校园网网站设计——外文翻译
基于java的校园论坛网站的开发与设计外文翻译
附录1The application of AjaxSpend a few minutes using your application you selected(browser except),write it down to what user interaction,and then immediately back.For the sake of brevity,I give an example of electronic form,however,points involved here is general enough for various cases,the text editor.Well,we started.First in the spreadsheet to input some equalities,pay attention to,can interact in several ways:edit data,browsing the data using the keyboard and mouse,also can use the mouse to drag to re organize the data.I do these operations,the program gave me feedback.When moving the mouse,the cursor changes shape;when the mouse stops above,button bright;selected text can change color.When a window or dialog box is selected,and usually isnot the same,etc..These are the so-called"rich"interaction.Of course,there are still some room for improvement,but this is a good start.OK,a spreadsheet is a rich client program?Absolutely not.In a spreadsheet or similar desktop applications,business logic and data model is run in a closed environment.In this environment,they clearly understand each other,and can visit each other,and the environment outside of things,is unknown to them.What is the client?It is a separate process of mutual communication program,which is usually run on the server.In general,the server is always bigger than the client,ability,disposition is better,because the server is usually stored multitudeinformation.The client program enables the end users can view and modify the information,when multiple clients connected to the same server,can shareinformation between them.Shows a simple client/server architecture.In the n layer architecture in the modern,the server often and further the back-end server(such as a database)communication,so called"middleware"layeralso plays a role of client and server.End of our Ajax application in the chain,it is only as the client,therefore,for the convenience of discussion,we can put the whole n system as a labeled as"black box server".Spreadsheet applications I only need to manage its own saved a small amount of data in memory or in the local file system.If the design of well structure,couplingform data and it can be very loose,but I can't pass a network to split or sharethem through network.In this sense,the application of electronic form is not a client.The corresponding Web browser is a typical client,which communicate with the Web server,the request page.The browser has abundant functions,used tomanage user browsing behavior,the common function of the back button,the history list and tabbed browsing multiple documents etc..But when we put the site specific Web pages as an application,these general browsing function actuallyand application is,at best,such as spreadsheets and Windows began the relationship between button or the window list.We consider the application of modern Web.For the sake of simplicity,we chose" earth people know"online bookstore.Open the Amazon site in the browser,because before I visited,it will show me a friendlygreeting,somerecommended bibliography,and my purchase history information.Click on any one of the recommended bibliography,will go to another page(at this time,the page to refresh,within a few seconds I what also don't see).The new page is the information relevant to the book review:other books,second-hand books,offer the same author,and other books I read.In short,appears to be very rich,high degree of associated information in front of me.But for me,interactive way is to click on the hyperlink,and then fill in some forms.Suppose I at the keyboard accidentally fell asleep,wake up second days,if not refresh the page,I don't know"Harry Porter"series of books have been published,nor will my list from one page to another page,if I want to see morethings too,because I cannot change the local content area page size.I seem to be in the criticism of the Amazon interface,but it is not the case,I justtook it as an example.In fact,in the traditional Web development of the shackles,they have done very well.But compared to the spreadsheet,and the interaction model is undoubtedly too limited.Why Web is the application of modern still have so many limitations?The currentsituation has some reasonable technical reasons,we have to consider now.The blueprint for the Internet is all the computer in the world are connected,forming a huge computing resources.If the local data and remote invocationequated,then both the analysis of protein components or crack signals from outer space,users need not consider the physical location of the machines,the rest of the computation only pleasure.But unfortunately,the local call and remote invocation is something totally different.Under the current level of technology,the network communication is still a costly things(that is to say,is usually very slow,but unreliable).In the absence of a network called the situation,method and function of different data and theiroperations are located in the same local memory,to transfer data and return the results obtained are very direct.In a remote call,communication in the network at both ends of the two sides to send and receive data requires a lot of computation at the pared with the data back and forth on the line,these calculations require more time consuming.The transmission of a binary data,to go through many steps of coding and decoding,error checking,failure,packet retransmission split andreorganization,data into 0 and 1 binary signal,through the line(or wireless connection to the other party).In the local,call the function call request is encoded as an object,then the object is serialized as a series of bytes,the application layer protocol(usually HTTP)via the physical transmission medium(such as copper cable,optical fiber or radio)send out.On the remote machine,the application layer protocol decoding,the bytedeserialize the data obtained,to create a copy of the requested object.Then the data model is applied to the object and generates a response object.In order to make the response object is passed to the callback function local,all serialization deserialization operation,and the transport layer will be back again.Finally,the response object is passed to the function call local.This interactive process is very complex,but fortunately,it can be done.Modernprogramming environments such Java and Microsoft framework are built with this ability.However,the execution of remote calls,all these operations will still be in the internal execution.If we were using there mote invocation,performance will be affected.That is to say,a remote call is unlikely to have efficiency and local call.What is worse,the instability of network makes the efficiency loss is unpredictable,it is difficult to.In contrast,a local call to run on the local memory,will undoubtedly have an advantage more at this point.And so on,said remote call half a day,between this and the availability of software?The answer is,a relationship.A successful computer user interface must be able to at least level simulation weexperience in the real world.One of the basic rules of interaction is,when wepush,prick or poke about something,it will immediately response.Response timeas long as a little bit out a little,will make people confused,distracted,to shift thefocus from the task at hand to the user interface.Remote calls across the network,need to perform additional operations in great quantities,they tend to put the system to slow down,the user perceived delay.In desktop applications,only when the usability design is very bad,will appear this kind of makes users feel full of bug,unresponsive to the user interface,but in the application of network,what do not get a large number of such interface.Because the network delay is unpredictable,this kind of interface problems oftencome and go like a shadow,it is difficult to carry out the application responsetest.In other words,the network delay is the result of a common cause of the practical application of the interaction.User interface developers for network delay can only assume the worst.Say simply,is to try to make the user interface and network activities unrelated to.Programmers have already created a truly effective and proven solutions,tosolve this problem.To sell a Guan,let us into the real world.In the morning I will do,a very important is to wake my kids go to school.I can stand on the edge of the bed they toss up,chase them up and dressed,but thismethod is very time consuming,it takes me a lot of precious morning timeI want to wake up the children,have a look out the window,often neglected to feed the cat.After the children would ask me to breakfast.As the server process,the children always get up slowly.If I follow the synchronous interaction pattern,will they all day.However,as long as they mumble"I woke up",I can go to do other things,need to come back when they have a look.In computer terms,I need to do is for every child to establish an asynchronous process in a separate thread.After the start,the children will wake up in their ownthreads,the parent thread unnecessary synchronization wait,they afterwards will inform me(which is often asked me to eat).In the process they wake up,I don't need interaction and they,when they had been up and dressed myself,because I have reason to believe that they will do so soon.For any user interface,which is a long established practice,namely to createasynchronous thread,let it in the background who need to calculate a longtimetask,so that the user can continue to do other things.When starting this thread,it is necessary to block the user operation,but after a short period of time can beaccepted,will relieve congestion.Because of the existence of network delay,using asynchronous mode is a good practice to handle any time-consumingremote call.In fact,the network latency problems and solutions related to long-standing.In the old client/server mode,when the poor design of the client program met thehigh load of the server,the user interface will appear delay intolerable.Even in today's Internet era,when to switch the page,if the browser half the things not to,so this situation might be due to network delay caused by.The existing technical conditions,we have no way to remove the network delay,but at least onestrategy,that is the use of asynchronous processing remote calls,isn't it?Worse,for Web developers to do so there is a problem:HTTP protocol is a"request response"mode of the protocol.That is to say,the client requests a document,the server or a return to this document,or tell the client can not findthe document or allows a client to another place to find,also can tell which the client can use the local cache,and so on.To make a long story short,"request response"mode of the protocol is a one-way communication protocol.The clientinitiates a connection to the server,b ut the server can not initiates a connection to the client.Even when the next client,initiate the communication request,forgetful of the server can't remember this client is who(HTTP is a connectionless).Most Web developers to use modern programming language,for example,Java,PHP ,they are familiar with the user session(user session)concept,this is in fact the application server for a remedy can't maintain a connection state of the HTTP protocol.HTTP for the initial design goal well,using some clever processing,it can adapt to the beginning of the design did not consider theoccasion.But the key features of the asynchronous callback scheme of our clientis,will receive two notice,is a time in the thread creation,the other is a time in the end of the thread.The standard HTTP and the traditional Web application model can not provide these.The traditional Web application like Amazon,is built on the concept of the page.Show the user a document,which includes various links and form,the user canaccess further more documentation.This interaction model can support complex data sets on a large scale(like Amazon and other sites have demonstrated),which provides the user experience is enough to meet the needs of business.In ten years,this interaction model laid a deep imprint in our view of theapplication of Internet business.WYSIWYG interface(WYSIWYG)Web authoring tools,making the site more easily to be understood as a stack of pages.The framework of Web server using the state diagram conversion on the pagemodeling.no introduction,the traditional Web application that has been firmlybound in a page refresh operation,as if the refresh is behoove and inevitable,tried processing scheme for any asynchronous never.Of course,no doubt,the traditional Web application must not nothing is right..After all,Amazon in this interaction model to create a successful commercial applications.But this applies to the way Amazon does not necessarily apply to allpeople.Why do you say that?To understand this,we need to study the usermodel(usage pattern).A general discussion of the bicycle and SUV(SUV)merits meaningless.Because they have their own advantages and disadvantages--comfort,speed,fuel consumption or personal identity.Only discussed in particular use mode,this comparison is only meaningful.For example,is to in the rush hour through the center of the city,or to take the whole family,old and young to go on vacation,or just to find a shelter from the rain.In a similar situation like this,can we have a definite object in view to compare.For the user interface,it is the same with.Software usability expert Alan Cooper has written a lot of good articles aboutusage patterns,he defines two main uses:transient(transient)and exclusive(sovereign).Transient applications may use occasionally every day,butalways as a secondary activity,with a sudden.The contrast is sovereign applications,exclusive continued use of application to deal with the user for several hours a day.Many applications have a natural monopoly or transient properties.For example,a word processing software writing is a sovereign application,possible applications also use several transient,such as file management(file open andembed this function will often close the window),dictionary or spell checking tools(many word processing program is also embedded in these functions),andcolleagues contact email and chat tool.For software developers,text editor,debugger or IDE(integrated development environment)is the exclusive.Sovereign applications often use more frequently.Y ou know,a good userinterface is not visible.The measure of a good scale used frequently,is when theuser interface has obvious pause,it affects the user process.For example,from a directory to another directory file to 2 second pause,I can accept with pleasure;but if the two seconds is the place in my is full of passion for paintingsoftware to create an image,or I'm trying to debug a very difficult to deal with thegeneration of code certainly,this makes me feel very uncomfortable.Amazon is a transient application,eBay,Google and most large public Web applications are transient applications.Since the date of birth,the experts had predicted that the traditional desktop applications under Web impact.Over the past ten years,these have not occurred,why?Based on the Web page programfor transient applications is enough,but it is far from enough for a sovereign application.The starting of modern Web browsers and it's original point(a document from a remote server)has not matter,between them like a Swiss Army knife and neolithic hunting tools,it is a world of difference.A variety of interactive components,scripts and plug-ins,these years could not suppress the crazydevelopment,almost forced once again to create a new browsing experience.toprehistoric times visitbrowser.In 1993,netscape founded before the Marc Andreessen(founder of netscape)are lobbying Tim Berners-Lee(founder of Web,the W3C leader)et al.,cited good into a picture label is HTML.A few years ago,a few pioneers began to treat JavaScript as a serious programming language.But on the whole,more people still use it and those whomockwarning box"monkey tricks and click to win awards"advertising a classtogether.The browser wars brought JavaScript a misunderstood,sick children,Ajax can be viewed as his rehabilitation center.As long as the proper guidance,and thento frame it with appropriate,JavaScript will likely become the Internet model citizen.It can really enhance the practicability of Web application,and without forcing users to install additional software,or forcing users to abandon his beloved browser.To obtain mature tools are widely understood can help usachieve this goal.The back of the book design pattern is one such toolmentioned.The promotion and popularization of a new technology,is not only the technical matters,but also social behavior.Once the technology is mature,the people also need to understand how to use it.This step is often by using it to do our very familiar things start.For example,early bicycle called"Trojan wheel"or"pedalinghorse",on his feet tread the reaction force to move forward.As this technology is gradually accepted by the public,then inventors would invent a new way to use,add the pedal,brake,a chain wheel and tire.Each time the invention creation,made the bike in the shadow of more pale horse,that completely disappeared.The same process also occurs in the field of Web development.The technology behind the Ajax have the ability to Web pages into something new somethingcompletely different.Early uses of Ajax try to make Web pages is beginning to look like a"Trojan wheel"neither fish nor fowl.To comprehend the essence of Ajax,we have to forget about the Web page concept,that is to say,we have tobreak these years of experience.In the months after the Ajax officially named,such things have happened a lot.Ajax的应用花几分钟使用一下你选中的应用（浏览器除外），记下它用到了哪些用户交互，然后马上回来。
