中科院历年RS考博试题及相关知识点.
中科院考博英语培训资料考题分析
A. way
B. view
C. vision
D. pursuit
This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growth was ________ 12 percent. (2019,10)
A. expenses
B. revenues
C. budgets
D. payments
10. His ________ with computers began six months ago. A. imagination B. innovation C. observation D. obsession
A. inadequately B. systematically
C. profoundly
D. simultaneously
2. In fear for their lives and in _________ of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War.
Successful students sometimes become so _________with grades that they never enjoy their school years. (2019,3)
A. passionate
B. involved
C. immersed
A. interrupt
B. bother
中科院博士入学考试构造地质学重要知识点和论述题汇总..
中科院博士入学考试构造地质学重要知识点和论述题汇总（一）补充简答题1.简述如何确定褶皱在空间的方位？答：褶皱在空间的方位可由褶皱的轴面产状、枢纽产状、两翼产状和翼间角确定。
两翼和轴面的产状要测量其倾向和倾角。
垂直面状要素的走向线向下所引的直线为倾斜线，倾斜线与其在水平面上的投影线之间的夹角即为倾角，倾斜线在水平面上的投影线向下所指岩层向下倾向的方向即为倾向。
翼间角为褶皱正交剖面上两翼间的内夹角。
圆弧形褶皱的翼间角是指过两翼两个拐点处的切线的夹角。
枢纽产状要测量枢纽的倾伏和侧伏。
倾伏包括倾伏向和倾伏角。
前者指枢纽在直立面内的水平投影线所指枢纽向下的方向，后者指枢纽与其在直立面内的水平投影线之间的锐夹角。
侧伏包括侧伏向和侧伏角，前者指轴面的走向线所指枢纽向下的方向，后者指枢纽与轴面的走向线之间的锐夹角。
对于规模较小，出露完整的褶皱，可以从露头上直接测量以上各要素。
对于规模较大，出露不完整的褶皱，往往需要系统测量其褶皱面的产状，然后通过计算方法或赤平投影方法才能较精确地确定其枢纽和轴面的产状。
2.简述重力滑动构造的基本结构。
答：重力滑动构造是由重力作用引发的滑动推覆构造，它是某些逆冲推覆构造的重要成因。
重力滑动构造基本结构为：下伏系统、滑动面、润滑层、滑动系统。
分带：后缘拉伸带、中部滑动带和前缘推挤带。
形成条件为：一定的坡度；滑动系统要有一定的厚度和重量；应由软弱层和孔隙流体的参加。
下伏系统构造较简单，基本保留了早期或基底构造的特征；滑动面沿原始地质界面（如层理面、不整合面、侵入体与围岩接触面）或破裂面发育，剖面和平面上均呈弧形，剖面上常呈犁式、铲式或勺形。
润滑层能降低滑动摩擦力，使滑动系统长距离搬运，常由软弱岩层或面理化岩层构成，如泥岩层、煤层、膏岩层、片岩、片理化的蛇纹岩、辉绿岩等。
中部滑动带岩层和构造比较复杂，往往为一系列互相叠置或切割的滑体、滑块，褶皱，断层发育。
前缘推挤带常又一系列逆冲断层叠置而成，后缘拉伸带常出露下伏系统的岩层。
中科院博士考试样卷附答案
中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。
试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。
试卷二为书面表达部分。
时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。
试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。
每题有12-15秒答题时间。
每段对话的录音只播放一遍。
B节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。
问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。
录音材料只播放一遍。
本部分大约需要25分钟。
第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。
A节：共15题，每题1分。
在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。
本节大约需要20分钟。
B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。
考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。
本节大约需要35分钟。
C节：共10题，每题1分。
考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。
本节大约需要20分钟。
本部分总需时间约75分钟。
试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共1题，10分。
要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要（约占原文的1/4-1/3）。
