非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词使用讲义
1。 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别
不定式:出乎意料的结果
I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.
Please lend me a pen to write th。
②be+adj.+to do
The question is not easy to answer。
不定式与疑问代词连用时
School uniforms are not cool enough, so students don’t know what to expect.
To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语作主语）
You should continue to learn as long as you live。 要活到老学到老。(不定式短语作宾语)
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings。 她晚上经常有很多会要开。（不定式短语作定语)
There be结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动式和被动式皆可。
如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式.
There is nothing for me to do today。
4。只接不定式作宾语的动词：hope,want，offer，long，fail，expect,wish，ask,decide，pretend,manage，agree,afford，determine，promise，happen
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其他所有成分都可以做。
[思维导图]2.非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次这种动词形式不能做谓语。
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其他所有成分都可以做。
3.非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般式句子的主语。
4．（1）若提示词为动词，句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，就该填谓语动词，此时要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致，有时还需考虑虚拟语气。
（2）若提示词为动词，句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，就该填非谓语动词，就要确定是v.－ing形式，v.－ed形式，还是不定式。
一般来说，v.－ing 形式表示主动、进行；v.－ed形式表示被动、完成；不定式表示尚未发生的动作。
命题点一动词不定式不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to＋动词原形”。
不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语，它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
(一)不定式的用法1．作主语(1)不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking.戒烟是正确的。
(2)在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
2．作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：我们一致同意在校门口见面。
第2讲 非谓语动词 讲义
知识运用篇专题四语法填空有提示词填空第2讲非谓语动词•技法1：知晓句法功能•高考语法填空对非谓语动词的考查多为基本句法功能的考查，因此掌握非谓语动词的句法功能对解题非常重要。
•(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)People probably cooked their food in large pots，______________(use) twigs(树枝)to remove it.•[解题思路]•①首先分析句子结构→句子缺少非谓语•②然后分析非谓语句法功能→非谓语作状语•③最后判断主被动关系→people和use存在主动关系•尝试解答：_using_•[技法解读]•1.非谓语动词作定语•(1)非谓语动词作定语时，表示将来时要想到用不定式。
I have many letters to write tomorrow afternoon.我明天下午有许多信要写。
•(2)非谓语动词作定语时，表正在进行或主动进行时要想到用现在分词。
•The boy playing in the playground is my brother.正在操场上玩耍的那个小男孩是我弟弟。
•(3)非谓语动词作定语时，表示已经完成或被动完成时要想到用过去分词。
•The trees blown down in the storm have been moved off the road.•在风暴中被刮倒的树木已被移出道路。
•2．非谓语动词作状语•(1)非谓语动词作目的状语、出乎意料的结果状语或某些形容词(表喜、怒、哀、乐)表语后的原因状语时，要想到用不定式。
•Firemen had to break in to reach the people trapped inside.•为了抢救困在屋里的人，消防人员不得不破门而入。
•(2)非谓语动词作时间状语、伴随状语、原因状语、条件状语或意料之中的结果状语时，如果动词和逻辑主语存在主动关系，要想到用现在分词。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词的三种形式：动词不定式（to + V）；动名词（Ving）;分词（即：现在分词—ing分词和过去分词—ed分词）1.1 不定式的形式（以do为例）1.2Ving的形式（以do为例）注：--ing分词的形式与之相同1.3过去分词表示“完成和被动”，所以—ed分词没有一般式和完成式之分，和主动态和被动态之分。
1.4 –ing分词和—ed分词的区别–ing分词作定语时和所修饰的名词之间是主动关系或是表示正在进行；—ed分词而则表示被动和完成意义。
2.非谓语动词的应用范围3. 非谓语动词充当主语3.1 inf表示具体的某一次动作；Ving表示泛指。