网页设计与制作外文翻译文献中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Computer Knowledge & Technology, 2013,12(1):31-41英文原文Web design and productionM SiegelAbstractThe paper will study and discuss methods and tools for personal web page design and production. Based on the introduction of web design and production language, we focused on using JavaScript as a tool language for actual web page design and production. We used object-based JavaScript language, the use of internal object systems, and WEB page information interaction—window and framework. Describe it in detail and use specific examples for verification.Keywords: web page production, web design, software, html1 IntroductionWith the advent of the 21st century, people feel more and more deeply that the role of computers in life and work is more and more important. More and more professions need computer application skills. Mastering the need for computers is a career, but also the need for career development. Web design and production is a concrete manifestation of computer capabilities. This chapter mainly introduces related knowledgeof web design.1.1 Web Design OverviewA website is a way for companies to provide information (including products and services) to users and netizens. It is an infrastructure and information platform for companies to develop e-commerce. It is impossible to leave e-commerce (or just use a third-party website) to talk about e-commerce. . The company's web site is called the “Internet Trademark” and is also part of the company's intangible assets. The website is an important window on the Internet to promote and reflect corporate image and culture.1.2 Elements of Web DesignThe two major elements of web design are: overall style and color matching. First, determine the overall style of the siteChapter 2 Application of HTML Web Design Technology2.1 HTML language introductionHTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) is a hypertext markup language or hypertext markup language. It is the most widely used language on the Internet and the main language constituting webpage documents.HTML text is descriptive text composed of HTML commands. HTML commands can describe text, graphics, animations, sounds, forms, links, and so on. The structure of HTML includes two parts: the head andthe body. The head describes the information needed by the browser, and the body contains the specific content to be explained.2.1.1 Features of HTML LanguageHTML document production is not very complicated and powerful. It supports the inlaying of files in different data formats. This is one of the reasons for the popularity of the WWW. The features of the HTML language are as follows:1. Simplicity: The HTML version upgrade adopts a superset method, which is more flexible and convenient.2. Extensibility: The extensive use of HTML language has brought about enhanced functions, increased identifiers, and other requirements. HTML takes the form of sub-elements to provide guarantees for system expansion.3, platform independence. Although PCs are popular, there are plenty of other machines using MAC and so on. HTML can be used on a wide range of platforms, which is another reason why WWW is prevalent.2.1.2 HTML language editing softwareWrite it, too. However, use .htm or .html as an extension when saving, so that the browser can interpret it.2. Semi-WYSIWYG software, this software can greatly improve the development efficiency, it can enable you to make Homepage in a veryshort time, and you can learn HTML, this type of software mainly has HOTDOG, as well as domestic Software webpage workshop.3, WYSIWYG software, using the most extensive editor, you can completely do not know HTML knowledge to make web pages.2.2.3 JavaScript Technology Used in Web DesignOne, JavaScript OverviewJavaScript is an object-based and event-driven scripting language with safe performance. The purpose of using it is to implement linking multiple objects in a Web page together with HTML hypertext markup language and Java scripting language (Java applets) to interact with Web clients. This allows you to develop client applications and more. It is implemented by embedding or loading in the standard HTML language. Its appearance has made up for the shortcomings of the HTML language. It is a compromise between Java and HTML. It has the following basic features:1, is a scripting languageJavaScript is a scripting language that uses small blocks to program. Like other scripting languages, JavaScript is also an interpreted language that provides an easy development process.Its basic structure is very similar to that of C, C++, VB, and Delphi. But unlike these languages, it needs to be compiled first, but it is interpreted line by line during the execution of the program. It iscombined with HTML tags to make it easier for users to use.2, based on the language of the object.JavaScript is an object-based language that can be viewed as an object-oriented one. This means it can use the objects that it has already created. Therefore, many functions can come from the interaction of methods and scripts in the script environment.3, simplicityThe essence of HTML is text, which requires the interpretation of the browser. The HTML editor can be roughly divided into three types: 1. The basic editing software, which can be written using WINDOWS's own notebook or writing, of course, if you use WPS The simplicity of compiling JavaScript is mainly reflected in: First, it is a simple and compact design based on Java basic statements and control flow, which is a very good transition for learning Java. Second, its variable types are weakly typed and do not use strict data types.4, securityJavaScript is a security language. It does not allow access to the local hard disk. It does not store data on the server. It does not allow the modification or deletion of web documents. Information browsing or dynamic interaction can only be achieved through the browser. This effectively prevents data loss.5, dynamicJavaScript is dynamic. It can respond directly to user or customer input without going through a Web service program. It responds to the user's response in an event-driven manner. The so-called event-driven refers to an action that is performed by performing an operation in a Home Page. It is called an "Event". For example, pressing a mouse, moving a window, selecting a menu, etc. can all be considered events. When an incident occurs, it may cause a corresponding event response.6, cross-platformJavaScript is dependent on the browser itself, regardless of the operating environment, as long as it can run the browser's computer, and the JavaScript browser can be executed correctly. In order to achieve the "write once, travel the world" dream. In fact, the most outstanding thing about JavaScript is that you can do a lot of things with very small programs. Without high-performance computers, the software requires only a word processing software and a browser. It does not require a WEB server channel and can do everything through its own computer.In short, JavaScript is a new description language that can be tethered to HTML documents. The JavaScript language can respond to user's demand events (such as form input) without using any network to transfer data back and forth, so when a user enters a data, it does not pass it to the server (server). ) Processing, and then returned to the process, and can be directly handled by the client's application.The third chapter WEB page information interaction - form and frameTo realize the dynamic interaction of web pages, you must master more complex knowledge about form objects and frame objects.3.1 Form BasicsThe form object allows the designer to interact with the client user using different elements in the form, but without having to first perform data input, the behavior of the Web document can be changed dynamically.3.1.1 Form objectForm: It forms the basic element of a Web page. Usually a Web page has a form or several windows, using the Forms[] array to access different forms.3.1.2 Form Object MethodsThere is only one --submit() method for the form object. The main function of this method is to submit the form information. 3.1.3 Form Object PropertiesThe attributes of the window object mainly include the following: elements name action target encoding method. In addition to Elements, several others reflect the state of the corresponding attribute in the identity of the form, which is usually a single form identifier; elements are often an array of values for multiple form elements.3.1.4 Accessing a Form ObjectAccessing a form object in JavaScript can be implemented in two ways: (1) by accessing the formIn the properties of the form object, you must first specify the name of the form, and then you can access the form with the following ID: document.Mytable().(2) access the form through an arrayIn addition to using the form name to access the form, you can use the array of form objects to access the form object. However, it should be noted that because the form object is provided by the browser environment, the array index provided by the browser environment is from 0 to n.3.1.5 Prerequisites for Reference FormsThe condition for reference to a form in JavaScript is that the form must be created on the page with an identifier and the defined form part is placed before the reference.3.2 The basic elements in the formThe basic elements in the form consist of buttons, radio buttons, check buttons, submit buttons, reset buttons, text boxes, and so on. To access these basic elements in JavaScript, you must implement an array subscript or window element name that corresponds to a specific form element. Each element is primarily referenced by its attributes ormethods.3.3 FrameworkThe main function of the Frames Frames is the "split" window, so that each "small window" can display different HTM L files. Different frames can interact with each other. This means that different frames can exchange messages and data. For example: Suppose you have opened two frames. The first frame shows the book's directory. The second frame shows the chapter's specific content.The framework can divide the screen into different areas. Each area has its own URL. Frames[] array objects can be used to access different frameworks. In fact, the frame object itself is also a kind of window, which inherits all the features of the window object and possesses all the attributes and methods. The use of the framework of the specific instructions3.4 Framework AccessEarlier we introduced using document.forms[] to access different elements in a single form. To access different elements of a multiframe in a frame, you must use the Frames property in the window object. The Frames property is also an array. It has one item for each sub-frame in the parent frameset.3.5 Summary of this chapterThis chapter mainly introduces the main functions and uses of thebasic elements in the framework. The use of JavaScript scripts can be very convenient and flexible to implement more complex information interaction of Web pages. This is not what the HTML markup language can provide. Y ou can see from it that JavaScript is a good tool for the Web to involve people.中文译文网页设计与制作作者M Siegel摘要本文将对个人网页设计与制作的方法、工具等展开研究和探讨。
jsp技术网站设计外文翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
Combining JSP and ServletsThe technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects.Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings,it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology.Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to the customer. And the CGI is different, Servlet not generate a new process, but with HTTP Server at the same process. It threads through the use of technology, reduce the server costs. Servlet handling of the request process is this: When received from the client's request, calling service methods, the method of Servlet arrival of the first judgement is what type of request (GET / POST / HEAD…), then calls the appropriate treatment (DoGet / doPos t / doHead…) and generate a response.Although such a complex, in fact, simply said to Servlet is a Java class. And the general category of the difference is that this type operating in a Servlet container, which can provide session management and targeted life-cycle management. So that when you use the Servlet, you can get all the benefits of the Java platform, including the safety of the management, use JDBC access the database and cross-platform capability. Moreover, Servlet using thread, and can develop more efficient Web applications.JSP technology is a key J2EE technology, it at a higher level of abstraction of a Servlet.It allows conventional static and dynamic HTML content generated by combining an HTML page looks like, but as a Servlet to run. There are many commercial application server support JSP technology, such as BEA WebLogic, IBM WebSphere, JRun, and so on. JSP and Servlet use more than simple. If you have a JSP support for Web servers, and a JSP document, you can put it Fangdao any static HTML files can be placed, do not have to compile, do not have to pack, do not have to ClassPath settings, you can visit as ordinary Web It did visit, the server will automatically help you to do other work.JSP document looks like an ordinary static HTML document, but inside contains a number of Java code. It uses. Jsp the suffix, used to tell the server this document in need of special treatment. When we visit a JSP page, the document will first be translated into a JSP engine Java source files, is actually a Servlet, and compiler, and then, like other Servlet, from Servlet engine to handle. Servlet engine of this type loading, handling requests from customers, and the results returned to the customer, as shown below:Figure 1: Calling the process of JSP pagesAfter another visit this page to the customer, as long as the paper there have been no changes, JSP engine has been loaded directly call the Servlet. If you have already been modified, it will be once again the implementation of the above process, translate, compile and load. In fact, this is the so-called "first person to punishment." Because when the first visit to the implementation of a series of the above process, so will spend some time after such a visit would not.Java servlets offer a powerful API that provides access to all the information about the request, the session, and the application. combining JSP with servlets lets you clearly separate the application logic from the presentation of the application; in other words, it lets you use the most appropriate component type for the roles of Model, View and Controller.Servlets, Filters, and ListenersA servlet is a Java class that extends a server with functionality for processing a request and producing a response. It's implemented using the classes and interfaces defined by the Servlet API. The API consists of two packages: the javax.servlet package contains classes and interfaces that are protocol-independent, while the javax.servlet.http package provides HTTP-specific extensions and utility classes.What makes a servlet a servlet is that the class implements an interface named javax.servlet.Servlet, either directly or by extending one of the support classes. This interface defines the methods used by the web container to manage and interact with theservlet. A servlet for processing HTTP requests typically extends the javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet class. This class implements the Servlet interface and provides additional methods suitable for HTTP processing.Servlet LifecycleThe web container manages all aspects of the servlet's lifecycle. It creates an instance of the servlet class when needed, passes requests to the instance for processing, and eventually removes the instance. For an HttpServlet, the container calls the following methods at the appropriate times in the servlet lifecycle.Besides the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods, there are methods corresponding to the other HTTP methods: doDelete( ), doHead( ), doOptions( ), doPut( ), and doTrace( ). Typically you don't implement these methods; the HttpServlet class already takes care of HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE requests in a way that's suitable for most servlets, and the DELETE and PUT HTTP methods are rarely used in a web application.It's important to realize that the container creates only one instance of each servlet. This means that the servlet must be thread safe -- able to handle multiple requests at the same time, each executing as a separate thread through the servlet code. Without getting lost in details, you satisfy this requirement with regards to instance variables if you modify the referenced objects only in the init( ) and destroy( ) methods, and just read them in the request processing methods.Compiling and Installing a ServletTo compile a servlet, you must first ensure that you have the JAR file containing all Servlet API classes in the CLASSPATH environment variable. The JAR file is distributed with all web containers. Tomcat includes it in a file called servlet.jar, located in the common/lib directory. On a Windows platform, you include the JAR file in the CLASSPATH.. Reading a RequestOne of the arguments passed to