江苏大学研究生文献阅读与翻译作业

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研究生英语科技英语阅读与翻译6

12.Thus, there is a discussion of things like ambiguity,contradiction, and paradox that, surprisingly, also have an essential role to play in mathematical practice.
Discipline Faithful 准确可靠的 n.纪律，风纪，教养，训练 adj.忠实的，忠诚的，忠贞的，如实的，
我们可以这么说来阐明这一观点：译：我们可以这么说来阐明这一观点：自然世界遵循了逻辑法则，自然世界遵循了逻辑法则，由于数学是最具逻辑性的学科，是最具逻辑性的学科，因此说数学对现实进行了如实的描述这一点也不让人惊讶。人惊讶。
Ultimate In fact Refer to n.终极，顶点事实上，实际上把…归因（于），认为…起源（于）
译：有一种解释认为数学是一种终极的理性表达方式；而实际上，极的理性表达方式；而实际上，我们可以用“ 理性之光” 们可以用 “ 理性之光 ” 这个说法来形容数学。形容数学。
On the contrary insufficient account for
正相反 adj.不足的，不充足的解释，说明，对…负责
译：恰恰相反的是，本书认为逻恰恰相反的是，辑结构固然重要，辑结构固然重要，但是在数学的实际应用中仅凭逻辑结构是远远不够的，也更不能说仅凭它就可以产生在几乎所有人类思想领域通过对数学进行应用而取得的巨大成功。学进行应用而取得的巨大成功。
Precise adj. 精确的，准确的
译：到底是数学的哪些特性使得数学成为对每一种高等文明，数学成为对每一种高等文明，尤其是对我们现在的文明如此重要的学科？

江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷

江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷考试科目：文献阅读与翻译考试时间：XXXXXXDirections:Answer the following questions on the Answer Sheet.1. How many kinds of literature do you know? And what are they? (5%)2. How many types of professional papers do you know? And what are they? (5%)3. What are the main linguistic features of Professional Papers? (10%)4. What are the purposes of abstracts? How many kinds can theabstracts be roughly classified into? And what are the different kinds? (10%)5.What is a proposal? How many kinds of proposals do you think are there? What are the main elements of a proposal? (10%)6.Give your comments on the linguistic features of the following passage. (15%)Basic Point-Set TopologyOne way to describe the subject of Topology is to say that it isqualitative geometry. The idea is that if one geometric object can be continuously transformed into another, then the two objects are to be viewed as being topologically the same. For example, a circle and a square are topologically equivalent. Physically, a rubber band can be stretched into the form of either a circle or a square, as well as many other shapes which are also viewed as being topologically equivalent. On the other hand, a figure eight curve formed by two circles touching at a point is to be regarded as topologically distinct from a circle or square. A qualitative property that distinguishes the circle from the figure eight is the number of connected pieces that remain when a single point is removed: When a point is removed from a circle what remains is still connected, a single arc, whereas for a figure eight if one removes the point of contact of its two circles, what remains is two separate arcs, two separate pieces.The term used to describe two geometric objects that are topologically equivalent is homeomorphic. Thus a circle and a square are homeomorphic. Concretely, if we place a circle C inside a square S with the same center point, then projecting the circle radially outward to the square defines a function f :C→S, and this function is continuous: small changes in x produce small changes in f(x). The function f has an inverse f -1:S→C obtained by projecting the square radially inward to the circle, and this is continuous as well. One says that f is a homeomorphism between C and S.One of the basic problems of Topology is to determine when two given geometric objects are homeomorphic. This can be quite difficult in general.Our first goal will be to define exactly what the ‘geometric objects’are that one studies in Topology. These are called topological spaces. The definition turns out to be extremely general, so that many objects that are topological spaces are not very geometric at all, in fact.7. Match the phrase in the first column with its translation in the second column.(10%)1. Full length paper a.征稿启事2. Sponsoring organization b.会务组3. Call for papers c.全文4. Submission of papers d.提交论文5. Conference venue and fees e.信息牌/布告栏6. Conference editorial board f.主办单位7. Review g.研讨会8. Limousine service h.评审、审稿9. Message board i.客车设施10. Audio visual facilities j.会址和会费11. Colloquia k.视听设施8. How do you understand Yan Fu’s three-word guide xing, da,ya? What’s youropinion on the principles of translation? (10%)9. It is very common that one word has more than one meaning.The proper choice of word meaning is essential to translation.Choose the correct meaning of the word “story ” in thefollowing sentences. (5%)(1) This war is becoming the most important story of thisgeneration.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke thestory.(4) He'll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.[The meanings of STORY: a. situation; b. inside information; c. experience; d. law case; e. statement; f. event]10. Put the following abstract into Chinese. (10%)Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoorair pollution. A major point stressed in both the Surgeon General’s Report and the National Academy of Science’s Report is that methods used to determine the exposure of the nonsmoking population to ETS must be improved. In this dissertation, a semi-real time system for monitoring ETS are proposed and compared with other systems. Several new tracers for ETS are proposed. The generalization and decay of ETS in an indoor environmental laboratory is studied. A new technique for analyzing microgram and sub microgram amount of nicotine is developed. A unique exposure study to ETS is to carry out wherein never-smokers are exposed to ETS. Much evidence has accumulated that fine particulate matter in the atmosphere affects human health and atmospheric properties. To monitor airborne particles, it is necessary to separate various particle sizes in the atmosphere and to determine the chemical compositions of the particles. A new high flow rate, multichannel parallel plate denuder sampling system has been developed which is capable of determining the particle size distributions and the semi-volatile organic compounds which can be lost from particles during sampling.11.Put the following passage into English. (10%)在本《国际标准》中，”文摘”一词的意义是：对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或评论的表述。

江苏大学研究生期末考试硕士文献阅读与翻译整理

1.Definition of Literaturea set of works on a particular subject;printed material,esp.giving information;the body of writings on a particular subject(scientific literature)2.Classification of LiteratureHere,we just put various literatures under the following headings:1）TextbooksIn general,a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.2）MonographsA monograph is“an article or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply”3）PapersPapers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks,monographs,and all the other documentary works.4)EncyclopediasThe difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia is that“A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.”5)PeriodicalsA periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.6)Special DocumentationThe so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.3.Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureStylistically,literature is a kind of formal pared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language,a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions.Syntactically,scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures,and in most cases is rather unitary.Morphologically,scientific literature is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs,formulas, charts,tables,photos,etc.for the sake of accuracy,brevity,and clarity.4.Search for Relevant LiteratureSearch for Relevant Literature:global search,specific search,and processed search Supplementary Readings on Informational Retrieval:retrieval system,microfilm, internet.database,reformat,on,e-mail,information infrastructure,information superhighwayNotes:1.journals,Acta,magazines,bulletins,rapid communications,letters,proceedings, records,abstracting services,reviews,indexes,etc.会刊，学报，杂志，通报，快讯，通信稿，会议录，文献记录，世界文摘服务，评论，索引等2.hypertext超级文本3.through the Classified and Specified Catalogues通过《分类目录或专题目录》4.through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing通过《全国报刊索引》5.through the Domestic Sci-Tech Data Catalogues通过《国内资料科技目录》6.Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin《科技译文通报》7.the fool collects data and the wise man selects them愚者采集资料，智者选择资料Translation Skills(1):Translation in General and Translation of Special LiteratureTranslation is a rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds,whereas improper rendering of words or expressions leads to confusion.Take the ordinary word“menu”for example.Its original meaning is“a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals,esp.in a restaurant”,and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear:菜单However,when it is used in computer science,its meaning shifts to“a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”1.Nature and Scope of TranslationTranslation covers a very broad range.In terms of languages,it can be divided into two categories:from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa;in terms of the mode,it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation;in terms of materials to be translated,there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels,stories,prose,poetry,drama,etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems,repons,speeches, etc.,and translation of practical writing(as official documents,contracts and agreements,notices,receipts,etc.);in terms of disposal,it can be either full-text translation,abridged translation or adapted translation.2.Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin.That is,on the part of the translator,he or she should follow them while translating;whereas on the part of the reader or critic,he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works.Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China,Yan Fu’s“three-character guide”--xin,da, ya,namely,“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(达),and elegance(雅)”,which was first proposed in1898,would evoke controversy.In the past decades,Mr.Yan’s principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after.However,in the application of this principle,people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation.Despite a variety of opinions,two criteria are almost unanimously accepted byall,namely,the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy(忠实/准确)and that of smoothness (流畅).We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation.By faithfulness/accuracy,we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents,to the original meaning and views,but also to the original form and style.By smoothness,we mean not only easy and readable rendering,but also idiomaticexpression in the target language,free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3.Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe so-called literal translation,superficially speaking,means“not to alter the original words and sentences”;strictly speaking,it strives“to keep the sentiments and style of the original.”For example,crocodile’s tears(鳄鱼的眼泪),armed to the teeth(武装到牙齿),chain reaction(连锁反应),gentlemen’s agreement(君子协定),and so on.Similarly,some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation.For example,纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country,two systems),and so on.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey themeaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.Adam’s Apple喉结at sixes and sevens乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs.大雨滂沱Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心过早。

