新公共管理英语论文翻译
公共管理英语（修订版）_顾建光_全文翻译Unit
公共管理英语（修订版）_顾建光_全文翻译UnitWhy Public Ma nageme nt Reform?为什么要进行公共管理改革？Public man ageme nt reform is usually thought of as a means to anend, not an end in itself. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一种达到目的的手段,而并非目的本身。
To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. 更准确说，我们可以认为它是一种潜在地达至U多种目的的手段。
These include making saving (economies) in public expe nditure, impro ving the quality of public services, making the operati on of gover nment more efficie nt, and in creas ing the cha nces thatthe policies which are chose n and impleme nted will be effective. 这些目的包括：节约公共开支(经济)，提高公共服务的质量，使政府的运作更加有效，增加被选用的和实施的政策变得有效的机会。
On the way to achieving these importa nt objectives, public man ageme nt reform may also serve anu mber of in termediate en ds, in cludi ng those of stre ngthe ning the con trol of politicia ns over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials 1 from bureaucratic con stra ins which in hibit their opport un ities to man age and enhance the government ' accountability to the legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. 在实现这些重要目标的同时，公共管理改革还可能为一系列中间目标提供服务，包括强化政治家对官僚的控制和把1公务员、国家公职人员、政府官员公务员从官僚政治的束缚中解放出来，这些束缚阻碍了他们在政策和计划实施中管理和提升政府对立法部门和公民所负责任的机会。
新公共管理外文翻译文献
新公共管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：New Public Management and the Quality ofGovernment:Coping with the New Political Governance in CanadaPeter AucoinDalhousie UniversityHalifax, CanadaConference on ‘New Public Management and the Quality of Government’,SOG and the Quality of Government Institute,University of GothenburgSwedenA tension between New Public Management (NPM) and good governance,including good public administration, has long been assumed by those who regard the structures and practices advocated and brought about by NPM as departing from the principles and norms of good governance that underpinned traditional public administration (Savoie 1994). The concern has not abated (Savoie 2008).As this dynamic has played out over the past three decades, however, there emerged an even more significant challenge not only to the traditional structures, practices and values of the professional, non-partisan public service but also to those reforms introduced by NPM that have gained wide, if not universal, acceptance as positive development in public administration. This challenge is what I call New Political Governance (NPG). It is NPG, and not NPM, I argue, that constitutes the principal threat to good governance, including good public administration, and thus the Quality of Government (QoG) as defined by Rothstein and Teorell (2008). It is a threat to the extent that partisans in government, sometimes overtly, mostly covertly, seek to use and override the public service – an impartial institution of government –to better secure their partisan advantage (Campbell 2007; MacDermott 2008 a, 2008b). In so doing, these governors engage in a politicization of the public service and its administration of public business that constitutes a form of political corruption that cannot but undermine good governance. NPM is not a cause of this politicization, I argue, but it is an intervening factor insofar as NPM reforms, among other reforms of the last three decades, have had the effect of publicly exposing the public service in ways that have made it more vulnerable to political pressures on the part of the political executive.I examine this phenomenon by looking primarily at the case of Canada, but with a number of comparative Westminster references. I consider the phenomenon to be an international one, affecting most, if not all, Western democracies. The pressures outlined below are virtually the same everywhere. The responses vary somewhat because of political leadership and the institutional differences between systems, even in the Westminster systems. The phenomenon must also be viewed in the context of time, given both the emergence of the pressures that led to NPM in the first instance, as a new management-focused approach to public administration, and the emergence of the different pressures that now contribute to NPG, as a politicized approach togovernance with important implications for public administration, and especially for impartiality, performance and accountability.New Public Management in the Canadian ContextSince the early 1980s, NPM has taken several different forms in various jurisdictions. Adopting private-sector management practices was seen by some as a part,even if a minor part, of the broader neo-conservative/neo-liberal political economy movement that demanded wholesale privatization of government enterprises and public services, extensive deregulation of private enterprises, and significant reductions in public spending –‘rolling back the state’, as it was put a at the outse t (Hood 1991). By some accounts, almost everything that changed over the past quarter of a century is attributed to NPM. In virtually every jurisdiction, nonetheless, NPM, as public management reform, was at least originally about achieving greater economy and efficiency in the management of public resources in government operations and in the delivery of public services (Pollitt 1990). The focus, in short, was on ‘management’.Achieving greater economy in the use of public resources was at the forefront of concerns, given the fiscal and budgetary situations facing all governments in the 1970s,and managerial efficiency was not far behind, given assumptions about the impoverished quality of management in public services everywhere.By the turn of the century, moreover, NPM, as improved public management in this limited sense, was well embedded in almost all governments, at least as the norm (although it was not always or everywhere referred to as NPM). This meant increased managerial authority, discretion and flexibility:•for managing public resources (financial and human);•for managing public-service delivery systems; and,•for collaborating with other public-sector agencies as well as with privatesector agencies in tackling horizontal – multi-organizational and/or multisectoral– issues.This increased managerial authority, flexibility and discretion was, in some jurisdictions, notably the Britain and New Zealand, coupled with increased organizational differentiation, as evidenced by a proliferation of departments andagencies with narrowed mandates, many with a single purpose. “Agencification’, however, was not a major focus reform in all jurisdictions, including Canada and Australia where such change, if not on the margins, was clearly secondary to enhanced managerial authority and responsibility (Pollitt and Talbot 2004).The major NPM innovations quickly led to concerns, especially in those jurisdictions where these developments were most advanced, about a loss of public service coherence and corporate capacity, on the one hand, and a diminished sense of and commitment to public-service ethos, ethics and values, on the other. Reactions to these concerns produced some retreat, reversals, and re-balancing of the systems in questions (Halligan 2006). Nowhere, however, was there a wholesale rejection of NPM, in theory or practice, and a return to traditional public administration, even if there necessarily emerged some tension between rhetoric and action (Gregory 2006). The improvements in public management brought about by at least some aspects of NPM were simply too obvious, even if these improvements were modest in comparison to the original claims of NPM proponents.At the same time that NPM became a major force for change in public administration, however, it was accompanied by a companion force that saw political executives seeking to assert greater political control over the administration and apparatus of the state, not only in the formulation of public policies but also in the administration of public services. Accordingly, from the start, at least in the Anglo-American systems, there was a fundamental paradox as political executives, on both the left and the right sides of the partisan-political divide, sought to (re)assert dominance over their public-service bureaucracies while simultaneously devolving greater