the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods is an object that implements the HttpServletRequest interface. This interface defines methods that provide access to a wealth of information about the request.Generating a ResponseBesides the request object, the container passes an object that implements the HttpServletResponse interface as an argument to the doGet( ) and doPost( ) methods. This interface defines methods for getting a writer or stream for the response body. It also defines methods for setting the response status code and headers.Using Filters and ListenersThe servlet specification defines two component types beside servlets: filters and listeners. These two types were introduced in the Servlet 2.3 specification, so if you're using a container that doesn't yet support this version of the specification, I'm afraid you'reout of luck.FiltersA filter is a component that can intercept a request targeted for a servlet, JSP page, or static page, as well as the response before it's sent to the client. This makes it easy to centralize tasks that apply to all requests, such as access control, logging, and charging for the content or the services offered by the application. A filter has full access to the body and headers of the request and response, so it can also perform various transformations. One example is compressing the response body if the Accept-Language request header indicates that the client can handle a compressed response.A filter can be applied to either a specific servlet or to all requests matching a URL pattern, such as URLs starting with the same path elements or having the same extension. ListenersListeners allow your application to react to certain events. Prior to Servlet 2.3, you could handle only session attribute binding events (triggered when an object was added or removed from a session). You could do this by letting the object saved as a sessionattribute(using the HttpSession.setAttribute() method)implement the HttpSessionBindingListener interface. With the new interfaces introduced in the 2.3 version of the specification, you can create listeners for servlet context and session lifecycle events as well as session activation and passivation events (used by a container that temporarily saves session state to disk or migrates a session to another server). A newsession attribute event listener also makes it possible to deal with attribute binding events for all sessions in one place, instead of placing individual listener objects in each session.The new types of listeners follow the standard Java event model. In other words, a listener is a class that implements one or more of the listener interfaces. The interfaces define methods that correspond to events. The listener class is registered with the container when the application starts, and the container then calls the event methods at the appropriate times.Initializing Shared Resources Using a ListenerBeans like this typically need to be initialized before they can be used. For instance, they may need a reference to a database or some other external data source and may create an initial information cache in memory to provide fast access even to the first request for data. You can include code for initialization of the shared resources in the servlet and JSP pages that need them, but a more modular approach is to place all this code in one place and let the other parts of the application work on the assumption that the resources are already initialized and available. An application lifecycle listener is a perfect tool for this type of resource initialization. This type of listener implements the javax.servlet.ServletContextListener interface, with methods called by the container when the application starts and when it shuts down.Picking the Right Component Type for Each TaskThe Project Billboard application introduced is a fairly complex application. Half thepages are pure controller and business logic processing, it accesses a database to authenticate users, and most pages require access control. In real life, it would likely contain even more pages, for instance, pages for access to a shared document archive, time schedules, and a set of pages for administration. As the application evolves, it may become hard to maintain as a pure JSP application. It's easy to forget to include the access control code in new pages.This is clearly an application that can benefit from using a combination of JSP pages and the component types defined by the servlet specification for the MVC roles. Let's look at the main requirements and see how we can map them to appropriate component types:●Database access should be abstracted, to avoid knowledge of a specific dataschema or database engine in more than one part of the application: beans in therole of Model can be used to accomplish this.●The database access beans must be made available to all other parts of theapplication when it starts: an application lifecycle event listener is the perfectcomponent type for this task.●Only authenticated users must be allowed to use the application: a filter canperform access control to satisfy this requirement.●Request processing is best done with Java code: a servlet, acting as the Controller,fits the bill.●It must be easy to change the presentation: this is where JSP shines, acting as theView.Adding servlets, listeners, and filters to the mix minimizes the need for complex logic in the JSP pages. Placing all this code in Java classes instead makes it possible to use a regular Java compiler and debugger to fix potential problems.Centralized Request Processing Using a ServletWith a servlet as the common entry point for all application requests, you gain control over the page flow of the application. The servlet can decide which type of response to generate depending on the outcome of the requested action, such as returning a common error page for all requests that fail, or different responses depending on the type of client making the request. With the help from some utility classes, it can also provide services such as input validation, I18N preparations, and in general, encourage a more streamlined approach to request handling.When you use a servlet as a Controller, you must deal with the following basic requirements:●All requests for processing must be passed to the single Controller servlet.●The servlet must be able to distinguish requests for different types of processing.Here are other features you will want support for, even though they may not be requirements for all applications:● A strategy for extending the application to support new types of processingA mechanism for changing the page flow of the application without modifyingcode.Mapping Application Requests to the ServletThe first requirement for using a Controller servlet is that all requests must pass through it. This can be satisfied in many ways. If you have played around a bit with servlets previously, you're probably used to invoking a servlet with a URI that starts with /myApp/servlet. This is a convention introduced by Suns Java Web Server (JWS), the first product to support servlets before the API was standardized. Most servlet containers support this convention today, even though it's not formally defined in the servlet specification.将Servlet和JSP组合使用Servlet和JSP技术是用Java开发服务器端应用的主要技术，是开发商务应用表示端的标准。
网站设计外文翻译
数据挖掘: 小型企业的网站设计摘要- 网站是公司用来发布企业营销策略和信息的工具 ,是为了扩大销售范围以及提供相关技术支持等服务而建立的。
为了方便全球的用户和企业之间更加方便的沟通和查询。
这个论文将描述智能系统在为小型企业满足客户需求方面而做出的贡献，和智能系统应用于web数据挖掘的好处。
关键词：提取、知识挖掘、数据挖掘。
1.前言介绍Web挖掘是在万维网中进行数据的查找和挖掘；这些数据是在web页面显示出来的或与查询信息相关的一些网络数据；当前用户在使用数据挖掘时所面临的问题是：1- 检测相关信息.2- 发现现有的但是“隐含”的信息。
当用户登录到网站, 他们想要从网站查询一些信息.为了解决这个问题，我们需要使用不同地区的多种方法,。
例如：专家集成技能的系统、人工智能、数据库和信息检索的方法——如结构话语言查询. 简而言之，数据挖掘就是从web文档和信息中自动发现和分析出有价值的信息的一种挖掘技术。
数据挖掘技术通过网络实现了新方法和新系统的结合，并在软硬件环境支持下过程中快速发展。
2. 数据挖掘技术在信息管理使用中的优点为了更好的理解数据挖掘技术的优点，作者表示，一个战略型的网站是能够体现自身长处并且能够描述影响客户购买行为的。
2.1 客户行为顾客的行为是影响任何一个企业成功的关键因素。
客户行为表现在客户浏览公司的网站的频率，通过数据能使该公司计算新老客户的数量以及获得的利益, 通过分析老客户在网站上的访问量，将客户购买的数量与客户访问量进行比较。
例如X是一家销售电脑硬件的小型公司，并且比其他硬件公司提供了更加具有竞争力的价格，如果购买数量超过了预期的数量也就意味着该硬件公司制作的公司网站的是成功的。
web数据挖掘的操作十分简单.但是，如果这个技术使用上有战略上的问题，也就不能够与顾客进行有效的沟通。
此外，公司也可以通过该网站得到顾客的反馈信息（间接地方式）去了解客户的购买需求和购买习惯，通过顾客的浏览数据来控制和整理顾客需求的类型。
初中介绍校园网设计的英语作文
初中介绍校园网设计的英语作文The integration of technology into the educational system has become a crucial aspect of modern learning. One of the key components of this technological integration is the campus network design which plays a vital role in facilitating seamless communication and information exchange within the high school environment. This essay aims to provide an introduction to the essential elements and considerations involved in designing an effective high school campus network.At the core of a high school campus network lies the infrastructure that enables the seamless flow of data and connectivity. This infrastructure typically comprises a combination of wired and wireless components, including routers, switches, access points, and cabling systems. The wired network, often based on Ethernet technology, provides a reliable and high-speed backbone for data transmission, ensuring that critical applications and resources are accessible to all users within the school premises. The wireless network, on the other hand, offers the flexibility and convenience of mobility, allowing students and faculty to access the network fromvarious locations on the campus, fostering a more collaborative and engaging learning environment.One of the primary objectives in designing a high school campus network is to ensure that it can accommodate the growing demands of the student population and the evolving technological landscape. As the number of devices and the volume of data traffic increase, the network must be scalable and capable of handling the increased load without compromising performance or reliability. This often requires the implementation of robust and redundant network components, such as high-capacity switches and routers, as well as the strategic placement of wireless access points to provide comprehensive coverage across the campus.Another crucial aspect of campus network design is the consideration of security measures. High schools often handle sensitive information, such as student records, financial data, and confidential communications, which must be protected from unauthorized access and cyber threats. The campus network design should incorporate robust security protocols, including firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, and access controls, to safeguard the integrity and confidentiality of the school's data and resources.The efficient management and monitoring of the campus networkare also essential for its successful implementation and ongoing operation. Network administrators must have the tools and expertise to monitor network traffic, identify and troubleshoot issues, and implement necessary updates and upgrades to ensure the network's reliability and performance. This may involve the deployment of network management software, regular system backups, and proactive maintenance procedures to ensure the network's resilience and responsiveness to the evolving needs of the school community.In addition to the technical aspects of campus network design, there are also pedagogical considerations that must be taken into account. The network should be designed to support the school's educational objectives, enabling access to a wide range of digital resources, collaborative tools, and online learning platforms. This may involve the integration of learning management systems, video conferencing capabilities, and multimedia content delivery, all of which can enhance the overall learning experience for students and facilitate more engaging and interactive teaching methods.Furthermore, the campus network design should be mindful of the diverse needs and preferences of the school community. This may include the provision of guest network access for visitors, the implementation of content filtering and parental controls to ensure appropriate use of the network, and the consideration of accessibility features for students with special needs. By addressing these diverserequirements, the campus network can foster a more inclusive and equitable learning environment for all students.Finally, the sustainability and scalability of the campus network design are crucial factors to consider. As technology continues to evolve and the school's needs change over time, the network must be able to adapt and grow to accommodate these changes. This may involve the incorporation of energy-efficient technologies, the use of cloud-based services, and the implementation of modular network architectures that can be easily expanded or reconfigured as required.In conclusion, the design of a high school campus network is a complex and multifaceted endeavor that requires careful planning, technical expertise, and a deep understanding of the school's educational objectives and community needs. By addressing the key considerations outlined in this essay, including infrastructure, security, management, pedagogy, and sustainability, high schools can create a robust and adaptable network that supports the evolving needs of the 21st-century learning environment.。
校园网建设外文
noprovisionforsuchacablinginsblLatonafterinitial consfzuction. For a good image of the problem, just consider tfK diEiculty O installing any other building sub-system in an f existing structure: for example thinkabout going back and
Technolone
The instaUation of Ethemet technology, on the surface, appears simple. String a single coaxial cable in proximity to all devices to be umnected,tap the cable and i s a ldevice ntl connections, turnon the device inwrfaces,and thars i t Both DigitalEquipmentCorporation(Ethemettechnology)andBM Voh-Ring) provide guides (2,3] to installationOf their networks, and both recommend a 'radial'wiring scheme which usea communicationsclosets distributed throughout a building and point to point cable runs from every workstation to the closest closet. In openareaslk microcomputer ie laboratories,bothEthernetandToken-Ring LANspermit daisychaining of cable from device to device,within some limitationson totalcable length.including the runback to the closet.Indeed the installation of a LAN is very simple in new construction,where the necessaTy closets and conduit runs can be inanprated asjust another building sub-system like light andwater. Thediffcultproblemcomesintrymgtoretmfit existing buildings, especiallyon a scale as large as a university campus.where m s of the buildings a n more than ot 20 yean old, and where almost all of them w r designed with ee
网站毕业设计外文翻译
WebsiteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML).A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site.Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data.1.HistoryThe World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee.On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as filetransfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.2.OverviewOrganized by function, a website may be（1）a personal website（2）a commercial website（3）a government website（4）a non-profit organization websiteIt could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.3. Static websiteA static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may includeinformation about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.They are edited using four broad categories of software:(1) Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program(2) Wysiwyg offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated automatically by the editor software(3) Wysiwyg online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.(4) Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code.4. Dynamic websiteA dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.(1) Dynamic codeThe first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly using active programming language instead of plain,static HTML.A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouse overs, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.(2) Dynamic contentThe second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in a database.A website with dynamic content refers to how its messages, text, images and other information are displayed on the web page and more specifically how its content changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain criteria, either pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news articles for today's date. This type of dynamic website will automatically show the most current news articles on any given date. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CD's, DVD's and books.5. Software systemsThere is a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), Yuma and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrievedfrom one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.Plugins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash, Adobe Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and real time element updating within web pages (ie pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the Document Object Model (DOM) and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.(1) Content-based siteSome websites derive revenue by selling advertising space on the site (see Contextual advertising).(2) Product- or service-based sitesSome websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.网站文章来自维基百科，自由的百科全书网站是一组相关的网页，图片，视频或其他数字资产的集合，是针对相对的一个共同的统一资源定位符（URL），这个定位器往往由域名，或组成的IP地址在以网络为基础的互联网协议上的根路径构成。
