water supply and water pollution in Indonesia and China
关于治理河水的英语作文
关于治理河水的英语作文英文回答：Water Governance: A Critical Imperative for Sustainable and Equitable Water Management.Water, the elixir of life, is an indispensable resource that sustains all life forms on Earth. However, the increasing scarcity of freshwater due to climate change, population growth, and pollution poses a significant threat to human well-being and economic prosperity. Effectivewater governance is, therefore, paramount to ensure the equitable and sustainable management of this precious resource.Water governance encompasses the policies, institutions, and mechanisms that govern the allocation, distribution,and use of water resources. It involves a complex interplay between multiple stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, water utilities, and environmentalorganizations.The principles of effective water governance include:Equity and Inclusivity: Ensuring that all stakeholders have equal access to and control over water resources.Transparency and Accountability: Involving stakeholders in decision-making processes and holding water authorities accountable for their actions.Integrated Management: Adopting a holistic approach that considers the interdependence of water resources with other natural systems and sectors.Adaptive Management: Embracing flexibility and adaptability in water management to respond to changing conditions and scientific knowledge.Water governance faces several key challenges, including:Climate Change: Climate change impacts, such as droughts and floods, can significantly disrupt water availability and quality.Water Scarcity: Increasing demand and pollution are leading to water scarcity in many regions.Institutional Fragmentation: The fragmented nature of water governance often leads to inefficiencies and conflicts.Technological Limitations: Inadequate infrastructure and limited access to technology can hinder efficient water management.To overcome these challenges and achieve effective water governance, a multi-pronged approach is required. This includes:Strengthening Institutions: Establishing robust institutions with clear mandates, resources, and accountability mechanisms.Promoting Participation: Actively engagingstakeholders in water management decisions through participatory processes.Investing in Infrastructure: Developing and upgrading water infrastructure, including water supply systems, wastewater treatment facilities, and flood control measures.Improving Water Pricing: Implementing equitable and efficient water pricing mechanisms to encourageconservation and discourage waste.Advancing Water Science: Conducting research and monitoring water resources to inform decision-making and adapt to changing conditions.By embracing these principles and addressing the challenges, we can foster effective water governance that ensures the sustainable and equitable management of thisvital resource for both present and future generations.中文回答：水治理，可持续和公平水管理的至关重要的必要条件。
怎样应对水污染英语作文
怎样应对水污染英语作文Water pollution is a pressing environmental issue that affects communities worldwide. As the global population continues to grow, the demand for clean water resources has become increasingly critical. Addressing water pollution is essential to safeguarding public health, preserving aquatic ecosystems, and ensuring a sustainable future. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which individuals, communities, and governments can effectively combat water pollution.One of the primary sources of water pollution is the discharge of untreated industrial and municipal waste into waterways. Factories, manufacturing plants, and wastewater treatment facilities often release harmful chemicals, heavy metals, and other pollutants directly into rivers, lakes, and oceans. This not only contaminates the water supply but also poses a significant threat to aquatic life and the overall health of the ecosystem. To address this issue, governments must implement stricter regulations and enforce compliance with environmental standards. This may involve requiring industries to install advanced wastewater treatment systems, imposing hefty fines for noncompliance, and incentivizing the adoption of eco-friendly production methods.Another major contributor to water pollution is the runoff of agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides, from farmlands. When these substances are washed away by rainfall or irrigation, they can contaminate nearby water bodies, leading to the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems and the disruption of delicate food webs. To mitigate this problem, farmers should be encouraged to adopt sustainable agricultural practices, such as precision farming techniques, which minimize the use of harmful chemicals and promote the responsible management of soil and water resources. Additionally, the implementation of buffer zones and wetland restoration projects can help to filter and absorb these pollutants before they reach waterways.Household activities and personal choices also contribute to water pollution. Improper disposal of household chemicals, such as cleaning products, paints, and pharmaceuticals, can lead to the contamination of groundwater and surface water. Similarly, the overuse of water resources, such as excessive lawn watering or lengthy showers, can strain water supplies and reduce the availability of clean water for other uses. To address these issues, individuals can make conscious efforts to reduce their water consumption, properly dispose of hazardous household waste, and support the development of water-efficient technologies and infrastructure.Furthermore, the issue of microplastic pollution has emerged as a significant concern in recent years. Tiny plastic particles from sources such as synthetic clothing, personal care products, and discarded plastic waste can accumulate in waterways, harming aquatic life and potentially entering the human food chain. To combat microplastic pollution, governments and industries must work together to develop innovative solutions, such as implementing bans on certain single-use plastics, promoting the use of biodegradable alternatives, and investing in advanced waste management systems.In addition to these direct actions, public education and community engagement are crucial in the fight against water pollution. By raising awareness about the importance of water conservation, the impacts of pollution, and the steps individuals can take to reduce their environmental footprint, communities can empower citizens to become active stewards of their local water resources. This can involve organizing beach cleanups, supporting local environmental organizations, and advocating for policy changes that prioritize water quality and sustainability.Finally, international cooperation and global initiatives are essential in addressing the transboundary nature of water pollution. Many waterways, such as rivers and oceans, cross national boundaries, and the actions of one country can have significant consequences for its neighbors. By fostering collaborative efforts, sharing best practices,and developing comprehensive international agreements, the global community can work together to tackle water pollution on a worldwide scale.In conclusion, combating water pollution requires a multifaceted approach that involves the collective efforts of governments, industries, communities, and individuals. Through the implementation of strict regulations, the adoption of sustainable practices, the promotion of public education, and the facilitation of international cooperation, we can work towards a future where clean, safe water is accessible to all. By taking decisive action today, we can protect our precious water resources and ensure a healthier, more sustainable planet for generations to come.。
环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)
Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，butwhich are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
对自来水公司企业发展的看法或建议
对自来水公司企业发展的看法或建议1.自来水公司应该加大投资，改善供水设施。
Water supply companies should increase investment to improve water supply facilities.2.提高保障供水的能力，确保居民生活用水。
Enhance the ability to ensure water supply and guarantee residents' daily water usage.3.加强水质监测，确保饮用水安全。
Enhance water quality monitoring to ensure the safety of drinking water.4.推广节水意识，加强水资源的管理和利用。
Promote water conservation awareness and strengthen the management and utilization of water resources.5.引进先进技术和设备，提高供水效率。
Introduce advanced technology and equipment to improve water supply efficiency.6.配备紧急预案和设备，应对突发水灾和水源污染。
Equip with emergency plans and equipment to deal with sudden water disasters and water sources pollution.7.加强用水宣传教育，提高居民节约用水意识。
Strengthen water use publicity and education to enhance residents' awareness of water conservation.8.定期开展水质检测和评估，确保供水质量稳步提升。
(完整版)(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)
Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，butwhich are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
给排水与环境工程专业英语
The human search for pure water supplies must have begun in prehistoric times. Much of that earliest activity is subject to speculation. Some individuals may have led water where they wanted it through trenches dug in the earth. Later a hollow log was perhaps used as the first water pipe.
Only by continual and costly attention to water quality control has it been possible to virtually eradicate waterborne diseases from developed countries. Such achievements must not, however, be allowed to mask the appalling situation regarding water supply and sanitation in much of the developing world. The growth of population in developing countries, due to the high birth rate, is such that unless strenuous efforts to increase water supply and sanitation facilities are made, the percentage of the world’s population with satisfactory facilities would actually decrease in the future. In developed countries, demands for water are now fairly static and basic waste quality-control measures are well established. However, many of the existing water-supply and sewage schemes are now relatively old so that their reconstruction will pose problems in the future. As knowledge of the effects of all forms of environmental pollution increases so new potential hazards appear, for example there is current concern about the possible carcinogenic hazards arising from the presence of minute concentrations of some organic compounds in water. Anthropogenic, or human-induced, pollutants have overloaded our envir commissioning of the first major public health engineering works of modern times. Thus by 1870 waterborne outbreaks had been largely brought under control in the UK and similar developments were taking place in Western Europe and the cities of the USA. The Industrial Revolution greatly increased the urban water demand and the late nineteenth century saw the construction of major water-supply schemes.