management authority to them (Aucoin 1990).The impetus for this dynamic lay in the dissatisfaction of many political executives with the ‘responsiveness’ of public servants to the politi cal authority and policy agendas of these elected officials. Public choice and principal-agency theories provided the ideological justifications for taking action against what were perceived as self-serving bureaucrats (Boston 1996). Beyond theory and ideology, however, the practice of public administration by professional public servants in some jurisdictions, notably Australia, Britain and New Zealand, offered more than sufficient evidence topolitical leaders of a public-service culture that gave only grudging acceptance, at best, to the capacity of elected politicians to determine what constituted the ‘public interest’ in public policy and administration.The Canadian case is of interest, I suggest, for several reasons. In comparative perspective, Canada did not approach public management reform with much of an ideological perspective. When the Conservatives defeated the centrist Liberals in 1984, neither the new prime minister, Brian Mulroney, nor his leading ministers were hardcore neo-conservatives in the Ronald Reagan or Margaret Thatcher mold. At that time, and until the end of the Conservative government in 1993, the party was essentially a centrist party in the Canadian ‘brokerage’ party tradition. While important aspects of neoliberalism unfolded, especially under the umbrella of economic deregulation that came with a free-trade agreement with the United States, there were no major administrative reforms that were politically driven. Pragmatism prevailed (Gow 2004). As a result, the reforms initiated during this period were essentially undertakings of the professional public-service leadership that sought to stay abreast with developments elsewhere. The scope and depth of these reforms were affected, however, by the extent to which ministers wanted to maintain an active involvement in administration (Aucoin 1995).By comparison to developments elsewhere, Canadian ministers were less inclined to worry about the professional public service being unresponsive to their political direction. Nonetheless, the Mulroney regime saw an expansion in the number, roles and influence of ‘political staff’ appointed to ministers’ offices, most notably in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO). These staff, who have grown continuously in number over the past four decades, are not public servants, although they are employed on the public payroll. Unlike public servants, who are appointed independently of ministers, political staff are appointed and dismissed at the discretion of ministers and, of course, they have no tenure beyond their ministers. And, in official constitutional doctrine, they have no separate authority to direct the public service. In the Canadian tradition, moreover, they are appointed almost exclusively from partisan-political circles and appointees rarely possess any public service experience.For all these reasons, the Canadian government did not go as far down the NPMroad as its three major Westminster counterparts (Australia, Britain and New Zealand) in terms of such matters as ‘agencification,’ devolution, term contracts for executives, external recruitment, or contracting-out. And, the reforms that did occur did not fundamentally transform the traditional administrative architecture. Throughout, there was retained, and even further developed:•an integrated public service, with the most senior levels drawn from the career public service and managed and deployed as a corporate executive resource; •departmental organizations, structured hierarchically with the minister as political executive and combining public policy and operational/service delivery responsibilities; and,•public administrative structures for addressing both corporate or governmentwide concerns and horizontal policy and service delivery issues.These features were seen as strengths of the Canadian approach (Bourgon 1998; Lindquist 2006; Dunn 2002).At the same time, reforms were initiated to improve public management that followed the principal NPM script: some measure of devolution of management authority from central management agencies to the senior public-service executives of line departments for (a) achieving greater economy and efficiency in the use of public resources, (b) improving service delivery, and (c) enhancing collaboration across departments to address those wicked ‘horizontal’ problems that defy government’s organizational boundaries (Bakvis and Juillet 2004).Further, in addressing one major challenge that was critical in the first years of NPM, namely, the fiscal crisis of the state in the latter part of the 20th century, the record of Canada was at first dismal and then dramatically successful. While the Conservative government, in power from 1984-93, was unable to wrestle annual deficits to the ground, a major program-budget review initiated following the Liberal Party victory in 1993 resulted, in surprisingly short order, in annual multi-billion dollar budget surpluses for over a decade – the best record in the G-8 nations (a group that does not include Australia which has had a similar experience with very large budget surpluses). On this front, political will and discipline, but not ideology, was a decisive force.By the first decade of the 21st century, moreover, Canada also came to be ranked first both in E-Government and in Service Delivery on one major international scorecard. On this front, the fact that the public service has been able to operate essentially on its own has helped spur progress. The Canadian emphasis on citizen-centred service drew inspiration from the NPM foc us on ‘customers’ but, at the same time, paid serious attention to the priorities of citizens as defined by citizens –the outside-in perspective that enabled a significant advance in integrated service delivery structures and processes using multiple channels of service (Flumian, Coe and Kernaghan 2007). The Canadian methodology for this performance-based approach to service-delivery measurement and improvement is being adopted elsewhere in the Westminster systems.Finally, and clearly on a much less positive note, a good deal of attention has been required in Canada over the past decade to codes of ethics, public service values, transparency, comptrollership, and public accountability –thanks in large part to a series of alleged and real political-administrative scandals! Not surprisingly, this is where NPG and its effects on the quality of government can be witnessed in spades.译文：新公共化管理与政府质量：符合加拿大的新的政治治理彼得奥克达尔豪西大学哈利法克斯，加拿大在会议上发表“新公共管理与政府质量”SOG和政府机构的质量，哥德堡大学瑞典新公共管理（NPM）和良好的管理之间的张力，包括长期以来一直承担那些倡导结构和做法和把带来关于新公共管理作为善政的原则和传统的公共规范作为基础的良好的公共行政（萨瓦1994年）。
《公共管理英语》课文翻译
《公共管理英语》翻译第一章1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料外文翻译The New Public Management SituationNo doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm. Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticismbelong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public department responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change, Private sector related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three stages: the development of distinct phases,and public administration before traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its own management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the traditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed the transition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basis is very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but it is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it's age is a great reform, but that time has passed.A traditional patternObviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a long history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As the case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since the government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management or business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow of social sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrative system in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile flooding caused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han dynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to the background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is to seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the holy Roman, Spain'sadministrative empire, they first by the central through various rules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries develop simultaneously with "bureaucratic management structure development". Although these countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early essence is the personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode, the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money, which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune. America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed. Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and special", and according to the argument, modern Weber bureaucracy is "impersonal, rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still exist serious low efficiency. The enormoussuccess of traditional administrative pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist other system. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass theexam, until 1854, Britain and north G..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to establish in China, although the system has long passage.The traditional public administrative patternIn the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from several countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect. In other countries, plus G..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administration of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In the 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, andanalysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the organization provides the best way.3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is selfless paying.6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to any political leaders.7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is itsoperation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, to command certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority. This does not grant an institution specific cases through some instructions. It only matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation."It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the basic principles for with weber impersonal system to completely eliminate autocratic - at least in ideal condition is so. File exists, the reference principle of parallel and legal basis in the same environment means will always make the same decision. Below this kind ofcircumstance is not only more efficient, and the citizen and bureaucratic hierarchy know myself.Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations and impersonal basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also noticed the bureaucracy of the organization andindividual term.The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted by governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage. And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought of individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a great progress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the model can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political control theory has problems. Administrative means follow instructions, so people demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expands the scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar - bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization. Formal bureaucracy could have its advantages, but people think it often training to routineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking, encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was the bureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type ", "but now this ideal type is inert, cultivate the progressive, leads to low efficiency, these mediocrity and is believed to be the public sector of the special disease. It is also criticized. Actually, the word "bureaucracy in today's more likely as low efficiency of synonyms.The new public management modeIn the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of new management methods of defects. This methodcan alleviate some of the problems of traditional pattern, also means that the public sector operation aspects has changed significantly. The new management method has many names: management of "individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of public administration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To the late 1990s, people tend to use "and the concept of new public administration". Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus. First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish "helmsman, with the rower to distinguish". Government intervention is not always refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of the steps arenecessary.Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related information and other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of public products supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concernedwith the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including emphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, and between internal to create a competitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategic decision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple interests outside change and the response.(7) by request relevant results and comprehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) general service budget and management system to support and encourage the change.The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way. Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results. Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should assume responsibility.ConclusionThe government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. First is the personification of modernadministrative mode, or when the pattern of its defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of traditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management, from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market dominant period.In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principle is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market prescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the government management has already happened, we can use the term "paradigm" to describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned tothe traditional administrative pattern.新公共管理的现状毫无疑问,世界上许多国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期都开始了一场持续的公共部门管理变革运动。
公共管理 英语作文
公共管理英语作文Public Administration。