研究生英语读写译1-7课练习参考答案和参考译文

《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文注意：《研究生英语读写译教程》第二次印刷做了以下更改：1 PP95倒数第四行的edi f ion 改成edition；并将练习全部移至第96页2 PP87 省略法第一句话去掉，改为：省略是指在翻译时按意义、修辞和句法等方面的需要省略或减少部分词语使译文更加精炼、更符合汉语的表达习惯。

去掉（一）中的第二个例句，用下句替换：John had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.约翰有很多好想法，但是只有少数付诸实践。

3 PP97 将LEAD-IN QUESTION部分4A换成下句：Science is nothing but developed perception, interpreted intent, common sense rounded out and minutely articulated. (George Santayana)参考译文：科学只不过是发展了的知觉（科學只不過是深化了的洞悉），经过诠释的含义，经过整理、表达详细的常识。

4 PP106 Comprehension第一题中的"humanity"改为“the humanities“第一部分：各课练习答案UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH. COMPREHENSION1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.)2 Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal…3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer.4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future. (What you have learned/experienced might help in your future career.)5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again.6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure.7 Do the things we love to do.8 Open.9 Open.10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.)VOCABULARY AND STRUCTUREA1 naively2 curiosity3 combination4 let down5 vision6 baton7 creative8 mirror9 trap 10 inventionB1 drowned out2 tuition3 Commencement4 deposit5 typography6 make way for7 animation8 intuition9 destination 10 divergeC1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer, editorial writer5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzlingD 1 an 2 great 3 the 4 to 5 √ 6 that 7 √8 been 9 been 10 inTRANSLATIONA1热烈的鼓掌2波涛汹涌的海面3熟睡4烟瘾大的人5油腻而难消化的食物6烈酒7悲痛的消息8沉闷冗长的读物9〈化〉重水10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。

2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译第四章答案

2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译(2021春)第四单元How to Read—学术论文阅读技巧（详读细节）课后与章节测试1. What is Move 2 in method section?A Contextualizing study methodsB Describing the studyC Establishing credibility答案: 【B】2. Where is the method section?A After the introduction sectionB Before the introduction sectionC Before the discussion答案: 【A】3.The statistics in which figure are presented in percentage?A Pie chartB Bar chartC Photos答案: 【A】4. What is the second part of CARS model?A Establishing a research fieldB Creating a research gapC Occupying the research gap答案: 【B】5. How many moves are there in discussion section?A 3B 4C 5答案: 【B】6. What is the first mentioned frequently –used language device in this video?A NominalizationB PremodificationC Passive voice答案: 【A】7. The word Classroom-based is belong toA NominalizationB PremodificationC Passive voice答案: 【B】8. What is the function of “also”?A Add informationB Exemplifying relationshipC Concrete details答案: 【A】9. The phrase “As a result” belongs to which type of transitional words?A AddingB CausingC Comparing答案: 【B】10. How many methods the authors used in Clinical bonding to alumina ceramic part?A twoB threeC fourD five答案: 【B】因材料而异11. How many methods the authors used in Clinical bonding to zirconia ceramic part?A twoB threeC fourD five答案: 【C】因材料而异12. What is the best material used in this study?A non-retentive restorationsB retentive restorationsC resin-bonded fixed dental prosthesesD inlay-retained fixed dental prostheses答案: 【A】因材料而异13. What is the limitation of the study?A There are no controlled clinical trials showing that air-abrasion affects the clinical outcome of oxide ceramic restorations negatively.B There is still a controversy whether air-abrasion alters the strength of zirconia ceramic restorations.C On densely sintered zirconia clinically no durable bonding was achieved using silica-coating, silane application and using a MDP containing luting resin.D However, despite the use of retentive preparation design a debonding rate of 13.3% occurred within the first 53 months.答案: 【C】因材料而异14. In which part that the study results can be found in this article?A In methodsB In conclusionC In discussionD This article did not give a specific result答案: 【C】15. Which one is the title of the second table?A Chemical bonding mechanism of the phosphate monomer 10-methacryloyloxydecyl-dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) to dental oxide ceramics.B Recommended bonding methods to dental oxide ceramics based on published clinical trials.C Number of articles revealed in PubMed using the search term “zircon* AND ceramic AND bond* AND dent* AND resin” per 5 years time period after elimination of articles which did not deal with bonding to zirconia ceramic (311 − 44 = 267).D Failure rates of oxide ceramic fixed dental prostheses retained by resin-bonded retainer wings or inlays related to the pontic location.答案: 【B】16. What is the second subtitle of 2.1?A Method 1 tested on glass-infiltrated alumina ceramicB Method 1 tested on zirconia ceramicC Method 2 tested on glass-infiltrated alumina ceramicD Method 2 tested on zirconia ceramic答案: 【C】17. What is the second subtitle of part 2?A Clinical bonding to alumina ceramicB Clinical bonding to zirconia ceramicC Method 2 tested on glass-infiltrated alumina ceramicD Method 2 tested on zirconia ceramic答案: 【B】18. Part 1 Directions: There are 5 groups of sentences below, with each group consisting of 2 sentences. Read the sentences and choose the sentence which is more appropriate in academic articles. 1.如果我们认识不到废气这一严重问题,那么这个地球将面临毁灭。

苏州大学翻译硕士(MTI)基础科目英汉互译真题

苏州大学翻译硕士（MTI）基础科目英汉互译真题E-C&C-EH1N1 vaccine H1N1流感疫苗UNESCO联合国教科文组织（United Nations Educational，Scientific，and Cultural Organization）Citibank花旗银行APEC亚太经合组织（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation）NATO北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization）IMF International Monetary Fund (联合国)国际货币基金组织[亦作I.M.F.]retaliatory tariff报复性关税elastic demand弹性需要，[经] 弹性需求HDTV高清电视（high-definition TV）letter of credit（银行发行的）[金融] 信用证financial tsunami金融海啸；金融风暴labor insurance劳保The Pentagon五角大楼; 五角大厦; 美国国防部; 国防大楼venture capital风险资本，风险投资trade surplus贸易顺差；贸易盈余鱼米之乡a land of plenty上海2010世博会2010 Shanghai Expo兵马俑Terra-Cotta Warriors中外合资经营Sino-Foreign Joint Venture中国工商银行Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC)中国社科院the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)刺绣embroid生态旅游Ecotourism夕阳产业Sunset Industry; Declining Industries和平共处五项原则Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence非政府组织(NGO) Non-government Organization抵押贷款mortgage loan房地产投资real estate investment小额投资small investment中国人民政治协商会议the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。

对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。

特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。

研究生英语读写译教程习题答案

Unit 1Keys to section A: 1. escort 2. obsessively 3. unseemly 4. baffling 5. trudged 6. simultaneously 7. punning 8. prim 9. trivial 10. ambivalenceKeys to section B:1. A. unobtrusive2. C. submissive3. D. grim4. B. misdemeanour5. C. disapprove6. D. prodigious7. C. trivial8. D. pathetic9. A. simultaneous 10. D. harryingKeys to close5. against 7. clash 10. penalty 1.torments 3. expected 9. tough 2.suspension 4. stick6. fit 8. promiseUnit 3II. V ocabulary and StructureA. 1. consensus 2. biodiversity 3. sustainable 4. transition 5. disparities.6. degradation7. stakeholders8. broker.9. ministerial 10. yieldB. 1.B in line with 2.C inception 3. A. unprecedented 4. B. pave the way for 5. B. intensification 6. D. subsistence 7. A embark on 8. B. mobilize 9.A infuse 10.A fully-fledgedIII. Cloze1. finance2. reduce3.improve4. agencies5. sustainable6. regional7. integration8. instruments9. enterprises 10. mobilizeUnit 51. obsolete2. perils3. turbulent4. stupefied5.concoction6. splinter7. nibbled8. erupt9. suffocated 10. infidelityB. Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.1.C2.D3.A4. B5.A6. B7.C8. C9. B 10. DIII. ClozeDirections: Fill in the blanks in the following passage by selecting suitable words in proper forms from the Word Bank. You may not use any of the words more than once.1. sphere2. realm3. sacrifices4. manifestations5. exquisite6. involved7. exchange8. accomplished9. object 10. misfortuneUnit 6II V ocabulary and StructureA. 1. consumption 2. conflicted 3. assigned 4. sprawling 5. resort6. incentive7. overlooked8. undervalued9. overall 10. identifyB. 1.C 2.D 3.B. 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.DIII Cloze1. dominate2. symbol3. contrast4. populated5. finished6. tie7. connected8. exceeded9. along 10. becauseUnit 11Keys to section A:1. reconciled2. imperative3. paradox4. existence5. inherit6. formidable7. sensitive8. confess9. Incidentally 10. converselyKeys to section B:1. B2.A3. A4.B5. A6. A7. A8.D9.B 10.CIII Cloze1. partially2. linked3. positive4. increase5. impact6. management7. tolerance8. relieve9. builds 10. reactionUnit 13V ocabulary and Structure:1. insinuate2. amplify3. exploit4. detained5. misconstrued6. inherent7. predisposition8. harbor 9, accommodate 10. around the clock 1-10 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A9. C 10. D Cloze:1. declining2.brought on3. raise4. predecessors5. to5. although 7.determinant 8. flood 9. overtaxed 10. moreoverUnit 15II. V ocabulary and Structure:A. 1. formula 2. otherwise 3. recesses 4. cohesion 5. addiction6. nourish7. dispersed8. convert…into9. hitchhike 10. makes… sense.B. 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.DIII. Cloze1. dispute2. alternative3. searching for4. ethnic5. lifestyle6. on behalf of7. corruption8.opportunity9. vision 10.look forward toTranslationUnit 11.把下面的英语段落翻译成汉语。