警告人们污染和浪费水的危害英语作文
警告人们污染和浪费水的危害英语作文The Importance of Keeping Our Water Clean and SafeWater is one of the most important things we need to survive on planet Earth. We drink it, we use it to take baths and showers, we use it to water plants and crops, and we even use it to make things in factories. Without water, life as we know it would not exist! That's why it's so crucial that we keep our water sources clean and avoid wasting water.Unfortunately, there are many ways that people pollute water and waste this precious resource without even realizing it. Pollution happens when substances that are harmful or toxic get into the water supply. These substances can come from trash, chemicals, sewage from bathrooms, oil and gas from vehicles and factories, and much more.When water gets polluted, it becomes unsafe to drink, swim in, or use for bathing. Polluted water can make people very sick if they consume it or are exposed to it. Fish, plants, and other wildlife that live in or near polluted water sources can also become ill or die from the contamination. This disrupts the entire ecosystem and food chain.Wasting water is another major issue we face. Even though about 70% of the Earth is covered in water, only a tiny fraction of that is actually fresh water that humans and land animals can use. We can't create new fresh water, so we have to be very careful about how much of it we use. Taking long showers, leaving the faucet running while brushing teeth, overwatering lawns, and having leaky pipes are some common ways that people mindlessly waste gallons upon gallons of fresh water every single day.If we're not more responsible about keeping water clean and using it wisely, we could face a global water crisis where there simply isn't enough fresh water left for everyone. Just imagine not being able to take a drink of water whenever you're thirsty, or not having water to shower or flush the toilet! While it may seem like a silly thing to worry about since water is everywhere, the truth is our supply of usable fresh water is limited.Here are some easy things we can all do to prevent water pollution and conserve water:Don't litter or dump trash, chemicals, or other pollutants into storm drains, lakes, rivers, or the ocean. This allows toxic substances to contaminate the water supply.Obey fishing and hunting regulations so we don't deplete and disrupt the natural habitats of marine life.Use household cleaners, pesticides, fertilizers, and other chemicals as minimally as possible and dispose of them properly so they don't get washed into water sources.Don't pour cooking oil, paint, or other liquids down drains or toilets, as they can clog pipes and contaminate waterways.Take short showers instead of baths, and avoid letting the water run while brushing teeth, shaving or washing hands.Fix any leaky faucets, toilets, or pipes in your home so water doesn't constantly drip out and get wasted.Only run washing machines and dishwashers when you have a full load to clean.Water your lawn and outdoor plants in the early morning or evening when it's cooler to minimize evaporation.Collect rainwater in buckets or barrels to use for watering plants instead of using a hose.When boating, be careful not to leak oil, gas, or dumping trash into lakes and waterways.It's up to every single one of us to make an effort to keep our water sources clean and to use water responsibly. Think about how many people and animals rely on having access to safe, fresh water every day just to survive. Conserving water and preventing pollution helps ensure there will be enough water to go around for generations to come.Taking short showers, turning off the faucet while brushing teeth, and being mindful about not littering or dumping contaminants seems like no big deal. But when you multiply those simple habits by every person in your town, state, country, and the whole world, it adds up to saving massive amounts of water! We all share the water on this planet, so it's our shared responsibility to be good caretakers of it.The next time you go to take a sip of water, think about how lucky we are to have access to safe, clean drinking water at all. Then think about what you can do in your daily life to help preserve this amazing natural resource so every person and living creature can continue benefiting from it. Our water supply is precious, so we have to treat it that way! A few easy changes can make a huge difference in helping keep our water clean and preventing waste. It's the key to our survival, so let's all do our part.。
水污染有关英语演讲稿高中
水污染有关英语演讲稿高中Water Pollution。
Good morning, everyone. Today, I want to talk about a very important issue that affects all of us: water pollution. Water pollution is a serious problem that has a huge impact on our environment, our health, and our economy. It is caused by the release of harmful substances into water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. These substances can come from a variety of sources, including industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage.One of the most common sources of water pollution is industrial discharges. Many industries release toxic chemicals and heavy metals into nearby water bodies, which can have devastating effects on the aquatic ecosystem. These pollutants can harm fish and other aquatic organisms, and can also contaminate the water supply, making it unsafe for human consumption. In addition, agricultural runoff, which includes pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste, can also contribute to water pollution. When it rains, these pollutants can be washed into nearby water bodies, causing algal blooms and other harmful effects.Another major cause of water pollution is untreated sewage. In many parts of the world, sewage is discharged directly into rivers and oceans without being properly treated. This can introduce harmful bacteria and viruses into the water, posing a serious risk to public health. In addition, sewage can also contain high levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can lead to eutrophication and the depletion of oxygen in the water.The effects of water pollution are wide-ranging and can have serious consequences for both the environment and human society. For example, polluted water can harm aquatic ecosystems, leading to a decline in fish populations and the loss of biodiversity. It can also contaminate drinking water supplies, leading to waterborne diseases and other health problems. In addition, water pollution can have negative economic impacts, such as the loss of revenue from fishing and tourism, and the costs of cleaning up polluted water bodies.So, what can we do to address the problem of water pollution? There are several steps that we can take to reduce and prevent water pollution. For example, we can improve industrial and agricultural practices to minimize the release of harmful substances into water bodies. This can include using less toxic chemicals, implementing better waste management practices, and reducing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, we can invest in better wastewater treatment facilities to ensure that sewage is properly treated before it is discharged into the environment. Finally, we can also work to raise awareness about the importance of protecting our water resources and the role that each of us can play in preventing water pollution.In conclusion, water pollution is a serious problem that has far-reaching consequences for the environment, public health, and the economy. It is caused by a variety of sources, including industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage. The effects of water pollution can be devastating, but there are steps that we can take to address this issue. By improving our industrial and agricultural practices, investing in better wastewater treatment facilities, and raising awareness about the importance of protecting our water resources, we can work together to reduce and prevent water pollution. Thank you.。
水污染的原因英文作文