Public administration is the implementation of government policies and programs. It is the process of managing public resources and delivering public services. Public administration is a key component of governance and is essential for the functioning of any society.Public administration involves the management of public institutions and the implementation of government policies. It includes planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government operations. Public administrators are responsible for ensuring that public resources are used efficiently and effectively to achieve the goals and objectives of the government.Public administration is essential for the delivery of public services. Public administrators are responsible for ensuring that public services are delivered in a timely andefficient manner. They are also responsible for ensuring that public services are of high quality and meet the needs of the public.Public administration is also important for the development of public policies. Public administrators are responsible for conducting research, analyzing data, and making recommendations to government officials. They are also responsible for implementing government policies and programs and evaluating their effectiveness.In addition to these responsibilities, public administrators are also responsible for ensuring transparency and accountability in government operations. They are responsible for ensuring that government operations are conducted in an open and transparent manner and that public resources are used responsibly.Public administration is a complex and challengingfield that requires a diverse set of skills and knowledge. Public administrators must have strong leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills. They must alsohave a deep understanding of government operations, public policy, and public management.Public administration is essential for the functioning of any society. It is responsible for the management of public resources and the delivery of public services. It is also responsible for the development and implementation of government policies and programs. Public administration is a key component of governance and is essential for the effective functioning of any government.In conclusion, public administration is a critical component of governance and is essential for thefunctioning of any society. It is responsible for the management of public resources, the delivery of public services, and the development and implementation of government policies and programs. Public administration is a complex and challenging field that requires a diverse set of skills and knowledge. It is essential for the effective functioning of any government.。
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料外文翻译The New Public Management SituationNo doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm. Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticismbelong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public department responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change, Private sector related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three stages: the development of distinct phases, and public administration before traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its own management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the traditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed the transition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basis is very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but it is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it's age is a great reform, but that time has passed.A traditional patternObviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a long history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As the case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since the government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management or business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow of social sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrative system in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile floodingcaused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han dynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to the background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is to seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the holy Roman, Spain's administrative empire, they first by the central through various rules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries develop simultaneously with "bureaucratic management structure development". Although these countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early essence is the personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode, the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money, which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune. America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed. Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and special", and according to the argument, modern Weber bureaucracy is "impersonal, rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still exist serious low efficiency. The enormous success of traditional administrative pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist other system. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass theexam, until 1854, Britain and north G..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to establish in China, although the system has long passage.The traditional public administrative patternIn the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from several countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect. In other countries, plus G..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administration of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In the 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, and analysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the organization provides the best way.3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is selfless paying.6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to any political leaders.7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is its operation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, to command certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority. This does not grant an institution specific cases through some instructions. It only matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation."It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the basic principles for with weber impersonal system to completely eliminate autocratic - at least in ideal condition is so. File exists, the reference principle of parallel and legal basis in the same environment means will always make the same decision. Below this kind ofcircumstance is not only more efficient, and the citizen and bureaucratic hierarchy know myself.Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations and impersonal basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also noticed the bureaucracy of the organization and individual term.The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted by governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage. And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought of individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a great progress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the model can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political control theory has problems. Administrative means follow instructions, so people demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expands the scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar - bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization. Formal bureaucracy could have its advantages, but people think it often training to routineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking, encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was the bureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type ", "but now this ideal type is inert, cultivate the progressive, leads to low efficiency, these mediocrity and is believed to be the public sector of the special disease. It is also criticized. Actually, the word "bureaucracy in today's more likely as low efficiency of synonyms.The new public management modeIn the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of new management methods of defects. This method can alleviate some of the problems of traditional pattern, also means that the public sector operation aspects has changedsignificantly. The new management method has many names: management of "individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of public administration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To the late 1990s, people tend to use "and the concept of new public administration". Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus. First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish "helmsman, with the rower to distinguish". Government intervention is not always refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of the steps are necessary.Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related information and other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of public products supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concernedwith the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including emphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, and between internal to create a competitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategic decision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple interests outside change and the response. (7) by request relevant results and comprehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) general service budget and management system to support and encourage the change.The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way. Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results. Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should assume responsibility.ConclusionThe government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. First is the personification of modern administrative mode, or when the pattern of its defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of traditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management, from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market dominant period.In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principle is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all marketprescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the government management has already happened, we can use the term "paradigm" to describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned to the traditional administrative pattern.新公共管理的现状毫无疑问,世界上许多国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期都开始了一场持续的公共部门管理变革运动。
公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN
Chapter 2课本第一章An Era of Change改变的年代、时代Introduction引言There has been a transformation（转化、变革) in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries。
在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。
This new paradigm poses（形成，造成) a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration。
这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。
These seven seeming verities(真理）have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。
Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed（重新评估) their bureaucracies and demanded changes.1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。
All these points will be discussed at greater length（长度）later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years。
这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。
A new paradigm一个新的范例There is some debate over whether or not public managemnet, particularly the new public management，is a new paradigm for public sector management。
公共管理有关的英语作文
公共管理有关的英语作文Public management is a complex and ever-evolving field that involves the administration of public policies and programs. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including planning, budgeting, implementation, and evaluation. Effective public management requires a deep understanding of the political, social, and economic context in which public policies are formulated and implemented.One of the key challenges in public management is ensuring accountability and transparency in the use of public resources. This involves developing effective monitoring and evaluation systems that enable policymakers to assess the impact of public policies and programs. It also requires a commitment to open and inclusive decision-making processes that involve stakeholders and the public in the policy-making process.Another important aspect of public management is theneed to balance competing interests and priorities. This requires a nuanced understanding of the complex trade-offs involved in public policy decision-making and the ability to navigate political and institutional constraints. Effective public managers must be skilled at building coalitions and negotiating complex political environments to achieve their policy goals.At the heart of public management is the need todeliver high-quality public services to citizens. This requires a focus on results and outcomes, as well as a commitment to continuous improvement and innovation. Effective public managers must be able to leverage technology and data to improve service delivery and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of public programs.Finally, public management is about building strong and resilient communities. This requires a deep understanding of the needs and aspirations of citizens, as well as a commitment to social justice and equity. Effective public managers must be able to work collaboratively with diverse stakeholders to address complex social problems and promoteinclusive and sustainable development.In conclusion, public management is a multifaceted field that requires a diverse set of skills and competencies. Effective public managers must be able to navigate complex political environments, balance competing interests, and deliver high-quality public services to citizens. They must also be committed to building strong and resilient communities that promote social justice and equity. By embracing these principles, public managers can help to create a more just, equitable, and sustainable future for all.。
关于公共管理的作文英文
关于公共管理的作文英文Public administration is all about managing resources and delivering services to the public. It involves making decisions, setting policies, and implementing programs to meet the needs of the community.In public administration, it's important to have strong leadership and management skills. You need to be able to motivate and inspire your team, as well as make tough decisions when necessary. It's also crucial to have a good understanding of the legal and ethical responsibilitiesthat come with serving the public.One of the key challenges in public administration is balancing the needs and interests of different stakeholders. You have to consider the perspectives of the government,the public, and other organizations, and find ways tocreate policies and programs that benefit everyone.Public administrators also need to be able to adapt tochange and uncertainty. The world is constantly evolving, and new challenges and opportunities are always arising.It's important to be flexible and open-minded in order to effectively address these changes.Communication is another essential skill in public administration. You need to be able to effectively convey information, listen to others, and build strong relationships with stakeholders. This is crucial for gaining support and cooperation for your initiatives.Overall, public administration is a complex and challenging field that requires a diverse set of skills and abilities. It's about serving the public, making tough decisions, and finding creative solutions to improve the lives of others.。
公共管理 英语作文
公共管理英语作文The public management is a challenging and dynamicfield that requires strong leadership and problem-solving skills. It involves overseeing and implementing policies, managing resources, and ensuring the efficient delivery of public services. Public managers must be able to adapt to changing circumstances and make tough decisions in the best interest of the community.In today's fast-paced and ever-changing world, public managers must be proactive and forward-thinking. They need to anticipate potential issues and develop strategies to address them before they become major problems. This requires a combination of analytical thinking, creativity, and the ability to think outside the box.One of the key responsibilities of public managers is to ensure transparency and accountability in the use of public funds. They must be able to effectively communicate with the public and stakeholders, and be able to justifytheir decisions and actions. This requires strong communication skills and the ability to build trust and credibility.Public managers also need to be able to effectively manage and motivate a diverse team of employees. This requires empathy, emotional intelligence, and the ability to inspire and empower others. Creating a positive and inclusive work environment is essential for the success of any public organization.In conclusion, public management is a complex and challenging field that requires a diverse set of skills and abilities. It is essential for public managers to be adaptable, forward-thinking, transparent, and able to effectively manage and motivate a team. By doing so, they can ensure the efficient delivery of public services and make a positive impact on the community.。