4.非谓语动词充当宾语4.1 只能接不定式的词语（作宾语）：agree, ask, choose, decide, demand, except, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, pretend，advise, refuse, persuade, count on, long for, wait for等4.2 只能接Ving的词语（作宾语）：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, escape,deny, delay, resist, risk, mind, miss等4.3 跟两种不同形式表达不同意思的一些常见词4.4 省略不定式符号to的情况4.4.1.在情态成语之后（would rather; would sooner; would as soon;would just as soon; can’t help/choose but【不得不…】；had better等）4.4.2“使役动词+宾语”之后（let, make have）4.4.3.“感觉动词+宾语”之后（see , observe, notice, watch, look at;hear, listen to; feel）即“五看两听一感觉”4.4.4.在介词except/but之后它们之前有实意动词“do”的某种形式，其后不带“to”的定式，否则要带“to”的不定式。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词宏观概念：（1）to do :将要做、未做、待做（2）doing:正在做、伴随状态,表示主动关系（3）Done:已经做完，表示被动关系不定式的功能〔除了谓语都能做〕1.不定式做主语：2.不定式做宾语：3.不定式做表语：.4.不定式做定语：.5.不定式做状语：6.不定式做宾语补足语：7.动名词的功能〔因为名贵，所以干的都是主要功能〕1.doing做主语：2.doing做宾语：3.doing做表语：4.doing做定语：5.doing做状语：〔一个主语发出两个动作，主要动作用谓语，次要动作用非谓语，主动用doing、被动用done〕6.doing做宾语补足语：7.现在分词的否认：8.现在分词的独立成分：9.现在分词的独立主格结构：〔两个主语发出两个动作，主要主语做的事情用谓语，次要主语做的事情用非谓语，把次要主要摆在前面，和后面的动词如果是主动关系用doing,被动关系用done〕Xiao ming beaten ,I cried.(独立主格，被动)Xiao ming beating a girl , I cried.(独立主格，主动)Beaten,I cried.(不是独立主格。
一个人做了两件事，次要动作用非谓语，被动) 10.现在分词的主动表被动：过去分词的功能〔因为是分身，所以干杂活〕1.过去分词做表语：〔一种表示被动一种表示状态或者感受〕Seat 及物动词，所以有被动sb be seated (可以说是被动，也可以说是一种状态) Sit 不及物动词，所以没有被动sb is sitting.Dress 是及物动词，dress sb =sb be dressed(可以表示被动，可以表示状态)He is dressing himself〔及物动词，必须挂着一个宾语〕He is dressed up 〔被动，be dressed ,up 是副词，表示起来；be dressed up 可以看做一个词组，表示状态，化装〕2.过去分词做定语：〔表示被动〕3.过去分词做状语：〔要么被动，要么状态〕4.过去分词做宾语补足语：Have 的用法让某人做某事让某人一直做某事让别人人做某事，某事被做。
非谓语动词用法讲义
非谓语动词用法讲义非谓语动词是指在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式。
非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。
非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但却有时态和语态的变化。
具体见下表：动词不定式动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to ＋动词原形”，其中to 是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词。
动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。
一、作主语：动词不定式作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语（动词不定式）放在句子的后面。
E.g. To be a doctor is hard. → (It is hard to be a doctor.)To learn English well is not easy. → It is not easy to learn English well. To say is to believe.如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介词for 引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。
若形容词修饰的是人，则需要由介词of 引导短语。
It’s good for us to read E nglish aloud in the morning. It is very kind of you to help me with my English study.二、作表语：在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。
从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分，所以表语也可以视为是主语的补足语。
His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。
To see is to believe.三、作宾语：动词不定式可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask 等。
非谓语动词讲义 (1)
非谓语动词●谓语动词：能直接作谓语的动词叫谓语动词●非谓语动词：不能单独作句子的谓语，不受句子主语的人称和数的限制，而是担任句子其他语法功能的动词，叫非谓语动词。
●非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式，动词现在分词（动名词）和动词过去分词一、动词不定式1. 动词不定式的形成：1）to+doe.g.1. He wants to be a doctor.2. To pass the college entrance exam, we must study hard.3. I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.4. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.5. She asked to be sent to work in the countryside.6. He was the only man to have been praised at the meeting.Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.The two men pretended to working hard.2. 不定式的句法功能：在句中不定式可作主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，和状语。
1)作主语To make a living in the big city is not easy.为了句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻常采用it作形式主语，而把作真正主语不定式置于句末。
It is not easy to make a living in the big city.It is impossible to buy a car for her young son.= To buy a car for her young son is impossible.2)作宾语不定式做及物动词的宾语。
高考英语非谓语动词精品讲义
高考英语非谓语动词讲义第一部分、非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。
例如：He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
3.3非谓语讲义2(1)
英语非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的概念非谓语动词，又叫非限定动词，非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。