水污染的原因英文作文英文回答：Water pollution is caused by a variety of factors, including industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and improper disposal of household waste.Industrial waste, such as chemicals and heavy metals, can seep into the water supply through improper disposal or leaks from industrial facilities. This can contaminate drinking water sources and harm aquatic life.Agricultural runoff, which includes pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste, can also contribute to water pollution. When it rains, these substances can be washed into rivers, lakes, and oceans, leading to harmful algal blooms and the destruction of aquatic ecosystems.Improper disposal of household waste, such as plastics, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning products, can alsocontaminate water sources. When these items are notdisposed of properly, they can end up in waterways andcause harm to marine life.In addition to these factors, natural events such asoil spills and volcanic eruptions can also lead to water pollution. These events can release harmful substances into the water, causing damage to the environment and wildlife.Overall, water pollution is a complex issue withmultiple causes, and addressing it requires a combinationof regulation, education, and sustainable practices.中文回答：水污染的原因包括工业废物、农业径流和家庭废物的不当处理。
水污染原因及措施英语作文
Water Pollution: Causes and MeasuresWater pollution, a global issue that poses a significant threat to the sustainability of our planet, is caused by various anthropogenic activities. This essay aims to delve into the primary causes of water pollution and propose effective measures to address this pressing concern.Firstly, industrialization is a primary culprit in water pollution. Factories and manufacturing units often discharge untreated waste into rivers and lakes, contaminating the water bodies. These wastes contain harmful chemicals, heavy metals, and toxic substances that are harmful to aquatic life and human health. Moreover, the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture also contributes to water pollution, as these chemicals can leach into groundwater and surface water.Secondly, urbanization and poor waste management practices exacerbate the problem. As cities expand, the demand for water increases, and waste generation also rises. Inadequate waste disposal systems often lead to the dumping of garbage into rivers and streams, further polluting the water supply.Furthermore, sewage discharge is another significant source of water pollution. Without proper treatment, sewagecontains pathogens and other harmful substances that can contaminate drinking water sources. This poses a serious health risk to humans and animals.To address these issues, several measures must be taken. Firstly, strict environmental regulations must be implemented to control industrial waste discharge. Factories and manufacturing units should be required to treat their waste before disposing of it, ensuring that harmful substances are removed or reduced to safe levels. Additionally, incentives should be provided to encourage industries to adopt sustainable practices and reduce their environmental impact.Secondly, improved waste management systems are crucial. Cities should invest in effective waste disposal and recycling facilities to reduce the amount of garbage dumped into water bodies. Public awareness campaigns can also be conducted to educate people about the importance of proper waste disposal and recycling.Moreover, sewage treatment facilities must be expanded and improved. Modern technologies such as biological treatment and membrane filtration can be employed to remove contaminants from sewage effectively. This will ensure that the treated water is safe for reuse or discharge into theenvironment.In addition to these measures, education and public awareness are vital in addressing water pollution. People should be informed about the causes and consequences of water pollution and encouraged to adopt sustainable practices in their daily lives. This includes reducing the use of chemicals in agriculture, conserving water, and properly disposing of waste.Furthermore, international cooperation is essential in tackling water pollution. Governments and organizations should work together to share knowledge, technologies, and best practices in water pollution control. This will help to address the problem more effectively and achieve global sustainability goals.In conclusion, water pollution is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. By implementing strict environmental regulations, improving waste management systems, expanding sewage treatment facilities, and promoting public awareness and education, we can make significant strides in reducing water pollution and protecting our precious water resources for future generations. It is a responsibility that we all share, and it is crucial that we act now to ensure thesustainability of our planet.。
(完整版)给排水专业英语汇总,推荐文档
废水abwasser废水收集wastewater collecti on废水处理wastewater disposal受纳水体receivi ng waters污染polluti on pollute 污染物poll ntant玷污、污染con tam in ati on致污物con tam inant未污染uncon tam in ated 水污染water polluti on 水污染控制water pollution control水污染防治water polluti on preve ntio n 污水回用wastewater reuseUNIT 2水短缺water scarcity 地表水资源surface water resource管网Pipe Network供水系统water supply system市政配水系统muni cipal distributi on system 建筑给水系统house water supply system 分区供水系统dual distribution system小区micro district 小社区small commu nity 冷水供水系统cold water supply system热水供水系统hot water supply system消防系统fire protectio n system喷淋系统fire protecti on spri nkler system 自动水幕系统automatic dren cher system 半自动水幕系统semi automatic dren cher system 消火栓hydra nt排水系统drain age system生活排水系统san itary system工业排水系in dustrial system雨水排水系统stormwater system合流制comb ined sewers分流制separate sewers建筑排水系统buildi ng drain age system 卫生洁具plumbi ng fixtures卫浴设备bathroom fixtures输水系统water tran smissi on system漏水率leakage rate配水系统water distributi on system环状管网grid system支状管网branching system下水管道san itary sewer污水节流管in tercepti ng sewer污水节流系统in tercept ing sewersystem污水节流井sewage in tercept ing cell 支管collect ion sewer collector sewer生活污水san itary sewagedomestic sewagedomestic wastewater工业污水in dustrial wastewater工业污水/ 液/物in dustrial wastes农业用水agricultural wastewater/wastes 雨水rai nwater stormwater水位waterlevel 海拔、标高elevati on坡度grade 倾斜度slope 明渠Open cha nnelUNIT 1给水工程water supply engin eeri ng 排水工程sewetage engin eeri ng市政工程civil engin eeri ng市政工程师civil engin eer环境工程environmen tal engin eeri ng水文学hydrology水力学hydra nlies水环境n atural aquatic environment流域watershed 水体waterbody地表水surface water新鲜水freshwater地下水gro un dwater含水层aquifer天然含水层n atural aquifer地下含水层un dergr ound aquifer水文循环n atural hydrologic cycle渗滤in filtrati on降水precipitati on渗入precolatio n蒸发evaporati on蒸腾tran spiratio n城市水文循环urba n hydrologic cycle 水源water source水资源water resource取水water withdrawal水处理water treatme nt配水water distributi on 用水water use污水wastewater层流Lam inar flow 滞流粘性流viscous flow 过渡流Tran siti onal flow湍流Turbule nt flow紊流Turbule nee flow涡流Eddyi ng flow雷诺数Teyno Ids nu mber水质Water guality水源Water sources供水水源Water supples原水Raw water 未处理水Un treated water出水Fini shed water原水水质Raw-water quality水质标准Water quality sta ndards水质要求Water quality requireme nts饮用水Drink water\potable water自来水Tap water纯水Pure water 饮用水标准Drinking water sta ndards 饮用水一级标Primary drinking water sta ndards 最大允许浓度Maxmum permissible levelsmaxmum allowable levels 最大污染物浓度Maxmum con tami nant levels主要污染物Primary con tam inants有机化合物Orga nic chemicals合成有机化合物Syn thetic organic chemicals挥发性有机化合物Volatile orga nic ohemicals无机化合物Inorganic chemical微生物Micro orga ni sms\microbes微生物污染Microbial co ntami nants病原微生物Pathoge nic micro organi sms病原体Pathoge nic 病毒Pathoge nic bacteri n细菌Bacteria大肠杆菌Coliform bacteria 病毒Viruses藻类Algae浊度Turbidity放射性Radio nuclide感官性状Esthetic qualities审美Esthetic味Taste嗅Odo色Colour变色Discolourati on变色Discolor水质物理参数Physical parameters of water quality 水的物理性质Physical quality of water浊度值Turbidity values浊度单位Turdidity un it浑浊单位Turdid嗅阈值Threshold odor nu mber化学性质Chemical quality水质化学参数Chemical parameters of water quality 溶解氧Dissolved oxygen (DO)溶解氧浓度Do level溶解氧平衡Do bala nee氧损Oxyge n depleti on有机污染物Orga nic polluta nt生化需氧量Biochemicaloxygen dema nd (BOD) 总氮Total nitroge n (TN)开挖excavati on深度excavati on depth水力分析hydraulic an alysis水头pressure head总水头total headUnit3水头损失Head loss速度头动压头Velocity head 静压Static head摩擦水头Friction head水力坡度线Hydra nlicgrade li重力流Gravity flow水塔Water castle贮水箱Cistern泵站Pump stati on给水泵站Water pump statio n 污水泵站Sewage stati on 提升泵站Lift pump ing pla nt 增压泵Booster pump离心泵Cen trifugal pump潜水泵Submer sible pump 潜水艇Submeri ne深井泵Well pump虹吸虹吸管Siphon人孔Ma nhole法兰Fla nge阀门Valve闸阀Gate valve泵送系统Pump ing system 流量Flow rate流速Fluid velocity保证 Preserve 清洗剂 Clea ning age nt 洗涤剂 Deterge nt 发泡剂 Foam ing age nt泡沫 Foam 化肥 Fertilizer 肥沃的Fertile富营养化 Eutrophicati on 营养的 Trophic 营养水平 Trophic level 生态位 NicheUnit 5原污水 Raw sewage 原废水Raw wastes处理水 Treated wastes 回用水 Redaimed water 水处理过程 Water process ing收集 Collect 处置 Dispose 处理方法 Treatment method处理费用 Treatme nt costs 处理单元 Treatme nt process 运行模式 Operati onal mode 间歇处理方式 Batch treatme nt approach均匀均化 Equalization 均匀 Equalize 调蓄水池Equalizati on storage调节池 Equalizati on tank 蓄水池 Storage tank 降解 Degrade 分解 Decompose分离 Separate 隔离 Separati on 物理法 Physical process 物理处理 Physical