公共管理英语作文
公共管理英语作文Public management is an essential aspect of governance that involves the oversight and coordination of public services and resources. It aims to ensure that these services are delivered efficiently and effectively to the public. Here is a composition on public management:The Role of Public Management in SocietyIn contemporary society, public management plays a pivotal role in shaping the delivery of services and the overallwell-being of communities. It is the process through which governments and public agencies plan, organize, direct, and control their operations to achieve public goals.1. Planning: The first step in public management is planning. This involves setting clear objectives and developing strategies to achieve them. It requires an understanding of the community's needs and the resources available to meet those needs.2. Organizing: Once the plans are in place, the next step is organizing. This includes structuring the public agencies, defining roles and responsibilities, and ensuring that the right people are in the right positions to execute the plans effectively.3. Directing: Directing is about leadership and motivation. Public managers must guide their teams towards the set goals, providing direction and support. They must also be able to inspire and motivate staff to perform at their best.4. Controlling: Controlling is the process of monitoring and evaluating the performance of public services. It involves setting performance standards, measuring outcomes against these standards, and taking corrective action when necessary.5. Accountability: Public management also emphasizes accountability. Public managers are accountable to the public for the efficient use of resources and the quality of services provided.6. Transparency: Transparency is a key principle of public management. It ensures that public agencies operate openly and that their decisions are accessible to the public, fostering trust and confidence.7. Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging with stakeholders, including citizens, community groups, and other agencies, is crucial. It helps public managers understand diverse perspectives and make more informed decisions.8. Innovation: Public management must also be innovative. It requires the adoption of new technologies and approaches to improve service delivery and meet the evolving needs of the public.Conclusion:Effective public management is crucial for the success of any public service. It ensures that public resources are used wisely, services are delivered efficiently, and the needs of the public are met. By embracing planning, organizing, directing, controlling, accountability, transparency, stakeholder engagement, and innovation, public managers can contribute significantly to the betterment of society.This composition provides an overview of the key components of public management and their importance in delivering public services. It can be used as a reference for students studying public administration or for anyone interested in understanding the principles of public management.。
公共管理英语作文
公共管理英语作文In the contemporary world, public administration plays a pivotal role in ensuring the smooth functioning of society. This essay aims to explore the significance of public management, the challenges it faces, and the strategies for effective public administration.Introduction:Public administration is the backbone of governance, responsible for implementing policies, managing public services, and ensuring the welfare of citizens. It is a dynamic field that requires a deep understanding of both the theoretical and practical aspects of governance.The Importance of Public Administration:1. Policy Implementation: Public administrators are tasked with translating legislative decisions into actionable plans and programs. Their ability to execute these policies effectively is crucial for the success of any government initiative.2. Service Delivery: Efficient public service delivery is a hallmark of good governance. Public administrators manage essential services such as healthcare, education, and public safety, which directly impact the quality of life for citizens.3. Resource Allocation: Through strategic planning andbudgeting, public administrators ensure that resources are allocated equitably and used effectively to meet the needs of the community.Challenges in Public Administration:1. Bureaucracy: One of the major challenges is the often complex and slow-moving nature of bureaucratic systems, which can hinder quick responses to public needs.2. Corruption: Public administration must constantly guard against corruption, which can erode public trust and divert resources away from their intended purposes.3. Technological Advancements: Keeping pace with technological changes is essential for public administrators to improve service delivery and engage with citizens effectively.Strategies for Effective Public Administration:1. Transparency: Openness in decision-making processes builds trust and allows for public scrutiny, which can lead tobetter governance.2. Training and Development: Continuous professional development for public administrators helps them stay abreast of new methodologies and technologies.3. Community Engagement: Engaging with the community ensures that public administration is responsive to the needs of the people and fosters a sense of ownership and participation.Conclusion:Public administration is a critical component of modern governance. By addressing the challenges and employing effective strategies, public administrators can contribute significantly to the development and well-being of society. As the world becomes more complex, the role of public administration will only grow in importance, making it a field that requires constant innovation and dedication.。
公共管理英语作文
公共管理英语作文Public management is an important aspect of governance and administration. It involves the organization and coordination of public resources to achieve specific goals and objectives. This can include the management of public services, the implementation of public policies, and the allocation of public funds.In public management, it is essential to have effective leadership and decision-making skills. Leaders must be able to make tough decisions and prioritize the needs of the public. They must also be able to communicate effectively with their team members and the public to ensure that everyone is on the same page.Transparency and accountability are also crucial in public management. It is important for the public to have access to information about how public resources are being used and for public officials to be held accountable for their actions. This helps to build trust and confidence inthe government and its ability to effectively manage public resources.In addition, public management often involves working with diverse stakeholders, including other government agencies, non-profit organizations, and private sector partners. This requires strong collaboration and communication skills to ensure that everyone is working towards the same goals and objectives.Furthermore, public management is constantly evolving and adapting to new challenges and opportunities. This requires public managers to be flexible and innovative in their approach to problem-solving and decision-making. They must be able to think outside the box and find creative solutions to complex issues.Overall, public management is a dynamic and challenging field that requires strong leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the effective and efficient use of public resources to meet the needs of the public.。
公共管理英语作文