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中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rar.rar中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rarnew.rar中科院博士英语往年作文题目及部分范文欣赏.rar中科院博士英语试题解析99-04.rar05年中科院山地所博士入学自然地理试题.rar07年3月中科院考博英语及答案.rar.rar07年中科院生态环境研究中心土壤学试题（回忆版试题）.rar07年中科院过程工程研究所考博专业课.rar.rar08中科院全国_生物化学_统考试卷.rar09中科院广州地化研所分析化学.rar.rar1999-2002中科院植物所考博题（植物学和生态学）.rar.rar2000年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2001~2005中科院动物生态学考博试题.rar.rar2001年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.rar.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.txt.rar2006中科院有机化学(秋).rar2006年中科院生态中心生态学专业试题.rar.rar2007中科院量子力学及答案.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第一部分0.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第二部分.rar2007年中科院无机化学考研真题.rar.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所植物生理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所环境生物学考博试题.rar【人文地理】中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题.rar.rar【岩溶环境学】中科院2008年考博试题.rar.rar【植物生理学】中科院植物所植物生理学考博真题（2000-2001）.rar【生物化学】中科院植物所攻读博士学位研究生入学试题（1997-2001）.rar【神经生理学】中科院神经科学研究所2001年神经生理学考博试题.rar【细胞生物学】中科院2012年考博试题.rar【计算机科学与基础】中科院计算技术研究所2011年考博试题.rar【遗传学】中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年考博试题.rar（内部资料）中科院考博英语命题特点.rar.rar。
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生
七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原
华慧网
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中科院RS考博试题(1995-2016-不全)
侯志伟1995年博士生（遥感地学分析）入学试题一． 简答题（40分）1． 遥感地学评价标准2． LANDSAT TM 数据特征3． 我国风云一号气象卫星主要通道及特征4． 遥感信息复合分析二． 问答题（任选二题，60分）1． 评述我国遥感应用的发展特点2． 遥感在自然资源调查中的应用3． 举例说明遥感在地学研究中应用与作用４． 遥感监测在全球变化研究中的作用。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1996 年博士生入学试题(遥感地学分析)（任选四题，每题２５分）１． 遥感地学分析及其意义２． 遥感在资源调查中的应用特点３． 论述遥感在全球变化研究中作用４． 遥感信息增强方５． 专题遥感信息提取的方法与应用1997年博士生（遥感地学分析）入学试题一．名词解释和简答题1.监督与非监督分类2.最大似然法3. TM的七个波段二、论述题遥感地学评价基础-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1998年博士生（遥感地学分析）入学试题一、 答与名词解释：1.混合像元2.高光谱3.纹理特征用于信息提取一、 论述题最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1999年博士生（RS）入学试题一、名词解释和简答题1. 主成分分析2. 高光谱遥感3. 遥感影象的特征二、论述题结合工作，谈遥感的应用与发展前景。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2000 年中科院博士入学考试（RS）一、 简答与名词解释：1. 混合像元（98）2. 高光谱（98）3. 监督与非监督分类（97）4. 最大似然法（97）5. 纹理特征用于信息提取 （98）6. 主成分分析（99）侯志伟7. TM 的七个波段（97）8. 高光谱遥感（99）9. 遥感影象的特征（99）二、论述1. 最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。
中科院考博英语培训资料考题分析
01
Overview of the PhD English Exam
To evaluate the ability of candidates to conduct academic research in an English speaking environment, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking.
