第二章英汉语言比较
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英汉翻译理论与实践
第2章 英汉语言比较 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese
Lead-in
接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱 买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这 么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的 计划。（马南村：《燕山夜话》)
• He went on indulging in wishful thinking, Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him money. With this he Could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing at all to do with production.
Difference 3 English : Static (静态) Chinese: Dynamic (动态)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into trouble. 上星期傍晚，有人看到 某人在演讲厅取走雨伞 一把，取伞者如不愿卷 入纠纷，还是将伞放回 原处为好。
English : Complex (繁复)
Difference 4 Chinese: Simple
(简明)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. He was impressed by Deng Xiaoping’s flexibility. 2. Their eccentricity often makes you frown. 3. We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneasiness. 他对邓小平的灵活态度 印象深刻。 他们的古怪行为常常令 人皱眉。 我们怀着谨慎和不安的 心情踏上了那片神秘的 国土 。
• Please translate the following sentences
• Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. • Cigarettes were the death of me. • If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No. 10 Broad Street. • If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. • Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy. • They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity. • Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative. • Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. • By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. • It should be noted that he and she were extremely close allies.
Difference 6 English : Hypotactic (形合) Chinese: Paratactic (意合)
Explicit cohesion （显性联接）Implicit coherence （隐性连贯）
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. He is a smart, eloquent, upright and well-informed lawyer. 2. She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor. 他是一位律师，脑子灵，口 才好，为人正直，见多识广。 他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、 正直，而且有见识。 她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾 气，是一个家道小康的医生 的女儿。
从整个语言特征对比 1、综合语与分析语（synthetic vs. analytic） 2、集聚与流散（compact vs. diffusive） 3、形合与意合（hypotactic vs. paratactic） 4、繁复与简洁（complex vs. simple） 5、物称与人称（impersonal vs. personal） 6、被动与主动（passive vs. active） 7、静态与动态（stative vs. dynamic） 8、抽象与具体（abstract vs. concrete） 9、间接与直接（indirect vs. direct） 10、替换与重复（substitutive vs. reiterative）
Difference 1 English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal(人称)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. They are paid for this. 2. The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem solved. 3. Table tennis is played all over China. 4. Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me? 他们拿钱就是干这事的。 困难克服了，问题也解决了。 打乒乓球风靡中国。 为什么总要把这些麻烦事推 给我？
Don’t you think you can do translation better when you know the differences between the two languages?
你是否从语言比较中获得有关翻译的启示？
Conclusion
结论
Contrastive analysis facilitates FL learning and translating. 对比分析有助于外语学习与翻译。
English : plain and factual （讲平实）
Difference 7 Chinese: rhythmic and
symmetrical
（重韵律）
英汉语言对比
English
Form-focused Right-extending Sight-moving Tree-like
英语
Difference 5 English : Abstract (抽象） Chinese: Concrete （具体）
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. If you don’t compare, you’re in the dark, but the moment you do, you get a shock. 2. As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place. • 不比不知道，一比吓一跳。 （比较：如果不比，你就不 知道，一旦比了，你会吓一 跳。） • 汤姆突然病了，没能来，我 们只好请你顶他。 （比较：因为汤姆突然病了， 所以他没能来，因而我们只 好请你顶他。）
Enlightenment on Translation from the Contrast between the two Languages
Contrast Betwee来自百度文库 English and Chinese
1. Astonishment and even horror oppressed him. 2. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 3. The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。 我兴奋得什么话都说不 出来。 我一看到那棵大树就想 起了童年的情景。
• • • •
• • • • • • •
Reference versions: 你既然沾上了手，就得干下去。（形象化） 香烟断送了我的性命。（静－动） 上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不愿 卷入纠纷，还是将伞送至布劳德街10号为妙。（流水句－竹节句） 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。（省略连接词） 她唉声叹气，这说明她不快乐。（物称－人称） 他们住的地方没有自来水，也没有煤气和电这类生活上的便利设施。 （主语－主题） 戏剧将脱胎换骨，变得更自由、更富想象力。（被动－主动：受事者 ＋动词） 如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含有 任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。（被动句－泛称句） 大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人，但那是以200多比利时人和法国 人的生命为代价的。（施事者直接作主语） 应当指出，他和她是极为密切的盟友。（被动句－无主句）
形态型 孔雀型 视点固定 树型结构
Chinese
Left-extending Sight-fixed Bamboo-like Topic-prominent
汉语
狮子型 视点流动 竹型结构 主题突出 语序相对固定
Meaning-focused 语义型
Subject-prominent 主语突出
Order-flexible 语序相对灵活 Order-fixed
英汉语言对比
English 英语 Impersonal 物称 Passive 被动 Static 静态 Complex 繁复 Abstract 抽象 Hypotactic 形合 Plain and factual 平实 Chinese 汉语 Personal 人称 Active 主动 Dynamic 动态 Simple 简单 Concrete 具体 Paratactic 意合 Rhythmic and symmetrical 韵律
Difference 2 English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. She is the best hater I’ve ever known. 2. There is a crying need for a new remedy. 3. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 我所认识的人中数她最 会记仇。 现在急需想出新法子来 补救。 要不是我能干重活，早 就给辞退了。
第2章 英汉语言比较 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese
Lead-in
接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱 买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这 么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的 计划。（马南村：《燕山夜话》)
• He went on indulging in wishful thinking, Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him money. With this he Could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing at all to do with production.