非谓语动词也是动词的一种，非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，有着动词的其他特点，可以承担句子的其他成分。
非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
二、非谓语动词的分类动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式：not + (to) do 1．一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. It's nice to meet you.很高兴见到你。
2．进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。
3．完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。
不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
概念：非谓语动词是指现在分词, 过去分词、不定式三种形式，即： V-ing , V-ed , to do 。
当然它们有各自不同的变化形式非谓语动词的特点：三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。
它们都有各自的特征：分词具有形容词和副词的特征；动名词具有名词的特征；不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
非谓语动词 主语 宾语 表语 后置定语 宾语补足语 状语 V-ing √ √ √ √ √ √ V-ed √ √ √ to do√√√√√√非谓语动词 主语 宾语 表语 定语宾语补足语 状语 V-ing(动名词)√ √ √ √ V-ing （现在分词） √ √ √ √ V-ed √ √ √ √ to do√√√√ √√一．动词不定式(to do)1.变形：to doto be doingto be doneto have doneto have been donea. 明天要来的那个人是我的老师。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词讲义一、非谓语动词定义在英语中，不能作句子谓语，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，叫作非谓语动词。
二、非谓语动词形式及其功能非谓语动词有3种形式：动词不定式，动名词和分词（含现在分词和过去分词）。
三．根据语法功能看非谓语动词的用法（一）作主语懂一点英语是一回事，掌握英语完全是另一回事。
通常用it做形式主语1.It + be + adj. + to do It’s important for us to learn English.2.It + be + n. + to do It’s a shame to behave like that.3.It + v. + (宾语) + to do It takes an exceptional teacher to cope with a student likethat.4.It + be + prep. phr. + to do It is not within my power to answer the question.通常用it做形式主语1.It’s +adj. +doing It’s useless arguing about that.2.It’s + n. + doing It’s no use/no good arguing about that.3.There is后有时可以跟动名词做主语There is no denying that he is bad-tempered.动名词：表示客观性、一般性行为不定式：表示一次性、具体性行为（见ppt）（二）作宾语决心学会想希望，decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish,拒绝设法愿假装。
refuse, manage, care, pretend主动应答选计划，offer, promise, choose, plan同意请求帮一帮。
agree, ask/ beg, help此外，afford, strive（努力）等也要不定式作宾语。
非谓语动词用法讲义(精)
非谓语动词用法讲义第一部分: 非谓语动词用法详解一、不定式的用法1. 不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：主动式被动式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing /完成进行式to have been doing /1) 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
如：They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2) 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。
如：She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3) 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。
如：It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词一．非谓语动词：动词的某种特殊形式，在句子中做除谓语外的其他成分。
分类：动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词。
二．动词不定式：构成：to do。
否定形式：not to do .发生。
eg: I plan to live a busy life in high school.She seems to be unhappy.The computer needs to be repaired.完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
eg: I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.The house seems to have been broken into.进行式：不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
eg: She pretended to be reading when her mother came in.He happened to be searching my bag when I came in.2.句法功能：(1)做主语：To see is to believe. 眼见为实/百闻不如一见。
It is adj for/of sb to do sth. 对某人来说，做某事是It is impossible for me to live alone in Beijing.It is not easy to find your way around the town.(2)做宾语：afford, agree, aim, bear, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, want, wish, promise, happeneg: She has determined to be a leader.注: 如果不定式做宾语，且后面有宾补时，把不定式后置，用it来做形式宾语。
高一英语讲义-非谓语动词 讲义