研究生英语阅读教程部分课文翻译(朱波苏大2011版)

Unit 1Apology of SocratesLet us reflect and we shall see that there is great reason to hope that death is a good; for one of two things — either death is a state of nothingness and utter(完全的) unconsciousness, or, as men say, there is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another.Now if you suppose that there is no consciousness, but a sleep like the sleep of him who is undisturbed even by dreams, death will be an unspeakable gain. For if a person were to select the night in which his sleep was undisturbed by dreams, and were to compare with this the other days and nights of his life, and then were to tell us how many days and nights he had passed in the course of his life better and more pleasantly than this one, I think that any man, I will not say a private man, but even the great king will not find many such days and nights, when compared with the others.Now if death be of such a nature, I say that to die is a gain; for eternity is then only a single night. But if death is the journey to another place, and there, as men say, all the dead abide, what good, my friends and judges, can be greater than this?我们如果从另一角度来思考死亡，就会发觉有绝大理由相信死亡是件好事。

苏州大学研究生英语读写佳境课后英译中

Unit 1在一切生物中，要算蜂鸟体形最优美、颜色最鲜艳。

经过工艺加工的各种宝石和金属是无法跟这个大自然的珍宝媲美的。

大自然按照鸟类的大小把它列为最小号，真是“最小的绝妙珍品”。

这种小蜂鸟是大自然的杰作；大自然把其它鸟类只能分有其中一部分的种种天赋全部慷慨地给了它。

这个小宠儿具有轻盈、敏捷、灵活、优雅以及羽毛绚丽等一切妙处。

那翠绿的、艳红的、嫩黄色的羽毛闪闪发光。

蜂鸟从不让它的羽毛沾染尘土，它生活在天空中，一刻也不碰到草皮。

它总是在空中飞翔，从花丛飞向花从；它像花一样鲜艳，又像花一样艳丽。

蜂鸟靠花蜜为生，它只生活在四季鲜花盛开的地方。

Unit 2她的眼睛睁开了，四肢扭动着并且哭起来了. 如果Briana早出生五年甚至十年的话,她的哭声就没人理睬了,因为医生们无法解决出生时如此弱小的婴儿的种种问题. 在整个七十年代,比她大一倍的早产儿的存活可能性极其微小. 但医学的进步帮助了Briana,在过去的几年当中,医生们在新生儿学方面取得了很大的进步. 在尖端的医疗设备与发达的技术的帮助下, 医生们能拯救那些只有成年人手掌大小的婴儿. 早产儿通常转至特别护理婴儿室,在那里,那些最弱小的婴儿在强烈的灯光下,在不停的警报声中,为多活一天挣扎着. 为此付出的费用(不管是人力还是财力)都是昂贵的. 虽然绝大多数早产儿会正常地活下去,一些会在经历数天或数星期的昼夜护理后死去,而有一些婴儿会落下如此严重残疾以致他们的父母不知道拯救他们孩子的技术给他们带来的是负担还是幸运.Unit 3几乎每一个成年人都知道爱钱乃万恶之源这一事实。

然而，并非每个人能躲过被钱捉弄。

譬如对有些人来说，钱不认亲。

他们认为钱包里的钱不会过时。

有人认为钱是王牌之王或钱是最好的通行证。

无论他们怎么认为，他们都把钱看得高于一切。

然而，每个人对钱的理解不尽相同，不是每个人被钱迷失方向，因为他们知道钱是个好的仆人，坏的主人。

他们知道有时钱可以毁灭造钱者。

研究生英语阅读教程(课后翻译部分答案)

LESSON 11.因为英语是个杀手,正是英语造成了坎伯兰语,康沃尔语,诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡.在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言.然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在.所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语.英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧、,性别歧视的情况类似"）的偏见密切相关。

在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。

这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。

3.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。

在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。

4.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。

在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。

5.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。

6.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处，同时尽可能避免招来灾难。

LESSON 21.年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案,誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来.2007 年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校,现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学, 同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。