treatme nt 物理处理过程Physical treatme nt process一级处理 Primary treatme nt 初步处理 Prelimi nary treatme nt 格栅筛滤Screening格栅 Screen 格栅Bar scree n栅条 Bars 钢栅条 Steel bars 渣耙 Clea ningrakes 圆形破碎机Circular grin der破碎 Grind 除砂Degritt ing砂 Grit 沙 Sa nd 除砂 Grit removal 沉砂池 Grit chamber 沉淀 Settli ng 沉淀池 Settli ng tank 澄清池 Clarifier 初澄清池 Primary clarifier 初沉池Primary settli ng tank一级出水 Primary efflue nt 二级处理 Secondary treatme nt 二级处理工艺Secondary treatme nt process生物处理 Biological treatme nt 二澄清池 Secon dary clarifier 二沉池Secon dary settli ng tank总凯式氮 Total Kjeldahl nitroge n (TKN) 悬浮固体 Suspe nded solids (SS) 总悬浮固体 Total suspe nded solids (TSS) 溶解 Dissolved (DS)总溶解 Total dissolved (TDS) Unit 4溶解的铁和锰 Dissolved iron and mangan ese 硬度 Hard ness 碱度 Alkali nity 盐度 Sali nity 有害物质 Toxic and hazardous materials 氰化物 Cya ni des 急性毒性 Acute toxity 慢性毒性 Chro nic toxity 基因毒性 Ge netic toxicity基因 Ge ne 难降解有机化合物 Refractory orga nic chemicals 永久性有机污染物 Persiste nt orga nic pollutants 致癌化学性Carcinogenic chemicals卤素 Haloge n 甲基 Methyl氯仿 Trichlorometha ne 三氯甲烷 Chloroform 杀虫剂 农药 Pesticide 害虫Pest 杀虫剂 In secticide 除草剂 Herbicide 杀菌剂 Germicide 细菌Germ 防腐剂Preservative最终澄清池Final clarifier最终沉淀池Final settli ng tank二级出水Secon dary efflue nt三级处理Tertiary treatme nt深度处理Adva need treatme nt废水消毒Waste disi nfectio n出流出水Efflue nt flow允许浓度Allowable levels优异出水High-quality polished efflue nt废水处理厂Wastewater treatme nt pla nt污水处理厂Sewage treatme nt pla nt二级处理厂Secon dary treatme nt pla nt城市污水处理Muni cipal wastewater treatme nt 市政工程Muni cipal engin eeri ng土木工程Civil engin eeri ng城市污水处理厂Mun icipal wastewater treatme nt pla nt 污水处理能力Sewage treatme nt capacity电容Capacita nee污水处理设施Mun icipal treatme nt facilities 多反应器设施Multi-reactor facility处理池Treatme nt tank负荷Load负荷Load ings水力负荷Hydrautic load ing污染负荷Polluta nt load有机负荷Orga nic load无机负荷Inorganic load不含化肥、农药无机的Un orga nic周期性负荷Periodic(i ntermitle nt) loadi ng第五部分：物化处理1 .混凝n. coagulati on混凝过程coagulati on process化学混凝chemical coagulati on凝聚n. aggregati on絮凝n. flocculationv. flocculate异向絮凝perik in etic flocculati on同向絮凝orthok in etic flocculati on 混凝剂n.coagula nt 混凝剂投量coagula nt dosage烧杯实验jar test最佳混凝剂投量optimum coagula nt dosage助凝剂coagula nt aid助凝剂flocculation aid 聚电解质n. polyelectrolytes快速混合flash-mix ,rapid-mix 快速混合器flash mixer ,rapid mixer 混合池mixer tank 快速混合池flash-mix tank絮凝器n. flocculator 絮凝池flocculation tank固体接触池solids-co ntact tank澄清n. clarificati onv. clarify澄清池n. clarifier高负荷澄清池high rate clarifier澄清水clarify ing water:.沉淀n. sedime ntati on沉降n. sedime ntati on自由沉降plain settli ng拥挤沉降hin dered settli ng重力沉降gravity settli ng沉淀池settli ng tank沉淀池，沉降池sedime ntati on tank矩形沉淀池recta ngular settli ng tank圆形沉淀池circular settli ng tank管式沉淀池tube settler斜管沉淀池steeply in cli ned tubesettler板式沉淀池parallel-plate settler板式沉淀池plate separator气浮n. floatati on泡沫分离foam separati on溶气气浮dissolved-air floatati on气浮池floatation tank表面撇渣装置surface-skim ming device撇去v. skim浮渣n. scum浮渣槽scum trough刮泥机sludge scraper排泥sludge drawoffsludge withdrawal预沉淀n. presedime ntati on预沉淀池presedime ntati on bas in3. 过滤n. filtration滤池n. filter慢滤池slow filter4. 消毒n. dis in fecti onv. disi nfect 消毒剂n. dis infectantdis infection age nt杀菌齐U n. germicide消毒过程dis in fecti on process消毒副产物dis infection by-products氯化n. chlori nati onv. chlori nate氯化水chlori nated water预氯化n. prechlori nati on氯化消毒副产物by-products of chlori nation化学消毒剂chemical dis infectants液氯liquid chlori ne ,liquefied chlori ne力口氯量，投氯量chlori ne dosage , applied chlori ne自由氯，游离氯free chlori ne ,free available chlori ne化合氯comb ined chlori ne剩余保护residual protect ion余氯residual chlori ne 余氯量chlori ne residual 自由余氯free residual chlori ne 自由氯余量free chlori ne residual 化合余氯comb ined residual chlori ne化合氯余量comb ined chlori ne residuals折点氯化（法）breakpo int chlori nati on折点氯化曲线breakpo int chlori nati on curve 折点加氯量breakpo int dosage氯折点chlori ne breakpo int 压力钢瓶pressured steel cyli nder 臭氧发生器ozone gen erator 需臭氧量ozone dema nd 剩余臭氧量ozone residual 剩余臭氧residual ozone致病微生物，病源微生物pathoge nic microorga ni sms病原体n. pathoge ns致病细菌或病毒pathoge nic bacteria or viruses 纟田菌n. bacteria大肠杆菌coliform bacteria阿米巴氏菌amoebic cysts 孢子，芽孢n. spores 病毒n. viruses藻类n. algae原生动物n. protozoa快滤池rapid filter高速（负荷）滤池high rate filter 砂滤池sand filter慢砂滤池slow sand filter快砂滤池rapid sa nd filter重力滤池gravity filter压力滤池pressure filter过滤介质，滤料filter medium石英砂silica sand无烟煤n. an thracite硅藻土diatomaceous earth煤一砂滤床coal-sa nd beds多层滤料multilayered media混合滤料mixed media双层滤料滤池dual media filter双层滤池two-layer filter粗滤料coarse media细滤料fine media助滤剂filter aid滤后水，滤出水filtered water 滤后水，滤池出水filter efflue nt 滤前水，滤池进水filter in flue nt 浊度穿透turbidity breakthrough过滤周期filter cycle清洗周期clea ning cycle刮砂法scrap ing method 表面刮砂surface scrap ing 反冲洗backwash ing 水力反冲洗hydraulic backwash ing 水力反冲洗hydraulic backwash水力分级hydraulic grad ing 氯胺n. chloram ines次氯酸盐hypochlorites次氯酸钠sodium hypochlorite二氧化氯chlori ne dioxide臭氧n. ozone臭氧化，臭氧消毒n. ozon ati on臭氧化v. ozon ate紫外线（UV） ultraviolet radiation （UV）伽马射线gamma radiati on灭活n. in activati onv. in activate接触时间con tact time需氯量chlori ne dema nd5. 氧化 n. oxidati on还原 n. reductio n 氧化齐 U n. oxida nt 强氧化剂strong oxidiz ing age nt高级氧化法 (AOP) adva need oxidati on process 高级氧化工艺 (AOP) adva need oxidati on process 高级氧化过程 (AOP) adva need oxidati on process 高级氧化技术(AOT)adva need oxidati on tech no logy再生 n. regen erati onv. rege nerate 吸附剂 n. adsorbe nt 吸附质 n. adsorbate 吸附塔，吸附柱 adsorption colu mn 吸附床 adsorpti on bed 空床接触时间empty bed con tact time吸附带 mass tran sfer zone快速小柱试验 rapid small scale colu mn test生物活性炭 (BAC) biological activated carbon 7.离子交换 n. ion excha nge 离子交换树脂 ion excha nge resin 离子交换器 ion excha nger 沉淀软化 precipitati on softe ning电解 n. electrolysis 电除盐(EDI) n.electrodeionization 吹脱、汽提法n.strippi ng冷去卩 n. cooli ng 冷去卩水 cooli ng water 冷去卩塔 cooli ng tower 第六部分生物处理 生物反应器n. bioreactor 微生物 n.microorga ni smsn. microbes微生物种群microbial population微生物生长动力学 microbial growth kinetics1. 迟滞期 lag phase2. 对数生长期 exp onen tial-growth phase3. 减速生长期decli ng growth phase稳定期 stati onary phase4. 内源呼吸阶段 en doge nous stage 内源生长期en doge nous growth phase6.吸附n. adsorpti on 活性炭 (AC) activated carb on 粉末炭 (PAC ) powdered activated carb on 粒状炭(GAC ) granu lar activated carb on 离子交换柱 ion excha nge colu mn 硬度 n. hard ness 除硬hard ness removal软化 n. softe ning v. softe n化学软化 chemical softe ning 沉淀软化 precipitati on softe ning除盐，脱盐 n. desalt in ati onv. desalt去矿化dem ineralizationv. demi neralize离子父换软化法ion excha nge softe ning process离子父换除盐法 ion excha nge desalt ing process 复床 comb ined bed 混合床mixed bed&膜分离membrane separati on 微滤 microfiltrati on 超滤 hyperfiltratio n 纳滤 nano filtrati on 反渗透 reverse osmosis渗透osmosis半透膜 semipermeable membra ne 电渗析 n. electrodialysis 渗析dialysis9.其它处理方法中和n eutralizatio n v. n eutralize 酸性废水 acidic wastes化学沉淀chemical precipitati on混合群落 mixed com mun ities细菌 n. bacteria 原生动物 n. protozoa真菌 n. fun gi 轮虫 n rotifers 生长 n.growth繁殖 n. reproduct ion 世代时间 gen erati on time 生长速率 growth rates 环境因子 environmen tal factors生态因子ecological factors 颗粒活性炭(GAC) granular activated carbon 活性炭纤维 (ACF) activated carbon fiber内源呼吸en doge nous respirati on底物，基质n. substrate底物（基质）利用substrate utilization生物量n. biomass生物反应biological reaction生物氧化biological oxidatio n生物降解n. biodegradati on生物降解性n. biodegradability生物可降解的，可生物降解的 a. biodegradable不可生物降解的 a. non biodegradable生物处理biological treatme nt废水生物处理biological wastewater treatme nt废水生物处理系统biological wastewater treatment system污水生物处理系统biological sewage treatment system 生物处理法biological treatme nt process生物处理装置biological treatme nt unit串联in series悬浮生长处理法suspe nded-growth treatme nt processes 生物固体biological solids活性污泥activated sludge附着生长处理法attached-growth treatme nt processes 附着的微生物attached microbes微生物附着生长attached microbial growth生物膜n. biofilm代谢n. metabolismv. metabolize稳定，稳定化n. stabilizati on生物代谢biological metabolism微生物代谢microbial metabolism好氧的 a. aerobic好氧菌aerobic bacteria好氧微生物aerobic microorga ni sms好氧氧化aerobic oxidati on厌氧的 a. an aerobic厌氧菌an aerobic bacteria厌氧氧化an aerobic oxidati on兼性的 a. facultative兼性菌facultative bacteria好氧环境aerobic environment厌氧环境an aerobic environment营养物n. nu trie nts无机营养物inorganic nu trie nts营养物去除nu trie nt removal营养物生物去除biological n utrie nt removal脱氮除磷n itroge n and phosphorusremoval生物硝化biological n itrificati on硝化菌n itrify ing bacteria生物反硝化，生物脱氮biological den itrification生物除磷biological phosphorus removal1 .