throws in his way, realizing that we will all lose ultimately because we are mortals, but playing the game honestly and passionately in spite of that knowledge.(2) Facing death with dignity, enduring physical and emotional pain in silence(3) Never showing emotions(4) Maintaining free-will and individualism, never weakly allowing commitment to a single woman or social convention to prevent adventure, travel, and acts of bravery(5) Being completely honest, keeping one's word or promise(6) Being courageous and brave, daring to travel and have "beautiful adventures," as Hemingway would phrase it(7) Admitting the truth of Nada (Spanish, "nothing"), i.e., that noexternal source outside of oneself can provide meaning or purpose. This existential awareness also involves facing death without hope of an afterlife, which the Hemingway Code Hero considers more brave than "cowering" behind false religious hopesThemes nada，grace under pressure， code heroMagic realism 加西亚·马尔克斯《百年孤独》Garcia Marques Century Loneliness)Henry JamesThe American (1877): begins with international themeDaisy Miller (1878): brings the author first international fame The Wings of the Dove (1902)The Ambassadors (1903)The Golden Bowl (1904)The Portrait of A Lady贵妇画像:masterpieceJack LondonThe People of the Abyss深渊居民(1903): about London's slumThe Iron Heel 铁蹄(1908): the first proletarian criterion novel which envisages the development of fascismThe Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤(1903): the most widely read book The Sea Wolf 海狼(1904)These two novels reflect the ideas of the law of survival and the will to powerMartin Eden马丁伊登Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德Imagism意象派Pound became the most important figure. Imagist poetry reached the peak of literature for three things appeared:i. a manifesto ii. three principles iii. a lot of writingsIn a Station of the Metro在地铁车站1. This is the much-quoted masterpiece of Pound and a representative of the Imagist poetry.2. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain.3. What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.Robert Frostb. Characteristics⏹ 1. not in the main stream of modern poetry, but with conventional form andplain language. That’s why he’s the most popular poet in the 20th century.⏹ 2. a kind of a regionalist----New England, but not local colorism. He usedNew England as a metaphor for the whole world and universe.⏹ 3. a plain poet using symbols from everyday country life. Simple symbols butexpress deep meanings.The Road Not Taken⏹ 1. The poem was written in very regular lines with iambic pentametre and rhymescheme of abaab.⏹ 2. The symbolic meaning of the two divergent roads is rather clear. Theyrepresent any important decisions in one's life.⏹ 3. details:Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening⏹ 1. It is a lyric poem with iambic tetrametre and interlocking enclosed rhyme.