２.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。

他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。

文献阅读与翻译Unit 2

Unit 2 Professional Papers（4hrs）1. Definition of professional papersA professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. Despite the various names, the task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it.A professional paper can not be written randomly. It must conform to a special format, which governs the entire paper from the placing of the title to the width of the margins, and to the notation used in acknowledging material drawn from other sources.A professional paper differs from other non-professional essays in that it involves the use of library sources from which facts, quotations, and the opinions of others are drawn to explain , support , or authenticate ideas in the paper. These sources are identified by numbered notes, places at the end of the paper or at the bottom of the page. A professional paper usually concludes with a bibliography , and an alphabetical list of all sources cited.2.Classification of professional papersThe four kinds of papers usually assigned in universities and colleges are (1) report papers; (2) research papers; (3) course papers, and (4)thesis papers.1) Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of an other on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence. For instance, a paper that listed the opinions of statesmen during the debate over a certain event would be a report paper. Likewise, a paper that chronologically narrated the final days od a personality would also becalled a report paper.2) Research paperA research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources and aims to assemble facts and ideas by studying them to draw new conclusions on the basis of obtained data observed facts , or to present the material in the light of a new interest.3) Course PaperDifferent from report papers and research papers, course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis PaperUnlike report papers, the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not. The candidate must also complete examinations and present a written thesis or dissertation. The doctoral thesis represents an original contribution to knowledge, and is a more detailed study of a research problem than that requ ired for the master‟s degree. In general, dissertation is a lengthy, formal treatise, especially one written by a candidate for the doctoral degree at university.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers1) Formal StyleA professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing. The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects the objective facts, and it is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomesa matter of special concern whenever a research or investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes. The focus of professional writing is upon the data and upon the analysis of the data, for example, instead of writing:I carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.It would be more conventional to say:An experiment was carded out to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually high value on objectivity, meticulousness, accuracy, and restraint. It is directed to the reader‟s mind and makes little efforts to appeal to his emotions. Its purposes are utilitarian, and it is usually intended for readers who already have, to some degree, a special interest in the subject matter or are even experienced colleagues in the same trade. Consequently, though it places a high value on interest, it does not try to be so colorful and entertaining that it runs the risk of becoming flashy.2) Specialized TermsThe terms in professional papers are typically specialized. Take the word “normal”as an example. Generally, it means “iEee”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collocations, for example:filter 滤波器, 滤色器tramp filter 干扰滤除器amplitude filter 振辐滤色器filter paper 滤纸primary filter 基色滤色器What is more, a great number of professional words and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields, e.g., decoder (译码器), photophor (磷光核), multi-quantum transition (多量子跃迁), Read Only Memory (只读储存器) and conversational implicatures (会话含义), etc. Examples like these are too numerous to mention one by one.3) Rigid Sentence StructureAs we know, the function of professional papers is to reveal creative research achievements and exchange latest research information. The arguments in professional papers will be convincing if they are presented concisely and concretely. A rigid sentence structure is therefore reflected tomeet this requirement.4) Formatted Elements（格式化内容）Though there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finished form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.4. Search for Professional PapersDifferent kinds of papers can be found from various sources:1) JournalsJournals are usually edited and published by learned societies or associations monthly, bi-monthly, or quarterly; for example, transactions, published by the American IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers), and circulated widely in academic circles all over the world.2) Acta（学报）Acta are mainly published by institutions of higher learning. Their contributors are chiefly university professors and regional research scholars, including graduate students, in academic institutions.3) Bulletins, Circulars （通告）or Gazettes（公报）Such bulletins are mainly edited and designated for the publication of briefs of research findings, preliminary results on some research programs, science news or notices of scientific seminars and conferences. Among the most famous of such publications are the Bulletin of the American Physical Society and the Bulletin of American Mathematical Society, etc.4) Rapid CommunicationsThis kind of publication belongs to the public correspondence and letter-form publications. Their contributors are mainly scientific workers, professional technical information and data workers, editors of professional journals and engineers. Rapid Communications enjoy popularity among professionals for being quick, direct and brief.5) ReviewsCommentary or summary articles are usually carried in specialized journals called Reviews, such as Comments on Modern Physics (published by the Physics Society under the Royal Academy of Sciences, U.K.) and Physical Review (published by the American Society of Physics, U.S.A.). The articles and papers published in such reviews are various in length and scope. They may include original research papers, comments and reviews on some authors and their papers or books, survey of current developments and research tendency analysis. Many famous international scholars, researchers and physicists are invited to work for and contribute to these reviews.6) ProceedingsProceedings are collections of papers of the corresponding academic conferences at which these papers or commentaries are presented. Such proceedings are often published in the form of special issues, supplements or proceedings series. Category titles like “technical”, “scientific”, “academic”, “research”, “development”, etc. are usually put before the paper titles to help the readers in their choice.7) Dissertation Abstract InternationalDissertation Abstract International (DAI) is published monthly by University Microfilms International and includes abstracts of doctoral dissertations submitted to UMI by 550 participating institutions in North America and throughout the world.Each author-prepared abstract, up to 350 words in length, describes in detail the original research project on which the dissertation is based. Most of the approximately 35,000 dissertations published by UMI each year are abstracted in DAI and may be purchased in microform or as paper copies.DAI is published in three sections:Section A--The Humanities and Social SciencesI--Communications and the ArtsII--EducationIII--Language, Literature and LinguisticsIV--Philosophy, Religion and TheologyV--Social SciencesSection B--The Sciences and EngineeringI--Biological SciencesII--Earth SciencesIII--Health and Environmental SciencesIV--Physical SciencesV--PsychologySection C--Worldwide (formerly European Abstracts) is published quarterly and includes abstracts of dissertations in all disciplines accepted for doctoral and post-doctoral degrees at institutions throughout the world. Most of these dissertations are not available from UMI; those which are for sale are also listed in Section A or B. Beginning with Volume 50 (Spring 1989), DAI-C was expanded to include institutions worldwide.8) Comprehensive Dissertation Index (CDI)Comprehensive Dissertation Indent (CDI) provides citations from 1861. It includes international coverage of engineering and technological literature. Corresponds to the printed Engineering Index. There are monthly updates. Abstracts and keywords are provided. American Doctoral Dissertation is included.9) On line Access to DissertationOn line Access to Dissertation describes searching the Comprehensive Dissertation Index database on DIALOG. General background and file content are presented. Numerous DIALOG search techniques are demonstrated and illustrated with actual examples. Notes the lack of in-depth subject indexing and stresses the need to search the title field. Other online sources of dissertations are briefly noted.Supplementary Readings on Dissertations, etc.1. A Diploma, the approximate equivalent of a bachelor‟s degree in the United State s, is awarded after a 4- to 5-year course of study. After an additional three years of study and the completion of a dissertation, a doctoral degree is awarded. Further study and the completion of a second dissertation lead to a second doctorate, the Habilitation, which qualifies the recipient to teach in a university. The Habilitation degree is the approximate equivalent of a doctoral degree in the United States.2. Academic Degree is title granted by a college or university, usually signifying completionof an established course of study. Honorary degrees are conferred as marks of distinction, not necessarily of scholarship; some, such as D. Litt. (doctor of letters), are generally honorary in the U.S.3. European Degrees In Germany and at most Continental universities, only the doctor‟s degree is conferred, except in theology, in which the licentiate, or master‟s degree, is also presented. Granting of the doctorate is contingent upon the acceptance of a dissertation and the passing of examinations. The bac calaureate, or bachelor‟s degree, is usually not a university degree in Europe. In France, it is acquired by passing a state examination at the completion of secondary education; the only university-conferred baccalaureate is that awarded by the faculty of law.The University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford in England grant the bachelor‟s degree after the satisfactory completion of a 3-year course. Since the 18th century these universities have also given tripos, or examinations for honors. A candidate for graduation must pass all parts of the tripos for a particular subject in order to qualify for an honor degree. The master‟s degree in arts or science is granted after a further period of residence and study and the payment of fees. Other English universities grant the master‟s degree only after a candidate has passed a series of examinations and presented an approved thesis. Various doctorates are awarded for distinguished scholarly work.4. U.S. Degrees The most commonly granted degrees in the U.S. are the BA, or bachelor of arts, and the BS, or bachelor of science, both given generally after the completion of a 4-year course of study …and sometimes followed by a mark of excellence, such as cum laude, with praise; magna cum laude, with great prais e; or summa cum laude, with highest praise. The master‟s degree is granted after one or two years of postgraduate work and may require the writing of a thesis or dissertation. The doctorate requires two to five years of postgraduate work, the writing of a thesis, and the passing of oral and written examinations. In a recent year U.S. institutions of higher learning granted about 988,000 bachelor‟s degrees, some 289,000 master‟s degrees, and 34,000 doctor‟s degrees. The most familiar degrees are shown in the accompanying table.5. The academic dress worn at degree-granting ceremonies consists of a long, black, full-cut gown, and a mortarboard, a stiff square-shaped cap with a tassel. The tassel is either black or of the color indicating the field of study, such as blue for philosophy, purple for law, or scarlet fortheology. Some also wear a hood lined with colored silk indicating the graduate‟s institution and decorated with velvet strips to designate the field of study. The bachelor‟s gown, usually of cotton, has pointed sleeves. The master‟s gown, of cotton, silk, or worsted, has oblong sleeves. The doctor‟s gown, generally of silk, has colored velvet facings down the front. The bell-shaped sleeves are decorated with three similarly colored velvet bands.6. In the United States, the research doctorate requires at least two or three additional years of study beyond the master‟s degree. Most doctoral students are expected to have a reading knowledge in two foreign languages. The candidate must also complete examinations and present a written thesis or dissertation. The doctoral thesis represents an original contribution to knowledge, and is a more detailed study of a research problem than that required for the master‟s degree.The Doctor of Philosophy degree is the most important research doctorate and may include specialization in almost any academic subject. The Doctor of Education, Doctor of Medicine, and Doctor of Dental Surgery degrees represent advanced professional training. Students in such professions as medicine and dentistry can obtain a doctor‟s degree without first receiving a bachelor‟s or master‟s degree. But most acquire a bachelor of science degree before entering medical training.Reflections and Practice (1)I. Topics for group discussion.1. How is a professional paper defined? What is your understanding of a professional paper?2. How are papers classified? What are the similarities and differences between/among them?3. What are the linguistic features of professional papers?4. Where can you search for different kinds of papers from various sources?II. Fill in each space with one proper word and translate the sentences into Chinese.1. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) gopher allows you to search_______ particular NBER working papers and reprints by key word(s), author, title, or paper number. The gopher contains a document outlining papers that are available_______ anonymous FYP. Papers that are not available, but outlined_______ the NBER database, must be ordered_______ . phone,fax, or e-mail. There is a directory in this gopher menu_______ the Penn-World tables, which_______ data such as population, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, real consumption, government and investment shares of GDP per capita, capital stock per worker, standard of living indexes, and many other data sets. There is also a link_______ the Economics Working Papers Archive (papers not from the NBER) and a link_______ search the NBER Macro-Economic Historical Database.2. The Cambridge University Eng ineering Department‟s FFP server features a wide_______ of engineering-related documents, tutorials, abstracts, full-text dissertations, and programming code. A good place to start is the/pub/reports subdirectory. Read the message file first, and then browse Abstracts or the Index to_______ the reports you want to pursue further. Much of the engineering work focuses_______ speech analysis, ultrasound imaging, and robotics. If you‟re particularly interested in speech analysis, you may want to check_______ the comp. speech FTP site that‟s also_______ here. To access it, go to the fip:///pub/comp.speech directory. Be sure to read the FAQ and Readme files first. Among the technical information here, you‟ll find project source code_______ spe ech recognition, speech analysis software, information speech synthesis, and more.3. The average Ph.D. thesis is nothing_______ a transference of bones one graveyard to another.4. Master‟s theses from 214 colleges and universities in the United States ar e found. With V olume 18, the coverage was expanded to_______ Canadian universities of which twenty-seven are_______ in Volume 25.5. Forty-four disciplines are presently covered which __ agriculture, astronomy, chemistry, geology, nuclear science, etc. A n ote on the contents page states: “Mathematics and most life sciences have been_______ from this publication.., to limit the scope of the work.”6.The University of Minnesota‟s On-line Dissertations site is a searchable index of the bibliographic records an d abstracts_______ UMI‟s Dissertation Abstracts database from 1980 to the present. Most of the documents are_______ in both Adobe Acrobat and PostScript formats.7. A Diploma, the approximate equivalent of a bachelor‟s degree in the United States, is awarded_______ a 4- to 5-year course of study. After an additional three years of study and the completion_______ a dissertation, a doctoral degree is_______ . Further study and the completionof a second dissertation lead_______ a second doctorate, the Habilitation, which qualifies the recipient to teach in a university. The Habilitation degree is the approximate equivalent_______ a doctoral degree in the United States.8. The demand that every teacher should write a master‟s_______ , a doctor‟s_______ , and, for the rest of his career, publish with reasonable frequency learned_______ and scholarly books, has led_______ a mass of scholarship of widely varying standards and value. Some is trivial and absurd, but the best has perfected the texts and thoroughly illuminated the significance of nearly all the world‟s great literature.9. Most countries also provide_______ higher degrees_______ law. In common-law countries there is usually a series of steps, ascending_______ a degree of master of laws_______ a doctorate or senior doctorate. In civil-law countries it is normal to go straight_______ a first degree to a doctorate. Master‟s degrees are, as a rule, based_______ advanced examination after courses of instruction, though sometimes they are_______ for research or for a combination of examination and dissertation. Doctorates are awarded_______ theses expounding the results of original research and senior doctorates_______ published contributions_______ scholarship in the subject. In many countries there are also specialized postgraduate diplomas or certificates particular subjects.Translation Skills (2): DictionBy “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.In the practice of translation, what perplexes a translator most is how to find the equivalents in the language to be translated into. Great care is called for in the translation of “familiar” English words into Chinese, as their meanings vary with the change in collocation or context. Take the following simple sentence for example:Tension is building up.Without a given context, both “tension” and “build up” may have various explanations. Thus this simple English sentence can be translated into different Chinese versions:(1)形势紧张起来。

