非谓语动词讲义
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在英语中,一个句子只能用一个谓语动词,除了用and 连接的两动词外,其它的两个动词一定要分清主次,从属等内在逻辑关系,所以就出现了非谓语动词。同样都表示动作,但两者的性质,地位不同。与谓语动词的动作对比,非谓语动词的地位是次要的,从属性质的。
顾名思义,非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分。
几下几例帮你理解谓语动词与非谓语动词的主次地位:
1."为了健康,他天天喝牛奶。""为了健康"是目的,是次要动作,“喝牛奶”才是唯一的谓语动词;To be healthier, he drinks milk every day.
2."喝牛奶对他有好处,他爱喝牛奶"这两处的“喝牛奶”明显地不是具体的"喝",而是概括抽象的一件事。“喝牛奶”在此处就近似地相当于名词“牛奶”.应用"Drinking milk"动名词来表示。
3,“我喝牛奶肚子痛。”“喝牛奶”在此处虽然是具体动作,但它和"肚子痛"有内在逻辑关系,它表示的是原因,是从属地位,“肚子痛”才是主要的谓语动词。可以用"Having drunk some milk, I have some trouble with my stomach."来表示。
也可以用从句“Since I have drunk some milk, I have some trouble with my stomach."
4,“喝牛奶,人健康”,“喝牛奶”与“健康”有逻辑联系,它显然是条件,可以用"Drinking milk every day, one will get more healthy"来表示。
非谓语动词和谓语动词一样,可以被状语修饰、有主动和被动,可以有自己的逻辑主语,及物动词可以有自己的宾语等。不同之处在于非谓语动词有其他词性的作用:
1、名词作用,可以做主语、宾语和表语。
2、形容词作用,可以做定语、表语和宾语补足语。
3、副词作用,可以做状语。
另外,非谓语动词不受主语人称和数的限制。
一、非谓动词作主语
1.不定式作主语。
e g. To say is easier than to do.
解析:用不定式作主语时,常表示一次性的、具体的、特指的动作,并且用it作形式主语而将其后置。如上例可改为:It is easier to say than to do.
2.动名词作主语。
e g. Walking after supper is good for both young and old.
解析:若表示抽象的、习惯性的动作时常用动名词。
二、非谓语动词作表语
1.不定式作表语。
e g. What I can do is to give you some reasonable advice.
The library books are not allowed to be taken away.
解析:不定式作表语时,其后接动词(词组)主动式或被动式,与其最近的动词一致。
2.动名词作表语。
e g. His job is teaching.
The most famous writings in the world are worth reading.
解析:动名词作表语时,表语既具有动词特征又具有名词性,甚至有时表语和主语可以互换。如上例可改为:Teaching is his job.
3.分词作表语。
e g. The film is interesting, and my sister gets interested in it.
解析:现在分词作表语,表示主语所具有的特征,表语与主语之间是主动关系,并且常以物作主语,译为“某物怎么样”;过去
分词作表语,表示主语所处的心理状态,主语和表语之间存在被动关系,并且常以人作主语,译为“某人感到怎么样”。具有这一用法的有:surprise, interest, touch, move, puzzle, excite, tire, please, disappoint, satisfy, encourage等。
三、非谓语动词作宾语——取决于动词
1.不定式作宾语。——V to do sth.
e g. She pretended not to see me when I came in.
Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.
解析:有些动词之后要用不定式作宾语。表示某次具体的动作或行为。类似的动词有hope, agree, choose,manage,promise,expect,determine,decide,seek,refuse,arrange,desire等。
2.动名词作宾语。——V doing sth
e g. Would you mind my opening the window?
He didn’t remember having lived with his friend before.
解析:有些动词(词组)后接动名词形式,表示动作的经常性、习惯性或已经完成。类似的词有enjoy, keep, admit, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, give up等。
注意:有少数动词既可以接动名词,又可以接不定式作宾语,但其意义不一样,例如mean, stop, try, can’t help。
四、非谓语动词作补语——取决于动词
1.不定式作宾语、主语补足语。——V sb to do sth.
The policeman told the boy not to play on the road.
2.分词作宾语、主语补足语。
(1)现在分词作宾语、主语补足语。——V sb doing sth.(主动)
Tom’s father saw him sitting on the eggs.
Soon steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes.
(2)过去分词作宾语、主语补足语。——V sth done. (被动)
I had my house painted last week.
Her book was found stolen when Kate came back home.
五、非谓语动词作定语
1.不定式作定语。如:
Every day the workers have a lot of work to do.(动宾关系)
She has no wish to go with you.(同位关系)
The second officer to come in was Smith.(主谓关系)
This is the best way to learn a foreign language.(修饰关系)
解析:不定式作定语时通常后置,即作后置定语,表示将要发生的动作,与被修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系、同位关系、主谓关系或修饰关系。
2.动名词作定语。如:
We shall have a writing competition.
There is a swimming pool in the park.
解析:用动名词作定语,起说明被修饰名词性质或用途的作用。
3.分词作定语。
(1)现在分词作定语。如:
Now there is a fire burning in the fireplace.
The villagers built a road leading to the city.
解析:现在分词作定语时,与它修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,用现在分词表示动作正在进行或经常性、现在或当时的状态。
(2)过去分词作定语。如:
There is a village called Gum Tree far away from here.