王蔷教材教法知识点单元性归纳
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(交际教学原则与任务型语言教学)【圣才出品】
第2章交际教学原则与任务型语言教学2.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Language use in real life vs. traditional pedagogy语言在日常生活中的使用与传统教学法2. The differences between language used in real life and language taught in the classroom日常生活语言与课堂语言的不同3. Definition of communicative competence and its five components交际能力的定义和它的五个组成部分4. Principles of Communicative Language Teaching交际语言教学的原则5. CLT and the teaching of language skills交际语言教学与语言能力教学6. Main features of communicative activities交际活动的主要特点7. T ask-based Language Teaching任务型语言教学8. Four components of a task任务的四个部分9. PPP and T ask-based Language Teaching介绍，练习和产出与任务型语言教学10. The steps to design tasks设计任务的步骤11. Appropriateness of CLT and TBLT in the Chinese context交际语言教学的恰当性和中文环境的任务型语言教学本章考点：语言在日常生活中的使用与传统教学法；日常生活语言与课堂语言的不同；交际能力的定义和它的五个组成部分；交际语言教学的原则；交际语言教学与语言能力教学；交际活动的主要特点；任务型语言教学；任务的四个部分；介绍，练习和产出与任务型语言教学的不同；设计任务的步骤；交际语言教学的恰当性和中文环境的任务型语言教学。
英语教学法教程第二版(王蔷)1-5单元学习笔记
Unit1 Language and Language Learning1.1How do we learn language?（如何学习语言）Much of human behavior is influenced by their experiences. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they learned languages.1.2Views on language（学习观）1.3Views on language learning and learning in generalNow, the research about language learning theories can be broadly divided into two parts. They are Process-oriented theories and Condition-oriented theories. Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories. For example, the Natural Approach, Total physical Response, and the Silent Way are based on one or more dimensions of processes and conditions. Here are What is done in these processes.1.4What makes a good language teacher?(好教师的素质要素)①Ethic devotion ②Professional qualities ③Personal styles1.5How can we become a good language teacher?(如何成为一名好的语言老师)The most important and difficult part of the making of a good language teacher is the development of professional competence, which is the state or quality of being adequately qualified for the profession, and armed with a specific range of skills, strategies, knowledge, and ability.Teacher’s professional development1.6An overview of the bookUnit2 Communication Principles and Task-based Language Teaching 2.1 Language use in real life vs. traditional pedagogy2.2 What is communicative competence?communicative competence includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situation.2.3 Implications for teaching and learning (略)2.4 Principles of Communicative Language Teaching(CLT)1）Communication principle: Activities that involves real communication promote learning.2) Task principle: Activities in which language is used for carry out meaningful tasks promote learning.3) Meaningfulness principle: Language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.2.5 CLT and the teaching of language skills2.6 Main features of Communicative activities2.7 Task-based Language Teaching(TBLT)Task-based Language Teaching is, in fact, a further development of Communicative Language Teaching.2.7.1 Definitions of a task√√2.7.2 Four components of a task.1) A purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task.2) A context: this can be real, simulated, or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues such as the location, the participants and their relationship, the time, and other important factors.3) A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problemsolving, reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating.4) A product: there well be some form of outcome, either visible(written plan, a play, a letter, etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.)2.7.3 Exercises, exercise-tasks and taskexercise exercise-task task2.8 PPP and Task-based Language TeachingMany teachers may be familiar with the Presentation, Practice and Production(PPP). A typical PPP lesson would start by the teacher introducing a new language item in a context followed by some controlled practice, such as drilling, repetition, dialogue reading, etc. Students then move on to produce the language in a more meaningful way, such as a role play, a drama, an interview, etc. Some teachers may also be familiar with the five-step teaching method, which is quite similar to the PPP model but adding revision at the beginning and consolidation at the end.2.8.1 Differences between PPP and TBL1) The way students use and experience language in TBL is rapidly different from PPP.2) TBL can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities. PPP is different in this aspect.2.9 How to design tasks?√√2.10 Appropriateness of CLT and TBLT in the Chinese context1)The problems of CLT: ①If CLT is culturally appropriate.（Both its advantages and constraints are recognized by teachers and students.）②It is very difficult to design a syllabus with a one to one correspondence between a function and a form.2)The problems of TBLT: ①It may not be effective for presenting new language items.(Swan,2005) ②Time. Teachers have to prepare task-based activities very carefully. ③The culture of learning. Some students may find it difficult to adapt to TBLT. ④The level of difficulty. Students mayfind task-based learning quite difficult if they do not have sufficient linguistic resources to handle holistic communication.2.11 ConclusionIt is important to remember that a method is effective only when it is appropriate to the teaching context. Therefore, when a new method or approach emerges, it is unwise to simply cast away the traditional and follow the new trend. The best thing to do is to develop one’s own teaching methods based on the context where one teaches and integrates the merits of different methodologies to serve the purpose of one’s teaching objectives and the needs of one’s students.Unit3 The National English Curriculum3.1 A brief history of foreign language teaching in ChinaUnit4 Lesson Planning4.1 Why is lesson planning important?Definition: A lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it.Reasons: ①A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.②It helps teachers distinguish thevarious stages of a lesson and see the relationship between them so that the activities of different difficulty levels can be arranged properly and the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.③Proper lesson planning gives teachers the opportunity to anticipate potential problems that may arise in class so that they can be prepared with some possible solutions or other options for the lesson. ④Good planning gives teachers, especially novice teachers confidence in class. ⑤When planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed for the lesson.⑥Planning is a good practice and a sign of professionalism.4.2 Principles for good lesson planning4.3 Macro planning vs. micro planning.（宏观计划vs.