个人博客网站设计外文翻译(范文)
外文文献资料（外文文件名：JSP Splitting for Improving ExecutionPerformance）AbstractSplitting a JSP (Java Server Pages) page into fragments can improve the execution performance of JSP pages when the Web application server can separately cache the Web page fragments obtained by executing the JSP fragments. If a JSP page is split into fragments according to the update frequency of each portion of the Web page obtained by executing the JSP page, all of the split JSP fragments do not need to be executed again when only a single cached part of a Web page expires. In addition, the fragments of a JSP page can be reused by other JSP pages. In both cases, the execution results of all of the JSP fragments split from the JSP page must be the same as from the JSP page before it was split. In this paper, we propose JSP splitting, which is a method of splitting a JSP page into fragments maintaining the data and control dependences existing in the original JSP page. JSP splitting automatically detects the portions needed to maintain the data and control dependences of a JSP page for the portions that developers want to split from the JSP page. We implemented JSP splitting with a GUI tool, and confirmed that the split JSP fragments were executed in the same as the way as the JSP page before the split. Experimental results show that the response time to access a Web page can be reduced by splitting a JSP page into fragments and setting different caching periods for the Web page fragments obtained by executing the JSP fragments.1. IntroductionSplitting a JSP (Java Server Pages) page into fragments can improve the execution performance of some JSP pages when the Web application server can separately cache the Web page fragments obtained by executing the fragments of the JSP page. The period of caching dynamic Web pages generated by a JSP engineis limited due to the dynamic nature of the content. When the cached content of a Web page generated by a JSP engine is updated, the entire JSP page must be executed again on the application server, even though the change of the Web page might be small. Since frequent updates of cached Web pages increase the load on an application server, it is reasonable to split a JSP page into fragments and set different caching periods for the Web page fragments obtained by executing the JSP fragments. Of course, the Web page fragments must be merged into a final Web page correctly. The Dynacache technology of IBM WebSphere Application Server allows Web page fragments to have different caching periods. Cache tag libraries provided by the Apache Jakarta Project also support different caching periods for the JSP fragments. In addition, ESI (Edge Side Includes) technology provides a mechanism to cache Web page fragments with different caching periods, and to merge them into a final Web page on an edge server.The application offload technology of IBM WebSphere Edge Server is another approach to improve the execution performance of JSP pages. This technology allows one or more JSP fragments to be cached and executed on edge servers. The remaining JSP fragments are deployed on the application server and are called by the JSP fragments executed on the edge server. Thus, some of the execution of a JSP page is offloaded to the edge server.Splitting a JSP page facilitates the reuse of JSP fragments. When a Web application consists of many JSP pages, the same portions tend to exist in many JSP pages. Examples are the frames, the banners, the headers, and etc.When a JSP page is split into fragments, the total execution result of all of the fragments must be the same as the JSP page before it was split. In addition, when the fragments of a JSP page are executed in different servers, each fragment needs to be executed without the other fragments. In order to satisfy these conditions, we propose JSP splitting, which is the method of splitting a JSP page into fragments described in this paper. Since it is very difficult to automatically find the best way to split a JSP page into fragments for some particular purpose, we assume that the developers will select the portions that they want to split into fragments. In order to execute all of the divided JSP pages correctly, JSP splitting automatically detects any portions that must be moved or copied into a fragment with the selected portions. The detection is done based on the analysis of the data and controldependences existing in a JSP page. JSP splitting is similar to the program slicing technique that slices a program based on the data and the control dependences. However, the program slicing technique does not take into account that the sliced programs are executed independently and that the total execution result of the sliced programs must be the same as the program before the division. In addition, since data is passed to the JSP engine during the execution of JSP pages, the source program of the JSP engine, such as Apache Tomcat, is required in order to analyze the data dependences correctly. This is impractical, because the source program of the JSP engine is very large and complex. JSP splitting avoids the analysis of the JSP engine by utilizing the characteristics of JSP.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains the difficulty of splitting a JSP page into fragments. Section 3 gives details of the algorithmto split a JSP page. Section 4 describes the JSP splitting tool that is an implementation of JSP splitting and demonstrates how a sample JSP page is split by the tool. Section 5 shows the experimental results obtained by executing the split JSP fragments with different caching periods on the IBM WebSphere Application Server. Section 6 discusses previous work in relation to our contributions. Our conclusions form the final section.2. Difficulty of Splitting a JSP PageIn this paper, splitting a JSP page means that some portions of the JSP page are cut from the JSP page and saved as new JSP pages. Such newly created JSP pages are included in the original JSP page by using some mechanism such as the jsp: include tag. We call the included JSP page the JSP fragment, and call the JSP page that invokes the JSP fragments the master JSP page. A master JSP page invokes JSP fragments and receives Web page fragments obtained by executing them. Then the master JSP page merges its own Web page fragment with the Web page fragments received from the JSP fragments, and creates a final Web page.JSP fragments are not always executed in the same server or at the same time. The application offload technology allows a master JSP page and JSP fragments to be executed in different servers. When the ESI mechanism is used, esi: include tags are put into a Web page fragment obtained by executing a master JSP page andinterpreted in an edge server that supports the ESI mechanism. In this case, the edge server checks whether or not the Web page fragments specified by esi:include tags exist in its cache. If the contents of Web page fragments are not cached or have expired, the JSP fragments are invoked from the edge server, and executed in one or more application servers. If different caching periods can be given to the Web page fragments obtained by executing the JSP fragments, each JSP fragment is executed only when the cached content has expired. The Dynacache technology, the ESI mechanism, and the cache tag libraries can support different caching periods for Web page fragments.When a JSP page is split into fragments, the following two conditions must be satisfied even if the master JSP page and the JSP fragments are not executed in the same server or at the same time.Cond. 1 - 1The total execution result of a master JSP page and the JSP fragments is the same as the JSP page before it was split.Cond. 1 - 2Each JSP page, which is either a master JSP page or a JSP fragment, may be executed without other JSP pages.These conditions are satisfied by maintaining the data and control dependences existing in a JSP page after the JSP page has been split into fragments. However, it is hard work for developers to detect data and control dependent portions in a JSP page, because the data and control flow of a JSP page can be divided among the JSP page, the JSP engine that executes the JSP page, any Java beans used in the JSP page, and etc.. Thus, a natural solution calls for automatically detecting data-dependent and control-dependent portions linked to the portions that developers want to split.The program slicing technique detects a set of program statements that affect a program statement S by analyzing the data and control dependences existing in the program. One program slice consists of the detected set of program statements and the statement S. This technique is useful when debugging or maintaining large programs. Since JSP pages are compiled into servlet programs by using a JSP compiler such as the Apache Jasper compiler [4], JSP slices can be obtained by applying program slicing technique to a servlet program compiled from a JSP page. However, the program slicing technique is not sufficient to split a JSP page into fragments, because the technique does not take into account that program slices areexecuted independently.Figure 1 shows a part of a sample JSP page and a sample servlet program compiled from the JSP page. Figure 2 (a) shows the data dependence graph obtained from the servlet program. In a program, when a statement S1 assigns a value to a variable and a statement S2 following S1 uses that value, a true data dependence exists between S1 and S2. Such a data dependence is denoted as S1 →S2. In Figure 2 (a), due to the data dependences, the program slice for the statement S10 consists of S1, S9, and S10. If the program slice is cut from the servlet program, the remaining program statements have errors because the data dependences S1 →S2, S11, and S12 and S9 → S11 and S12 are not honored. Thus, the program slicing technique does not work well for splitting JSP pages.3. JSP SplittingIn this paper, we propose JSP splitting, a method of splitting a JSP page into fragments. The proposed method analyzes data and control dependences in the servlet program compiled from a JSP page. At the time of analysis, JSP splitting takes into account that split JSP pages will be executed independently, and may not be executed in the same server or at the same time. First, the portions that developers want to split into a JSP fragment are selected. For the selected portions, the portions needed to satisfy the conditions 1 - 1 and 1 - 2 are detected. The detected portions are categorized into moved and copied portions, and are minimized in order to match the intentions of the developers.3.1. Ignorable Data DependencesBasically, JSP splitting does not allow the dependent statements to be split apart. However, if this rule is applied too strictly, none of the statements shown in Figure 1 (b) can be split, because there are interlocking dependences starting from S1 and S9.Here, we consider how the variable out shown in Figure 1 (b) is used. The variable out is used to write the text data of any Web page. Note that the value of out can be retrieved from any JSP engine. When a master JSP page JM includes a JSP fragment JF by using a jsp:include tag and a JSP engine executes both of them, JM first retrieves the value of out from the JSP engine and writes its own text data to the value. Next, J M invokes J F. After being invoked, J F also retrieves the value of out and writes its own text data to the value. The text data written by J M is returned to out through the JSP engine and merged with the text data written by J M. This means that the value of out can be utilized by any JSP page and the text data written to the value is maintained by the JSP engines. In other words, when a JSP page is split into fragments, a statement that retrieves the value of out can exist both in a servlet program compiled from a master JSP page and in servlet programs compiled from JSP fragments. Therefore, the data dependences for the variable out can be ignored at the time of splitting a JSP page.As shown in Figure 2 (a), none of the statements can be split while maintaining the data dependences existing in the servlet program shown in Figure 1 (b). However, if the data dependences for the variable out are ignored, the datadependence graph is changed as shown in Figure 2 (b). Using the data dependence graph shown in Figure 2 (b) makes it possible to split S2 from the set of S9, S10, S11, and S12 which cannot be split due to the data dependences for the variable book.In servlet programs compiled by the Apache Jasper compiler, the data dependences for the variables shown in Table1 can be ignored for the same reason as for the variable out.Since the values of these variables are defined at the top of each servlet program and are frequently referred to, most statements cannot be split if the data dependences are to be maintained.In general, the out-of-order execution is allowed for the statements without data and control dependences. Ignoring the data dependences for the variables shown in Table 1 may introduce an incorrect execution order of statements. For example,if S10 and S12 shown in Figure 1 are split into a JSP fragment and the JSP fragment is included before S11, an incorrect Web page is generated. In order to avoid such incorrect execution, our algorithm does not allow changes in the order of the statements that have ignored data dependences.3.2. Analysis of Data Dependences for Java beansIn a JSP page, Java beans are frequently used to store and retrieve data as property values. Each Java bean is a Java object and developers can use Java beans by using three kinds of tags in a JSP page.● jsp:useBean: Declares a named Java bean with its scope. When an object forthe Java bean does not exist within the declared scope, the bean is instantiated. Java beans can be declared with the scope of page, request,session or application.● jsp:getPrope rty: Calls the get method of a Java bean object and retrieves the property value.● jsp:setProperty: Calls the set method of a Java bean object and sets the property value.Java beans must be declared with the jsp:useBean tag before the other two operations. This means that a declaration of a Java bean and all of the other operations for the Java bean must be included in the same JSP page. This strongly limits the extent of a JSP fragment. In order to relax the limitation, JSP splitting allows declarations of Java beans to be copied to JSP fragments. The reason why declarations of Java beans can be copied is that the declarations do not have side effects. Each declaration merely instantiates a Java bean object when the Java bean object has not yet been instantiated within its scope. In other words, a Java bean object is not instantiated more than one time within its scope even if the declaration is copied to JSP fragments. Therefore, some of the operations for a Java bean can be split into fragments.When a property value is set for a Java bean by using a jsp:setProperty tag and retrieved from the JSP bean by using a jsp:getProperty tag, a true data dependence exists between the two operations.When the rule that data dependent statements cannot be split is applied, data dependent operations for a Java bean must be included in the same fragment. However, a data dependence between an operation that sets a property value for a JSP bean and another operation that retrieves the property value is maintained after the two operations are split if the following two conditions are satisfied.Cond. 2 - 1The scope of the Java bean is ”request”, ”session”, or ”application”. Cond. 2 - 2 The split JSP pages are executed in the same JSP engine.If these conditions are satisfied, JSP splitting allows the operations among which the data dependences exist to be split into different JSP pages, because the Java bean lives in the JSP engine during the execution of the split JSP pages. As a result, the portions split along with the portions selected by a developer can be reduced. However, the Web page fragments obtained by executing the split JSP pages satisfying these conditions must have the same caching period. This is because thedata dependence is not maintained if a JSP page was executed and a value is defined in the JSP page while another JSP page, in which the defined value is used, was not executed due to the valid cached content of the Web page.When a Java bean has the page scope, the dependent operations for the Java bean cannot be split. However, each operation that sets a property value for a Java bean with the page scope can be copied along with one or more operations that retrieve the same property value, because the operations that set property values for Java beans with the page scope do not have side effects.Figures 3 to 6 show the algorithms to split the operations for Java beans. These algorithms try to minimize the number of the operations that are moved or copied to a JSP fragment.4. JSP Splitting ToolWe implemented JSP splitting as a plug-in for Eclipse。
网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献