高考英语非谓语动词定义：在句中充当谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式，叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词也是动词的一种，他们有着谓语动词的其他特点，可以充当宾语、定语、主语、状语、补语等 一、非谓语动词基本形式1. 动词不定式：to do否定形式：not to do 2. 动名词：doing 否定形式：not doing 现在分词：doing not doing 1. 分词过去分词：done not done 二、非谓语动词的时态语态变化 1. 动词不定式 2. 动名词 3. 分词* 现在分词表主动和进行，过去分词表被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的句法功能1. 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词）作主语 （1）二者作主语的差别：动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常性的行为； 不定式作主语多表示具体的动作，尤指是某一次的动作。
EG.Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。
（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。
（指一次具体的动作） （2）下列句型常用动名词作主语 EG.It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。
（3）下列句型中常用不定式作主语 It + be + 名词 + to do sth.② It takes sb. + some time + to do sth.③ It + be + difficult/easy/hard/important/impossible/necessary… + for sb. to do sth.④It + be + careless/clever/good/foolish/honest/kind/lazy/silly/wise… + of sb. to do sth.EG.It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in an hour. 我们难以在一小时内完成这篇作文。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式一、不定式的作用1、作主语不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。
往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。
如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is …to…的句型。
试比较：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对）（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用for.2、作宾语（1）动词+不定式。
如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）注：下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help,decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等（2）动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。
如：I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can’t decide when to go there.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。
非谓语动词复习讲义
非谓语动词复习讲义一非谓语动词在句中的作用二翻译以下的句子，理解句中的非谓语动词的作用1．和他谈话是件非常愉快的事情。
（主语）2．我们的计划是三周内完成这项工作。
（表语）3．她有很多事情要做。
她没有上学的机会。
（定语）4．一个现代化的游泳池将在这里建成。
（定语）5．他们跑过去看那边发生什么事情。
（状语）6．他俩都不喜欢集邮。
我决定明天多买八枚邮票。
（宾语）7．王教授的讲座非常有趣，且感动人。
（表语）8．所有的观众对那场激动人心的排球赛感到很激动。
（定语、表语）9．往窗外看，我看到他们向我家跑来。
（状语、宾语补足语）10．我注意到他拿走了你的日记。
（宾语补足语）11．我看到他们正在跟孩子们玩游戏。
（宾语补足语）12．加热以后，水可以变成蒸汽。
（状语）13．昨天她在这个店里修表。
（宾语补足语）三各非谓语动词用法对比1．不定式/ 动名词作主语：不定式作主语常表示某次具体的行为，而动名词作主语则往往表示普遍、一般的行为。
To be here is a great pleasure. Collecting information about children’s health is her job.※不定式作主语时常用做It形式主语：It is a great pleasure to be here.※常用不定式做主语的句型有:a.It is difficult / hard / important/ impossible / unnecessary /easy … for sb. to do sth.b.It is kind / good / friendly /polite / careless / clever /foolish / rude …of sb. to dosth..※常用动名词做主语的句型有：a．It is fun / no good / useless/ no use … doing sth..b．It is a waste of timedoing sth.c．There is no doing sth.但是There is no need to dosth.2. 不定式、动名词作表语:参照“作主语”His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability.Her part-time job is cleaning Mr. Wang’s house.3.不定式、动名词作宾语: 有以下几种情况:a.They want to see the boss at once.b.T hey enjoyed listening to lectures.c.She remembered posting theletter.to post the letter.d.T hey liked to fish. Theybegan to laugh.fishing.laughing.※指出以下动词那些带不定式做宾语(用A表示), 那些带动名词做宾语( 用B表示)offer, admit,advise,plan, want, decide,avoid,allow, permit,would/should like/love, feellike,appreciate, consider, wish, hope. pretend, dislike,delay, deny，happen, finish, tend, long, mind, refuse, fail, miss, practise,agree, afford, risk, escape,beg, manage, enjoy, promise, imagine, can’t stand, suggest, face, fancy,can’t help, can’t resist, put off, give up, insist on, need/want/require,like/love/hate/prefer, start /begin /continue, How/What about, Why not …?, allow / permit /forbid / advise sb. ……※指出以下动词接不定式和动名词时. 