微观计划）The components of macro planning:(宏观计划包含的内容)1)Knowing about the profession.2)Knowing about the institution.3)Knowing about the learners.4)Knowing about the curriculum/syllabus.5)Knowing about the textbook.6)Knowing about the objectives.4.4 Components of a lesson planDifferent teachers have different teaching styles and may use different teaching procedures, so ‘every lesson is unique’(Robertson and Acklam,2000:6), and so is every lesson plan. A lesson plan include many parts.Unit5 Classroom ManagementDefinition：Classroom management is the way teachers organize what goes on in the classroom.Goal:To create an atmosphere conductive to interacting in English in meaningful ways.(Gebhard,1996)Conditions for achieving classroom management:1)The teacher plays appropriate roles.2)The teacher provides clear instructions.3)Students are grouped in a way suitable for the learning activities.4)The teacher asks appropriate questions.5)There is discipline as well as harmony in the class.6)The students errors are treated properly.5.1 The role of the teacherWhat are the teacher’s roles defined by Harmer?①controller ②assessor ③organiser ④prompter ⑤participant⑥resource-providerWhat are teacher’s new roles?①facilitators ②guides ③researchers5.2 Classroom instructionsDefinition: Classroom instructions refer to the type of language teachers use to organize or guide learning. They include giving directions to tasks or activities; providing explanations to a concept or language structure; setting requirements; checking comprehension; drawing attention; motivating learners; giving feedback and assigning homework, etc. Generally they include all classroom language that teachers may use for teaching purposes as well as for managing teaching.What are rules to follow for making instructions effective?①To use simple instructions and make them suit the comprehensionlevel of the students.②To use the mother-tongue only when it is necessary.③To be careful not to do all the talking in class.。
《英语教学法教程》复习提纲(王蔷)
Unit 1 Language and Learning1. Language:” Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” It can be understood in the following six aspects: Language as system;Language as symbolic;Language as arbitrary;Language as vocal;Language as human;Language as communication2. Structural view:The structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences.3. The functional view:The functional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: greetings; offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc.4. The interactional view:The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.5. The language learning theory underlying an approach or method usually answers two questions:1) What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning?2) What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learningprocesses to be activated?6. Although these two questions have never been satisfactorily answered,a vast amount of research has been done from all aspects, which can be broadly divided into process-oriented theories andcondition-oriented theories.1) Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mindprocesses new information, such as habit formation, induction,making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2) Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human andphysical context in which language learning takes place, such as thenumber of students, what kind of input learners receive, and thelearning atmosphere.7. Two theories:Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories.1) The behaviorist theory( Skinne r)-- a stimulus-response theory of psychologyThe key point of the theory of conditioning is that "you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement"2) Cognitive theory( Noam Chomsky):The term cognitive is to describe loosely methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.8. A variety of elements that contribute to the qualities of a good language teacher:1) ethic devotion,道德素质2) professional qualities专业技能3) personal styles个人修养Adjectives which describe further qualitiesWallace’s(1991)"Reflective model" to demonstrate the development of professional competence(两种测试法：叙述/填表)Wallace’s(1991)"Reflective model"Stage 1 Stage 2GoalFrom the above model, we can see the development of professionalcompetence for a language teacher involves Stage 1, Stage 2, andGoal. The first stage is language training. All English teachers aresupposed to have a sound command of English. Of course, language is always changing so language training can never come to an end.The second stage seems to be more complicated because it involvesthree sub-stages:learning, practice, and reflection. The learningstage is actually the specific preparation(that a language teachershould make before they go to practice.)This preparation can be:1). learn from others' experience (empirical knowledge来自经验的知识)2). learn received knowledge (such as language theories,psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, educational psychology,language teaching methodology, etc.)3). learn from one's own experienceBoth experiential knowledge (others' and one's own) and receivedknowledge are useful when the teachers go to practice. This is thecombination of "craft" and "applied science". The learning stage isfollowed by practice. The term "practice" can be used in two senses.In one sense, it is a short period of time assigned for student teachersto do teaching practice as part of their education, usually under thesupervision监督of their instructors. This practice is also calledpseudo practice. The other sense of "practice" is the real work that the teacher undertakes when he finishes his education.Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Activities10. The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is to enable thestudents to use the foreign language in work or life when necessary.11. The goal of CLTThe goal of CLT is to develop students' communicative competence,12. Communicative competence:Competence simply means knowledge of the language system:grammatical knowledge in other words.13. Hymes (1979), communicative competence includes four aspects: 1) knowing whether something is formally possible (grammaticallyacceptable), which is roughly equivalent to Chomsky's linguisticcompetence交流内容是否规范2) knowing whether something is understandable to human beings;3) knowing whether something is in line with与、、、有关social norms;4) knowing whether something is in fact done: Do people actually use language this way?14. Based on the concept of communicative competence and aiming at developing such competence, communicative language teaching has the following features:1) It stresses the need to allow students opportunities for authentic andcreative use of the language.2) It focuses on meaning rather than form.3) It suggests that learning should be relevant to the needs of the students.4) It advocates提倡task-based language teaching. Students should begiven tasks to perform or problems