Difference 3 English : Static (静态) Chinese: Dynamic (动态)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into trouble. 上星期傍晚，有人看到 某人在演讲厅取走雨伞 一把，取伞者如不愿卷 入纠纷，还是将伞放回 原处为好。
English : Complex (繁复)
Difference 4 Chinese: Simple
(简明)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. He was impressed by Deng Xiaoping’s flexibility. 2. Their eccentricity often makes you frown. 3. We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneasiness. 他对邓小平的灵活态度 印象深刻。 他们的古怪行为常常令 人皱眉。 我们怀着谨慎和不安的 心情踏上了那片神秘的 国土 。
• Please translate the following sentences
• Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. • Cigarettes were the death of me. • If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No. 10 Broad Street. • If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. • Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy. • They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity. • Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative. • Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. • By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. • It should be noted that he and she were extremely close allies.
Difference 6 English : Hypotactic (形合) Chinese: Paratactic (意合)
Explicit cohesion （显性联接）Implicit coherence （隐性连贯）
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. He is a smart, eloquent, upright and well-informed lawyer. 2. She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor. 他是一位律师，脑子灵，口 才好，为人正直，见多识广。 他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、 正直，而且有见识。 她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾 气，是一个家道小康的医生 的女儿。
从整个语言特征对比 1、综合语与分析语（synthetic vs. analytic） 2、集聚与流散（compact vs. diffusive） 3、形合与意合（hypotactic vs. paratactic） 4、繁复与简洁（complex vs. simple） 5、物称与人称（impersonal vs. personal） 6、被动与主动（passive vs. active） 7、静态与动态（stative vs. dynamic） 8、抽象与具体（abstract vs. concrete） 9、间接与直接（indirect vs. direct） 10、替换与重复（substitutive vs. reiterative）
Difference 1 English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal(人称)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. They are paid for this. 2. The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem solved. 3. Table tennis is played all over China. 4. Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me? 他们拿钱就是干这事的。 困难克服了，问题也解决了。 打乒乓球风靡中国。 为什么总要把这些麻烦事推 给我？
Don’t you think you can do translation better when you know the differences between the two languages?
你是否从语言比较中获得有关翻译的启示？
Conclusion
结论
Contrastive analysis facilitates FL learning and translating. 对比分析有助于外语学习与翻译。
English : plain and factual （讲平实）
Difference 7 Chinese: rhythmic and
symmetrical
（重韵律）
英汉语言对比
English
Form-focused Right-extending Sight-moving Tree-like
英语
Difference 5 English : Abstract (抽象） Chinese: Concrete （具体）
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. If you don’t compare, you’re in the dark, but the moment you do, you get a shock. 2. As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place. • 不比不知道，一比吓一跳。 （比较：如果不比，你就不 知道，一旦比了，你会吓一 跳。） • 汤姆突然病了，没能来，我 们只好请你顶他。 （比较：因为汤姆突然病了， 所以他没能来，因而我们只 好请你顶他。）
Enlightenment on Translation from the Contrast between the two Languages
Contrast Betwee来自百度文库 English and Chinese
1. Astonishment and even horror oppressed him. 2. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 3. The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。 我兴奋得什么话都说不 出来。 我一看到那棵大树就想 起了童年的情景。
• • • •
• • • • • • •
Reference versions: 你既然沾上了手，就得干下去。（形象化） 香烟断送了我的性命。（静－动） 上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不愿 卷入纠纷，还是将伞送至布劳德街10号为妙。（流水句－竹节句） 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。（省略连接词） 她唉声叹气，这说明她不快乐。（物称－人称） 他们住的地方没有自来水，也没有煤气和电这类生活上的便利设施。 （主语－主题） 戏剧将脱胎换骨，变得更自由、更富想象力。（被动－主动：受事者 ＋动词） 如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含有 任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。（被动句－泛称句） 大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人，但那是以200多比利时人和法国 人的生命为代价的。（施事者直接作主语） 应当指出，他和她是极为密切的盟友。（被动句－无主句）
形态型 孔雀型 视点固定 树型结构
Chinese
Left-extending Sight-fixed Bamboo-like Topic-prominent
汉语
狮子型 视点流动 竹型结构 主题突出 语序相对固定
Meaning-focused 语义型
Subject-prominent 主语突出
Order-flexible 语序相对灵活 Order-fixed
英汉语言对比
English 英语 Impersonal 物称 Passive 被动 Static 静态 Complex 繁复 Abstract 抽象 Hypotactic 形合 Plain and factual 平实 Chinese 汉语 Personal 人称 Active 主动 Dynamic 动态 Simple 简单 Concrete 具体 Paratactic 意合 Rhythmic and symmetrical 韵律
Difference 2 English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. She is the best hater I’ve ever known. 2. There is a crying need for a new remedy. 3. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 我所认识的人中数她最 会记仇。 现在急需想出新法子来 补救。 要不是我能干重活，早 就给辞退了。