活性污泥法activated sludge process微生物n. microorga ni sms n. microbes细菌n. bacteria生物絮体biological floc微生物絮体microbial floc活性污泥activated sludgev. stabilize絮状活性污泥flocculate-bacterial sludge回流活性污泥（RAS） returned activated sludge回流污泥returned sludge回流污泥recycled sludge剩余污泥excess sludge废活性污泥（WAS） waste activated sludge 废污泥waste sludge曝气池aerati on tank曝气池aerati onbas in曝气池aerati on chamber完全混合曝气池completely mixed aerati on bas in活性污泥池activated sludge tank曝气n. aerati on混合n. mixi ng曝气系统aerati on system曝气器n. aerator压缩空气compressed air空气压缩机，空压机air compressor 鼓风机，风机n. blower 循环/ 切换n. cycling/switchover 扩散装置，扩散器n.diffuser空气扩散装置，空气扩散器鼓泡空气扩散装置（扩散器）微气泡扩散装置（扩散器）扩散板plate diffuser 扩散管tube diffuser 扩散罩domediffuserair diffuserbubble air diffuserfin e-bubble diffuser微气泡扩散曝气fin e-bubble diffused aeration微气泡fin e-bubble大气泡coarse-bubble 静态混合器static mixer机械曝气系统mecha ni cal aeratio nsystems机械曝气mecha nical aeratio n表面曝气surface aerati on表面曝气器surface aerator需氧量oxyge n dema nd供气量air supply 氧转移效率oxyge n tansfer efficie ncy可沉降固体settleable solids挥发性固体volatile solids非挥发性固体non volatile solids 挥发性悬浮固体（VSS） volatile suspe nded solids 混合液mixed liquor混合液悬浮固体（MLSS） mixed liquor suspended solids 混合液挥发性悬浮固体（MLVSS） mixed liquor volatile suspe nded solids污泥沉降比（SV）settli ng velocity污泥容积指数（SVI） sludge volume in dex比耗氧速率（SOUR） specific oxygen uptake rate污泥龄sludge age曝气池容积aerati on tank volume曝气时间aerati on period曝气时间aerati on time水力停留时间（HRT） hydraulic reside nee time 水力负荷hydraulic loadi ngBOD 负荷BOD loadingconven ti onal activated sludge processconven ti onal activated sludge process standard activated sludge process传统活性污泥厂conven ti onal activated sludge pla nt阶段曝气活性污泥step aeratio n activated sludge process分段v. step进水负荷in flue nt load分段进水step loadi ng渐减v. taper渐减曝气tapered aerati on接触稳定活性污泥法con tact stabilizati on activated sludge process再曝气n. reaerati on曝气一沉淀一再曝气aeratio n-sedime ntati on-reaerati on完全好氧处理法complete aerobic treatme nt process高负荷（完全混合）活性污泥法high-rate （completely mixed） activated sludge process 延时曝气活性污泥法exte nded aerati on activated sludge process 延时曝气法exte nded aeratio n process延时曝气exte nded aerati on 氧化沟oxidati on ditch 水平转刷horiz on tal rotor转刷曝气rotor aerati on笼型转刷caged rotor 吸附一生物降解工艺（AB法）adsorpti on-biodegradati on process序批式活性污泥法（SBR 法）sequencing batch reactor（SBR） process、序批式活性污泥法（SBR 法）sequential batch reactor（SBR） processSBR 法SBR process序批式反应器（SBR）seque ncing batch reactor （SBR）序批式反应器（SBR）seque ntial batch reactor初沉primary clarificati on曝气n. aerati on二沉sec on dary clarificati on初沉池primary clarifier二沉池sec on dary clarifier泵送系统pump ing system活性污泥法activated sludge process变体n. varia ntSBR运行周期SBR cycle处理周期process cycle进水阶段fill phase进水阀in flue nt valve反应阶段react phase沉淀阶段settle phase清水，上清液clear water 上清液n. super nata nt排水阶段draw phase滗水阶段deca nt phase滗水装置deca nt mecha nism闲置阶段，待机阶段idle phase营养物去除nu trie nt removal营养物生物去除biological n utrie nt removal碳源carb on source硝化n. n itrificati onv. n itrify硝化菌n itrify ing bacteria反硝化n. den itrificati onv. den itrify普通活性污泥法传统活性污泥法标准活性污泥法脱氮n. den itrificati on生物反硝化，生物脱氮biological den itrificati on缺氧一好氧脱氮工艺(A/O法)ano xic-oxic process厌氧一缺氧一好氧法(A2/Oan aerobic-a no xic-aerobic processA-A-O法同步脱氮除磷工艺an aerobic-a no xic-aerobic process脱氮除磷n itroge n and phosphorus removal厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)an aerobic ammonium oxidati on生物除磷biological phosphorus removal膜生物反应器(MBR)membra ne biological reactor2.生物膜法生物膜n. biofilm生物膜反应器biofilm reactor生物滤池n. biofilter生物过滤n. biofiltratio n旋转布水器rotary spri nkler填料n. pack ings塑料管状或蜂窝状填料plastic tubular or hon eycomb-shaped pack ings滴滤池trickli ng filter普通生物滤池trickli ng filter高负荷生物滤池high-rate filter塔式生物滤池tower biofilter曝气生物滤池(BAF) biological aerated filtermetha ne-form ing bacteria有机酸orga nic acids挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs) volatile fatty acids硫酸盐还原sulfate reduction硫酸盐还原菌sulfate-reduc ing bacteria上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)upflow an aerobic sludge bla nket上升流速upflow velocity厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)an aerobic baffled reactor两段或两级厌氧生物处理two-stage an aerobic biotreatme nt两相厌氧生物处理two-phase an aerobic biotreatme nt产酸相acidoge nic phase产甲烷相metha nogenic phase消化n. digesti onv. digest消化池n. digestor厌氧消化an aerobic digesti on污泥消化sludge digestio n厌氧消化池an aerobic digestor厌氧接触法an aerobic contact process厌氧膨胀床反应器an aerobic expa nded-bed reactor厌氧流化床反应器an aerobic fluidized-bed reactor生物转盘法biodisc process生物转盘rotati ng biological contactor生物转盘n. biodisc塑料盘片plastic discs轻质盘片lightweight discs水平轴horiz on tal shaft生物粘液biological slime粘液层slime layer生物流化床biological fluidized bedbiological fluidised bed生物流化床反应器fluidized-bed bioreactor移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)movi ng-bed biofilm reactor3.厌氧生物处理发酵n. ferme ntatio nv. ferme ntate产酸细菌n. acidoge ns产甲烷细菌n. metha nogens产酸阶段acidoge nic phase产甲烷阶段metha nogenic phase水解n. hydrolysisv. hydrolysis产酸发酵acidoge nic ferme ntati on产氢产乙酸H2-produc ing acetoge nesis产甲烷metha nogen esis产酸菌acid formers产甲烷菌metha ne formers ,厌氧生物转盘an aerobic rotati ng biological con tactor4.自然生物处理系统自然净化系统n atural purificati on system 稳定塘stabilizati on pondsstabilizati on Iago ons氧化塘oxidati on ponds土地处理系统land treatme nt systems废水土地处理land treatme nt of wastewater 净化过程purificatio n process自然净化n atural purificati on污水塘sewage lago on稳定塘stabilizati on pondsstabilizati on Iago ons氧化塘oxidati on ponds好氧塘aerobic pond兼性塘facultative pond好氧生化反应aerobic biochemical reacti on厌氧生化反应an aerobic biochemical reaction 厌氧分解an aerobic decompositi on厌氧分解decompose an aerobically好氧稳定aerobic stabilizati on纟田菌n. bacteria藻类n. algae微型植物microscopic pla nts出流，出水efflue nt flow光合作用n. photos yn thesis厌氧塘an aerobic pond曝气塘aerated pond修饰塘polish ing pond熟化塘maturati on Iago on深度处理塘adva need treatme nt pond三级处理塘tertiary treatme nt pond土地处理工艺（过程）land treatme nt processes关键因素critical factors土壤类型soil type气候n. climate土地处理系统land treatme nt systems慢速土地处理系统slow rate land treatme nt system低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatme nt system三级处理水平tertiary treatme nt level灌溉n. irrigati onv. irrigate土壤的天然过滤和吸附性质n atural filtrati on and adsorpti on properties of soil投配的废水applied wastewater垄一沟表面布水ridge-a nd-furrow surface spreadi ng喷洒布水系统，喷灌布水系统sprin kler systems快速渗滤土地处理系统rapid infiltration landtreatme nt system渗滤一渗透土地处理in filtratio n-percolatio n landtreatme nt快速渗滤rapid in filtration快速渗滤法rapid in filtrati on method过滤作用filteri ng action吸附作用adsorpti on action地表漫流土地处理系统overla nd flow land treatme nt system地表漫流overla nd flow径流集水沟runoff collectio n ditch物理、化学和生物过程physical , chemical , and biological processes湿地n. wetla nd 天然湿地n atural wetla nd人工湿地con structed wetla ndman-made wetla nd第七部分：污泥处理、处置与利用污泥n. sludge生活污水污泥sewage sludge污泥体积，污泥量原污泥，生污泥新sludge volumeraw sludgefresh sludgedigested sludge混合污泥mixed sludge污泥处理sludge treatme nt污泥处置sludge disposal最终处置ultimate disposal填埋n. Ian dfill污泥减量sludge volume reducti on污泥稳定化sludge stabilizati on（污泥）浓缩n. thicke ning 污泥浓缩sludge thicke ning稳定，稳定化n. stabilizati onv. stabilize稳定了的污泥stabilized sludge调理（调节）n. con diti oningv. con diti on脱水n. dewateri ngv. dewater干化n. drying污泥干化场sludge drying bed污泥干燥heat drying干燥器n. dryer 污泥焚烧，污泥焚化n. incin eratio n焚烧炉，焚化炉n. in ci nerator污泥浓缩sludge thicke ning物理过程physical process含水过多的污泥watery sludge稀污泥thin sludge处理装置treatme nt un it浓缩池n. thicke ner重力浓缩gravity thicke ning重力浓缩池gravity thicke ner圆形污水沉淀池circular sewage sedime ntatio n tank 刮泥机sludge scraper 搅拌作用stirri ng acti on 底流n. un derflow浓缩的底流thicke ned un derflow 浓缩污泥thicke ned sludge出水n. efflue nt上清液n. super nata nt溢流v. overflow堰n. weir气浮浓缩floatatio n thicke ning溶气气浮dissolved-air floatati on气浮池floatation tank入流污泥in flue nt sludge污泥絮体sludge flocs撇去v. skim漂浮污泥层floati ng sludge layer污泥消化sludge digestio n消化池n. digester消化池装置digester un it消化n. digesti onv. digest有机固体organic solids生化分解biochemical decompositi on好氧消化aerobic digesti on好氧污泥消化aerobic sludge digesti on好氧消化过程aerobic digesti on process活性污泥池activated sludge tank预制的（成套）活性污泥处理系统prefabricated （package） activated sludge treatme ntsystems预制的接触稳定或prefabricated con tact stabilizati on or延时曝气处理系统exte nded aeratio n treatme nt systemsBOD 负荷BOD loading细胞物质cellular mass内源衰亡en doge nous decay厌氧消化an aerobic digesti on厌氧污泥消化an aerobic sludge digesti on有盖的圆形池covered circular tank消化过程digestio n process厌氧消化过程an aerobic digesti on process 生化反应biochemical reactions有机酸orga nic acids挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs） volatile fatty acids 甲烷气metha ne gas末端产物end product 指示剂n. in dicator污泥消化池气体sludge digester gas污泥沉淀sludge settli ng污泥储存sludge storage消化污泥digested sludge充分消化的污泥well-digested sludge消化池上清液digester super nata nt 中温消化mesophilic digesti on高温消化thermophilic degesti on污泥脱水sludge dewateri ng混合堆肥co-compost ing污泥处理总成本overall sludge-ha ndli ng costs第八部分：废水回用地表水资源surface water resource地下水资源groun dwater resource水短缺water scarcity回用n. , v. reuse11废水回用wastewater reuse直接回用direct reuse直接废水回用direct wastewater reuse间接回用in direct reuse间接废水回用in direct wastewater reuse出水处理efflue nt treatme nt 回用水reclaimed water 排放n. , v. discharge 保留n.reten ti on循环n. recycli ngv. recycle咅B分处理n. partial treatme nt最终用途end use城市污水回用mun icipal wastewater reuse 灌溉n. irrigati on景观灌溉Ian dscape irrigati on地下水回灌groun dwater recharge市政回用mun icipal reuse直接市政回用direct muni cipal reuse深度处理，高级处理adva need treatme nt 分质供水系统dual-distribution system间接市政回用in direct muni cipal reuse供水系统，给水系统water supply system 取水口n. in take天然同化能力n atural assimilative capacity 人工回灌artificial recharge深井注射deep-well injection浅表布水shallow surface spreadi ng渗透n. percolati on工业回用in dustrial reuse废水排放wastewater discharge雨水回用storm waterreuse可回用水reusable waterPart IX : 第九部分：投资成本,投资费（用）capital costs建设成本,建设费（用）con struct ioncosts运行成本,运行费（用）operati ng costs能耗成本en ergy costs运行维护operati on and maintenance运行控制operati onal con trol控制系统con trol system仪表/控制系统in strume ntatio n/c on trol system 自动控制系统，自控系统automatic con trol system工艺废水，过程废水process wastewaters工艺补充水，过程补充水pla nt process makeup water冷去卩塔水cooli ng tower water选择性处理optio nal treatme nt水费water costs回用的城市污水reclaimed muni cipal wastewater工业过程in dustrial processes冷去卩水cooli ng water锅炉给水boiler feedwater灌溉回用irrigati on reuse废水直接灌溉direct irrigation with wastewater低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatme nt system间接灌溉回用in direct reuse for irrigati on12。