研究生硕士文献阅读与翻译整理

2.1.Definition of professional papers• A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.2.2.Classification of professional papers1)Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence2) Research paperA research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.3) Course Papercourse papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis Paperthe thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and constructa logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not2.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers1) Formal StyleA professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes.It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing.The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects the objective facts, and it is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomes a matter of special concern whenever a research or investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes.2) Specialized Terms（自行举例）The terms in professional papers are typically specialized.Take the word “normal” as an example. Generally, it means “正常”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collocations.•filter 滤波器, 滤色器tramp filter 干扰滤除器•amplitude filter 振辐滤色器filter paper 滤纸•primary filter 基色滤色器What is more, a great number of professional words and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields.decoder (译码器), photophor (磷光核), multi-quantum transition (多量子跃迁), Read Only Memory (只读储存器) and conversational implicatures (会话含义),Unit 4Abstracts4.1. Definition of AbstractsAn abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.4.2. Classification of AbstractsIt can be a description of what kind of information it is, which includes the purpose, scope, and methods of the research or it can be the informative content of the document,which includes results and conclusions of the research.如何分类：Depending on which information they contain,abstracts can be classified into major types:indicative abstract informative abstracts,indicative-informative abstract and author abstracts. As they have different aims ,they have different components and styles,4.2.1. Indicative (or descriptive abstracts)An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.4.2.2. Informative abstracts4.2.3. Indicative / informative abstracts (综合性)Indicative/ informative abstract is more common than either the pure indicative or the pure information style.4.2.4. Author abstract4.2.5. Slanted abstract4.2.6. Telegraphic abstract4.2.7. Mini-abstract4.2.8 Mission-oriented abstract4.2.9 Finding-oriented abstract4.2.10 Highlight abstract4.3.Linguistic Features of Abstracts4.3.1 Using Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences•An abstract often starts with a “topic” or “lead” sentence. This first sentence attempts to summarize any essential information that is not conveyed by the title. The objective is to enable the reader to eliminate possibly relevant documents, which, in fact, prove to be of little interest without delving into the body of the abstract.4.3.2 Using Brief but Informative SentencesThe abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition.4.3.3 Arranging in One ParagraphAll abstracts, barring possibly those of exceptional length, should consist of one paragraph only. This should be a coherent paragraph, and not a series of disjointed sentences.4.3.4 Being ConciseConciseness is paramount. Redundant phrases such as: “the authors studied”, “in this work”, “the paper concludes by”, etc. should be avoided if possible.4.8. Translation Skills :Technical Terms4.8.1. Affixation•Affixation, which includes prefixation and suffixation, is an important means of coining English technical terms, with prefixes and suffixes as inseparable elements of the words being coined.4.8.2. CompoundingThe combination of two or more words to form a new word is called compounding. English technical terms formed by compounding generally take three forms: with a hyphen or without it, or two or more separate words.4.8.3. Blending•This is a variant of compounding, consisting in omitting the latter part of the first word and clipping off the first part of the second word. Sometimes, however, either the first part or the second part of the overlapped word may happen to be a full word.4.8.4. AcronymsBy acronym, we mean the formation of a word made up of the first letters of the name of something. Since it is very convenient to use this brief form, acronym emerges very frequently in English technical terms.4.8.5. Proper NounsMany of the technical terms in English are borrowed from proper nouns such as names of people, places, firms, trade marks, organizations, and so on. In such cases, consulting relevant dictionaries will be of great help.Unit 5Proposals5.1.Definition of ProposalA proposal is a suggestion or request that some particular action be taken. (A proposal is a written offer to solve a technical problem in a particular way, under a specified plan of management, or for a specified compensation.)三个要素：Tips: written offer to a solve technical problems, specified plan to management , and specified compensation are the main elements of proposal.5.2.Classification of Proposals• 5.2.1. Informal Suggestions• 5.2.2. Semiformal Proposals• 5.2.3 Formal Proposals5.3.Format of ProposalUnit 7Reviews7.1. Definition of Review:A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical summary, commentary and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field.7.2. Classification of Reviews1) Literature Review•Literature review is written on a particular subject (or a specialty) through analysis, study, synthesis, comment on the basis of extensively referencing professional materials both at home and abroad. It is a kind of comprehensive, summary and commentary article.2) Book Review•Book review is a kind of research writing, an article published in a newspaper or periodical that announces the publication of a new book. It tells what the book is about and evaluates it. The value of a book review depends on the knowledge and ability of the reviewer and on the reviewer's fairness in judging the book. For this reason, the reviewer should have a broad knowledge of the subject of the book under review, the ability to analyze a piece of writing, and the skills to communicate with the reader.7.3. Linguistic Features of Review1) General Contents of Book Reviews• A good book review is always within the scope of three elements: (1) it tells what the book is about, (that is to bring it to the attention of people who may not know of it or may not have considered it properly;) (2) it asserts a judgment of the book's worth,( that is to offer an assessment of its worth and usefulness; and) (3) it defends that judgment. Besides, some reviews undertake to familiarize the reader with the background of the book, (the history of the subject, or the context of issues the book is related to.)2) General Contents of Literature Reviews• A good literature review usually (1) includes the background, the prior work, present disputes, current development and prospect, etc. of the subject the review is about; (2) reveals the author's rigorous and objective comments; (3) provides the reader with a great number of references.只背画横线的部分即可，其他可作为理解。