网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA)1.T he challenges facing businessesAlthough a large number of IT capital investment, but many companies have found that most of the critical network resources and information assets remain in the free state. In fact, can not have hundreds of "orphaned" applications and databases communicate with each other is a common business phenomenon.This is partly due to growing internal and external customers, but due to unpredictable demand. Many companies have been forced to rapidly deploy new technologies, often leading to the deployment of a plurality of discrete systems, and thus can not effectively share information across the organization. For example, if you do not create the applications and information together various overlapping networks, sales, customer service or purchasing department will not be able to easily access customer records. Many companies have found that the blind expansion brought them multiple underutilized and irreconcilable separation systems and resources. These disparate systems while also difficult to manage and expensive to administer.2. Intelligent Information Network - The Cisco AdvantageCisco Systems, Inc. ® With the Intelligent Information Network (IIN) program, is helping global IT organizations solve these problems and meet new challenges, such as the deployment of service-oriented architecture, Web services and virtualization. IIN elaborated network in terms of promoting the development of integrated hardware and software, which will enable organizations to better align IT resources with business priorities. By intelligent built into the existing network infrastructure, IIN will help organizations achieve lower infrastructure complexity and cost advantages.3. Power NetworksInnovative IT environment focused on by traditional server-based system to distributenew business applications. However, the network is still transparent connectivity and support IT infrastructure platform for all components. Cisco ® Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA), enterprises can optimize applications, processes and resources to achieve greater business benefits. By providing better network capabilities and intelligence, companies can improve the efficiency of network-related activities, as well as more funds for new strategic investments and innovation.Standardization reduces the amount of assets needed to support the same operating costs, thereby improving asset efficiency. Virtualization optimizes the use of assets, physical resources can be divided logically for use in all sectors of the dispersion. Improve the efficiency of the entire network can enhance the flexibility and scalability, and then have a huge impact on business development, customer loyalty and profits - thereby enhancing their competitive advantage.4. Use architecture to succeedCisco SONA framework illustrates how companies should develop into intelligent information network to accelerate applications, business processes and resources, and to IT to provide enterprises with better service.Cisco SONA Cisco and Cisco partner solutions in the industry, services and experience to provide proven, scalable business solutions.Cisco SONA framework illustrates how to build on the full integration of the intelligent network integration system, in order to greatly improve the flexibility and efficiency.Enterprises can deploy this integrated intelligence among the entire network, including data centers, branch offices and campus environments.4-1 Cisco Service-Oriented Network ArchitectureApplication layer business applications collaborative applicationsInteractive Services Layer Application Networking Services Adaptive Management ServicesInfrastructure ServicesNetwork infrastructure virtualizationNetwork infrastructure layer Park branch office data center WAN / MAN teleworkers Client server storageIntelligent Information Network5. Three levels of Cisco SONANetwork infrastructure layer, where all the IT resources on the Internet converged network platformInteractive services layer, the use of network infrastructure, applications and business processes efficient allocation of resourcesApplication layer, contains business applications and collaboration applications, take advantage of the efficiency of interactive servicesIn the network infrastructure layer of Cisco's proven enterprise architecture provides comprehensive design guide that provides a comprehensive, integrated end-system design guidelines for your entire network.In the interactive services layer, Cisco will integrate a full-service intelligent systems to optimize the distribution business and collaboration applications, thereby providing more predictable, more reliable performance, while reducing operating costs.At the application layer, through deep integration with the network fabric, Cisco application networking solutions without having to install the client or change the application, the entire application delivery while maintaining application visibility and security.6. Build business advantage of Cisco SONASimpler, more flexible, integrated infrastructure will provide greater flexibility and adaptability, and thus a lower cost for higher commercial returns. Use Cisco SONA, you will be able to improve overall IT efficiency and utilization, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of IT, we call network multiplicative effect.7. Network amplification effectZoom effect refers to the network to help enterprises enhance the contribution of IT across the enterprise through Cisco SONA. Optimal efficiency and use IT resources will be more low-cost to produce higher impact on the business, so that your network of value-added resources become profitable.Network amplification effect is calculated as follows:Efficiency = Cost ÷ IT assets (IT assets cost + operating costs)Utilization percentage (such as the percentage of available storage being used) assets to total assets used =Effectiveness = Efficiency x usageAsset Effectiveness Network amplifying effect = assets ÷ efficacy when using the Cisco SONA when not in use Cisco SONA8. Investment incomeCisco Advantage Cisco SONA in intelligent systems is not only to improve efficiency and reduce costs. By Cisco SONA, through the power of your network can achieve:Increase in income and opportunityImproved customer relationsImprove business resiliency and flexibilityIncrease productivity and efficiency and reduce costs9. Real-Time DevelopmentBy Cisco SONA toward more intelligent integrated network development, enterprises can be completed in phases: integration, standardization, virtualization and automation. Working with Cisco channel partner or customer groups, you can use the Cisco SONA framework to develop a blueprint for the development of enterprises. With rich experience in Cisco Lifecycle Management Services, a leading position in the field of standardization, mature enterprise architecture and create targeted industry solutions, Cisco account team can help you meet business requirements in real time.10.The development of the Intelligent Information NetworkRole of the network is evolving. Tomorrow's intelligent network will provide more than basic connectivity, bandwidth and application user access services, which will provide end functionality and centralized control, to achieve true enterprise transparency and flexibility.Cisco SONA enables enterprises to extend their existing infrastructure, towards the development of intelligent network to accelerate applications and improve business processes. Cisco provides design, support and financing services to maximize your return on investment.服务导向网络架构(SONA)1．企业面临的挑战尽管投入大量IT资金，但许多企业发现大多数的关键网络资源和信息资产仍处于游离状态。
网页设计外文翻译
网页设计外文翻译外文原文Source: Web Page Design Using JavaScriptTHE BASICSJA V ASCRIPT uses a subset of the programming language JA V A to provide a high level of interactivity on a web page. JavaScripts are stored within an HTML document and are interpreted by the web browser.JavaScripts may be located within the HTML code at the point in the page where they are to appear on the screen or they may be written using functions. Functions are small subprograms that are stored between the head tags of an HTML document and are called on to be executed when a particular event occurs.Whether the script is stored between the head tags or within the body of the HTML document, it must be enclosed in script tags. Also, a set of HTML comment tags are typically used inside the script tags so that older browsers that do not support JavaScript will ignore the script and continue to process the page without errors.Following is an example of the script and comment tags:<script language="javascript"><!--Include JavaScript Code Here//--></script>Be aware that JavaScript is case sensitive...the difference between a working script and an error message can be one capital letter.ALERT BOXESTo pop up an alert box include the following line of code inside of script tags in the body of your HTML document. Please note that the processing of the page will stop until the viewer responds to the alert box.alert ("Place the text to be displayed in the alert box between these quotes.")Other types of pre-made dialog boxes are available such as the prompt and confirm boxes. In order to take full advantage of the features of these dialog boxes you must write more JavaScript code which can use the values that are returned by the dialog boxes.The following statements will pop up a dialog box that requires a yes or no answer (OK or Cancel). If the answer is OK then the variable named answer has a value of true and if the answer is Cancel then the variable named answer has a value of false. You canthen use an if statement in the JavaScript code to respond appropriately.var answer = confirm ("Are you sure you want to quit?")if (answer==true){window.close()}The following code will pop up a dialog box that asks the user to enter some sort of information. If the user clicks OK the information they entered is stored in the variable. The second set of quotation marks inside of the prompt statement make the contents of the text box blank when the dialog box is displayed.var response = prompt ("What is your name?" ,"")document.write ("<font size=7 color=red face=arial>Hello " + response + "!") Notice that in the last two examples the window and document objects were used. Window refers to the browser window and document refers to the page being displayed. The use of a dot after the name of the object allows actions to be performed on that object or properties of that object to be modified. In this next example, the navigator object is referenced in order to display the browser name and version.alert ("You are using " + navigator.appName + " version " + navigator.appVersion + ".")POP-UP WINDOWSAn additional browser window may be opened using a simple JavaScript. The open method contains three parts as in the following example: the name of the document or url of the web site to be displayed in the new window, the name that may be used to refer to the browser window (requires more code than is shown here), and the properties of the new window. Please note that the properties are all listed in one set of quotation marks and are separated by commas.open ("myfile.html", "mywin", "height=200, width=200, titlebar=false")The following properties may be used to control the appearance of the new window:WRITING FUNCTIONSFunctions are small subprograms that are located within script tags between the head tags of an HTML document. Functions are executed when they are called by name from an event handler within the body of an HTML document.The basic structure of a function is as follows:function NameOfFunction( ){Include JavaScript Code Here}EVENT HANDLERSThe following example demonstrates the use of event handler onclick as well as the use of styles to control the appearance of buttons. Note that instead of using type=submit for the button the code simply says type=button. Copy and paste this entire set of code in to a new document and test it out.<html><head><title>Sample</title><style type="text/css">#bigbutton {background-color : yellow; font-family : arial; color : blue;font-size :18px; height : 50px; border-width : 0.2cm; border-color : red} </style></head><body><form name=myform><input type=button name=mybutton id=bigbutton value="CLICK ME!"onclick="window.location=''"></form></body></html>Changing the code for the button to read onclick="myfunction( )" will result in exactly the same thing as the previous example if the following function is included in a script between the head tags. Typically, you would write a function only if the event required more than one thing to happen.function myfunction( ){window.location = ""}The following are some of the event handlers that exist in javascript:Table1-2 event handlers that exist in javascriptonfocus onblur onselect onchangeonsubmit onclick onmouseover onmouseoutonload onunload onabort onerroronreset onkeypress onkeyup onmousedownonmousemove onmouseup onmove onresize POP-UP MENUSPop-Up Menus can be quickly created by using the select tag as it was used in forms to create a drop down list. Set the value of each of the options in the select tag to the url of the new page to be displayed. Use the onchange event handler to set the location of the window to the selected value in the drop down list. For example, if the form is named myform, the select tag is named mychoices, and the value of each option is a url then the statement window.location = document.myform.mychoices.value will take you to the new page that was selected from the drop down list.By default only one item in a list is displayed by a select statement until the viewer clicks on the down arrow to expose the rest of the list. To display more that one item at atime (and create a text box with a vertical scrollbar) include the size attribute in the select tag. For example, size=5 will display the first five items in the list and add a vertical scroll bar to the box if there are more than 5 items in the list.MOUSEOVERSA mouseover refers to the effect that occurs when the properties of an object are changed if the mouse is positioned over the top of the object and then again if the mouse is removed from the object. The quickest way to generate a mouseover is to use the onmouseover and onmouseout event handlers in a form of in-line style.Visit the style section of the DHTML page of this web site to see an example of mouseovers used with text as an in-line style. Any style property that applies to a particular object can be changed as the result of a mouseover.Performing mouseovers with a graphic is not much different than with text. When the desired event occurs (onmouseover, onmouseout) change the source of the graphic as in the example that follows:<img src="pic1.jpg" onmouseover="src='pic2.jpg'" onmouseout="src='pic1.jpg'"> SCROLLING TEXTSince the marquee tag is only supported by Internet Explorer it is a good idea to avoid it as much as possible and use a JavaScript to generate scrolling text instead. With this JavaScript it is also quite easy to place the scrolling text on the status bar instead of in the document itself by using window.status as the destination for the message. The following function will generate a scrolling message in a text box named mymessagebox which is part of a form named myform. The event handler onload must also be used in the body tag to call the function when the page loads.var message = "This is a test... "var position = 0function mymessage( ){document.myform.mymessagebox.value=message.substring(position, message.length) +message.substring(0, position)position = position + 1if (position > message.length){position = 0}window.setTimeout("mymessage( )", 300)}DATES AND TIMESDates and times are often displayed on web pages to indicate when a page was last updated, when a page was loaded, or to display a countdown to a particular event. Displaying the date and time of the last update is a good practice to get in to for all of your pages because frequent updates are one sign of a quality site. The date/time stamp lets the viewer know how recent the information is and therefore provides one indication of validity. To display the date and time of the last update (the last time the document was saved) use the following one line inside of script tags:document.write ("This page last updated " + stModified)To display the current time and date on a web page you must declare a variable of type Date ( var now = new Date). The variable can then be used to access various parts of the date and time including day of the week, month, day of the month, year, hours (in military time), minutes, and seconds. Assuming that now is the variable declared of type Date the following table describes how to access the parts of the date and time. Each of the function calls may be used in a document.write statement to display the result.One way to convert the numbers for the month and day of week in to words is touse if statements. Using a lot of if statements is not the most efficient way to display the words, but it is the method that requires the least amount of programming knowledge. Examine the following example. Notice the condition that follows the word if is in parentheses and that a double equal sign is used for the comparison. A single equal sign will actually make the condition true no matter what so January would always be displayed.if (now.getMonth( ) == 0)document.write ("January")The following function would display a working clock if your page contained a form called myform which contained a text box named mybox and the function was called using the onload event handler in the body tag. More code would need to be added to assure that the minutes and seconds always used two digits.function myclock( ){var now = new Datedocument.myform.mybox.value=now.getHours( )+":"+now.getMinutes( )+":"+now.getSeconds( )window.setTimeout ("myclock( )",1000)}To display a countdown to a future date, you will need two variables of type new Date. One of them will need to be set to the date that you are targeting with your countdown. The declarations would look as follows if you were going to count down to New Year's Day.var now = new Datevar then = new Date("January 1, 2002")The variable now in the above example actually holds the number of milliseconds that have passed since the computer started counting until now. The variable then in the above example actually holds the number of milliseconds that will have passed between the time the computer started counting and January 1, 2002. By subracting the two amounts and storing the answer in a new variable you will know the number of milliseconds between now and your target date. With a little division, this number can be converted to the number of days between now and your target date. In order to display the result as an integer, you will need to use the Math.ceil function as in the following example which uses the variable numdays to hold the number of days to be displayed. Ceil is short for ceiling which implies that the number will be rounded up tothe nearest whole number.document.write("Only " + Math.ceil(numdays) + " days until New Year's!")INTERACTIVE FORMSForms can be used for a lot more than just submitting information through email. Forms can be made to perform all sorts of actions when buttons are clicked.中文翻译出处：使用JavaScript设计网页基础JavaScript使用编程语言Java的一个子集在网页上提供高层次的交互。