英语口语节约用水带译文
英语口语节约用水带译文英语口语节约用水带译文英语是一种西日耳曼语支，最早被中世纪的英国使用，并因其广阔的殖民地而成为世界使用面积最广的语言。
下面为大家带来了英语口语节约用水带译文，欢迎大家参考！The development of the nation has created many problems. People are using more and more water resources. Also, development has created problems such as pollution, which further limits the water supply. Therefore, water has become an important topic in China because of the severe water shortage in some places.That has been occurring. The lack of water resources in these places has led to ideas such as the south-to-north water persion plan. This idea is to build a canal capable of transporting water from the south to north or back again to relieve the problems of severe weather. These projects, along with others such as making more use of sea water, are intended to provide for the commonwealth of the Chinese people. Let me be the first to state that there can be a solution to these problems.Inpiduals, as well as the government, have a responsibility to take measures to ease the burden that is harming our water supply. This means not wasting the water and using it only when necessary. This is especially true of drinkable water, which is only a small part of the water supply. Each of us must do our part.国家的发展带来了许多问题。
水污染的原因回答英语作文
水污染的原因回答英语作文Water pollution is a big problem. It happens because of a lot of reasons. For starters, factories are a big culprit. They chuck out all sorts of nasty stuff into rivers and lakes. Chemicals, trash, you name it. It's like they don't care about the environment at all. 。
Then there's agriculture. Farmers use pesticides and fertilizers to make their crops grow big and fast. But when it rains, all that stuff washes into the water. It's like a toxic soup swirling around, messing everything up.Oh, and let's not forget about us regular folks. We're not innocent either. We litter, we dump stuff down drains that shouldn't go there. It's lazy and irresponsible. But hey, it's easy to forget about the consequences when you're in a rush or feeling lazy.And don't get me started on sewage. Yeah, that's right, human waste. It's gross, but it's a big problem. Sometimessewage systems overflow, or old pipes leak. Next thing you know, there's sewage in the water supply. Nobody wants to swim in that.Lastly, there's oil spills. They're not as common as they used to be, but they still happen. Whether it's from ships or drilling rigs, when oil gets into the water, it's bad news. It coats everything, suffocating wildlife and wrecking ecosystems. 。
学校水污染物产生流程
学校水污染物产生流程Water pollution in schools can stem from a variety of sources. One of the main contributors is the presence of chemical substances in laboratories. 学校实验室中的化学物质是主要的水污染物来源之一。
These chemicals, if not disposed of properly, can seep into the water supply and contaminate it. 这些化学物质如果没有得到适当处理，就会渗入水源并污染水质。
Another significant source of water pollution in schools is the improper disposal of waste, including paper, plastic, and other materials. 学校中水污染的另一个重要来源是废弃物的不当处理，包括纸张、塑料和其他材料。
When these materials are not disposed of in a responsible manner, they can end up in water bodies, causing pollution. 当这些材料没有得到负责任的处理时，它们可能会最终进入水体，造成污染。
In addition to this, improper maintenance of school facilities can also lead to water pollution. 此外，学校设施的不当维护也可能导致水污染。
Leaking pipes, malfunctioning water treatment systems, and other infrastructure issues can all contribute to the contamination of water sources. 泄漏的管道、故障的水处理系统以及其他基础设施问题都可能导致水源的污染。
为水污染提建议英语作文
为水污染提建议英语作文Water pollution is a serious problem that affects not only the environment but also human health. 水污染是一个严重的问题，它不仅影响环境，还影响人类的健康。
Industrial activities, agriculture, and urbanization are the main sources of water pollution. 工业活动、农业和城市化是水污染的主要来源。
To address this issue, it is essential to raise awareness about the importance of clean water and implement effective solutions. 要解决这个问题，必须提高人们对清洁水的重要性的认识，并实施有效的解决方案。
One of the most effective ways to reduce water pollution is to implement strict regulations on industrial and agricultural activities. 减少水污染的最有效方法之一是对工业和农业活动实施严格的监管。
Companies should be required to treat their wastewater before releasing it into water bodies, and farmers should use environmentally-friendly practices to minimize the use of pesticides and fertilizers. 公司应该被要求在将废水排放到水体之前对其进行处理，农民应该使用环保的做法来减少对杀虫剂和化肥的使用。
警告人们关于水污染英语作文
警告人们关于水污染英语作文Water pollution is a serious issue that threatens the health of humans and the environment. It is important to raise awareness about the causes and effects of water pollution in order to prevent further damage.水污染是一个严重的问题，威胁着人类和环境的健康。
提高人们对水污染的成因和影响的意识是非常重要的，以防止进一步的破坏。
One of the main causes of water pollution is industrial waste. Many industries release untreated waste water, chemicals, and other harmful substances into rivers, lakes, and oceans, leading to contamination of the water supply.水污染的主要原因之一是工业废水。
许多工业将未经处理的废水、化学物质和其他有害物质排放到河流、湖泊和海洋中，导致水源污染。
Moreover, agricultural activities contribute to water pollution through the use of pesticides and fertilizers that seep into the ground and contaminate water sources. Improper disposal of livestock waste also leads to the contamination of water bodies.此外，农业活动通过使用渗入地下并污染水源的杀虫剂和化肥来造成水污染。
现在水的污染英语作文高中
现在水的污染英语作文高中Water Pollution。
Water is one of the most precious resources on Earth.It is essential for life and is used for a variety of purposes, including drinking, washing, and irrigating crops. However, water pollution has become a major problem in many parts of the world. This is due to a variety of factors, including industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural practices.Industrialization has led to the release of a widerange of pollutants into the water. These include heavy metals, chemicals, and toxic waste. These pollutants can have a devastating impact on the environment and on human health. For example, heavy metals such as lead and mercury can cause neurological damage, while chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides can cause cancer and other health problems.Urbanization has also contributed to water pollution. As cities grow, the demand for water increases, and this puts pressure on the water supply. In addition, urban areas generate a lot of waste, which can end up in the water. This waste can include everything from sewage to plastics, and it can have a serious impact on the environment.Agricultural practices have also been a major contributor to water pollution. Farmers use a variety of chemicals to protect their crops from pests and diseases. These chemicals can end up in the water, where they can have a devastating impact on aquatic life and on human health. In addition, agricultural runoff can contain nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can cause algal blooms and other problems.There are a number of steps that can be taken to address water pollution. One of the most important is to reduce the amount of pollutants that are released into the water. This can be done through better regulation of industrial and agricultural practices, as well as through the use of cleaner technologies. In addition, it isimportant to educate people about the importance of water conservation and to encourage them to reduce their water use.In conclusion, water pollution is a serious problemthat affects the environment and human health. It is caused by a variety of factors, including industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural practices. However, there are steps that can be taken to address this problem, and it is important that we all work together to protect this precious resource.。
关于水污染的雅思作文