公共管理英语作文Public management is a critical aspect of governance that involves the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of public programs and services. It is the process by which non-profit, governmental, and intergovernmental organizations work to achieve their goals and objectives efficiently and effectively.In the context of public management, the English languageplays a pivotal role. It is the medium through which policies are communicated, decisions are made, and international collaborations are facilitated. Here are some key points that could be included in an essay on public management in English:1. Importance of Communication: Effective communication is fundamental in public management. It ensures that policiesare clearly understood and that all stakeholders are on the same page.2. Policy Formulation: The process of creating policies that are inclusive and responsive to the needs of the public. This involves research, consultation, and drafting in clear and precise English.3. Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging with various stakeholders, including citizens, businesses, and non-governmental organizations, is crucial. English serves as a commonlanguage for dialogue and negotiation.4. Transparency and Accountability: Public managers must ensure transparency in their actions and be accountable for their decisions. This is often achieved through reports and public statements written in English.5. International Collaboration: Public management often involves working with international partners. English, beinga global language, facilitates these collaborations and ensures that agreements are clear and enforceable.6. Training and Development: Public managers need to be well-trained in English to navigate the complexities ofinternational law, human rights, and global governance.7. Cultural Sensitivity: While English is a common language, public managers must also be aware of cultural differencesand sensitivities when communicating with diverse populations.8. Use of Technology: The integration of technology in public management, such as data analysis and digital platforms,often requires proficiency in English to access and utilize these tools effectively.9. Crisis Management: In times of crisis, clear and concise communication in English is essential to coordinate responses and manage public expectations.10. Sustainable Development Goals: Public managers play a key role in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are often discussed and documented inEnglish.In conclusion, English is not just a language but a tool that enables public managers to perform their duties with clarity, efficiency, and effectiveness. It bridges cultural and geographical divides, allowing for the creation and implementation of policies that benefit society as a whole.。
公共管理英文作文
公共管理英文作文In the intricate tapestry of society, publicadministration is the thread that weaves together the diverse elements of governance, ensuring that the fabric of our communities remains strong and vibrant. It is a field that transcends mere bureaucracy, encompassing a symphony of policies, programs, and practices designed to serve thepublic interest and enhance the collective well-being of all citizens.At its core, public management is the art of steering the ship of state with a steady hand, navigating through the treacherous waters of political pressures, economic constraints, and social expectations. It requires a blend of strategic vision, ethical integrity, and managerial acumen to effectively address the myriad challenges that confront modern governments.From the meticulous planning of urban landscapes to the delivery of essential services like healthcare and education, public administrators play a pivotal role in shaping thelives of millions. They are the unsung heroes who work tirelessly behind the scenes, orchestrating the complex machinery of government to function efficiently and equitably.In an era marked by rapid technological advancements and growing global interdependence, the role of public management has become more critical than ever. It demands a new breed ofleaders who are not only adept at managing resources and personnel but also skilled in fostering collaboration, innovation, and resilience.As we forge ahead into an uncertain future, the principles of public management must evolve to meet the changing needs of society. It is a dynamic field that calls for continuous learning, adaptability, and a deep commitment to the public good. The future of public administration lies in the hands of those who are willing to embrace change, champion transparency, and uphold the values that define our democratic institutions.In essence, public management is not just a profession; it is a calling—a noble pursuit that seeks to make a tangible difference in the lives of people and communities. It is a testament to the enduring belief that through collective effort and enlightened leadership, we can build a better world for generations to come.。
初中公共管理英语作文
初中公共管理英语作文(中英文实用版)Title: Public Management in Junior High SchoolPublic management is an essential aspect of any society, and it starts right from the grassroots level.In junior high school, students begin to understand the basics of public management and its significance in their communities.This essay will discuss the importance of public management in junior high school and how it helps students develop essential life skills.First and foremost, public management in junior high school helps students understand the importance of teamwork and collaboration.Managing public affairs requires cooperation among individuals with different skills and backgrounds.By participating in public management activities, students learn to work together, pool their resources, and achieve common goals.This ability to collaborate is crucial in both their academic and professional lives.Secondly, public management teaches students the value of responsibility and accountability.In managing public affairs, students learn that they must be answerable for their actions and decisions.This sense of responsibility helps them become more disciplined and mature individuals.They learn to make informed decisions and face the consequences of their actions, which is an essential life skill.Furthermore, public management activities in junior high school help students develop leadership skills.They learn to take charge, make decisions, and guide their peers towards a common goal.This experience not only boosts their confidence but also prepares them for future leadership roles in their communities.Lastly, public management in junior high school instills a sense of civic duty and participation in students.By actively participating in managing public affairs, students understand that they have a stake in their communities and that their input matters.This sense of belonging and responsibility encourages them to be more engaged citizens in the future.In conclusion, public management in junior high school plays a vital role in shaping students" character and preparing them for future responsibilities.It fosters teamwork, teaches the importance of responsibility, develops leadership skills, and encourages civic participation.Therefore, schools should encourage and provide platforms for students to engage in public management activities.。