学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译

学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译IntroductionAs technology advances, artificial intelligence has become an integral part of our lives. With the help of machine learning and natural language processing, machines are not only able to perform routine tasks but are also able to understand, reason and learn. In the translation industry, machine translation has become increasingly popular in recent years.This paper will explore the use of machine translation in translation tasks by reviewing scholarly articles on the topic. Furthermore, we will explore the role of machine translation in automating translation tasks and the impact it has on the translation industry.Advantages of Machine TranslationMachine translation has several advantages in translation tasks. One of the greatest advantages is speed. Machines are able to perform translations in a fraction of the time it would take a human translator. Furthermore, machines can translate large volumes of text quickly and accurately.Another advantage of machine translation is cost. The cost of machine translation is significantly lower than human translation. This is because machines can complete translations without the need for payment, benefits, or time off.Machine translation is also consistent. Machines are not prone tofatigue or errors in the same way humans are. This means that the quality of translations is more consistent and reliable. Disadvantages of Machine TranslationHowever, there are also several disadvantages to using machine translation. One of the biggest disadvantages is accuracy. Machine translation is not always accurate, and can produce errors or awkward translations.Another disadvantage is that machines lack the cultural and linguistic knowledge of a human translator. This means that machines may not be able to properly translate idiomatic expressions or slang.Additionally, machines are not suitable for translations that require a higher level of precision, such as legal or medical translations. This is because these types of translations require a strong understanding of specific terminology and jargon.Research FindingsIn a study conducted by Hasegawa and Kojima (2011), machine translation was compared to human translation for translations of user manuals. The study found that machine translation produced more errors than human translation, and that the quality of machine translation varied widely depending on the source language.On the other hand, a study by Koehn et al. (2003) found that machine translation can produce high-quality translations when thesource text is straightforward and lacks nuanced meaning.Another study by Nitzke and Burchardt (2016) investigated the impact of machine translation on the translation process. They found that machine translation can be a useful tool for translators, but that it is important to take into account factors such as domain, text type, and translation direction.ConclusionMachine translation has several advantages and disadvantages in translation tasks. While it can be useful for translations of certain texts, it is not always accurate and lacks the cultural and linguistic knowledge of a human translator. In conclusion, machine translation has the potential to automate translation tasks and increase efficiency in the translation industry, but cannot replace the role of a human translator entirely.The use of machine translation in the translation industry has been increasing over the years. This is due to the advances in artificial intelligence and natural language processing that have made it possible for machines to understand and translate languages.One of the benefits of machine translation is that it can increase the efficiency of the translation process. This is particularly important for industries that require the translation of large volumes of text. For example, the news media industry relies heavily on machine translation to quickly translate news articles from one language to another. This allows them to deliver news to their audience faster and more efficiently.Moreover, machine translation can also be used in industries such as ecommerce, where the translation of product descriptions can be a time-consuming and costly process. By using machine translation, businesses can translate product descriptions quickly and with greater accuracy, which can lead to increased sales and reduced costs.However, it is important to note that machine translation has limitations. It may not always produce accurate translations, especially when dealing with complex or nuanced texts. In some cases, human translators may be necessary to ensure that the translation accurately captures the meaning and tone of the original text.Furthermore, machine translation can be particularly challenging when translating idiomatic expressions or slang. These types of expressions are often unique to a particular culture or community, and may not have direct translations in other languages. A machine translator may not be able to accurately capture the nuanced meaning of these expressions, resulting in a translated text that may be difficult for the reader to understand.Despite its limitations, there are several ways in which machine translation can be optimized to improve its accuracy and efficiency. One of these methods is by using post-editing, which involves a human translator checking and editing the machine-translated text for accuracy and fluency.Another way is by training the machine translator with domain-specific data. For example, if the machine is being used formedical translations, it can be trained with medical terminology to improve the accuracy of translations in this domain.Additionally, machine translation can also be improved by using a hybrid approach, which combines machine translation with human translation. This approach involves using the machine translator to translate the bulk of the text, then having a human translator edit and refine the translation to ensure accuracy and fluency.Overall, machine translation has become an integral part of the translation industry, and its use is expected to increase in the future. While it has its limitations, it also offers several benefits, such as increased efficiency and reduced costs. With ongoing improvements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing, it is likely that machine translation will become even more advanced, leading to greater accuracy and efficiency in translation tasks.。

研究生外文文献翻译中英完整版

Discussion about the application of the anchor bar on theslope constructionFu Ming Fu , Zhang TianAbstract:There are some advantages in strengthening slope with the anchor bar, such as low project cost, convenient for construction and so on. It not only meets the requirement of the reliability of the construction, but also is economic and reasonable for the construction.Key words: anchor bar; slope; strengthening1.IntroductionAnchor technique uses strata geotechnical’s shear strength around bolt to deliver structures pulling force or keep strata of the excavation own stability. Due to the use of the anchor rod, Anchor strata produce compressive zone and have reinforcement effect to strata, can enhance the strength of strata, improve mechanical properties of strata, make structure and stratum together formed a kind of work together complex. Anchor system can effectively sustain tension and shear, improve shear strength of the potential sliding surface, so it can effectively prevent slope to produce sliding damage.Fig 1 after excavation of the slope2.Project profileThe length of a slope is about 60m, the most slope height is about 23m,the angle up to 50°~ 75°, a five-layer frame structure buildings is far from about 1.5 to 4m at its base edge, its foundation is artificial bored pile and its bearing stratum is in weathered phyllite. Due to the strong weathering of rocks, it was chunky, loosely structured, multi-muddy filling. It has residual slope deposits of silty clay overlying and local folder with a pulpy, low strength. Slope hadcollapsed at various locations, it is vary dangerous to the building, so we need to reinforce the slope, and we use stone concrete retaining wall and bolt to support it.3.Bolt retaining and protecting design3.1Bolt design（1）all formation of anchor use whole length bond-type, the binder materials are ordinary cement mortar, the mortar strength grade is M30, the anchor length L is 10 meters, the slope height h is 9 meters. Anchoring section length is 5m.（2）According to the construction condition and the needs of the process, the layout form of anchor use quincunx, and in order to make the anchoring force in the role of surface rock surface with uniform, the two adjacent line bolts should be staggered arrangement.（3）The anchor’s number according to /3.24 per meter to calculation, the anchor length is L, a tolal of 252. The diameter of drilling holes is φ90,the number of drill according to (L-0.1)m per hole to calculation, M30 grout number according to average 0.052m3per hole to calculation.（4）The two adjacent rows vertical spacing of anchor take 2.55m, horizontal spacing take 2.55m. The dip angle of anchor: with the angle of horizontal line is 20°, and drilling down with this Angle.（5）Anchor use the steel bar, which is HRB400 level, 28mm diameter.3.2Anchor calculation（1）The calculation of lateral geotechnical pressure[1][2]When the supporting structure to leave in rock and earth mass direction migration until to the limit equilibrium state, the geotechnical pressure which is role in supporting structure called active geotechnical pressure. Its calculation method is as follows:For the slope which has no flare structure surface, generally speaking, failure is controled by rock mass strength, the calculation formula is same to the active soil pressure, but cohesive force C take zero, internal friction angle ϕuse eϕ(rock mass equivalent internal friction angle) instead of, according to the standard to selection; rupture angle is 45°+ϕ/2（ϕis rock mass internal friction angle, is estimationed by haircut at the standard of rock mass internal friction angle, reduction factor according to the standard to selection).According to the engineering survey, active rock pressure can calculation as follows:（2）the calculation of anchor tension design value a Q ak N N γ= (1)(2) In the formula: a N is anchor tension design value; ak N is anchor tension standard value; Q γis partial load factor, take 1.3; tk H is the horizontal tension standard value of anchor; αis the dip angle of anchor.Through the calculation, ak N =112.3kN a N =145.99kN（3）the calculation of anchor steel section area(3) In the formula: S A is the steel section area of anchor; ογ is slope engineering importance coefficient(the slope engineering importance coefficient of this project is level 1, take 1.1); 2ξis the tensile working conditions coefficient of anchor bar ( permanent anchor take 0.69, temporary anchor take 0.92); y f is the tensile strength design value of anchor bar(standard value k y f =400a MP , design value y f =360a MP ).According to the calculation, S A ≥0.5883210m -⨯,choose level 3 steel of 1φ28mm,S A =0.6153210m -⨯.（4）The calculation of anchorage body and rock mass anchoring lengthanchoring length should not only meet the requirements which the bond force of formation on mortar and the bond stress of mortar on steel, but also meet the requirements that the Structure design codes the Minimum anchoring length.(4) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length; D is the diameter of anchorage body; rb f is the bond strength eigenvalue of layer and anchorage body, through the experiment or local experience sure, or according to the standard to selection ( this engineering ’s rock mass uniaxial compressive 2222111209tan (45)2090.217175.77/2222e a aE H K kN m ϕγ︒==⨯⨯⨯-=⨯⨯⨯=cos tkak H N α=2a S yNA f ογξ≥1ak a rbN l Df ξπ≥strength is 7.46a MP , belong to soft rock, rock mass structural plane development, rb f take 300a KP );1ξis the bond working conditions coefficient of anchorage body and layer (permanent anchor take 1.00).According to the calculation, a l ≥4.3m, take a l =5.0m.（5）The anchoring length between anchor steel and anchor mortara l ≥ (5) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length between steel and mortar; d is the diameter of anchor bar; n is the number of steel;b f is the bond strength design value between steel and anchor mortar, through the experiment sure, or according to the standard take 2.40; 3ξ is the working conditions coefficient of steel and mortar bond strength(permanent anchor take 0.60）. According to the calculation, a l ≥2.1m ，take a l =5.0m.3.3 The construction technology and key points of anchorThe anchor ’s construction technology is as follows: build-up scaffold ——excavate and clear up the slope surface ——measures to fix position ——drill hole ——washing hole ——bolt put in a certain place ——grout ——colligation the end of the anchor ——flushing the slope surface ——pouring frame space ——Spray seed（1）This slope belong to rocky slope, after excavate the slope 10 cm to the underside of the frame space, set bolt and pouring frame space, then spray grass or seeds after borrowed soil 20 cm in the frame space.（2）the slope should be payed attention to clean up, when construction. The anchor should be placed after wash hole, then put pressure (0.4MPa) and grout. After the mortar fully solidification, colligation steel, cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame space, bend the end of the anchor and bind point by point with the skeleton steel.（3）Before drilling, the hole should be measured to fix position and then do mark. Pitch deviation is less than 150mm, hole depth error is less than 50mm. Try not remold the surrounding rock, when drill. Before Put the anchor, it should be attentioned that blow wash clean the water of the hole and rock powder and so on, and rust removal the body of rod. When grouting, builders 3a bN n df ογξπshould attention the grouting pressure and mortar ratio.Fig 2 anchor field construction drawing4.ConclusionIt is economical to reinforcement slope with bolt, and use the normal equipment, It is not only achieve safe and also economy and rational.(1) Today bolt technology is widely used in the project. It is an effective reinforcement measures to constraints sliding soil with the combining of bolt and concrete slope protection.(2) We must be sure to do geological exploration work of the slope to find out the nature of the rock and hydrogeological situation before reinforcing slope by grouting bolt.(3) Due to the factors of engineering geological conditions, grouting pressure and construction technology, we should be given adequate attention to the quality of construction.Reference[1]Technical code for building slope engineering (JGJ 120-99). The People's Republic nationalstandards. Beijing: China Architecture & Building PRESS.[2] Ying-Ren Zheng, Zu-Yu Chen etc. Engineering Treatment of Slope & Landslide [M]. Beijing：China Communications Press，2007[3] LuoZhenHai. Talk shallowly the application of the anchor at the slope reinforcement[J]. FujianConstruction Science & Technology，2010,06:15-16浅谈锚杆技术在边坡工程中的应用1.引言锚杆技术是利用锚杆周围地层岩土的抗剪强度来传递结构物的拉力或保持地层开挖面的自身稳定。