to solve in the classroom.5) It emphasizes a functional approach to language learning (i.e. whatpeople do with language,such as inviting, apologizing, greeting and introducing, etc.).15. Richards and Rodgers(1986:72)three principles of Communicative language teaching1) Communication principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.2) Task principle: Activities in which language is used for carrying outmeaningful task promote learning.3) Meaningfulness principle: Language that is meaningful to the learnersupports he learning process.16. Littlewood’s (1981)classification of communicative activities:1). Functional communicative activities:2). Social interaction activities:(1). Functional communicative activities:~ Identifying pictures~ Discovering identical pairs~ Discovering sequences or locations~ Discovering missing information~ Discovering missing features~ Discovering "secrets"~Communicating patterns and pictures~ Communicative models~ Discovering differences~ Following directions~ Reconstructing story-sequences~ Pooling information to solve a problem(2). Social interaction activities:~ Role-playing through cued dialogues~Role-playing through cues and information~Role-playing through situation and goals--Role-playing through debate or discussion~ Large-scale simulation activities~ Improvisation17.Ellis (1990) has listed six criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities:1). Communicative purpose:2). Communicative desire:3). Content, not form:4). Variety of language:5). No teacher intervention:Unit 3 Lesson Planning18. Lesson planningLesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.19. Why is lesson planning necessary?Proper lesson planning is essential for both novice/beginner and experienced teachers.20. Benefit from lesson planning in a number of ways1). A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and languagecontents of the lesson.2). It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lessonand to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3). The teacher can also think about how the students can be fullyengaged in the lesson.4). when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of theteaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value ofdifferent activities and how much time should be spent on them.6). The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7). Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8). After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan,identifying those parts which went well and those which were lesssuccessful.21. There are four major principles behind good lesson planning:1) variety,2) flexibility,,3) learnability,4) linkage.23. Definitions of variety, flexibility, learnability, and linkage.Variety means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning is always interesting, motivating and never monotonous for the students.Flexibility means planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course, things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below the students' coping ability will diminish their motivation (Schumann, 1999).Linkage means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are somehow linked with one another. Language learning needs recycling and reinforcement.24. Lesson planning should be done at two levels: Macro planning and micro planning:The former is planning over time, for instance, the planning for a month,a term, or the whole course.The latter is planning for a specific lesson, which usually lasts 40 or 50 minutes.25.Macro planning involves:1) Knowing about the course:2) Knowing about the institution:3) Knowing about the learners:4) Knowing about the syllabus:26. The advantage of a concrete teaching plan:Teachers can follow it in the class and check what they have done;The plan will be the basis of a record of what has been covered in class;It will make it easier to make achievement tests later;It will be good records for the entire course.27. What does a lesson plan include? Three components:Teaching aims,Language contents and skills,Teaching stages and procedures.28. The aims of a lesson include:language components to present,communicative skills to practice,activitie s to conductmaterials to be usedteaching aids to be used.29. Language components and skills:By language contents, we mean structures (grammar), vocabulary, functions, topics and so on. By language skills, we mean communicative skills involved in listening, speaking, reading and writing.30. Teaching stages and procedures:Teaching stages are the major steps that language teachers go through in the classroom. Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage.31. Three P's model: presentation, practice and production.(At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures with reference to their contextualized use.At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled practice toguided practice and further to the exploitation of the texts whennecessary.At the production stage, the students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practiced to perform communicative tasks. At this last stage, the focus is on meaning rather than formal accuracy.)32. Another 3-stages frequently advised and adopted in reading lessons:Pre-reading,while-readingpost-reading stages.(This model is also often applied in listening lessons, which havepre-listening, while-listening and post-listening stages.)35. When presenting a new structure (presentation stage), a teacherneeds to consider the following:1) when to focus on the structure and2) when to study it in context;3) whether to present the structure orally or in written form;4) when to give out information and when to elicit from students;5) when and how to use visual aids to help with the presentation;6) what to do if students fail to understand.36. Sample lesson plans 1I. AIMS: a). b). c)….(include function)II. CONTENTS1. PRONUNCIATION2. NEW LEXIS: a). b). c)….3. STRUCTURE/GRAMMAR: a). b). c)….III.TEACHING AIDS:IV. PROCEDURES ( It should be specific )1. WARM-UP (3 minutes): a). b).2. PRESENTATION (approx. 7 mins): a). b). c)….3. EXPLOITATION (approx. 10 mins): a). b). c)….4. PERFORMANCE (approx. 15 mins): a). b). c)….5. OTHER ACTIVITIES: Check yesterday's homework (approx. 5 mins).6. Set homework, page 73, ex. 4.7. RESERVE ACTIVITY: Substitution, game-like:V. COMMENTS: (Filled in immediately after the lesson). a). b).c)….Sample lesson plan 2I. AIMS: a) b) c) .(include function)II. CONTENTS1. NEW VOCABULARY: three new lexical items2. NEW STRUCTURE: How about-ing ...? Function: making suggestion.3. ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE: Declining: I don't feel like -ing. III. VISUAL AIDS: Set of flashcards with suggestionsIV. PROCEDURE1. WARM-UP: Game (3 minutes), Going on a Picnic: You bringa/the/some ...!2. PRESENTATION (approx. 