Subordinate clauses
Questions ask students to analyze and understand suborder clauses, including related clauses, advisory clauses, etc
Students should analyze the context of the presence or paragraph to determine the correct meaning and usage of a word or phrase
Fill in the blank questions: These questions ask students to fill in the missing word or phrase based on the context of the sentence
Analysis of vocabulary and grammar question types
Translation from English to Chinese: This type of question requires candidates to translate English materials into Chinese, testing their language comprehension and translation skills
2022年中科院考博英语真题及答案详解
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMYOF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarchPAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD.tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for Valentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On Valentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the National Confectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented Valentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted to limited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take theUniversity of Iowa. In July , the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July . “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expectthem to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage TwoThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SATs, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SATs, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say thatstandards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side pointsto indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SATs is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln:“Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman wouldretain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplicityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New York Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New York and the country’s vicepresident under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the Virgin Islands, Vermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots. Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers hadincluded parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on theheart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades of the 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way,the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since , a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected inmany art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. inD. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and bygovernments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over。
2023年中国农科院历年考博试题汇总
中国农科院历年考博基因工程概论试题2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、简答题1、聚丙烯酰胺、琼脂糖在dna电泳中的区别是什么？2、举出动物转基因的两种方法，并说明其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理。
4、以拟南芥或玉米为例，说明转座子标签法进行基因转移的原理。
5、southern印迹的原理及应用。
三、试论述植物基因工程研究进展以及在农业生产上的意义。
2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、名词解释1、限制性内切酶2、同裂酶3、核酶4、2μ环5、hat选择6、ti质粒7、t-dna8、同功trna9、反义trna 10、有义链11、α互补12、基因文库13、cdna 14、染色体步查二．简答题01、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
2、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。
3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别？4、aflp的原理及其应用5、普通pcr与rapd有何区别，何谓普通pcr？6、何谓双元载体，简述其组装过程及其作用机理？三、判断题1、无论用哪种转化方法均可用pbr322作载体2、进入细菌的外来dna之所以被降解，是由于细菌只修饰自身dna，不修饰外来dna3、只有粘粒端才可以被连接起来4、用自身作引物合成的cdna链，往往cdna并不完整1998年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、什么是基因工程，基因工程在农业生产上有何意义？二、简答：1、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳应用有何特点？2、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理4、转座子标签法克隆植物基因的原理5、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用？6、在dna复制过程中会形成一种复制体（replisome）的结构，它是由哪几部分组成的？7、sanger测序法的基本原理是什么？1999年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一．名词解释：1．cdna 2 ti质粒3. 2u环4. hat选择5 a互补6 yac 7 转导8 基因文库9 限制性内切酶10 染色体步查二．问答题：1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。
中科院历年RS考博试题及相关知识点
1995年博士生(地学分析入学试题一、简答题(40分1. 遥感地学评价标准。
2. LandsatTM数据特征。
3. 我国风云一号气象卫星主要通道及特征。
4. 遥感信息处长合分析。
二、问答题(任选二题,60分1. 评述我国遥感应用的发展特点。
2. 遥感在自然资源调查中的应用。
3. 举例说明遥感在地学研究中应用与作用。
4. 遥感监测在全球变化研究中的作用。
1996年博士生入学试题(遥感地学分析(任选四题,每题25分1. 遥感地学分析及其意义2. 遥感在资源调查中的应用特点3. 论述遥感在全球变化研究中作用4. 遥感信息增强方法5. 专题遥感信息提取的方法与应用2000年中科院博士入学考试(RS一、简答与名词解释:1. 混合像元(982. 高光谱(983. 监督与非监督分类(974. 最大似然法(975. 纹理特征用于信息提取 (986. 主成分分析(997. TM的七个波段(978. 高光谱遥感(999. 遥感影象的特征(99二、论述1. 最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。
(982. 结合工作,谈遥感的应用与发展前景。
(993. 遥感地学评价基础。