含义有何不同:a. rememberb. forgetc. regretd. go one. stopf. meang. tryh. can’t helpi. be used toj. be afraid to do / of doing4不定式作宾补:※常用不定式作宾补的动词主要有:ask, tell, beg, allow, permit, forbid, want, (would / should) like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, warn,order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, wish, expect, depend on, prepare for, etc.※不定式作以下动词的宾补时,不带tofeel, see, watch, notice, observe, sense, look at, hear, overhear, listen to但当转成被动语态时, 作为主语补足语的不定式必须带toI saw a boy fall down from the tree.A boy was seen to fall down from the tree.※不定式作以下的使役动词的宾补时,不带tomake, let, have※但作以下动词的宾补, 要带to get, want, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, wish, force, tell,order…※对于的宾补不定式, 可带或不带to, 通常认为help的行为主体如有参与宾补不定式表示的动作时, 不带to, 否则,要带to:He will help you carry the coalupstairs.This book helps me to see thetruth.※以下动词的宾补不定式常是to be，也可省略think，consider，suppose，feel，believe，imagine，prove，find，etc.We all think / consider him (tobe ) a wise leader.5. 不定式作定语通常表示未发生的行为或将发生的行为, 不定式作定语不仅与结构有关,而且与某些名词有关, 不定式作定语位于被修饰名词或代词的后面.※在there be 结构中: There willbe an important problem todiscuss.※在sb. have / has sth. to do 中:We have an important problemto discuss.※在表语为名词的系表结构中，常用不定式作表语名词的定语a.be + 名词+ 不定式: He isnot a man to bow beforedifficulties.This is a comfortable house to live in.b.be + the + 序数词+ 名词+不定式:China was the first country to invent the compass.He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.c.be + the last / only / next + 名词+ 不定式:He will be the only one to win the prize.d.be + the + 最高级形容词+名词+ 不定式:He is the best man to talk with. ※在某些动宾结构中,常用不定式作宾语的定语:have / want / buy / find, etc. + 宾语+ 不定式:At last, we found a place to stay. ※某些名词要求用不定式做定语:a.要求用不定式做宾语的动词转化成名词时, 常见的有:attempt, agreement, decision,desire, determination, failure,hope, intention, need, plan,promise, refusal, wish, etc.b.要求不定式作状语的形容词转化为名词时, 常见的有:anxiety, curiosity, eagerness,impatience, willingness, etc.c.其他的名词: pain, chance,courage, efforts, method, way,power, reason, time, right,opportunity, etc.6.动名词作定语:通常表示所名词的用途,材料或名称. (注意与现在分词作定语的不同: 分词做定语则表明所修饰的名词与分词有逻辑上的主胃关系.) a swimming pool : a pool for swimminga swimming boy: a boy who is swimming7. 不定式作状语:a.目的(= in order to,句末的so asto) (on purpose to, with intent to)To make himself heard, he raisedhis voice.b.原因(通常是sb. be +表心理状态的形容词+ to do sth.)All of us are surprised to see hisrapid progress.c. 结果.(通常是意想不到的结果, 前可加only,即only todo sth., 注意根据题意理解是表目的还是结果)He hurried home (only ) to find his keys lost※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※对于现在分词与过去分词的用法, 首先必须掌握:a.现在分词常表示主动的、在进行的动作: a man standing in the sunb.过去分词常表示被动的、已完成的动作: a man killed in a battle 8. 现在分词、过去分词作表语：现在分词：表示主语的特征，是主动的过去分词：表示主语的状态，是被动的The dog was so frightening that every child would cry at the sight of it.The child was so frightened to see the dog that he kept crying for 2 hours.surprised, surprising / excited,exciting / interested, interesting /moved, moving / touched,touching / astonished,astonishing / tired, tiring /terrified, terrifying …9. 现在分词、过去分词作定语: 试比较an excited man / an exciting filmThe man standing there is myfriend.The computer being used ismade in Japan.A tall tree broken by the strongwind is lying across the road.凡用分词作定语都可改写成定语从句.注意分词作定语的位置.现在分词的完成式(having done)和完成被动式(having been done)通常不作定语.10 .现在分词、过去分词、不定式作宾语补足语.a.不定式作宾补(参照三4, 注意哪些带to,哪些不带to)b.现在分词作宾补:※用在see, watch, notice,observe, look at, hear, listen to,overhear, feel, smell 等感觉动词后.