10 mins)a) New vocabulary: (three new lexical items above)b) New structure (flash cards)c) First model, spoken (BB drawings of speakers)3. PRACTICE (approx.15 mins)a) Repetition drill (backward build-ups)b) Cued substitution, chorus workc) Public pairs: cued acceptance/refusal and counter suggestions (flash cards)d) Ditto. Books closede) Public check3. PRODUCTION (to end of lesson, 17 mins)a) Public pairs, new suggestions.b) Private pair role play; New suggestion, counter suggestions, agreeing weekend activities.c) Acting out. Volunteer pairs.d) Write out created dialogues.4. HOMEWORK: Complete writing of dialogues.(5. RESERVE ACTIVITY: none)V. COMMENTS: (Filled in immediately after the lesson).Unit 4 Classroom Management37. Teachers’ roles:Before the class---PlannerDuring the class---1 Controller, 2 Assessor, 3 Organizer4 Prompter ,5 Participant,6 Resource-providerAfter the class---Evaluator38. Further comments on the different roles that the teachers play in thelanguage classroom:Controller: The teacher controls:1). the space (activities run smoothly),2) .the time (do lockstep activities)3. the whole class (Ss have equal chance)4. the production ( a degree of accuracy)Assessor: The teacher does two things:1). Correcting mistakes (not making a big fuss大惊小怪but gentle byHarmer)2). Organizing feedback (discouraging for the teacher to be critical不提倡吹毛疵, focusing on Ss’ success progress) Organizer: The teacher should be important and difficult as it:1). Using creative/unlimited way2). Envisaging设想activities,3). Anticipating the problems4). Giving clear and concise instructions5). Demonstrating6 .Using native language to clarify if necessary7. Walking around and monitoring8. Rectifying订正9. Taking mental notes轮流惦记Prompter: The teacher should do:1). Giving hints (just like time, place…)2). Eliciting more (by saying” and…?”“Anything else?” Yes, but why…?(Ss. read the example)Participant:The teacher shouldn’t dominate or appear to be authoritative. Resource-provider:We have criticized the jug-and-mug method, but the teacher shouldwithhold his/her readiness to provide resources.39. What are the most common types of Ss grouping? And their definitions?Lockstep,Pair work,Group work,Individual study:40. Further suggestions about S groupingLockstepTeacher speaking little, Trying to elicit replies/answers Pair work:Teacher giving clearest instructions,Demonstrating,Keeping eyes on,Rearranging the seating,Explaining the problem,Encouraging SsGroup work:Grouping Ss according to seating arrangement,Ss selecting their own group members,Mixing strong and weak Ss,Giving different tasks to strong and weak Ss separately,Grouping Ss by drawing lots，All these methods have advantages and disadvantages.Individual study: It has some conditions: 1. Self-access centers,2. Materials aimed atself-instruction,3. Flexible time arrangement 41. Harmer’s suggestions on measures for undisciplined acts and badly behaving Ss:1). Act immediately2). Stop the class3).Rearrange the seats4).Change the activity5).Talk to Ss after class6).Use the institution制度42. In order not to hurt the Ss, Ur’s advice on problems in class:1).Deal with it quietly2).Don’t take things pe rsonally 对事不对人3).Do not use threatsUnit 5 Teaching Pronunciation43. The goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency 连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listenersCommunicative efficiency: To help convey the speakers’ meaning44. Three aspects of pronunciation to teach? Stress, intonation, rhythm45. One common problem in learning English of Ss: (Neglect stress and intonation)46. Ways of practicing sounds and their definitions:Focusing on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)Perception practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds)Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Ss’ ability to produce sounds)47. Six types of production practice activities:(1). Listen and repeat(2). Filling the blanks(3). Make up sentences(4). Use meaningful context(5). Use pictures(6). Use tongue twister48. Practicing stress:1).Two kinds of stress: word-level stress ; phrase-level stress2).Three ways to show stress pattern of words: Use gestures, use thevoice, use the blackboard49. Practicing intonation:1). There are many subtle ways: surprise, complaint, ‘sarcasm讥讽，friendliness, threats etc.2). Two ways to make intonation: rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 6. Teaching Grammar50. What are grammar presentation methods? 演示法Deductive method演义/推论法; Inductive method归纳/诱导法51. Deductive method1). Definition: It relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing.2). Steps: giving rules/definition------giving examplesFor example: (plural) “-s” s, x, ch.“-es” …y. –iesa book a busa bodybooks busesbodies3). Advantages:To be successful with selected and motivated主动的students;To save time;To help to increase students’ confidence in some exam.4). Disadvantages: To teach grammar in the isolated way;To pay little attention to meaning;To be often mechanical practice.52. Inductive method1).Definition: It relies on inducing诱导2). Steps: give examples-----induce rules3). For example:(plural)“-s” s, x, ch.“-es” …y. –iesa book a busa bodybooks busesbodies4). Advantages: Inductive method is more effective in that studentsdiscover the grammar rules themselves while engaged in language use, 53. Ur’s definition of grammar practice:"Practice may be defined as any kind of engaging with结合/保证the language on the part of the learner, usually under the teacher supervision,whose primary objective(aim/task) is to consolidate learning "(Ur, 1988:11).54. Ur’s six factors contribute to su ccessful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) Volume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.55. Two categories of grammar practice: Mechanical practiceMeaningful practice.1).Mechanical practice involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.Two drills in mechanical practice:(1) Substitution drills in mechanical practice: the students substitute apart in a structure so that they get to know how that part functions in a sentence. Sometimes certain prompts are given.For example (p64):(2) Transformation drills in mechanical practice::the students changea given structure in a way so that they are exposed to another similarstructure. The type of exercise also helps the students to have a deeper understanding of how the structures are formed and how they are used.For example (p65):2). Meaningful practice.In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange meaning though the students "keep an eye on" the waynewly learned structures are used in the process. Meaningful practice usually comes after mechanical practice.56. Using prompts for meaningful practice: (提示/刺激物，题词). This kind of practice is usually meaningful practice1). Using picture prompts. Ss produce sentences based on the pictures provided2). Using mime or gestures as prompts.produce language based on pictures and key phrases (words)provided by the teacher.For example(p69).5). Using chained phrases for story telling. Here is an example.7 o'clock -- got up -- had breakfast -- hurried to school -- school closed-- surprised --?6). Using created situations.Unit 7 Teaching Vocabulary57. The role of vocabulary uncertainty still remains regarding(about)What constitutes（组/构成）a vocabulary item,Which vocabulary items should be taught and learned, andHow vocabulary can be taught and learned most effectively.58. Seven suggestions helping teachers to present new words:1). Prepare examples to show meaning.2). Ask students to tell the meaning first.3). Think about how to show the meaning of a word with related wordssuch as synonyms, antonyms etc.4). Think about how to check students' understanding.5). Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.6). Think about possible misunderstanding or confusion that student may have.59. How do you present and explain vocabulary if you are a teacher?(Ways to present and explain vocabulary):l) Draw pictures, diagrams and maps to show meanings or connection of meanings;2) Use real objects (realia) to show meanings;3) Mime or act to show meanings, e.g. brushing teeth, playingPing-Pong;4) Use synonyms or antonyms to explain meanings;5) Use lexical sets, e.g. cook: fry, boil, bake, and grill;6) Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaning;7) Use word formation rules and common affixes.60. When does vocabulary learning become more fun and effective?(When students study vocabulary together, say in groups, through various activities, under the teacher's supervision, when students understand themeaning of the new vocabulary)61. Some vocabulary consolidation activities that can be done in class. (12)1) Labeling标注词汇:2) Spotting the differences:3) Describing and drawing:4) Playing a game:5) Using word thermometers:6) Using word series7) World bingo:9) Odd man out:10) Synonyms and antonyms:11) Using word categories word:12) Using word net-work62. Developing vocabulary building strategies.1). Review regularly:2). Guess meaning from context:3). Organize vocabulary effectively:4). Use learned vocabulary:Which clues can contribute to the discovery (revealing) of meaning.（1) The topic;（2) The grammatical structure;（3) The possible meaning connection between the given word and other words;（4）The linguistic pattern where the word appears.Unit 8 Teaching Listening63. Reasons for poor listening:1) Lack of teaching materials (audio and video tapes);2) Lack of equipment (tape players, VCRs, VCDs, computers);3) Lack of training in how to use the equipment;4) Listening is not included on many important tests;5) Lack of real-life situations where language learners need to understand spoken English;6) Lessons tend to test rather than to train students' listening skills.64. Why listening can be more difficult than reading:1) Different speakers produce the same sounds in different ways,2) The listener has little or no control over the speed of the input of spoken material;3) Spoken material is often heard only once. In most cases, we cannot goback and listen again4) The listener cannot pause to work out the meaning5) Speech is more likely to be distorted by background noise or the media that transmit sounds.6) The listener sometimes has to deal simultaneously with another taskwhile listening, such as formal note-taking, writing down directions or messages from telephone calls, or operating equipment while listening to instructions.65. One reason for students' unsatisfactory listening abilities:There is not enough variety in the materials that they listen to in class. In most cases, the listening materials are daily conversations or stories. But in reality we listen to far more things, regardless of which language is used.67. The following are situations where Chinese people need to listen toEnglish. Choose eight situations that you think are the most frequent:[] telephone conversations about business *[] radio news in English *[] lessons or lectures given in English *[] conversations with foreigners*[] instructions in English *[] watching television in English*[] watching movies in English [] shop assistants who sell goods to foreigners[] deal with tourists [] international tradefairs[] interviews with foreign-enterprises 企业[] negotiations withforeign businesses*[] socialize with foreigners *[] hotel and restaurant services*[] listening to English songs68. If you look back at the list of listening situations, you may judge thesituations according to the following criteria:1). Formal or informal?2). Rehearsed（背诵/排练/练习）or non-rehearsed?3). Can the listener interact with the speaker or not?69. The characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity2) Context3) Visual clues4) Listener’s response5) Speaker’s adjustment调节70. Two major purposes in listening.*The first is for social reasons;(Like when we have a casual conversation with friends oracquaintances to maintain or build social relationships).*The second is for exchanging information.(The second kind is more difficult, according to Anderson and Lynch (1988), and needs more emphasis in the language classroom,especially at intermediate中级and advanced levels).71. Principles of teaching listening:1). Focus on process: How to process the information:* They have to hear what is being said,* They have to pay attention,* They have to construct a meaningful message in their mind byrelating what they hear to what they already know.2). Combine listening and speaking:Why is it so important?Most of the time in real life, these two skills are needed at the sametime. (There are two problems with this approach手段.* It does not give students chance to practice listening and speaking skills together.* The listening comprehension questions do not train the students howto listen or how to develop effective listening strategies，and onlytest the students,3). Focus on comprehending meaning:4). Grade (分。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》知识点单元重点归纳
Unit 1Knowledge:sth that can be learnedSkills: sth that only can be gained through practice or training,Language skills:listening, speaking, reading and writingLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication。
Views on language：1、Structural view （language competence）—The founder：Saussure—The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems：1、the sound system（phonology）2、sound combinations（morphology）3、meaning for communication（syntax）—Learning the language is to learn the structural items，study the inner structure and rule of language，ignore the social functions of the language。