读思研研究生英语阅读翻译UnitfiveGender,PovertyandEnvironment

Gender, Poverty and EnvironmentGender is rarely considered as a mainstream issue in environmental policies and programmes. However, a better understanding of the different priorities and perceptions of men and women can be used to maximize policy effectiveness.1In many parts of the world, women tend to be the poorest of the poor in a very literal sense. In addition to being the majority among the poor, they are often denied the most basic rights and access to critical resources such as land, inheritance or credit. Their labor and knowledge are undervalued.Their needs are often overlooked. They are more vulnerable to disease and disasters and the situation is made worse by their poverty. Cultural and social norms sometimes complicate matters further by placing additional expectations, restrictions and limitations on women. Gender gaps are widespread, and in no region of the world are women equal to men in legal, social and economic rights.2The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty among women –including energy and water poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by empowering women in the realms of agriculture, forest and biodiversity management.3Energy, environment and genderThe synergies between gender, environment and the energy sector were first recognized in relation to biomass energy. Women were recognized as users and collectors of fuel wood, and as victims of environmental deterioration that caused energy scarcity.4The surveys have shown that women spend long hours in fuel collection. The burden increases as deforestation worsens, and this affects the time available to women for other ac tivities including income-generating activities, education and participation indecision making. In Sudan, for instance, deforestation in the last decade led to a quadrupling of the time women spent gathering fuel wood.This stimulated efforts to promote afforestation and design more fu el-efficient stoves. Funding petered out, however, when the improved stoves and forestry projects were not as successful as anticipated.5Attention to biomass energy and its impact on women‟s lives has recently revived. Indo or air pollution, mainly from woodfuel smoke, ranked as the fourth largest health problem in developing countries. It is estimated to kill 2 million women and children in developing countries every year and also causes respiratory and eye diseases. There are differences in exposure according to age and economic status, and in some cultures women tend to undervalue their own health, leading to under-reporting of problems.6 In many developing countries communal lands remain a crucial source of biomass energy, yetprivatization of these lands continues apace – reducing free access to fuel wood, and removing yet another area where cooperative decisions could be made on sustainable management of fuel wood sources.7In developed countries, the links between gender, environment and energy have been explored mainly in the areas of equal opportunity in the energy professions, decision making in energy policy, pollution and health, preferences for energy production systems, access to scientific and technological education and the division of labor in the home.8Climate change and genderClimate change is predicted to cause displacement of populations due to sea level rise. In manyparts of the developing world it is expected to increase water scarcity, to increase the disease burden, to negatively impact agriculture, and to cause more frequent extreme weather events. The effects of climate change and adaptive capacity are very likely to differ by gender, because of the strong relationship between poverty and vulnerability, and the fact that women as a group are poorer and less powerful than men.9The potential value of gender as a factor in deciding on policies and programmes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has received even less attention. For example, as users of household energy, women can play a key role in energy conservation, as well as in promoting renewable energy technologies.10Both sexes make decisions about the forms of transport they use and how frequently they travel, and there are gender differences in the choices they make. In developed countries, for example, women tend to use public transport more than men.11Land tenure and agricultureDespite women‟s key role in agriculture, most of the world‟s women do not equally own, inheritor control land and other property. Discriminatory inheritance and property ownership laws restrict women‟s ability to ensure long-term food security for the family, and to get loans using land as collateral. They also have important consequences for soil and land management –it is widely acknowledged that owners of land take more care to ensure soil conservation. Improved access to agricultural support systems, including credit, technology, education, transport, extension and marketing services, is essential to improving agricultural productivity and promoting environmentally sustainable practices – yet often women have no access to these services.12The division of labour between men and women in agricultural production varies considerably between cultures. However, as a broad generalization, it is usually men who are responsible for large-scale cash cropping, especially when it is highly mechanized, while women take care of household food production and some small-scale, low technology cultivation of cash crops. This has important implications for biodiversity. Gender-differentiated local knowledge systems play a decisive role in conserving, managing and improving genetic resources for food and agriculture. In Kenya, men‟s knowledge of traditional crops and practices is actu ally declining as a result of formal schooling and migration to urban areas. By contrast, women retain a widely shared level of general knowledge in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity about wild foods, craft and medicinal plants, and acquire new knowledge about natural resources as their roles and duties change.13WaterLack of access to clean potable water has been recognized as a factor increasing women‟s work burdens in those parts of the world where they are responsible for collecting water for basic needs like cooking, cleaning and hygiene. In some cases water collection can take up to 60 per cent of their working time.14In rural Africa, women and girls spend as much as three hours a day fetching water, using up more than one-third of their daily caloric energy intake. This limits the time available for them to engage in wage-earning economic and social activities and development projects. Lack of clean water is also responsible for waterborne diseases among children – one of the major causes of child disease and mortality. This further adds to women‟s childcare responsibilities.15The lack of easily accessible water has health implications for women as well. Carrying heavy water jars over long distances during pregnancy can result in premature births, prolapsed uterus or back injuries. Constant exposure to water while collecting, washing clothes, cleaning and cooking puts women at greater risk of contracting water-related diseases. For instance, in eastern Tanzania, urinaryschistosomiasis1, a water-related disease, was most common among boys, and also among girls and women between the ages of 10 and 40. The incidence among boys was associated with swimming.Among women and girls, it was associated with the local practice of washing clothes while standing in schistosomiasis-infested water.16HealthThe link between health and the environment has been widely recognized, if not fully acted upon, in recent years. Unclean water and untreated sewage are responsible for the spread of w ater-borne diseases such as cholera and intestinal parasites. Limited access to water may be responsible for the spread of germs. Pollutants in the environment (including air pollutants from transport and industry, chemical toxins and heavy metals from industrial processes, and dioxins from waste incineration) pose a constant threat to the human body. Climate change is expected to increase the burden of disease considerably by allowing vectors to breed in latitudes or altitudes where current temperatures prevent them.Men and women are exposed differently to environmental risks, and their bodies may respond differently even to the same threats. For instance, the incidence of respiratory illnesses is considerably higher among women and young children, who are constantly exposed to indoor air pollution, than among men.17Poor nutritional levels can make people particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases, and age and gender may exacerbate this risk. Malaria, for example, is more likely to cause serious problems or death in young children or pregnant women. During pregnancy, it can cause severe anemia, and it can also harm the fetus, increasing the chances of abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and low infant birth weight.18One of the newest threats to health and social welfare is the spread of HIV/AIDS. Both sexes are affected, but to different extents indifferent parts of the world. Globally, men account for 52 per cent of infected adults. Lack of information among women on how the disease is transmitted confounds the problem in many regions. In sub-Saharan Africa, 55 per cent of those infected are women. In this region, women grow most of the food, and women‟s agricultural labor often shows the first signs of wider community disruption by HIV/AIDS. For example, in Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe where women are responsible for most food production, there has been a progressive shift from maize production to less labour-intensive, and less nutritious, cassava production to compensate for the labour lost through HIV/AIDS.19UrbanizationUntil recently, the link between gender, the environment and urbanization was mostly seen as rural women being left behind in rural areas to take care of agriculture, while men migrated to cities in search of a better income. This focus has slowly expanded to include the impact of urban environments on women.In many developing countries, people migrating as unskilled laborers to a city face a challenge in accessing even basic necessities such as food, water, and housing, and they are vulnerable to exploitation and economic abuse.1Schistosomiasis: any of various generally tropical diseases caused by infestation with schistosomes, widespreadin rural areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America through use of contaminated water, and characterized byinfection and gradual destruction of the tissues of the kidneys, liver, and other organs. Also called bilharziasis,snail fever20Air and water pollution can be extreme in urban settings, and sanitation and waste treatment poor or non-existent in low-cost residential areas and slums. Housing tenure patterns in towns and cities are sometimes gender distorted: it is often harder for women to have secure tenure of their housing or land.In addition, inequitable inheritance practices leave female-headed households extremely vulnerable, especially where land grabbing occurs. Many urban households have female heads, and typically these are poorer and more vulnerable than households with a couple.21Environmental disastersDisasters do not strike evenly by social class or gender. However, it is well established that the poor are more exposed to environmental and other disasters, and also more vulnerable to them when they occur. They are more likely to live in disaster-prone areas, in vulnerable, badly built and badly sited housing, and with few resources to pay for rescue or rehabilitation.22Anyone who is located (socially and /or spatially) …out of the loop‟ of information supplied by early warning systems is likely to suffer more from disasters. In some countries, these individuals are more likely to be women than men. The 1991 cyclone in Bangladesh resulted in a disproportionate number of female deaths (71 per 1 000women as against 15 per 1 000 men). This was partly because warnings of the cyclone were displayed in public places, less frequented by women. Researchers also found that women delayed leaving their houses for much longer, in order to avoid the impropriety of being alone in public. Women were also less likely to have been taught how to swim.23On the other hand, men sometimes treat disaster warnings less seriously. More men than women died in Florida and the Caribbean during Hurricane Mitch in 1998, in part because they ventured into the storm. The earthquake in Kobe, Japan in 1995 demonstrated clear gender differentiated impacts both during and after the event.24Challenges for the FutureThe full success of forward-looking strategies for bringing gender into environmental analysis –and vice versa –may hinge on three major areas of activity.25First, improving and supporting w omen‟s capacity to participate and shape environmental policy and action at all levels from grassroots to government. Worldwide, women are still very poorly represented in governments and other decision-making bodies. There has been an improvement in women‟s participation in development programmes, but their role still falls far short of men‟s. Part of the solution is to prepare women for greater participation by equalizing education and literacy rates for girls and women with those of boys and men.26Second, adjusting government priorities so that awareness and promotion of gender equality are integrated into financial planning. In 20 countries so far, UNIFEM has supported the development of gender responsive budgets that examine how the allocation of public resources benefits women and men, and addresses gender equality requirements. In Mexico, the government earmarked the equivalent of 0.85 per cent of the total budget in 2003 for programmes promoting gender equity.Fourteen ministries are required to report quarterly on the status of these programmes.27Third, improving institutional capacities to incorporate gender-related environmental analysis.Much of modern environmental analysis is framed by the technical/scientific paradigm and relies mostly on quantitative biophysical data. Much of the work on gender and environment, on the other hand, is framed by a social science approach relying more on qualitative material, case study narratives, and anecdotal evidence. Merging these two paradigms will be a challenge.28It is difficult enough to mainstream social considerations within environmental work; adding gender as a third dimension is even more challenging. Many people in the environmental field seeissues such as climate change or loss of biodiversity as urgent, first-order global problems. Bringing a gender perspective into the discussion is often dismissed as trivial – or at least not essential to priority problem solving. It is not unusual for environmentalists to consider that attention to gender diverts energy and time away from pressing issues; it is “like rearranging the chairs on the Titanic”, one environmentalist was recently cited as saying. Part of this challenge is to convince technical experts that gender matters, and that analyses of gender balance and equity do not weaken or delay, but actually strengthen and sharpen environmental analyses, policies and programmes. (2300 words)。