网站毕业设计外文翻译 精品
WebsiteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML).A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site.Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data.1.HistoryThe World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee.On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as filetransfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.2.OverviewOrganized by function, a website may be（1）a personal website（2）a commercial website（3）a government website（4）a non-profit organization websiteIt could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.3. Static websiteA static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may includeinformation about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.They are edited using four broad categories of software:(1) Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program(2) Wysiwyg offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated automatically by the editor software(3) Wysiwyg online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.(4) Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code.4. Dynamic websiteA dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.(1) Dynamic codeThe first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly using active programming language instead of plain,static HTML.A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouse overs, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.(2) Dynamic contentThe second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in a database.A website with dynamic content refers to how its messages, text, images and other information are displayed on the web page and more specifically how its content changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain criteria, either pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news articles for today's date. This type of dynamic website will automatically show the most current news articles on any given date. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CD's, DVD's and books.5. Software systemsThere is a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), Yuma and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrievedfrom one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.Plugins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash, Adobe Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and real time element updating within web pages (ie pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the Document Object Model (DOM) and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.(1) Content-based siteSome websites derive revenue by selling advertising space on the site (see Contextual advertising).(2) Product- or service-based sitesSome websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.网站文章来自维基百科，自由的百科全书网站是一组相关的网页，图片，视频或其他数字资产的集合，是针对相对的一个共同的统一资源定位符（URL），这个定位器往往由域名，或组成的IP地址在以网络为基础的互联网协议上的根路径构成。
校园网的规划与构建外文文献及其中文翻译
石家庄经济学院本科生毕业设计外文文献题目石家庄经济学院本部校园网网络规划设计姓名姬云飞学号************学院信息工程学院专业通信工程指导教师张晨燕Campus Network planning and ConstructionAt present, China's rapid development of the cause of the campus network, to early 2003, almost all colleges have set up their own campus network, and carry out a variety of its services and applications. Campus Network build a rich learning resources to enhance the efficiency of education. But as the number of users increased dramatically increased and the pattern of operations, campus network security is increasingly conspicuous, and the ever threat to the healthy development of the campus network, as an education development of the information industry should not be neglected problem. This paper focuses on the campus network design and the process of building the campus network established the goal of building, campus network technology programme design, information resources construction, application software development, network management and security, the five key issues. The campus network is the infrastructure of importance of school, taking the school teaching, research, managing and outward communicate many roles of etc..The safe condition of the campus net affects the teaching activity of the school directly.Set up in the network of initial stage, the safe problem may still be not outstanding, but along with applied thorough, various data of the campus net would nasty play increment, the safe problem beginning of various each kind perplexes us.The Internet flies to develop soon, to the campus network the teachers and the students' life and studies have already produced the profound influence, the network have already not have no place in our life at. But at enjoy the convenience that high technology bring at the same time, we need to be awake of know, the safe problem of network also become the network application more and more increasingly and seriously huge bar, the situation that the campus network safety hazes already arrived and must unify the management and resolve thoroughly, only good resolve the safe problem of network, the application of the campus network then can be healthy, high speed of development. We should consider the comprehensive usage fire wall and encrypt several measures, such as technique and the anti-virus software...etc. completely, work in coordination, strengthening the management, looking for the balance point of insure the network safety and the network efficiency from it, the safety of the comprehensive exaltation campus network, thus build up rise a set of real in keeping with safe system of the calculator network of the school.The time today's knowledge-based economy and information technology have the development and popularization of Internet in the world have decided the time the network will become the main tool for information. With the development of computer network technology, network has become an important platform for the exchange of information.Internet-based e-learning with time-sensitive, shared, interactive and many of the characteristics of the individual, so it has a traditional teaching model of unmatched advantages. It created a new teaching model, breaking the traditional teaching model at the time and space limitations, the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods, greatly improve the teaching efficiency and teaching effectiveness, teaching and learning activities to enable a new level. Do a good jobin the design of the campus network, are among the schools, both internal and external communication between the key and convenient.21st century the size of the campus network and application level are reflected in schools and science teaching and learning environment an important component of the force, so we should make use of existing campus conditions, design a secure, unified campus network. Large Campus Network DesignBusinesses operating large campus networks are increasingly looking for infrastructure upgrades to:(1) Handle high bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast Improve backbone capacity for shared Ethernet or FDDI campus backbones(2) Support applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA(3) Offer high availability, performance, & manageability for your company's intranetUse Layer 2, Layer 3, or ATM backbone solutions to expand your large campus network. In typical designs, the buildings or different parts of the campus connect together across a high performance, switched backbone. Network redundancy and high availability is provided at each layer. A high capacity, centralized server farm provides resources to the campus, and when combined with Cisco IOS, network management strategies support QoS, security, troubleshooting, and other common management features from end to end.Medium Campus Network DesignA medium campus consists of one large building or several buildings. Networking for a medium campus is designed for high availability, performance, and manageability. This is also called a 'collapsed backbone' design for medium campus networks. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA Based on the Cisco AVVID architecture, these intelligent network platforms and products provide the basis for a complete network solution.Small campus networks DesignIn most cases, network redundancy is not the top priority, but cost effectiveness is. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA校园网的规划与构建目前，我国校园网事业飞速发展，至2003年初，几乎所有的大中专院校都建立了自己的校园网，并在其上开展了多种服务和应用。
初中介绍校园网设计的英语作文
The Design of Campus Network in JuniorHigh SchoolIn the modern age of technology, the campus network has become an integral part of junior high schools, enabling students and teachers to access information, communicate effectively, and enhance their learning experiences. The design of such a network requires careful consideration of various factors to ensure its reliability, efficiency, and safety.Firstly, the infrastructure of the campus network must be robust and scalable. This includes the selection of appropriate networking hardware such as routers, switches, and cables that can handle the increasing demand for bandwidth and data transmission. Additionally, the network should be designed with redundancy in key components to minimize downtime in case of failures.Secondly, the network must provide secure access to authorized users only. This involves implementing strong authentication mechanisms, such as usernames and passwords, to restrict access to the network. Furthermore, firewallsand antivirus software should be deployed to protect the network from external threats and malicious attacks.Thirdly, the campus network should support a variety of devices and platforms. Students and teachers often use different types of devices, including laptops, tablets, and smartphones, to access the network. Therefore, the network design must be compatible with these devices and provide seamless connectivity.Moreover, the network should facilitate efficient communication and collaboration. This can be achieved by implementing features such as file sharing, video conferencing, and instant messaging. These tools enable students and teachers to collaborate on projects, discuss ideas, and share resources effortlessly.Lastly, the campus network should provide access to educational resources and online learning platforms. These resources can greatly enhance students' learning experiences, allowing them to access a wealth of information and learning materials.In conclusion, the design of a campus network in a junior high school requires careful consideration ofinfrastructure, security, compatibility, communication, and access to educational resources. By implementing these key elements, a robust and efficient campus network can be established that meets the needs of students and teachers, enhancing their learning experiences and promoting a technologically advanced learning environment.**初中校园网设计**在科技日新月异的时代，校园网已成为初中教育中不可或缺的一部分。
校园网网站设计——外文翻译
湖南工学院本科外文翻译基于JSP网页自动生成工具的设计与实现Produce the design of the tool and realizeautomatically on the basis of JSP web page学院：计算机与信息科学学院专业：信息与计算科学学生姓名：何苏蓓学号：11301440110指导教师：王新祥完成日期：2015-6湖南工学院Produce the design of the tool and realizeautomatically on the basis of JSP web pageAlfred V.Aho and John E.HopcroftIt is an important respect that Internet uses that Web develops technology, and JSP is the most advanced technology that Web is developed, it is present Web developer's first-selected technology. But because JSP has relatively high expectations for Web developer, a lot of general Web developers can not use this advanced technology. The discussion produces the design of the tool and realizes automatically on the basis of JSP web page of the template and label storehouse, put forward concrete design philosophy and implementation method .With the popularization of WWW (World Wide Web), the technology of the dynamic web page is developed rapidly too. From original CGI (Common Gateway Interface) to ASP (Active Server Page), have met the web page developer to the demand for developing technology of the dynamic web page to a certain extent. But no matter CGI or ASP have certain limitation, for instance, consuming to resources of the server of CGI, ASP can only be used etc. with Microsoft IIS, all these have limited scope of application of the technology, have hindered their popularization greatly. The vast page developers all look forward to a kind of unified page and develop technology earnestly, characteristic that this technology there should be：Have nothing to do with the operating platform, can run on any Web or the application program server, Show the logic and page of application program that separates, Offer codes to put in an position, simplify and develop the course based on interactive application program of Web.JSP (Java Server Page) technology is designed and used for responding to the request that like this. JSP is developed technology by the new web page that Sun Micro System Company put out in June of 1999, it is that Web based on Java Serv-let and the whole Java system develops technology, and Servlet2. Expansion of 1API. Utilize this technology, can set up advanced, safely and stepping dynamic websites of the platform.Java is the future mainstream to develop technology, have a lot of advantages. JSP is Java important application technology on Internet/Intranet Web, get extensive support and admit, it can conbine with various kinds of Java technology together intactly, thus realize very complicated application.As a kind of technology of development based on text, taking showing as centre, JSPhas offered all advantages of Java Servlet. Logic function in order to make sure and showing the function was separated, JSP can already work with JavaBeans, Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) and Servlet. The developer of JSP can finish the work that majority and website's logic are correlated with through using JavaBeans, EJB and Servlet, and only assign the work shown to JSP page to finish. Content and show advantage that logic separate lie in, upgrade person, page of appearance needn't understand Java code, the personnel upgrading Javas needn't be experts who design web page either. This can define Web template in JSP page with Javas, in order to set up websites made up of a page with similar appearance. Java completion data offer, have Java code among template, this mean template these can write by one HTML person is it maintain to come.JSP develops technology as the web page of the mainstream at present, has the following characteristicsSeparate the formulation and showing of the content: Using JSP technology, the page developer of Web can use HTML or XML identification to design and format the final page. Use JSP identification or bound foot turn into dynamic content of page actually (whether content according to is it come change to ask). Produce logic of content of the identification and JavaBeans package, truss up of the little script encapsulation, all scripts run in the end of the server. If key logic among identification and JavaBeans, then other people, such as Web administrative staff and page designer encapsulation, can edit and use JSP page, and does not influence the formulation of the content .Emphasize the reusable package: Most JSP pages depend on the reusable one, the package stepping the platform finish more complicated treatment with required application program. Benefitting from the independence of operating platform of Java, the developer can be very convenient to share and exchange and carry out the ordinary package that operated, or make these packages used by more users. The method based on package has accelerated the total development course, the efficiency of improving the project and developing wholly greatly.Though JSP is powerful, it requires the web page developer should be quite familiar with Java. There are still relatively few Java programmers now, for general web page developer, the grammar of JSP is more difficult to grasp. So, need a kind of web page developing instrument and offer commonly used JSP application to general web page developer, is it understand