2 、Functional view—Representative：Johnson、marrow、swain canal (the core: grammar)—The function view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things—Learners learn a language in order to be able to doing things with itUse the linguistic structure to express functions3、Interactional view （communicative competence）—Emphasis：appropriateness—Language is a communicative tool，which main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people—Learners need to know the rules for using the language in certain context—The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabularyLanguage teacher qualifications：1、a good command of spoken and written language2、formulate theory presupposition3、language background and experience4、know how languages are learnt5、the ability to use methods in various situations6、deep understanding of cultural background7、understanding the principles of teachingThese elements can be categorized into three groups：ethic devotion，professional qualities and personal stylesView on language learning1. Psycholinguistic: the relationship between language and thinking.1)Thinking in language2)Language is necessary for thought.3)Language acquisition(语言习得)4)Learners in their earlier years acquire control over essential structure of their languagewithout special teaching and learning in a effortless and almost an unconscious way (like the formation of a habit) people prefer first language acquisition to first language learning.2.Cognitive theory: the rule for people to aware to cognize sth.Cognitive processes:Process: input----absorb----outputLanguage learning is not just stimulate-reflection, but the using of our subjective capabilities, the using of our cognitive ability to think the language and studying it actively.3. Constructivist theory: learning is a process of meaning construction based on learner’s own knowledge and experience.S ----------AT------------R(刺激) (反应)Stimulus: assimilatio n ①and accommodatio n②①把外部知识纳入自身②纳入自身后也不相符，就要对原有知识进行改变，也就是一种原有知道和外部知识保持联系的创新的过程。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(口语教学)【圣才出品】
第10章口语教学10.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Characteristics of spoken language口语的特点2. Four common features of spoken language口语的四个共同特征3. Activities help prepare students for real-life speech in English 为学生做好日常口语准备的活动4. General principles of teaching speaking口语教学的普遍原则5. Two factors considered in designing speaking tasks设计口语任务要考虑的两个因素6. Common characteristics in successful speaking task成功的口语任务的共性7. Two types of communicative speaking activities两种不同类型的交际口语活动8. Some kinds of speaking activities几种不同类型的口语活动9. Advantages of using group in speaking tasks使用分组教学的优势本章考点：口语的特点及对教学的暗示；口语的四个共同特征；为学生做好日常口语准备的活动；口语教学的普遍原则；设计口语任务要考虑的两个因素；成功的口语任务的共性；两种不同类型的交际口语活动；几种不同类型的口语活动；使用分组教学的优势。
本章内容索引：Ⅰ. Differences between spoken and written language1. Characteristics of spoken language2. Four common features of spoken language3. Activities helpful to prepare students for real-life speech in English4. Some implications to teachingⅡ. Principles for teaching speakingⅢ. Designing speaking tasks1. Two factors considered in designing speaking tasks2. Common characteristics in successful speaking tasksⅣ.Types of speaking tasks1. Two major purposes for listening2. Two types of communicative speaking activities3. Some kinds of speaking activities4. Other speaking activitiesⅤ.Organizing speaking tasksⅥ.ConclusionⅠ.Differences between spoken and written language （口语与书面语的区别）【考点：口语的特点及对教学的暗示】Speaking is a skill that the students will be judged upon most in real-life situations.口语是用来判断学生在实际生活中使用最多的技能。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第11~13章【圣才出品】
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第11~13章【圣才出品】第11章阅读教学11.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Reading aloud and silent reading朗读和默读2. Features of effective readers有效率的读者的特征3. Strategies involved in reading comprehension 阅读理解策略4. Two broad levels in reading两种阅读⽔平5. The role of vocabulary in reading词汇在阅读中的作⽤6. Sight vocabulary视觉词汇7. Three models of teaching reading三种阅读教学模式8. Three stages involved in T eaching Reading阅读教学的三个阶段9. Pre-reading activities读前活动10. While-reading activities读中活动11. Purposes of transition device转换⼿法的⽬的12. The classification of Reading comprehension questions阅读理解题的分类13. Types of post-reading activities读后活动类型本章考点：朗读和默读；有效率的读者的特征；阅读理解策略；两种阅读⽔平；词汇在阅读中的作⽤；视觉词汇；三种阅读教学模式；阅读教学的三个阶段；读前活动；读中活动；转换⼿法的⽬的；阅读理解题的分类；读后活动类型。
本章内容索引：Ⅰ. Reflecting on your own reading experiencesⅡ. The way of reading1. Reading aloud and silent reading2. Features of effective readersⅢ. The content of readingⅣ. Strategies involved in reading comprehension1. Definition of reading2. Two broad levels in readingⅤ. The role of vocabulary in reading1. The importance of vocabulary2. Sight vocabularyⅥ. Principles and models for teaching reading1. Three models of teaching reading2. Three stages involved in teaching reading Ⅶ. Pre-reading activities1. Definition of pre-reading activities2. Predicting3. Setting the scene4. Skimming5. Scanning6. Summary on pre-reading activitiesⅧ. Whi le-reading activities1. Information transfer2. Purposes of transition device3. Reading comprehension questions4. Understanding references5. Making inferences6. Summary on while-reading activitiesⅨ. Post-reading activities1. Objectives2. Requirements3. Types of post-reading activitiesⅩ. ConclusionⅠ. Reflecting on your own reading experiences （反思⾃⼰的阅读经验）All of us began reading in our first language at a very early age and we all have experiences of being influenced by certain authors or particular books.我们在很⼩的时候开始⽤母语阅读了，我们都受到某些作者或书籍的影响。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(语音教学)【圣才出品】
第6章语音教学6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The role of pronunciation语音的角色2. Factors that determine whether students need to focus on pronunciation决定学生是否需要关注语音的因素3. Critical Period Hypothesis关键期假说4. The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation语音教学的实际目标5. Three aspects of pronunciation to teach语音教学的三个方面6. Focusing on a sound; Perception practice; Production practice单音练习; 知觉/领会性练习; 生成性练习7. Practicing stress and intonation 练习重音和语调本章考点：语音的作用；决定学生是否需要关注语音的因素；关键期假说；决定学生流利语音的因素；语音教学的实际目标；语音教学的三个方面；单音练习；知觉/领会性练习；生成性练习；两种不同类型的重音；表示重音类型的三种方式。
本章内容索引：Ⅰ. The role of pronunciationⅡ. The goal of teaching pronunciation1. Critical Period Hypothesis2. Factors that determine if the students can aquire native-like English pronunciation3. The realistic goal of teaching pronunciationⅢ. Aspects of pronunciation1. Three aspects of pronunciation to teach2. One common problem in learning pronunciationⅣ. Practicing sounds1. Focusing on a sound2. Perception practice3. Production practiceⅤ. Practicing stress and intonation1. Practicing stress2. Practicing intonationⅥ. ConclusionⅠ. The role of pronunciation（语音的作用）【考点：语音的作用；决定学生是否需要关注语音的因素】Whether pronunciation needs special attention or focus in language teaching depends on many factors, especially learner factors.语言教学中是否需要特别关注语音取决于许多因素，尤其是学习者因素。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(词汇教学)【圣才出品】