(97一、简答题(10分/题1、ETM影像的各波段特征2、监督分类的过程3、高光谱遥感及其特点4、植被指数及其计算方法5、干涉雷达遥感二、论述题(25分/题1、遥感信息融合的方法及它们比较2、遥感图像分类的方法3、遥感分辨率及其地学意义一、简答每个10分共5个1.几何校正的主要方法2.光谱成像仪的成像机理3.监督分类及其优缺点4.水体的光谱特征5.图像融合有哪些技术方法二、论述体 3选21.遥感信息地学评价的标准及应用意义2.微波技术的发展现状及趋势3.光学影像的分类方法及特点2008年中科院地理所博士考题总分:100分时间:180分钟一、名词解释(2*5 10分1.波谱反射率2.地面反照率3.辐射能量4.合成孔径雷达5.水色遥感二、简述题(6*5 30分1.中巴资源卫星光谱成像特征2.影像数据几何纠正方法3.小卫星遥感系统4.植被指数计算方法5.激光雷达成像原理三、论述题(20*3 60分1.影像分割基本原理及方法2.高空间分辨率处理分析及其趋势3.结合您专业,浅谈多源遥感数据心综合处理和分析复习总结中心投影:投影面是平面、投影中心S在有限远处的投影称作中心投影。
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1995年博士生(地学分析入学试题一、简答题(40分1. 遥感地学评价标准。
2. LandsatTM数据特征。
3. 我国风云一号气象卫星主要通道及特征。
4. 遥感信息处长合分析。
二、问答题(任选二题,60分1. 评述我国遥感应用的发展特点。
2. 遥感在自然资源调查中的应用。
3. 举例说明遥感在地学研究中应用与作用。
4. 遥感监测在全球变化研究中的作用。
1996年博士生入学试题(遥感地学分析(任选四题,每题25分1. 遥感地学分析及其意义2. 遥感在资源调查中的应用特点3. 论述遥感在全球变化研究中作用4. 遥感信息增强方法5. 专题遥感信息提取的方法与应用2000年中科院博士入学考试(RS一、简答与名词解释:1. 混合像元(982. 高光谱(983. 监督与非监督分类(974. 最大似然法(975. 纹理特征用于信息提取 (986. 主成分分析(997. TM的七个波段(978. 高光谱遥感(999. 遥感影象的特征(99二、论述1. 最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。
(982. 结合工作,谈遥感的应用与发展前景。
(993. 遥感地学评价基础。
(97一、简答题(10分/题1、ETM影像的各波段特征2、监督分类的过程3、高光谱遥感及其特点4、植被指数及其计算方法5、干涉雷达遥感二、论述题(25分/题1、遥感信息融合的方法及它们比较2、遥感图像分类的方法3、遥感分辨率及其地学意义一、简答每个10分共5个1.几何校正的主要方法2.光谱成像仪的成像机理3.监督分类及其优缺点4.水体的光谱特征5.图像融合有哪些技术方法二、论述体 3选21.遥感信息地学评价的标准及应用意义2.微波技术的发展现状及趋势3.光学影像的分类方法及特点2008年中科院地理所博士考题总分:100分时间:180分钟一、名词解释(2*5 10分1.波谱反射率2.地面反照率3.辐射能量4.合成孔径雷达5.水色遥感二、简述题(6*5 30分1.中巴资源卫星光谱成像特征2.影像数据几何纠正方法3.小卫星遥感系统4.植被指数计算方法5.激光雷达成像原理三、论述题(20*3 60分1.影像分割基本原理及方法2.高空间分辨率处理分析及其趋势3.结合您专业,浅谈多源遥感数据心综合处理和分析复习总结中心投影:投影面是平面、投影中心S在有限远处的投影称作中心投影。
摄影照相机就是中心投影。
中心投影有两个问题:地面起伏引起投影误差;投影面P与地面E不平行也引起投影误差。
正射投影:投影面平行于地面、投影线垂直于地面(S于无穷远处的投影。
实际上的正射投影——二次投影,即将起伏地面正射投影于一个基准平面上,再进行中心投影,且投影面与基准面平行。
大气窗口:由于大气对电磁波散射和吸收等因素的影响,使一部分波段的太阳辐射在大气中透过率很小或根本无法通过,电磁波辐射在大气传输中透过率较高的波段称为大气窗口。
目前在遥感中使用的一些大气窗口为:1.0。
3~1。
15μm:包括部分紫外光、全部可见光和部分近红外光。
其中:0。
3~0。
4μm:透过率约为70%0。
4~0。
7μm:透过率大于95%0。
7~1。
1μm:透过率约为80%2.1。
4~1。
9μm:近红外窗口,透过率在60%~95%之间,其中1。
55~1。
75μm通过率较高3.2。
0~2。
5μm:近红外窗口,透过率为80%4.3。
5~5。
0μm:中红外窗口,透过率为60%~70%5.8。
0~14。
0μm:热红外窗口,透过率为80%6.1。
0~1。
8 mm:微波窗口,透过率约为35~40%左右7.2。
0~ 5。
0 mm:微波窗口,透过率在50~70%之间8.8。
0~1000 mm:微波窗口,透过率为100%地物反射波(光谱:指地物反射率随波长的变化规律。
基尔霍夫定律:一个物体的波谱发射率等于它的波谱吸收率,即好的吸收体也是好的发射体。
瑞利散射:由半径小于波长的1/10以下的微粒引起的散射叫瑞利散射(Reyleigh Scattering漫反射:在物体表面的各个方向上都有反射能量的分布,这种反射称为漫反射。
波粒二象性:电磁波既表现出波动性,又表现出粒子性,即所谓的波粒二象性。
连续的波动性和不连续的粒子性是相互排斥、相互对立的;但二者又是相互联系的,在一定条件下可以相互转化。
电磁波谱:按电磁波在真空中波长或频率依顺序划分成波段,排列成谱即为电磁波谱。
地物反射波谱特性:地物波谱反射率随波长而改变的特性称之为地物反射波谱特性。
电磁辐射:当电磁振荡进入空间,变化的磁场激发了涡旋电场,使电磁振荡在空间传播,这就是电磁波,近代物理中,电磁波也称为电磁辐射。
电磁波是横波,在真空中以光速传播,满足:频率(f×波长λ=光速(c能量H=普朗克常数(h *频率(f,电磁波具有波粒二象性。
程辐射(Path radiance:遥感传感器中接收到的入射光中,除了在视场内地表反射光和地面热辐射外,大气的散射与自身辐射的光也进入传感器,这部分的光能量称作程辐射。