关于水污染的雅思作文Water, that clear and life giving liquid, is in big trouble these days. And it's not just a little hiccup; it's a full blown, serious problem water pollution.Let's start with where the water goes bad. Factories are like the naughty kids on the block when it comes to water. They just dump all kinds of nasty stuff into rivers and lakes without a second thought. Chemicals that can burn your skin if you touch them, and colors that turn the water into some sort of alien goo. It's like they think the water is a bottomless trash can.Then there's the everyday stuff we do at home. We pour all kinds of things down the drain. You know, that leftover paint from when you tried to be an artist on your bedroom wall? Well, it goes down the drain and into the water system. And what about all those cleaning products? They might make our homes sparkle, but they make the water sick.The effects of this water pollution are no laughing matter. The fish are the first to suffer. Poor things can't just pick up and move to a cleaner pond. They end up swimming in a toxic soup, getting sick, and sometimes even dying. And it's not just the fish. Birds that rely on the fish for food also get into trouble. It's like a domino effect, one bad thing leading to another.And let's not forget about us humans. We need clean water to drink, to wash, and to cook with. But if the water is polluted, we're in for a world of hurt. We could get sick with all kinds of diseases that are way scarier than a spooky movie.So, what can we do about it? Well, the factories need to clean up their act. They should have some kind of filters and treatment systems to make sure that the stuff they send out into the water is clean. And we at home can be more careful. Maybe we can find better ways to dispose of things instead of just sending them down the drain.In conclusion, water pollution is like a big, ugly monster that's lurking in our rivers and lakes. But if we all work together, we can slay this monster and bring back the clean, beautiful water that our planet and all its creatures deserve.。
影响供水英语作文
影响供水英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Water is an essential resource for our daily lives. Without it, we cannot survive. However, the availability and quality of water can be greatly affected by various factors. Let's explore some of the influences on water supply.Firstly, population growth is a major factor that affects water supply. As the population increases, the demand for water also rises. This puts a strain on existing water sources, leading to water scarcity in many areas. In addition, the increase in population also results in more pollution, which further degrades the quality of available water.Secondly, climate change plays a significant role in influencing water supply. With rising temperatures and changing weather patterns, many regions are experiencing more frequent and severe droughts. This leads to a decrease in water availability, particularly in areas that heavilyrely on rainfall for their water supply. On the other hand, climate change can also cause extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall and flooding, which can contaminate water sources and disrupt water supply systems.Furthermore, industrialization and urbanization have a profound impact on water supply. As industries expand and cities grow, the demand for water increases exponentially. This puts pressure on already limited water resources, leading to over-extraction and depletion of underground water sources. Moreover, industrial activities often result in water pollution, making it unsafe for human consumption and further reducing the availability of clean water.Additionally, poor water management practices also contribute to the challenges in water supply. Inefficient irrigation techniques, lack of proper infrastructure, and inadequate water storage and distribution systems all contribute to water wastage and loss. This not only exacerbates water scarcity but also increases the cost of water supply.Lastly, natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and hurricanes can have devastating effects on water supply. These disasters can damage water infrastructure,contaminate water sources, and disrupt water treatment facilities. As a result, access to clean and safe water becomes limited, posing serious health risks to affected communities.In conclusion, there are numerous factors thatinfluence water supply. Population growth, climate change, industrialization, poor water management, and natural disasters all play a significant role in determining the availability and quality of water. It is crucial for governments, organizations, and individuals to takeproactive measures to ensure sustainable water management and conservation to meet the growing demand for water inthe future.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Water supply and water pollution in Indonesia and China China and Indonesia are developing countries which focus on economic growth, rapid economic growth has resulted in significant environmental problems. Water pollution becomes much serious, many people cannot access to safe, clean drinking water, and increasing water demand is conflicting with the degradation of water quantity and quality. As population keep increasing, and rapid urbanisation, over the last 20 years accelerate the pollution of freshwater and water shortage is becoming a big problem in each country. What's the situation of water pollution in each country, and what are main causes of water pollution in each country? Comparing the different situation in two countries, discussing the main causes of water pollution, then try to find a suitable way to improve water quality.Water resource and water pollution in IndonesiaIndonesia receives abundant rainfall and has approximately 6 percent of the world's freshwater resources, it is about 2,530 km3 of annual renewable water resources1. Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure figures the availability of water in Indonesia as the total amount of river water discharge of about 1,957 million m3 which is distributed unequally spatially and temporally. More than 83% is concentrated in Kalimantan, Papua, and Sumatera islands, and about 17% in Jawa, Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara where densely populated. About 80% available in wet season (5 months) and 20% in dry season (7 months)2. Indonesia surface water potential is provided by over 5,590 rivers big and small. Groundwater potential is very limited, there are no extensive groundwater basins. Groundwater potential estimates for some islands are: 95 m3/s in Java, 44 m3/s in Sulawesi, 21 m3/s in East Nusa Tenggara, and 9 m3/s in Maluku3.Because of high rainfall intensities and watershed erosion, most rivers carry large quantities of sediment which results in river regime problems.Although there is rich water resource in Indonesia, the water supply and water demand is not balanced. There is a rising demand of water because of increasing population, and degradation of water quantity and quality make it worse. Deforestation and conversion of natural rain forest increase the number of run-off water while decrease the infiltrated water. This causes the frequent severe flood and drought, that mean, the amount of available or utilized water is decreasing. Meanwhile Indonesia's water quality is getting worse. It is said that most of big rivers in Sumatera cannot fulfill the criteria for Class I and Class II. As table 1 showed that there were no river fulfilled the criteria of Class I and Class II, mainly at the downstream, based on classified water quality criteria in 2001/2002. At downstream, river water quality in general fulfilled the water quality criteria of Class III.1 Source: World Development Indicators database.2Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure. 2004. Water Availability in Indonesia. An Official Handbook.3Imam Anshori. BASIN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZA TION IINDONESIA,2005. /water/narbo/2005/training-program/paper-anshori-narbo-training.pdf.Table 1. Water quality of Siak and Batanghari RiverSource: Bapedal in SLHI 2002Domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and mismanaged solid waste are polluting surface and groundwater in Indonesia. In addition, improper storage and use of agricultural chemicals (including fertilizers and pesticides) further exacerbate the problem. Domestic sewage most are directly discharged into river without treatment. Indonesia has one of the lowest rates of sewerage and sanitation coverage in Asia, which is causing widespread contamination of surface and groundwater4. In metropolitan cities like