第8章词汇教学8.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The role of vocabulary uncertainty词汇的不确定性因素2. About knowing a word学习词汇应该包含的内容3. Understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning; 理解其外延意义和内涵意义4. Understanding the sense relations among words理解词汇间的语义关系5. Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性词汇和产出性词汇6. Ways of presenting vocabulary讲授词汇的方法7. Things a teacher does after presentation教师讲完词汇后应该做什么8. Ways of consolidating vocabulary巩固词汇的方法9. Developing vocabulary learning strategies发展词汇学习策略本章考点：理解词汇和词汇学习；词汇的不确定性因素；学习词汇应该包含的内容；词汇的学习；接受性词汇和产出性词汇；讲授词汇的方法；教师讲完词汇后应该做什么；巩固词汇的方法；词汇学习的策略。
本章内容索引：Ⅰ. Understanding vocabulary and vocabulary learningⅡ. About knowing a word1. Knowing a word2. Vocabulary learningⅢ. Ways of presenting vocabulary1. The methods to present and explain vocabulary2. Things a teacher does after presentationⅣ. Ways of consolidating vocabularyⅤ. Developing vocabulary learning strategies1. Review regularly2. Guess meaning from context3. Organize vocabulary effectively4. Use a dictionary5. Manage strategy useⅥ. ConclusionⅠ. Understanding vocabulary and vocabulary learning （理解词汇和词汇学习）【考点：理解词汇和词汇学习；词汇的不确定性因素】The role of vocabulary seems to have received more consistent understanding.大家对词汇的角色的认识基本上是一致的。
《王蔷 英语教学法教程 第2版 笔记和课后习题 含考研真题 》读书笔记思维导图PPT模板下载
17.2 课后习题 详解
17.1 复习笔记
17.3 考研真题 与典型题详解
第18章 教材的评价与使用
18.2 课后习题 详解
18.1 复习笔记
18.3 考研真题 与典型题详解
谢谢观看
7.1 复习笔记
7.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第8章 词汇教学
8.2 课后习题详 解
8.1 复习笔记
8.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第9章 听力教学
9.2 课后习题详 解
9.1 复习笔记
9.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第10章 口语教学
10.2 课后习题 详解
10.1 复习笔记
10.3 考研真题 与典型题详解
第4章 教案设计与书写
4.2 课后习题详 解
4.1 复习笔记
4.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第5章 外语课堂管理
5.2 课后习题详 解
5.1 复习笔记
5.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第6章 语音教学
6.2 课后习题详 解
6.1 复习笔记
6.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第7章 语法教学
7.2 课后习题详 解
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《王蔷 英语教学法教程 第2版 笔记和课后习题
含考研真题 》
思维导图PPT模板
目录
01 第1章 语言和语言学 习
02 第2章 交际教学原则 与任务型语言教学
03
第3章 国家英语课程 标准
04
第4章 教案设计与书 写
05 第5章 外语课堂管理
06 第6章 语音教学
目录
07 第7章 语法教学
08 第8章 词汇教学
09 第9章 听力教学
王蔷英语教学法unit2总结(学科英语考研)
Unit 2 Communicative Principles and TBLT2.1 Language use in real life vs. traditional pedagogy①Focus: In real life, language is used to perform certain communicative functions, (e. g .to give directions, to exchange information, or to make a complaint) in a traditional language classroom, the teaching focus is often on forms rather than functions.②Skills: Traditional pedagogy tends to focus on one or two language skills and ignore the others. In real language use we use all skills, including receptive skills such as listening and reading, and productive skills such as speaking and writing.③Context: In reality language is always used in a certain context, but traditional pedagogy tends to isolate language from its context.2.2 What is communicative competence?①名词解释：⑴Communicative competence is the goal of Communicative Language Teaching, which includes both the knowledge of the language itself and the knowledge of how to use language appropriately in communicative situations.⑵Five main components of communicative competence are linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, and fluency.②简答：①+the main components of communicative competence.(每个competence的⑴)③论述：②+In other words, it is one’s ability to express or to understanda topic logically and coherently by effectively employing or comprehending the cohesive markers used in the discourse such as “by the same token”, “at last” and also the reference words such as “it”, “they”, etc. in the context.2.3 What are the main components of communicative competence?(每个competence都可以出名词解释，回答⑴⑵)Five main components of communicative competence are linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, and fluency.①Linguistic competence:⑴It is concerned with the knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning.⑵More specifically, it involves spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, wordformation, grammatical②Pragmatic competence:⑴Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate of the language in social context.⑵That is to say, the choice of the vocabulary and structure depends on the setting, the relative status of the speakers, and their relationships.③Discourse competence:⑴Discourse competence refers to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.⑵In other words, it is one’s ability to express or to understand a topic logically and coherently by effectively employing or comprehending the cohesive markers used in the discourse such as :“by the same token”, “to put it in other words”,“first”，“second”,“at last”, and also the reference words such as“it”,“they”,“that”,etc. in the context.④Strategic competence:⑴Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.⑵One can compensate for this by searching for other means of expressions, such as using a similar phrase, using gestures, or using a longer explanation.⑤Fluency: It means one’s ability to “link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation”2.4 What is CLT(名词解释)?①CLT refers to Communicative Language Teaching. It is one type of teaching method to cultivate communicative competence.②The goal of CLT is to make students know the knowledge of the language and the knowledge about how to use language appropriately in communicative situations. That’s to say, CLT not only focus on the linguistic knowledge but the functions of language such as advising, inviting suggesting, etc., which students should learn how to use.③The principles of CLT are communicative, task and meaningfulnessprinciples.④There are two versions of CLT proposed by Howatt, to describe the ways of language learning.2.5 What are the criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are?①Communicative purpose: The activity must involve the students in performing a real communicative purpose rather than just practicing language for its own sake.②Communicative desire: The activity must create desire to communicate in the students. That is, even if communication is forced on the students, they must feel a real need to communicate.③Content, not form: When the students are doing the activity, they must be concentrating on what they are saying, not how they say it.④Variety of language: The activity must involve the students in using a variety of language, not just one specific language form.⑤No teacher intervention：The activity must be designed to be done by the students working by themselves rather than with the teacher.⑥No material control: The activity should not be designed to control what language the students should use. The choice about what language to use should rest with the students.2.6 How do you understand Task-based Language Teaching? (TBLT)（名词解释）①Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT)refers to an approach based on the use of task as the core unit of instruction in language.