程辐射是背景噪声的主要来源。
空间分辨率(地面分辨率::指象素能代表的地面范围的大小,即扫描仪的瞬时视场,或地面物体能分辨的最小单元。
波谱分辨率:指传感器在接收目标辐射的波谱时能分辨的的最小波长间隔。
间隔越小,分辨率越高。
光谱分辨率:即遥感工作波段的宽窄。
原则上希望其越窄越好。
辐射分辨率:即遥感传感器将截获的光能量能够分出的等级。
反映为图像的灰阶数,如 64 灰阶、128 灰阶、256 灰阶等。
时间分辨率:指对同一地点进行遥感采样的时间间隔,即采样的时间频率,也称重访周期。
辐射传输方程:是指辐射源经大气层到达传感器的过程中电磁波能量变化的数学模型。
高光谱遥感:高分辨率遥感,它是在电磁波谱的可见光、近红外、中红外和热红外波段范围内,获取许多非常窄的光谱连续的影像数据的技术。
其成像光谱仪可以收集到上百个非常窄的光谱波段信息。
成象光谱仪:通常的的多波段扫描仪将可见光和红外波段分割成几个到十几个波段。
对遥感而言,在一定波长范围内,被分割的波段数越多,即波谱取样点越多,愈接近联系波谱曲线,因此可以使得扫描仪在取得目标地物图像的同时也能获得该地物的光谱组成。
这种既能成像又能获取目标光谱曲线的“谱象合一”的技术,称为成像光谱技术。
按该原理制成的扫描仪称为成像光谱仪。
监督分类:监督分类包括利用训练区样本建立判别函数的学习过程和把待分像元代入判别函数进行判别的过程。
监督分类的思想是:首先根据类别的先验知识确定判别函数和相应的判别准则,其中利用一定数量的已知类别的样本(称为训练样本的观测值确定判别函数中待定参数的过程称之为学习或训练,然后将未知类别的样本的观测值代入判别函数,再依据判别准则对该样本的所属类别作出判定。
非监督分类:非监督分类的前提是假定遥感影像上同类物体在同样条件下具有相同的光谱信息特征。
非监督分类方法不必对影像地物获取先验知识,仅依靠影像上不同地物光谱信息进行特征提取,再统计特征的差别来达到分类的目的,最后对已分出的各个类别的实际属性进行确认。
在没有类别先验只是的情况下将所有样本划分为若干个类别的方法称之为非监督分类,也称聚类(clustering。
最大似然分类:是经常使用的监督分类方法之一,它是通过求出每个象素对于各类别的归属概率,把该象素分到归属概率最大的类别中去的方法。
图像增强:传感器获取的遥感图像含有大量地物特征信息,在图像上这些地物特征信息以灰度形式表现出来,当地物特征间表现的灰度很小时,目视判读就无法辨认,而图像增强的方法可以突出显示这种微小灰度差的地物特征,图像增强的目的时为了改善遥感图像目视判读的视觉效果,以提高目视判读能力,它也是计算机自动分类的一种预处理方法。
图像增强的实质时增强感兴趣地物和周围地物图像间的反差。
图像增强的方法分为光学增强和数字增强方法两种。
混合像元:遥感图像像元记录的是探测单元的瞬时视场角所对应的地面范围内的目标的辐射能量的总和。
如果探测单元的瞬时视场角所对应的地面范围包含了多类不同性质的目标,则该像元记录的是多类不同性质的地面目标的辐射能量的总和,这样的像元称为混合像元。
全球定位系统:是利用多颗导航卫星的无线电信号,对地球表面某地点进行定位、报时和对地表移动物体进行导航的技术系统。
遥感平台:遥感中搭载传感器的工具称为遥感平台,按高度可分为地面平台、航空平台、航天平台。
大气纠正:太阳光在到达地面目标之前,大气会对其产生吸收和散射作用。
同样,来自目标地物的反射光和散射光在叨叨传感器之前也会被吸收和散射。
入射到传感器的电磁波能量除了地物本身的辐射以外还有大气引起的散射光,消除这些影响的处理过程称为大气校正。
校正的方法有:利用辐射方程进行大气校正;利用地面实况数据进行大气校正;利用辅助数据进行大气校正。
密度分割:在一张黑白遥感图像上,随地物的反射(或发射电磁波强度的不同将有所不同的密度分布。
如果在图像的最大密度和最小密度之间,人为地分成许多区间,并且将某一区间用同一种密度或同一种颜色表示,不同区间则用不同密度或不同颜色表示,我们称之为密度分割。
中心投影:地物任一点A与空间固定点S的连线被某一平面 p 截获,其交点 a 即称为 A 在平面p上的投影。
注意:平面p称为投影面,s称为投影中心,AS为投影线。
星下点:卫星与地心连线经过地球表面的点为星下点。
升交点与降交点:卫星轨道由北向南(下行穿过赤道平面的星下点为降交点,反之由南向北(上行穿过赤道平面的星下点为升交点。
注意:太阳同步轨道决定着降交点可以保持永远是白天某一地方时的固定时刻;而升交点为夜晚某一地方时的固定时刻。
近极地轨道:卫星星下点进入南北极圈内的卫星轨道为近极地轨道。
真彩色合成图像:真彩色图像上影像的颜色与地物颜色基本一致,利用数字技术合成真彩色图像时,是把红色波段的影像作物合成图像中的红色分量,把绿色波段的影像作为合成图像中的绿色分量、把蓝色波段的影像作为合成图像的蓝色分量进行合成的结果。
用地物基本相同的颜色表示地物,符合人们的视觉习惯,便于目视识别。
假彩色合成图像:假彩色图像是指图像上影像的色调与实际地物色调不一致的图像。
如彩色红外合成图像,他是在彩色合成时,把近红外波段的影像作为合成图像的红色分量、把红色波段的影像作为合成图像中的绿色分量、把绿色波段的影像作为合成图像中的蓝色分量进行合成的结果。
太阳同步回归轨道:卫星运行太阳同步轨道是指卫星轨道平面与太阳入射光的角度保持一定固定的角度色调:颜色彼此相互区分的特性。
趋肤深度skin depth:是指雷达信号功率从介质表面衰减到1/e倍时的深度(或降至37%的深度。
趋肤深度提供了一种指示雷达信号随着物质穿透能力变换的方法。
遥感影像信息融合(fusion:是将多源遥感数据在统一地理坐标系中,采用一定的算法生成一组新的信息或合成图像的过程。