⏹ 2. It represents a moment of relaxation from the onerous journey of life,an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and retorative against the chaotic existence of modern man.William Faulkner (1897-1962)Sound and Fury: divided into 4 parts1. t hemes:a) downfall of the South. The south was in deterioration. It’s going from bad to worse. The present and the past form a contrast from Benjy’s eyes. He’s an idiot so his reactions were distinctive feeling. He felt strongly the loss of love. The downfall of Mr. Campson was not only a personal one but also a universal one---the society was in disorder.b) conflict between the old/young generationsFather of Southern American literatureNobel Prize for literature in 1950Special features2.1. Setting :Oxford is the model for his fictional Jefferson, the central place of his fictional Yoknapatawpha County2.2. Subjects :southern tradition, family, community, the land, history and the past, race, and the passions of ambition and love2.3. Characters:Typical of the historical growth and subsequent decadence of the South 写作技巧Multiple Points of View：He always structure his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method of gradually fitting in and of withholding or even giving confusing information.Stream of consciousness，complex structures, epic style, symbolismWilliam Faulkner威廉•福克纳1897-1962 1950年获诺贝尔文学奖, 普利策奖小说奖 1. 1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury”1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying”1932年《八月之光》”Light in August”1936年《押沙龙，押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom”教材作品：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：“A Rose for Emily”南方文学特点：主题：作者获奖The Nobel Prize &The Pulitzer Prize: John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克William Faulkner威廉•福克纳Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特•海明威The Nobel Prize: Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•斯特恩斯•爱略特The Pulitzer Prize: Wallace Stevens华莱士•斯蒂文斯Robert Frost罗伯特•弗洛斯特Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温•阿林顿•罗宾逊尤金.奥尼尔（Eugene O’Neill，1888----1952），美国著名剧作家。
美国文学知识整理
reasoning and revolution代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-17901）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。
4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。
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☆美国文学名家名著本杰明.富兰克林是殖民地时期唯一的一位作品至今仍广为传诵的作家。
“光阴一去不复回”（Lost time is never found again），“自助者，天助之”（God helps those who help themselves）都他作品中的名言。
他一生没完成的自传算得上是第一本真正的美国作品，也是第一本用英语写的自传，开创了美国传记文学写作的传统。
华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving，1783-1859）被称为美国文学之父。
创造性地书写了美国殖民地时期的历史。
他的《纽约外史》(1809)可以说是荷兰人在曼哈顿岛的生活写照。
欧文在这部著作中为美国塑造了第一位虚构英雄—灯笼裤老爸。
在《瑞普·凡·温克尔》( Rip Van Winkle)和《睡谷的传说》( The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)中，欧文甚至创造了美国早期传奇文学中影响更为深远的人物：瑞普·凡·温克尔。
欧文以自己的创作来表明：美国作家既要保持爱国主义者的身份，也不能局限于仅仅取材于美国本土。
费尼莫·库拍（Cooper,1789-1851）显示出他对开创西部文学的兴趣。
库拍的小说《间谍》（1821）描写了独立革命期间发生在纽约的一个激动人心的间谍活动故事，但库拍直到出版《拓荒者》(The Pionerrs,1823)之后，才正式以作家身份从事创作。
《拓荒者》是组成《皮袜子故事集》的五部浪漫主义作品的第一部。
描写了传说中的森林猎手—纳蒂·班波。
班波，后来成为美国小说及电影中所有英雄的森林巡逻员、猎熊者及牛仔的先驱。
《最后一个莫希干人》（1826）和《杀鹿的人》（The Deersplayer,1841）跟踪追述了班波的前后经历—从最初的热血汉子一直到老死在西部平原。
《皮袜子故事集》调整了自然与文明的价值冲突—披露出文明的匾乏。
18世纪的作家们一直强调大脑是一切智慧的源泉，而拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(Emerson，1803 -1882)却强调心智的作用。
这位真正的天才不仅擅长运用理智和聪慧，他还具有深刻的感知力，五种官能对奇妙的生活异常敏感。
爱默生相信灵感，他创作的散文不只是理性的运用，而是灵感的倾诉。
他的《论自然》、《论美国学者》（The American Scholar）、《论自助》、《超验论》等著作在很多方面动摇了日常思想行为准则的根基。
《论美国学者》被认为是知识分子的独立宣言。
爱默生常将事实与想像、美国人的共同感觉与精神欢乐相结合，给予听众撼人心弦的信心：即每个美国人都能掌握自己的命运。
爱默生强调要“相信你自己。
伟大的人总是要遭人误解。
”亨利·大卫·梭罗（1817一1862）使爱默生的上述思想创意形成了更为深远的影响。
梭罗宁愿坐牢也不愿付税给政府去支持一场他并不赞同的墨西哥战争。
他在《论公民的不服从》(1849)一书中坚持认为，个人的抗争是世界上最革命的力量。
这种抗争比政府采取行动能更快、更彻底地带来社会的公正。
梭罗一生中最著名的活动是退隐沃尔登湖畔的简陋小屋。
梭罗在那儿独自住了2年。