※用在catch, keep, leave, get, set,start, send, find等致使动词后面.※用在have后(注意后面介绍的have sb. do sth 与have sb.doing sth.,的区别)c. 过去分词作宾补:※用在see, watch, notice,observe, look at, hear, listen to,overhear, feel,smell 等感觉动词后.※用在have, keep, make, get 等致使动词后面以及want,wish, expect,like 等表希望、愿望的动词后.§§不定式.分词作宾补的不同意义.不定式: 表示的动作是主动的, 强调动作的全过程现在分词: 表示的动作是主动的, 正在发生或进行过去分词: 表示的动作是被动的, 已完成试比较: Did you notice anyone enter the hall?standing at the gate?injured in the accident?§§have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth.a.have sb. do sth. 结构表示一个人叫另一人做某事He wanted a job. So I had himpaint the kitchen.c.have sb. doing sth.有如下的用法:※表达预期的目标,常与表一段时间的状语连用:I’ll have you speaking English insix months.※与can’t或won’t连用, 表达不可容忍的情况:I won’t have him saying that toMother.※表达不愿意引起的后果:Don’t shout! You’ll have theneighbours complaining!※表达说话人无法控制的事情:We have salesmen callingeveryday.11. 现在分词、过去分词作状语:※通常表示时间.原因.条件.伴随.让步.方式等※根据分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致的原则,来确定用现在分词还是过去分词: 对于句子主语来说是主动的,用现在分词;如果是被动的则用过去分词.试比较:Playing all day, you’ll fall behindothers.(When) heated, ice will changeinto water.Having taken our seats, theplayers began the game. (wrong)We having taken our seats, theplayers began the game. (right)(称为独立主格结构)※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※12 非谓语动词的时态和语态:a.Thousands of young people arelearning to skate.b.I hate to be lying in bed whileothers are having class.c.I intended to have done thatearlier. (expected, meant, hoped,wanted, planned, wished,thought, desired, were, was,etc.)= I intended to do I earlier, butI didn’t do it in fact.= I had intended to do it earlier.You are lucky to have won thegirl’s heart.She seems to have danced verywell.There appears to have beensome misunderstandingbetween them.I should / would like / love tohave gone with them..=I should / would have liked /loved to go with them.d.H e was happy to have been staying with his uncle.e.The host asked him to paint the dining-room.f.The host asked the dining-roomto be cleaned.g.H e wanted the house to have been cleaned.h.I am thinking of getting a new car. She is proud of being beautiful. i.Imagine having traveled around the world. He never talked to me about his /him having been in Paris.( remember / forget / regret doing sth. = remember / forget / regret having done sth.)j.He doesn’t like being watched. k.I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.l.Arriving at the station, he found the train had left.m.Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam.n.T he questions being discussed areof great importance.o.H aving been warned abouttyphoon, the fishermen sailed forthe nearest harbour.13. 非谓语动词的否定形式:直接在其前加not , 即not to do, not doing, not done, not having done, not being done, etc.14 不定式的语态:a.He asked me to clean the room.She asked the room to be cleaned.She felt a bit puzzled to be asked such a question.b.S he has a child to look after.She has a child to be looked after.You have given me much to think about.c.This food is not fit to eat.d.T he box is too heavy to carry / tobe carried.This book is cheap enough to buy / to be bought.※There is a lot of work to do / to be done.※There is nothing to do / to be done. (different)※There is nothing to see / to be seen. (different)※There is only one thing to do / to be done. (different)e.You are not to blame for whathappened.These small houses are to let at a low rental.A better way is yet to seek.A lot remains to do.f.need / want / require / demanddoing= need / want / require / demand to be donebe worth doingbe worthy to be done = be worthy of being15. 