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New Public Management : Contemporary Western trend of the new publicadministrationFrom the start of the 1970s, the West has dominated the field of public administration nearly a century. and was regarded to be effective, even the best traditional or mainstream public administration, subjected to a new external environment increasingly tough challenges, and the almost routine, rigid-tier system can not meet the increasingly rapid changes in information and knowledge-intensive society and economic life, build on its two major theoretical basis -- Goodnow Wilson and the political-administrative theory and the two-layer management Huibaike no theory Law answered and solved the government faces an increasingly serious problems and difficulties : the financial crisis, the social welfare policy unsustainable, government agencies increasingly bloated, inefficient, the public lost confidence in the government's ability, "government failure" theory has begun to dominate.It is in this historical backdrop, a new public administration theory, Management -- New Public Management (NewPublic Management) in the 1980s, the Anglo-American two crops, and the rapid expansion of the Western countries.And the number of traditional public administration within the framework of the changes, Public management is not new to the existing administrative structure and ways of some degree of partial adjustment or simply to lower administrative costs and reduce administrative expenses, but more importantly, it is the traditional model of public administration of a comprehensive settlement and denied.1.The new public management theoryIf the traditional public administration to Wilson.Goodnowpolitical-administrative theory and the two-Weber-tier system on the support of their theory, new public while management of modern economics and private enterprise management theory and methods as its theoretical basis.First, the new public management from modern economics has many theoretical basis, From the "rational" (the rational is for their own interests. want to pay the smallest gain maximum benefits) of the premise is the basis for performance management; from the public choice theory and transaction cost which the government should be market-oriented or customers, improve the efficiency of services, the quality and effectiveness of the basis; from the cost-effectiveness analysis was to define the performance goals, Measurement and evaluation, and so on the basis.Secondly, the new public management from the private management methods to absorb nutrients. The new public administration that many private sector management methods and means available to the public sector borrowing. Such as the private sector, the organizational form of flexibility in adapting to the environment, and not Weber said the rigid hierarchy; outputs and outcomes of the high degree of importance (for the private sector, output means profits in a highly competitive market environment, we must make profits to provide customers with high-quality service, Meanwhile, as far as possible to reduce costs), rather than just input and output weight; personnel management to achieve a flexible system of employment contracts and performance pay system, rather than by hiring a permanent office, and so on.In short, the new public management, and is already by the private sector to successfully used management methods, If performance management, goal management, organizational development, human resources development is not unique to the private sector. They can be used in public sector management.2. The new public administration of the basic featuresNew Public Management is a very loose concept, it refers to an attempt to replace the traditional public administration management theory, Also referred to a new model of public administration, also refers to the contemporary Western ongoing public administration reform movement. Its name in western countries is not necessarily the same as in the United Kingdom called "management", in the United States known as the "entrepreneurial government" or "new public management" In some other countries, also known as the "market-oriented public administration," and so on, but they have broadly similar features.Firstly, the new public management to change the traditional model of public government and the relationship between society, reopened to the functions of the government and with the community relations position : that the government is no longer superior, "self-service" bureaucracy, government officials should be responsible "corporate managers and managers" the public is to provide the government's tax revenue "taxpayers" and access to government services in return for the "clients" or "customers" government services should be customer-oriented and should enhance the public's need to respond to force. In recent years, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and other government services to simplify the proceduresand to develop and publish service standards, in a regional and an administrative certain sectors or industries offer "one-stop shop" service. It is in this new government-community relations model as applied by some of the specific measures.Secondly, with the traditional public administration, only the input, output or not, New Public Management pay more attention to the activities of the outputs and outcomes that provide public services to the efficiency and quality, thus entrusted to the "first-line managers and managers" (that is, low-level civil service) to the post of powers, responsibilities and If the plan and budget, the attention to the organization's strategic goals and long-term plans, the emphasis is on the Budget for its "total" control, to the frontline managers in the allocation of resources and personnel arrangements, and so on the full autonomy to adapt to the fluctuating external environment and the ever changing needs.Thirdly, and closely related, 1:00, the new public management oppose traditional public administration re-compliance with established laws and regulations, Light performance measurement and assessment practices, advocating the relaxation of the strict regulatory system (that is, through legislation, system control), achieve strict control of the performance goals, which was to determine organizations, individuals of specific goals, under the performance indicator (performance indicator) on the target for completion of the measurement and assessment, as a result, the so-called three E, in which the economy (economy), efficiency (efficiency) and the effect (effect), and other three variables.Fourth, public administration and the traditional exclusion of private sectormanagement methods differ, New Public Management emphasizes the wide adoption of successful private sector management methods and means (such as cost-benefit analysis total quality management, management by objectives) and the mechanism of competition, the abolition of the supply of public services monopoly, If "government contracts for rent" and "competitive bidding", the new public management, The main function of government is to serve the community, But this does not mean that all public services should be provided directly by the government. According to the government services and the different nature of the corresponding supply mode. As shown :Market status / mode of constitutional duties1.The service activities by the Constitution provides that the government is within the scope of duties, while no other competitor, If defense, should be borne by the government.2. Although the Constitution stipulates the functions of government, but there are other competitors exist, in other words, the non-governmental sector are engaged in this activity, such as hospitals, in this case, The government is not obliged to provide such a service in person, and goes through the tender, the contract leasing, and other forms, will be rented to other public or private sector, government, as long as its performance targets and measured assessment, and provide corresponding remuneration, it is nevertheless a good quality of service and efficient and effective way. This is the "reinventing government", the author of a Osborne and Gaebler said the government should "steer and not the paddling."3. The Constitution does not provide is the duty of the government, the market and the existence of competitors, such as film and video industry, Then the government can not engage in this activity, and completely by the private sector.4.Which is not provided for the constitution is the duty of the government, but also the absence or lack of this activity in the competitors As institutions of higher learning, then the government should actively develop the market and encourage people to participate in activities to enhance the service efficiency, quality and effectiveness.It is important to point out, these are just typical four types of public services, in reality.新公共管理-当代西方新公共管理的趋势从20世纪七十年代初，西方国家已经主宰了公共管理领域将近一个世纪，被认为是有效，甚至最好的传统或者主流公共管理，在新的外部环境作用下，严峻的挑战以及几乎程式化的死板的系统已经不能应对信息、知识密集型社会以及经济生活的挑战，传统的公共管理的理论基础是威尔逊、古德诺的政治—行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论，政府面临越来越严厉的问题和困难，如经济危机，社会福利政策的不均衡，政府机构日益膨胀以及效率低下等，大众对政府丧失了信心，政府无能论成为主流。