《沃尔登》（Walden,1854）是梭罗这段生活的记录，也是他最杰出的作品。
几乎没有人像梭罗这样，对贴近大自然生活的乐趣描写得如此令人神往。
纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Hawthorne，1804一1864）的《红字》（The Scarlet Letter，1850）是最伟大的美国小说之一。
他在这部杰作中挖掘了两个犯戒恋人-海丝特·白兰和牧师犹姆斯台尔的内心世界，对人物性格的内疚，虚伪和憎恨的外部影响提出了自己的看法。
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔（1819-1891）发表的《白鲸》(Moby Dick)是美国最伟大的关于海洋的故事，也是最著名和谈论最多的英语作品之一。
该小说以梅尔维尔本人十几岁时在开往利物浦的船上做船舱服务员的经历为素材。
他随捕鲸船抵达南太平洋，下船后在马吉萨斯群岛上住了一段时间。
最后，他来到夏威夷。
梅尔维尔在夏威夷加人美国海军，在一艘护卫舰上服役。
《白鲸》是一部追猎故事。
整个故事情节是船长亚哈寻找一条曾经咬断自己一只腿的白色巨鲸。
梅尔维尔讲述的不仅仅是一条漏网鲸鱼的故事，它揭示了善与恶的冲突以及人类探索宇宙奥秘的持久欲望。
梅尔维尔通过船长亚哈，使自己与自然对立起来。
马克·吐温（Mark Twain）的真名是萨缪尔·兰亨·克莱门斯（1835-1910），在加利福尼亚州开始了他的文学之旅。
马克·吐温的成名作《卡拉维拉斯县著名的跳蛙》就是以加利福尼亚州一个采矿小镇为背景。
《傻子国外旅行记》（1869）转而描绘欧洲本土色彩。
马克·吐温创作的以欧洲为背景的小说还有《王子与贫儿》(1822)fn《在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人》（1889）。
《汤姆·索耶历险记》( The Adventure of Tom Sawyer)（1876）、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》the Adventures of huckleberry Finn (1884)等小说的问世是他的创作达到顶峰，描写了少年浪迹天涯的真性真情和叛离精神。
马克·吐温的作品，无论是主题还是衬景，都具有完全彻底的美国风格。
他刻画的人物、语言、思想和行为基本上脱离了欧洲模式。
他的幽默蕴藏着他对美国社会的尖锐评论。
艾米莉·迪金森（Emily Dickson，1830一1886）一生创作了1800首诗歌，死亡之美和孤独之美是其诗歌作品的重要主题。
她39岁离开人间，终生未嫁。
迪金森的诗歌华丽阴郁，短小精悍，极少超过12行或15行，但她将一种奇特力量的情感冲动诉诸于这狭小的诗行空间。
在新英格兰的诗人中，艾米莉·迪金森是最杰出的诗人之一。
惠特曼Walt Whitman不仅是美国最伟大的民主诗人，而且也是美国诗歌革命的先驱，他是探索自由诗体的第一人。
代表作《草叶集》(Leafs of Grass)歌颂了平等和民主的思想，赞美了尊严和自立精神以及普通百姓的快乐追求。
《自我之歌》(song of myself)是惠特曼的有名诗作。
亨利·詹姆斯（1843--1916）是内战后最杰出的小说家之一。
他擅长写“国际”小说和美国人在欧洲的生活故事。
《美国人》（1877）、《苔丝·密勒》(1878)和《一个妇女的画像》（1881）都反映了这一主题。
马克·吐温集中描绘了欧洲的风土人情，而詹姆斯对于人物的心理活动更感兴趣，即刻画人物的思想与情感。
两次世界大战,20世纪30年代的大萧条、核武器的发展和冷战的爆发，这些国内外问题并没有阻止美国作家们的作品问世。
在20世纪的纷乱之中，美国文学步入又一轮创作繁荣期。
西奥多·德莱塞（1871一1954）属于活跃在第二次世界大战前后的芝加哥流派。
他毫无隐藏地描写自己的所见所闻。
德莱塞的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》(Sister Carrie，1900)以及他最杰出的作品《美国的悲剧》(An American Tragedy，1925)讲述了残酷而痛苦的故事。
德莱塞的作品尽管文笔粗糙，却具有极大的感染力。
辛克莱·刘易斯（1885-1951）是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国作家，他主要描绘中西部的小镇生活。
刘易斯在小说《大街》(The Main Strret,1920)中，淋漓尽致地刻画出一位医生与他那刻板的妻子之间的紧张关系。
作品《巴比特》（Babbit,1922）犀利地勾画了乔治F.巴比特的惨淡和宗教领袖的虚伪。
托马斯.艾略特(T.S.Eliot) 于1946年获得诺贝尔文学奖。
《荒原》（The Waste Land）是其代表用，展现了战后欧洲人和美国人的精神危机，被认为是“迷惘的一代”( the Lost Generation)的宣言书。
庞德（Ezra Pound）是美国意象主义诗歌的倡导者，代表作品《在地铁站》(In A Station of the Metro)以一句话而闻名于世，《诗章》(The Cantos)是其最重要的长诗。
弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（1896一1940）是揭示20世纪20年代美国人浮躁的内心世界的小说家之一。
菲茨杰拉德出生于明尼苏达州的圣保罗市，参军前曾就读于普林斯顿大学。
他的第一部小说《人间天堂》(This Side of Paradise,1920)栩栩如生地刻画出“爵士乐时代”年轻人的生活—狂欢、放纵。
他最优秀的作品当属《了不起的盖茨比》(The Great Gatsby,1925)。
青春渐逝的盖茨比歇斯底里地企图重温一场以前的美梦，却眼见它变成恐怖的梦魔。
菲茨杰拉德和这个时代的其他许多作家一样，菲茨杰拉德试图通过小说创作来揭示美国社会在20世纪20年代所发生的变化。
威廉·福克纳（1897--1962）写的是发生在一个虚构的、叫做杰弗逊的密西西比小镇上的故事，小镇坐落在虚构的约克纳帕塔法县。
福克纳追述了康普生、沙特里斯和斯诺普斯家族以及其他人形形色色的生活和命运。
这些故事深刻剖析了南方新、旧社会现实和普通人的命运。
在《喧嚣与骚动》（The Sound and the Fury,1929）、《八月之光》（1932）、《押沙龙，押沙龙！》（1936）和《村子》（1940）、《寓言》（1954）等小说中，既有黑暗与悲伤，也有欢歌笑语。
福克纳被评论家称为是“美国文学中的莎士比亚”，是一位悲、喜剧双料大师。
1949年，他被授予诺贝尔文学奖。
欧内斯特·海明威（Ernest Hemingway，1899-1961）是又一位诺贝尔文学奖获得者（1954）。
海明威以简约、精炼、直截了当的文学风格而著称。
他最擅长动作描写，对斗牛、猎狮、打鱼的描述在世界文坛上具有无与伦比的地位。
海明威的第一部小说《太阳照样升起》(The sun Also Rises，1926)揭示了客居巴黎的美国年轻人的悲哀和孤独。
《永别了，武器》(Farewell to Arms ，1929)追忆了第一次世界大战带来的痛苦和造成的破坏。
以西班牙内战为题材的小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》(For Whom the Bell Tolls ，1940) 描述西班牙内战对爱情的打击和人性的摧毁。
《老人与海》（Old Man and the Sea）描写了一个打不垮的“硬汉”老人。
小说里的独白“一个人可以被毁灭，但不能被打败”（a man can be destroyed but not defeated）已成为脍炙人口的名言。