识别是否用非谓语形式：例如(1) The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month.a. designedb. was designedc. had been designed(2) European football is played in 80 countries, _____ it the most popular sports in the world.a. makingb. makesc. maded. to make(3) _____ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.a. Givingb. Givec. Givend. To give(4) _____ at the door before entering , please.a. Knockedb. To knockc. Knockingd. Knock(5) _____ some of this juice ----- perhaps you’ll like it.a. Tryingb. Tryc. To tryd. Have tried(6) -----Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?-----_____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.a. Getb. Gettingc. To getd. To be getting(7) She set out soon after dark _____ home an hour later.a. arrivingb. to arrivec. having arrivedd. and arrived分析句子结构时, 要特别注意标点符号(, . ; : ---) 或连接词(and, or, but, 从属连词等)。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）不定式: to do一．不定式的作用1.作主语不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数，往往用it 作形式主语。
It is selfish of him not to contribute anything.In fact, it is hard for the police to keep order in an important football match.It’s i mportant for the figures to be updated regularly.2.作宾语He managed to escape from the fire.David threatened to report his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.经常用不定式做宾语的动词有四个希望三答应：hope wish expect long agree promise undertake五个想要巧安排：intend plan want mean desire arrange设法学会做决定：manage learn decide determine企图假装要选择：attempt pretend choose提供要求勿拒绝：offer demand refuse威胁准备不失败：threaten prepare fail注意：it 作形式宾语的情况。
The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one form the other.We feel it our duty to make our country a better place.3.作宾语补足语1) 动词+宾语+to doMy advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skill.Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of luggage onto the plane.（被动形式）注意：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, allow, advise, beg, command, expect, forbid, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, urge, want, warn, would like,wait for, call on, arrange for2）在感官动词如feel, hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, observe和使役动词如have, let, make 等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。
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在英语中,一个句子只能用一个谓语动词，除了用and 连接的两动词外,其它的两个动词一定要分清主次,从属等内在逻辑关系，所以就出现了非谓语动词。
同样都表示动作,但两者的性质,地位不同。
与谓语动词的动作对比,非谓语动词的地位是次要的,从属性质的。
顾名思义，非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。
非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。
几下几例帮你理解谓语动词与非谓语动词的主次地位：1."为了健康,他天天喝牛奶。
""为了健康"是目的,是次要动作,“喝牛奶”才是唯一的谓语动词；To be healthier, he drinks milk every day.2."喝牛奶对他有好处,他爱喝牛奶"这两处的“喝牛奶”明显地不是具体的"喝",而是概括抽象的一件事。
“喝牛奶”在此处就近似地相当于名词“牛奶”.应用"Drinking milk"动名词来表示。
3,“我喝牛奶肚子痛。
”“喝牛奶”在此处虽然是具体动作,但它和"肚子痛"有内在逻辑关系,它表示的是原因,是从属地位,“肚子痛”才是主要的谓语动词。
可以用"Having drunk some milk, I have some trouble with my stomach."来表示。
也可以用从句“Since I have drunk some milk, I have some trouble with my stomach."4,“喝牛奶,人健康”,“喝牛奶”与“健康”有逻辑联系,它显然是条件,可以用"Drinking milk every day, one will get more healthy"来表示。
非谓语动词和谓语动词一样，可以被状语修饰、有主动和被动，可以有自己的逻辑主语，及物动词可以有自己的宾语等。
不同之处在于非谓语动词有其他词性的作用：1、名词作用，可以做主语、宾语和表语。
2、形容词作用，可以做定语、表语和宾语补足语。
3、副词作用，可以做状语。
另外，非谓语动词不受主语人称和数的限制。
一、非谓动词作主语1.不定式作主语。
e g. To say is easier than to do.解析：用不定式作主语时，常表示一次性的、具体的、特指的动作，并且用it作形式主语而将其后置。
如上例可改为：It is easier to say than to do.2.动名词作主语。
e g. Walking after supper is good for both young and old.解析：若表示抽象的、习惯性的动作时常用动名词。
二、非谓语动词作表语1.不定式作表语。