Jakarta, Surabaya and Medan, the decrease in the river water quality is also affected by the liquid waste from households. According to the 2004 census data from BPS nationally there are still 22% of households that does not poses proper toileting, which in turn can potentially pollute public waters, 59% is on Java Island alone. Solid waste from residential and waste industrial has been regard as another source of water pollution. Collecting the plastic waste in the river for recycling has becoming a new industry5. Industrial expansion has taken place without consideration of environment, it has lead to serious water pollution in many places, particularly in Java where more than 75 percent of the industry is located6. Waste water from pulp and paper, food and beverage, chemicals and textile factories seriously contaminate surface water and groundwater. Water pollution has harmful effects on human health. Ministry of Health statistics cite incidences of diarrhea and death caused by diarrhea as the most common water-related health problem, which has remained unchanged during the years 1992-1997 with about 20 - 24 cases of diarrhea per thousand people and 0.25 - 0.30 cases of death per thousand illnesses. There are repeated local epidemics of gastrointestinal infections in Indonesia, and the typhoid incidence is one of the highest in Asia.Water pollution in ChinaWater pollution in China is still a big problem. As it is reported7:"The seven big rivers (the 4Indonesia Urban Water Supply Sector Policy Framework-EASUR, World Bank, 1997.5Professor Inneke F. M Rumengan: The current major environmental pollution in Indonesia.6 Indonesia Environment Report, World Bank, 1994.7Report On the State of the Environment In China,2009./standards_reports/soe/soe2009/201104/t20110411_208976.htmFigure 1 water quality grade of seven big rivers in ChinaSource: State of the environment report, 2009.Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Songhua River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and LiaoheRiver) were under slight pollution in general. Among the 408 sections of 203 rivers under national monitoring, sections with water quality ranged from Grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ, Grade Ⅳto Ⅴ, and inferior to Grade Ⅴaccounted for 57.3%, 24.3% and 18.4% respectively. Major pollutants included permanganate value, BOD5 and NH3-N of the big rivers, the Pearl River and the Yangtze River enjoyed good water quality and Songhua River and Huaihe River were measured as slight pollution, the Yellow River and Liaohe River intermediate pollution and Haihe River heavy pollution." In general, river water quality seems like not heavy polluted. But some rivers and some reaches of rivers water cannot even be used in any way anymore. The lake situation is worse. As the report shows8, among the 26 key lakes (reservoir) under national monitoring program, just 1 met Grade Ⅱquality standard, accounting for 3.9%; 5 met Grade Ⅲstandard, taking up 19.2%;6 met Grade Ⅳstandard, accounting for 23.1%; 5 met Grade Ⅴstandard, taking up 19.2%; 9 failed to meet Grade Ⅴstandard, taking up 34.6%. Eutrophication in lakes (reservoirs) was prominent, almost all the lakes has eutrophication problem in different degree. Water pollution severely decrease water quality and intensify water shortage. In China, huge population cause pressure of water supply. In addition to huge population, spatial and temporal distribution of water resource make it more difficult. There is a acute water shortage in North China while South China has rich rainfall and water resource. The heavy water pollution in North China make it harder to access to safe and clean drinking water. In many areas, contaminated river water and groundwater lead to health problem. According to the World Bank, 60,000 people die each year from diarrhea, bladder and stomach cancer and other diseases directly caused by water-borne8 Report On the State of the Environment In China,2009./standards_reports/soe/soe2009/201104/t20110411_208976.htmpollution.Water pollution in China are mainly caused by waste water from household, industry and agriculture. In rural area, there is no sewage treatment facilities, waste water directly enter into water body. In cities, because sewage treatment plants don't have enough capability to dispose all the waste water, also contaminate water body. Industrial (including mining) waste water is thought as most heaviest pollution source of water. Many chemical plants, pulp, textile factories didnot treat the sewage, just discharge into river or lake, and it actually lead to fish dead, and threaten ecosystem and people's life quality. Agriculture which using chemical fertilizer and pesticide was revealed as a bigger source of water contamination than factory effluent in a pollution census in 2010.DiscussionWater pollution in Indonesia is getting worse because of rapid economic growth and urbanization, industry develops very fast and it brings many environmental problems as solid waste and waste water which decreased water quality. Increasing population causes rising needs of clean water and intensifies water shortage or water supply problem. Deforestation in two countries are prominent which causes soil erosion and increases the number of run-off, decreases the amount of groundwater. Even climate change has some effects on two countries, there is more frequent severe flood and drought, and precipitation pattern has been changed. It makes water pollution more serious and harder to get enough drinking water resource. But in two countries, there still have some difference between water pollution situation:1.Pollutants of river pollution. Water pollution is mainly caused by domestic, industrial, agriculture waste water, but as we learned from the lecture and information from Internet, solid waste is another big problem of river in Indonesia. Rivers in some cities are covered by rubbish which easily cause other problems in rain season. In China, there is not so much waste on the surface, the problem is chemical organics and waste from mining and heavy polluted industry.2.The water supply system. In China, most areas are using piped water for drinking water and domestic activities. Water will be disposed before people use it. But in Indonesia, only about 25 million people (36 percent) of the urban population had access to the public piped water systems. People get water from river or use groundwater, then purify it by themselves. There have many programs help people to do this, and they find some simple ways to solve this problem. I doubt the safety of these drinking water, is it clean enough?3.Concern about water environment. Indonesia is a country surrounded by ocean,and it has a long coastline and it's a richest areas of marine biodiversity. It also needs more attention about the marine environment and coastal pollution. It is significant for the sustainable development. As China, people and government are more focusing on solving the problem of water shortage in North China like South-to-North Water Diversion Project and saving our lakes and rivers which are heavy contaminated.As explained above, the water supply system and pollutants are different in each country. Forreducing water pollution, different situation should be understood and analysed. Water resource management and water pollution control should be done by the government. These require integrated and comprehensive approaches. Top down policy and bottom up approach should be combined to promote the efforts in every aspect. Environmental education or ESD is necessary and important to be delivered to everyone since beginning, formally in school or informal delivery through extra curricular activities. Through education and all kinds of activities, improving the public awareness, therefore informed and aware citizens can take action to address water pollution issues, and can form constituencies for improved efforts at the political and local government level.Reference:1Source: World Development Indicators database.2 Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure. 2004. Water Availability in Indonesia. An Official Handbook.3 Imam Anshori. Basin Water Resources Management and Organization in Indonesia, 2005. /water/narbo/2005/training-program/paper-anshori-narbo-training.pdf.4 Indonesia Urban Water Supply Sector Policy Framework-EASUR, World Bank, 1997.5 Professor Inneke F. M Rumengan: The current major environmental pollution in Indonesia. 6Indonesia Environment Report, World Bank, 1994.7 8 Report On the State of the Environment In China,2009./standards_reports/soe/soe2009/201104/t20110411_208976.htm。