general page develop developer of technology (HTML) can use strong function of JSP too only to let.Systematic design object and main technology of useDesign object: System this design object for understand but HTML understand general web page developer of JSP offer a web page developing instrument at all only, enable them to follow the systematic file, use the daily function of JSP through the label, produce one finally and only include static HTML and dynamic JSP web page of JSP label.Main technology: This system is in the design, consider using the technology of the template and JSP label to realize mainly.Technology of the template: The technology of the template is widely applied to various kinds of development and application system. It produces some commonly used frame structure in advance, uses the family to choose the template from the template storehouse conveniently according to the needs of one's own one, is it is it put up to go again by oneself to need, save construction period in user, facilitate use of user. In this system, classify the page according to the function type, sum up the commonly used page type, produce the template storehouse.Storehouse technology of the label: In JSP, movements can create and visit the language target of the procedure and influence the element exported and flowed. JSP has defined six standard movements. Except six standard movement these, user can define own movement finish the specific function. These movements are known as the customer movement, they are the reusable procedure module. Through movement these, programmer can some encapsulation stand up too display function of page in JSP page, make the whole page more succinct and easier to maintain. In a JSP page, movements were transfered through the customer label in these customers. And the label storehouse (Tag Library) is the set of the customer label.JSP label storehouse is that one kind produces the method based on script of XML through JavaBeans. It is one of the greatest characteristics of JSP. Through the label storehouse, can expand JSP application unrestrictedly, finish any complicated application demand.JSP label storehouse has the following characteristicEasy to use: The labels in JSP and general HTML marks are totally the same in appearance, it is as convenient as ordinary HTML mark to use.The easy code is paid most attention to: Every label in the label storehouse can finish certain function. Define ready to eat one label storehouse, is it pack one Jar file the label storehouse to need only, then only need use this label storehouse in other systems afterwards,needn't develop codes again, has raised the system and developed efficiency greatly, have reduced the development cost.The easy code is safeguarded: All application logic is encapsulated in label processor and JavaBeans, all labels concentrate on a label storehouse. If need to upgrade codes or need to revise the function on a web page, only need to revise the corresponding label. Maintain way in unison through this kind, it is unnecessary in each web page is it is it fix to act as to get onning, have reduce the work load safeguarded greatly, has economized the cost of safeguarding.The easy system is expanded: If need to add the new function to the system, only need to define a new label to finish this function, do not need to do any change to other respects of the system. Can inherit JSP normal characteristics of various fields in the label storehouse. Can expand and increase the function of JSP unrestrictedly like this, and does not need to wait for the appearance of the next edition JSP .Systematic composition and realizingThe system making up:This system is made up of four parts mainlyThe database joins some: This system supports several daily databases, including Oracle, Sybase, MSSQLServer, My SQL and DB2, use JDBC and database to link to each other according to database type and database name, user name, password that users offer that users choose.The basic form of system produces some: After joining with the database, produce the basic form TC-Tables and TC-Columns of two systems according to the user name linking to each other with the database, TC-Tables form includes English name, Chinese name and some attribute of form belonging to this user in this database, for instance can revise, can inquire about; The Chinese and English name of the row and some other attribute that TC-Columns form includes belonging to all forms of this user's in this database. For instance can show, can inquire about. Basic information of the database that these basic forms of two systems provide to user's institute for use in the course of development of the whole system.The template is chosen to produce some with the web page: This part is a key part of a system. It includes two pieces of sub module .The template is chosen some: The system offers the template to user and chooses the interface, let users choose the templates used from the template storehouse according to the need.The template is dealt with some: According to template that user choose, system transferdesignated template deal with module is it punish to go on to these template. When dealing with the label that the procedure meets in the template, offer the mutual interface to user, let user input parameter for designated label, prove system validity of label that user input. Finished the formulation of JSP page systematically finally.Web page preview is with revising some: After the web page was produced out, the system has offered a web page preview window and code to user and looked over that revises the window. Through this preview window, users can look at the result of JSP page produced out in advance. If user static result of respect in page very satisfied, user can through code look over revise window revise HTML code of code. If users have further demands for the static result of the page, the system has also offered a piece of interface which transfers DreamWeaver editing machine to user, users can use it to carry on further modification and perfection to the static result of JSP page that is produced out .Realization of the template storehouse and label storehouseThe planning and design of the label storehouse are essential in the whole system design, efficiency that the degree and system that are put in an position have operated that its relation has reached codes. Its planning should follow the following principle .Should try one's best little including static HTML among label. To general user, the label is transparent. Users can not look over and revise labels. If include too many static HT-ML sentence in the label, will influence the modification and perfection of user's static result to the page, limit the use of the label.Try one's best to raise the paying most attention to degree of the code. Is it is it is it is it is it is it get to JSP public JSP out to withdraw to use to try one's best to classify to go on to use, form labels. Do not use and realize this application repeatedly in each label. While revising and perfecting to using like this, only need to revise this label, maintenance of the easy code.Facilitate users' use. While designing the label storehouse, should fully consider users' operating position, it can very easy and understanding and using labels conveniently to use the family.Definition of the label storehouse: Define a label storehouse, must define a label storehouse and describe the file (TLD) at first. This is a file of script based on XML, have defined the edition of XML in this file, codes used, the edition, name and definition and parameter of all labels included in this storehouse of the label storehouse of the edition of the label storehouse, JSP used describe, including the name of the label, corresponding Javas oflabel, description information of the label ,etc.Realization of the label: One label first special Java type, this each must inherit TagSupports, this each is in javax. servlet. jsp. Define in tagext bag. In the labels, the parameter which includes this label initializes the subject treatment method (Handler) of method (Set/Get), label and method available for making the first class label to adjust,etc..Realization of the template: A template is that one contains JSP file that labels quoted. In order to quote the labels defined in the template, must introduce the label storehouse at first .Among them uri appoints the label storehouse to describe the route of the file ; Prefixes used when prefix appoints to quote labels.While quoting the designated label in the template, use the designated prefix while introducing the label storehouse, appoint the name of the label; It is the parameter assignment of the label.What this systematic subject procedure making is used is JBuilder 6.0 of Borland Company, it is Front-Page2000 of Microsoft Company that the template is developed and used, what the label storehouse is developed and used is UltraEdit editing machine, what JDK is adopted is JDK1. 4. The system testing environment is JRun3. 0.Java future mainstream to develop language, and Java using JSP will become major technology that Web will be developed in the future too mainly at Web. This system has adopted the label storehouse, one of the biggest characteristics of JSP, enable the general Web developer to use JSP strong dynamic page function conveniently too, develop JSP dynamic Web page of the modern techniques. Because this system adopts Java to develop, can run under the operating system of any support graphic interface, have realized complete having nothing to do with the platform. This system is easy to expand and perfect. Can consider offering the interface to user afterwards, will use the family to expand the template storehouse and label storehouse by oneself, strengthen the systematic function further.List of references：[1] Cay S. Horstmann,Gary Cornell. Java 2 key technology (CoreJava 2) [M ].Beijing: Publishing house of the mechanical industry.[2] Bruce Eckel. Java programming thought (Thinking in Java) [M ]. Beijing:Publishing house of the mechanical industry.[3] Joseph L. Weber. Java 2 programming is explained in detail (Using Java 2) [M ].Beijing: Electronic Industry Press.[4] Borland Company. Building Applications with JBuilder.基于JSP网页自动生成工具的设计与实现Alfred V.Aho and John E.HopcroftWeb开发技术是Internet应用的一个重要方面，而JSP又是Web开发的最先进的技术,是当前Web开发人员的首选技术。
网站建设外文文献翻译
O n s i t e c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n o l o g y1 IntroductionThe development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible. Homes will be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a modern part of people's lives. Internet era, has created the new people's work and lifestyle, the Internet, openness and sharing of information model, breaking the traditional mode of information dissemination many barriers for people with new opportunities. With computers and the advent of the information age, the pace of the advance of human society in gradually accelerated. In recent years the development of web design, fast people occupied.With the development of web design, a colorful online website together one scenic beauty. To design aesthetic and practical web site should be thoroughly master the building techniques. In building site, we analyzed the websites of objectives, contents, functions, structure, the application of more web design technology. 2 the definition of websit 2.1 How definition of websites Web site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue. Why people will come to your website? You have a unique service? The first people to your website is to what? They will come back? All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem. Definition site to, first of all, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task of organization and planning. Second, to maintain the high-quality Web site. Many websites in the face of strong competition from high-quality product is the greatest long-term competitive advantage. An excellent Web site should have the following:(1) users visit Web site is faster.(2) attention to the feedback and updates. To update the content of the website and timely feedback the user's requirements;(3) Home design to be reasonable. Home to the first impression left by visitors is important, the design must be attractive in order to have a good visual effect.2.2 The contents of the website and functionThe content of the web site is to be a new, fast, all three sides. The content of the website, including the type of static, dynamic, functional and things to deal with. Website content is determined in accordance with the nature ofthe site, in the design of the site, commercial websites, popular science site, company websites, teaching and exchange websites, the content and style are different. We have established websites with the nature of these types of sites are not the same. 2.3 The structure website(1) site structure;(2) definition of navigation; (3) Visual Design;(4) framework and design pages. 3 Site Design and ImplementationWith increasing demands on design, high style, high-grade design work before gaining popularity. This also to the designers have put forward higher requirements, from this point of view, the plate design is to meet the requirements of the people should be and Health. The rapid development of science and technology, the Internet into millions of households, also produced a new design space, and a new web design an important part of the field of design. Excellent web design, we must have good creative, so that the audience can be difficult to shift attention long time, produce power. Layout is very important, through text, graphics space portfolio, can best express harmony with the United States. If you want to further understand website design, made separately from other web site's homepage, you need to have more like CSS, javascript, CGI, and other web design technology. In building on the site of the CSS, javascript and other web design technology. 3.1 Application Design website CSS(1)What is CSS? CSS is a style sheet (stylesheet) technology. Some of them called CSS (Cascading Stylesheet).(2) the combination of CSS and HTML form. Mode 1: The CSS content, as defined in the writing between the labels. Mode 2: CSS will be preserved as a separate text file, and then from labels to call.(3) CSS the web site of examples. The web site pages, and increase the following definition so that the pages show with special effects. 3.2 Application Design website javascriptjavascript and the emergence of making information between users is not only a display and browse the relationship, but to achieve a real-time, dynamic, cross-expression. Thus based on the CGI static HTML pages will be to provide dynamic real-time information, and customer response to the operation of the Web pages replaced. javascript scripting is satisfy this demand arising from the language. It's loved by extensive user. Many scripting language it is in a relatively good. WWW and effectively achieve the combination of the computer network computing and network blueprint.4 Construction on the site ExperienceWith the popularity of the Internet, more and more government departments, companies and individuals aware of the need to have their own independent Website. Below on the design and production sites on some of their own experience. After conducting systematic analysis End, we should carry out system design. Web page design similar to the development of software design, top-down, bottom-up and continuous updating, and other design methods. The main task is to design the content of the sites, including the website information organization structure, appearance, content block, navigation and links, directory structure design. System design is the site ready before the concrete realization of the website to further the realization of more specific requirements, the overall effect on the website, local details have a clearer idea. This entire process is the key site planning.Next is how to achieve their own Web site design issues. The realization of the site, I think the need to be considered in two parts: the realization website; Web servers can be achieved. In the process of achieving website, technology selection is very important. Former major use HTML language, the stronger the interactive website, the proposed use of ASP, JSP, PHP and other programming to help achieve,the more complex Web site may also have its own database. The latter is based on all kinds of different operating systems used Web server software installation and debugging. This stage is the whole process of the most important and most time-consuming part.When we completed the work, the need for website released. At this stage of the production on the website drawing to a close, the main task is to do a good job in the website release to the network, the web site for final modifications, testing, homepage can guarantee normal operation of the network.Published in the website after website to deal with various aspects of the tests, including the possibility of any different web browsers, different visitors have shown normal, ASP, JSP, PHP normal procedure can work, and so on. This stage is the website of trial operation period, the website at this time should be to make up for various shortcomings, the website will be more perfected.After a period of operation, the site entered the normal operation period, the main task is to update outdated information website, the visitor's message timely feedback to further improve the website, the introduction of new technologies constantly update website, visit web pages more quickly, more aesthetic appearance, Information Resources richer.Above is the establishment of the station to roughly follow the seven steps, seven steps are complementary, but can be the basis of ease of website and complexity of a weakening or strengthening appropriate link. In short, building a successful web site is not an easy task, it needs all-round consideration, the Composite various factors.5 concluding remarksWith the rapid development of Internet technology, in all walks of life have joined the industry to the Internet. Whether from the management side, or from a commercial point of view, the Internet can bring immense vitality. Internet to become a talented designer Shi new world. People will continue to explore, will be the site of the building in the application of new technologies in the web site.网站建设技术1 介绍网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。