论文翻译作业

通过有机催化烯丙基与叠氮化物酮的1,3 - 偶极环加成反应直接生成1,2,3 - 三唑(此仅为翻译作业)摘要：这是一篇关于的有机催化烯丙基酮和各种叠氮化物1,3 - 偶极环加成反应的报道。

该反应由一种仲胺催化生成高选择性的1,2,3三取代唑。

在过去的几年中，我们发现含有1,2,3-三唑分子的物质具有潜在药用价值。

许多1,2,3-三唑类物质具有重要的生物学意义，例如：抗病毒，抗菌，抗真菌和抗肿瘤等。

如该图1所示，四环1,2,3-三唑具有良好的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制活性; 叔丁基-二甲基神经蛋白酶氧化物（称为TSAO），一种核苷酸衍生物，被识别为有效的非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂; 4-烷氧基羰基-1，5 -二芳基-1,2,3 - 三唑的3位被标记为有活性的大麻素CB1接受体. 最近成功发现具有药效高功能的抗病毒1,2,3-三唑环状氨基酸衍生物-奥司他韦和扎那米韦，这种物质有望拓展到更多的三唑化合物上。

另外，部分1,2,3-三唑基被发现是一种包含许多修饰基组成部分的核苷或核苷酸，它们具有抗病毒，抗HIV或抑制细胞生长的活性。

此外，三唑的化学应用并不仅仅局限药物方面的发现，也在很大程度上扩展到许多其他科学领域，如生物标记，高分子化学和聚合物科学。

最受瞩目的1,2,3 -三唑的合成与乙炔有机叠氮化合物的胡伊斯根1,3- 偶极环加成。

经典休斯根反应，包括热引发的，给出了一个约1：1.41混合物-和1,5 -二取代的1,2,3 -三唑的异构体。

然而，当使用一价铜的催化剂时，反应具有区域选择性了，在相当短的时间1.5秒内只产生1,4-区域异构体。

最近，由于其广泛的适用性和效率化学概念Cu（I）催化的叠氮化物-炔环加成（CuAAC）已成为研究的热点。

这一发现已明确提出对1,2,3 - 三唑及相关化学研究是在过去十年中，“最热”的研究领域之一。

这一功能强大的方法已被广泛应用到各个领域，作为温和的条件下结合不同功能的一种有效策略。

Unit1文献阅读与翻译第一章

Literal translation

The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text (discourse) into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.

In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication. In actual practice, we often alternate or combine these two approaches instead sticking to either.

研究生学位英语补充阅读翻译上册

前言：一下课文是我们老师讲过的，由于本人学识有限，翻译中有错是在所难免的，望你惠正，给你带来不便还望见谅。

上册Unit11) If those thoughts spell gloom and doom, that's where you're headed, because put-down words sabotage confidence instead of offering support and encouragement.翻译：如果这些想法意味着黑暗和毁灭，那你就会走进黑暗和被毁灭，因为贬低的话语会摧毁你的信心，而不会鼓励你、支持你。

2）At the end of their first meeting, Sue's therapist told her to jot down her thoughts, particularly at night if she was having trouble falling asleep.翻译：苏的理疗医生在初诊时告诉她，草草记录下她的思想活动，特别是夜里她不能入睡时的思想情况。

3) They had gotten along well, but his father was overprotective, filling Vincent's head with worrisome thoughts.翻译：温森特和他的父亲感情很好，但父亲很溺爱他，灌输他满脑子的烦心事。

[ 24 ] One person described the process this way: "Every night I used to lie awake with a whirlpool of thoughts spinning in my head: 'Was I too harsh with the children?' 'Did I forget to return that client's call?' "翻译：一个人将这个过程表述成这样：“每天晚上躺在床上睡不着觉，脑中旋转着漩涡似的想法："是我过于苛刻孩子了吗"、"我忘记给客户回电话了吗"”If flying frightens you, get absorbed in the pattern of lights and roads near the airport as your plane is taking off or landing.翻译：如果你害怕坐飞机，那么在飞机起飞或降落时，你就聚精会神地观看机场附近的灯光和道路吧。