e g. What I can do is to give you some reasonable advice.The library books are not allowed to be taken away.解析：不定式作表语时，其后接动词（词组）主动式或被动式，与其最近的动词一致。
2.动名词作表语。
e g. His job is teaching.The most famous writings in the world are worth reading.解析：动名词作表语时，表语既具有动词特征又具有名词性，甚至有时表语和主语可以互换。
如上例可改为：Teaching is his job.3.分词作表语。
e g. The film is interesting, and my sister gets interested in it.解析：现在分词作表语，表示主语所具有的特征，表语与主语之间是主动关系，并且常以物作主语，译为“某物怎么样”；过去分词作表语，表示主语所处的心理状态，主语和表语之间存在被动关系，并且常以人作主语，译为“某人感到怎么样”。
具有这一用法的有：surprise, interest, touch, move, puzzle, excite, tire, please, disappoint, satisfy, encourage等。
三、非谓语动词作宾语——取决于动词1.不定式作宾语。
——V to do sth.e g. She pretended not to see me when I came in.Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.解析：有些动词之后要用不定式作宾语。
表示某次具体的动作或行为。
类似的动词有hope, agree, choose,manage,promise,expect,determine,decide,seek,refuse,arrange,desire等。
2.动名词作宾语。
——V doing sthe g. Would you mind my opening the window?He didn’t remember having lived with his friend before.解析：有些动词（词组）后接动名词形式，表示动作的经常性、习惯性或已经完成。
类似的词有enjoy, keep, admit, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, give up等。
注意：有少数动词既可以接动名词，又可以接不定式作宾语，但其意义不一样，例如mean, stop, try, can’t help。
四、非谓语动词作补语——取决于动词1.不定式作宾语、主语补足语。
——V sb to do sth.The policeman told the boy not to play on the road.2.分词作宾语、主语补足语。
（1）现在分词作宾语、主语补足语。
——V sb doing sth.（主动）Tom’s father saw him sitting on the eggs.Soon steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes.（2）过去分词作宾语、主语补足语。
——V sth done. （被动）I had my house painted last week.Her book was found stolen when Kate came back home.五、非谓语动词作定语1.不定式作定语。
如：Every day the workers have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）She has no wish to go with you.（同位关系）The second officer to come in was Smith.（主谓关系）This is the best way to learn a foreign language.（修饰关系）解析：不定式作定语时通常后置，即作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作，与被修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系、同位关系、主谓关系或修饰关系。
2.动名词作定语。
如：We shall have a writing competition.There is a swimming pool in the park.解析：用动名词作定语，起说明被修饰名词性质或用途的作用。
3.分词作定语。
（1）现在分词作定语。
如：Now there is a fire burning in the fireplace.The villagers built a road leading to the city.解析：现在分词作定语时，与它修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，用现在分词表示动作正在进行或经常性、现在或当时的状态。
（2）过去分词作定语。
如：There is a village called Gum Tree far away from here.The Olympic Games, first played in 775BC, did not include women players until 1912.解析：过去分词作定语时，与它所修饰的词之间存在被动关系。
过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，或没有固定的时间性。
六、解析非谓语动词作状语1.不定式作状语。
如：They came to see their mother in hospital.Every one cried to hear the bad news.解析：不定式作状语时，可以表示目的、结果、原因和条件。
表目的时常用于so as to或 in order to中，但so as to 不能置于句首；表示结果时常用于enough to, too…to…,so…as to…,such… as to…结构中，但要注意too…to…结构与only, not, never 连用时语法结构发生了变化，因此要择义而用之。
2.分词作状语。
（1）现在分词作状语。
如：Working hard, you won’t fail in the examination.Not having heard from her, I decided to write to her again.解析：在主动语态中，现在分词作状语时，表示现在分词动作与谓语动作同时进行或先于谓语动作发生或完成。
因此可用现在分词的一般式或完成式表示，而完成式的否定式not必须置于分词之前。
相当于表示原因、条件、时间、结果、伴随状况等状语从句。
注意：通常现在分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，即彼此间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
但generally speaking, strictly speaking, roughly speaking, judging from等词组不受这种语法限制。
（2）过去分词作状语。
如：Seen from the top of the tower, the river looks like a snake.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.解析：在被动语态中过去分词作状语时，句子的主语与过去分词之间存在被动关系，即主语是过去分词动作的承受者，同样也可以表原因、条件、时间、结果、伴随状况等状语从句。
七、解析分词、从句以及独立主格之间的不同1.分词短语结构，它表示分词动作的逻辑主语是句子的主语，连词可以保留，也可以省略。