基于VLAN的小型校园网设计 英文文献翻译译文
毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题目基于VLAN的小型校园网设计学院通信与信息工程学院专业及班级电子信息科学与技术0801班姓名学号指导教师日期2012年4月13日描述校园网VLAN诱导共享摘要：许多企业、校园和数据中心网络在IP层下面都有复杂的二层虚拟局域网（VLAN），这些VLAN中二层和IP拓扑结构之间的相互作用说明了IP层网络和物理层基础设备之间的依赖关系，这对于像对网络容量、能力的规划及错误诊断的网络管理工作有意义。
本文介绍了在一个大型校园网中这种依赖关系的程度和效果。
我们先设计和实现一个公共可用的以太线路的方法，这个线路中说明了连接以太网交换机的二层拓扑结构。
利用这种方法，我们可以知道二层的图谱结构，并把它和IP拓扑结合起来。
我们知道几乎70%的二层边缘被10个或者更多的IP边缘所共享，并且一个简单的二层边缘可能被多于34个不同的IP边缘所共享。
这种二层边缘和IP路径中交换机的共享是由于中继复接各VLAN到相同的接入路由器上，或者是由于共享二层的基础设施但有逻辑上独立的IP子网和路由器的学校各部门的地理位置所造成的。
我们测试这种共享对与故障诊断的精确性和特征的影响，例如，应用对IP拓扑进行网络断层扫面技术来诊断由二层设备引起的仅仅54%的精准度的故障和当我们把断层扫面技术用在交叉层时100%的精准度进行比较。
分类和子网描述：C.2.3[计算机通信网]：网络运营，网络管理一般术语：管理，测量，可靠性关键字：网络诊断，网络虚拟技术，VLAN（虚拟局域网），VLAN诱导依赖性1简介VLAN使不同的局域网在一个固定的物理交换机和链路上并存。
企业、校园和数据中心网络利用VLAN在物理网络拓扑中把不同的主机分在共同的管理或功能单元内而不受地理位置的限制。
例如，在一个校园网的配置中，把所有学生放在同一个VLAN中以便网络管理员可以简单的利用相同的策略把用户分在同一个组中。
VLAN为网络运营商在一个企业中提供灵活的管理办法和安全政策，并且允许操作人员通过把不同主机划分到不同的广播域来实施某些程度的隔离。
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湖南工学院本科外文翻译基于JSP网页自动生成工具的设计与实现Produce the design of the tool and realizeautomatically on the basis of JSP web page学院：计算机与信息科学学院专业：信息与计算科学学生姓名：何苏蓓学号：11301440110指导教师：王新祥完成日期：2015-6湖南工学院Produce the design of the tool and realizeautomatically on the basis of JSP web pageAlfred V.Aho and John E.HopcroftIt is an important respect that Internet uses that Web develops technology, and JSP is the most advanced technology that Web is developed, it is present Web developer's first-selected technology. But because JSP has relatively high expectations for Web developer, a lot of general Web developers can not use this advanced technology. The discussion produces the design of the tool and realizes automatically on the basis of JSP web page of the template and label storehouse, put forward concrete design philosophy and implementation method .With the popularization of WWW (World Wide Web), the technology of the dynamic web page is developed rapidly too. From original CGI (Common Gateway Interface) to ASP (Active Server Page), have met the web page developer to the demand for developing technology of the dynamic web page to a certain extent. But no matter CGI or ASP have certain limitation, for instance, consuming to resources of the server of CGI, ASP can only be used etc. with Microsoft IIS, all these have limited scope of application of the technology, have hindered their popularization greatly. The vast page developers all look forward to a kind of unified page and develop technology earnestly, characteristic that this technology there should be：Have nothing to do with the operating platform, can run on any Web or the application program server, Show the logic and page of application program that separates, Offer codes to put in an position, simplify and develop the course based on interactive application program of Web.JSP (Java Server Page) technology is designed and used for responding to the request that like this. JSP is developed technology by the new web page that Sun Micro System Company put out in June of 1999, it is that Web based on Java Serv-let and the whole Java system develops technology, and Servlet2. Expansion of 1API. Utilize this technology, can set up advanced, safely and stepping dynamic websites of the platform.Java is the future mainstream to develop technology, have a lot of advantages. JSP is Java important application technology on Internet/Intranet Web, get extensive support and admit, it can conbine with various kinds of Java technology together intactly, thus realize very complicated application.As a kind of technology of development based on text, taking showing as centre, JSPhas offered all advantages of Java Servlet. Logic function in order to make sure and showing the function was separated, JSP can already work with JavaBeans, Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) and Servlet. The developer of JSP can finish the work that majority and website's logic are correlated with through using JavaBeans, EJB and Servlet, and only assign the work shown to JSP page to finish. Content and show advantage that logic separate lie in, upgrade person, page of appearance needn't understand Java code, the personnel upgrading Javas needn't be experts who design web page either. This can define Web template in JSP page with Javas, in order to set up websites made up of a page with similar appearance. Java completion data offer, have Java code among template, this mean template these can write by one HTML person is it maintain to come.JSP develops technology as the web page of the mainstream at present, has the following characteristicsSeparate the formulation and showing of the content: Using JSP technology, the page developer of Web can use HTML or XML identification to design and format the final page. Use JSP identification or bound foot turn into dynamic content of page actually (whether content according to is it come change to ask). Produce logic of content of the identification and JavaBeans package, truss up of the little script encapsulation, all scripts run in the end of the server. If key logic among identification and JavaBeans, then other people, such as Web administrative staff and page designer encapsulation, can edit and use JSP page, and does not influence the formulation of the content .Emphasize the reusable package: Most JSP pages depend on the reusable one, the package stepping the platform finish more complicated treatment with required application program. Benefitting from the independence of operating platform of Java, the developer can be very convenient to share and exchange and carry out the ordinary package that operated, or make these packages used by more users. The method based on package has accelerated the total development course, the efficiency of improving the project and developing wholly greatly.Though JSP is powerful, it requires the web page developer should be quite familiar with Java. There are still relatively few Java programmers now, for general web page developer, the grammar of JSP is more difficult to grasp. So, need a kind of web page developing instrument and offer commonly used JSP application to general web page developer, is it understand general page develop developer of technology (HTML) can use strong function of JSP too only to let.Systematic design object and main technology of useDesign object: System this design object for understand but HTML understand general web page developer of JSP offer a web page developing instrument at all only, enable them to follow the systematic file, use the daily function of JSP through the label, produce one finally and only include static HTML and dynamic JSP web page of JSP label.Main technology: This system is in the design, consider using the technology of the template and JSP label to realize mainly.Technology of the template: The technology of the template is widely applied to various kinds of development and application system. It produces some commonly used frame structure in advance, uses the family to choose the template from the template storehouse conveniently according to the needs of one's own one, is it is it put up to go again by oneself to need, save construction period in user, facilitate use of user. In this system, classify the page according to the function type, sum up the commonly used page type, produce the template storehouse.Storehouse technology of the label: In JSP, movements can create and visit the language target of the procedure and influence the element exported and flowed. JSP has defined six standard movements. Except six standard movement these, user can define own movement finish the specific function. These movements are known as the customer movement, they are the reusable procedure module. Through movement these, programmer can some encapsulation stand up too display function of page in JSP page, make the whole page more succinct and easier to maintain. In a JSP page, movements were transfered through the customer label in these customers. And the label storehouse (Tag Library) is the set of the customer label.JSP label storehouse is that one kind produces the method based on script of XML through JavaBeans. It is one of the greatest characteristics of JSP. Through the label storehouse, can expand JSP application unrestrictedly, finish any complicated application demand.JSP label storehouse has the following characteristicEasy to use: The labels in JSP and general HTML marks are totally the same in appearance, it is as convenient as ordinary HTML mark to use.The easy code is paid most attention to: Every label in the label storehouse can finish certain function. Define ready to eat one label storehouse, is it pack one Jar file the label storehouse to need only, then only need use this label storehouse in other systems afterwards,needn't develop codes again, has raised the system and developed efficiency greatly, have reduced the development cost.The easy code is safeguarded: All application logic is encapsulated in label processor and JavaBeans, all labels concentrate on a label storehouse. If need to upgrade codes or need to revise the function on a web page, only need to revise the corresponding label. Maintain way in unison through this kind, it is unnecessary in each web page is it is it fix to act as to get onning, have reduce the work load safeguarded greatly, has economized the cost of safeguarding.The easy system is expanded: If need to add the new function to the system, only need to define a new label to finish this function, do not need to do any change to other respects of the system. Can inherit JSP normal characteristics of various fields in the label storehouse. Can expand and increase the function of JSP unrestrictedly like this, and does not need to wait for the appearance of the next edition JSP .Systematic composition and realizingThe system making up:This system is made up of four parts mainlyThe database joins some: This system supports several daily databases, including Oracle, Sybase, MSSQLServer, My SQL and DB2, use JDBC and database to link to each other according to database type and database name, user name, password that users offer that users choose.The basic form of system produces some: After joining with the database, produce the basic form TC-Tables and TC-Columns of two systems according to the user name linking to each other with the database, TC-Tables form includes English name, Chinese name and some attribute of form belonging to this user in this database, for instance can revise, can inquire about; The Chinese and English name of the row and some other attribute that TC-Columns form includes belonging to all forms of this user's in this database. For instance can show, can inquire about. Basic information of the database that these basic forms of two systems provide to user's institute for use in the course of development of the whole system.The template is chosen to produce some with the web page: This part is a key part of a system. It includes two pieces of sub module .The template is chosen some: The system offers the template to user and chooses the interface, let users choose the templates used from the template storehouse according to the need.The template is dealt with some: According to template that user choose, system transferdesignated template deal with module is it punish to go on to these template. When dealing with the label that the procedure meets in the template, offer the mutual interface to user, let user input parameter for designated label, prove system validity of label that user input. Finished the formulation of JSP page systematically finally.Web page preview is with revising some: After the web page was produced out, the system has offered a web page preview window and code to user and looked over that revises the window. Through this preview window, users can look at the result of JSP page produced out in advance. If user static result of respect in page very satisfied, user can through code look over revise window revise HTML code of code. If users have further demands for the static result of the page, the system has also offered a piece of interface which transfers DreamWeaver editing machine to user, users can use it to carry on further modification and perfection to the static result of JSP page that is produced out .Realization of the template storehouse and label storehouseThe planning and design of the label storehouse are essential in the whole system design, efficiency that the degree and system that are put in an position have operated that its relation has reached codes. Its planning should follow the following principle .Should try one's best little including static HTML among label. To general user, the label is transparent. Users can not look over and revise labels. If include too many static HT-ML sentence in the label, will influence the modification and perfection of user's static result to the page, limit the use of the label.Try one's best to raise the paying most attention to degree of the code. Is it is it is it is it is it is it get to JSP public JSP out to withdraw to use to try one's best to classify to go on to use, form labels. Do not use and realize this application repeatedly in each label. While revising and perfecting to using like this, only need to revise this label, maintenance of the easy code.Facilitate users' use. While designing the label storehouse, should fully consider users' operating position, it can very easy and understanding and using labels conveniently to use the family.Definition of the label storehouse: Define a label storehouse, must define a label storehouse and describe the file (TLD) at first. This is a file of script based on XML, have defined the edition of XML in this file, codes used, the edition, name and definition and parameter of all labels included in this storehouse of the label storehouse of the edition of the label storehouse, JSP used describe, including the name of the label, corresponding Javas oflabel, description information of the label ,etc.Realization of the label: One label first special Java type, this each must inherit TagSupports, this each is in javax. servlet. jsp. Define in tagext bag. In the labels, the parameter which includes this label initializes the subject treatment method (Handler) of method (Set/Get), label and method available for making the first class label to adjust,etc..Realization of the template: A template is that one contains JSP file that labels quoted. In order to quote the labels defined in the template, must introduce the label storehouse at first .Among them uri appoints the label storehouse to describe the route of the file ; Prefixes used when prefix appoints to quote labels.While quoting the designated label in the template, use the designated prefix while introducing the label storehouse, appoint the name of the label; It is the parameter assignment of the label.What this systematic subject procedure making is used is JBuilder 6.0 of Borland Company, it is Front-Page2000 of Microsoft Company that the template is developed and used, what the label storehouse is developed and used is UltraEdit editing machine, what JDK is adopted is JDK1. 4. The system testing environment is JRun3. 0.Java future mainstream to develop language, and Java using JSP will become major technology that Web will be developed in the future too mainly at Web. This system has adopted the label storehouse, one of the biggest characteristics of JSP, enable the general Web developer to use JSP strong dynamic page function conveniently too, develop JSP dynamic Web page of the modern techniques. Because this system adopts Java to develop, can run under the operating system of any support graphic interface, have realized complete having nothing to do with the platform. This system is easy to expand and perfect. Can consider offering the interface to user afterwards, will use the family to expand the template storehouse and label storehouse by oneself, strengthen the systematic function further.List of references：[1] Cay S. Horstmann,Gary Cornell. Java 2 key technology (CoreJava 2) [M ].Beijing: Publishing house of the mechanical industry.[2] Bruce Eckel. Java programming thought (Thinking in Java) [M ]. Beijing:Publishing house of the mechanical industry.[3] Joseph L. Weber. Java 2 programming is explained in detail (Using Java 2) [M ].Beijing: Electronic Industry Press.[4] Borland Company. Building Applications with JBuilder.基于JSP网页自动生成工具的设计与实现Alfred V.Aho and John E.HopcroftWeb开发技术是Internet应用的一个重要方面，而JSP又是Web开发的最先进的技术,是当前Web开发人员的首选技术。