②Task-based Language Teaching is, in fact, a further development of Communicative Language Teaching.③It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life.④However, it has stressed the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching.2.7 What does a task refer to? （名词解释）[A task is] an activity which requires learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought, and which allows teachers to control and regulate that process.2.8 What are the four components of a task? (PPP+C)A task has four main components: a purpose, a process, a product and a context.①a purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task②a process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving, reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating③a product: there will be some form of outcome, either visible or invisible④a context: this can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues2.9 What are the differences between tasks and exercises?①When the students are carrying out a task, they are focusing on the complete act of communication. (fluency)②When the students focus their attention on individual aspects of language, such as vocabulary, grammar or individual skills. We can call these activities exercise. (accuracy)2.10 What is PPP?(名词解释:①②)①It refers to Presentation, Practice and Production model of teaching.②At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriate. At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and exploitation of the texts when necessary. At the production stage, the students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practiced to perform communication tasks. At the last stage, the focus is on meaning rather than accurate use of language forms.③Some of the advantages of the PPP model are that first it is clear and easy to conduct by the teachers. Secondly, it is easy to evaluate as there are often clear goals to be obtained. Thirdly, there is the belief that learning with a focus on rules can be automatized through practice as “ a set of habits”.④The disadvantage is that students will not automatically acquire the language and use them in real life if only rules are introduced and mechanical exercises are emphasized.2.11 How to design tasks?①Think about students’ needs, interest, and abilities②Brainstorm possible tasksBear in mind that a task should have a communicative purpose and should be goal-oriented.③Evaluate the listAfter you have brain stormed the possible tasks, you can use the following criteria to evaluate them.⚫Educational value⚫Appropriateness to the students’ needs, interests and abilities⚫Availability of suitable resources⚫Time available④Choose the language items⑤Preparing the materials。
王蔷英语教学法重点
王蔷英语教学法重点王蔷教授的英语教学法是近年来备受推崇的一种教学方法。
它以语言习得理论为依据，通过为学生提供丰富的语言环境和多元化的教学策略，激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性，从而提高其英语水平和应用能力。
王蔷英语教学法强调学生的主体性和教师的主导性。
它认为，学生是语言学习的主体，应该主动参与到语言习得过程中。
而教师则应该扮演引导者和组织者的角色，为学生提供必要的学习资源和指导。
王蔷英语教学法还注重培养学生的语言综合应用能力。
它认为，语言是一种交际工具，学生应该在学习过程中掌握听、说、读、写、译等技能，并将其应用于实际生活中。
王蔷英语教学法认为，创造一个丰富的语言环境是提高学生英语水平的关键。
教师可以通过引入真实的语言材料、组织口语活动、播放英语视频等方式，为学生营造一个浓厚的英语学习氛围。
王蔷英语教学法提倡采用多元化的教学策略，以适应不同学生的学习风格和需求。
例如，教师可以采用小组合作、角色扮演、案例分析等教学方法，激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性。
王蔷英语教学法认为，培养学生的自主学习能力是至关重要的。
教师可以通过引导学生制定学习计划、评估学习成果等方式，帮助学生建立良好的学习习惯和自我管理能力。
王蔷英语教学法在实践中得到了广泛的应用，并取得了显著的效果。
许多研究表明，采用王蔷英语教学法的学生在英语水平和应用能力方面都有明显的提高。
这种教学方法也受到了广大教师和家长的欢迎和认可。
它不仅提高了学生的英语水平，还培养了他们的团队协作能力和自主学习能力。
王蔷英语教学法是一种先进、实用的教学方法。
它通过创造丰富的语言环境和多元化的教学策略，激发学生的学习热情和主动性，从而提高学生的英语水平和应用能力。
在未来的教育实践中，我们应该进一步探索和应用这种优秀的教学方法，为学生的全面发展提供更好的支持。
《英语教学法》是教育部普通高等教育“十一五”国家级规划教材，也是高等教育社的一本教材。
该教材的作者是王蔷教授，她是中国著名的英语教学法专家，拥有丰富的教学经验和深厚的学术背景。
英语教学综合专硕考研王蔷《英语教学法教程》考研复习笔记
英语教学综合专硕考研王蔷《英语教学法教程》考研复习笔记一、语言和语言学习复习笔记要点：1. The way we learn languages我们习得语言的方式2. Views on language语言观点3. The structural view of language结构主义语言理论4. The functional view of language功能主义语言理论5. The interactional view of language交互语言理论6. Common views on language learning关于语言学习的普遍观点7. Process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论8. The behaviorist theory行为主义学习理论9. Cognitive theory认知学习理论10. Constructivist theory建构主义学习理论11. Socio-constructivist theory社会建构主义理论12. Qualities of a good language teacher一个好的语言老师必备的素养13. Teacher’s professional development教师专业技能发展本章考点：我们如何习得语言；结构主义语言理论；功能主义语言理论；交互语言理论；关于语言学习的普遍观点；强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论；行为主义学习理论；认知学习理论；建构主义学习理论；社会建构主义理论；成为一个好的语言老师所要具备的基本素质；教师专业技能发展图。
本章内容索引：Ⅰ. The way we learn languagesⅡ. Views on language1. The structural view of language2. The functional view of language3. The interactional view of languageⅢ. Views on language learning and learning in general1. Research on language learning2. Common views on language learning and learning in general（1）Behaviorist theory（2）Cognitive theory（3）Constructivist theory（4）Socio-constructivist theoryⅣ. Qualities of a good language teacherⅤ. Development of a good language teacherⅥ. An overview of the bookThis chapter serves as an introduction for setting the scene for this methodology course. It discusses issues concerning views on language and language learning or learning in general with the belief that such views will affect teachers’ways of teaching and thus learners’ways of learning. The qualities of a good language teacher are also discussed in order to raise the participants’awareness of what is required for a good English teacher.这一章主要是介绍教学法的方法论，其中讨论的问题涉及语言和语言学习的观点，或者一般学习及这些观点对教师教学方式和学习者学习方式的影响，本章也讨论了一个好的英语教师应具备的素质，以提高语言教学参与者对优秀英语教师相关要求的意识。
王蔷教材教法知识点单元性归纳(word文档物超所值)
Unit 1Knowledge:sth that can be learnedSkills: sth that only can be gained through practice or training,Language skills:listening, speaking, reading and writingLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication。
Views on language：1、Structural view （language competence）—The founder：Saussure—The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems：1、the sound system（phonology）2、sound combinations（morphology）3、meaning for communication（syntax）—Learning the language is to learn the structural items，study the inner structure and rule of language，ignore the social functions of the language。
2 、Functional view— Representative：Johnson、marrow、swain canal (the core: grammar)—The function view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things—Learners learn a language in order to be able to doing things with itUse the linguistic structure to express functions3、Interactional view （communicative competence）— Emphasis：appropriateness— Language is a communicative tool，which main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people—Learners need to know the rules for using the language in certain context—The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabularyLanguage teacher qualifications：1、a good command of spoken and written language2、formulate theory presupposition3、language background and experience4、know how languages are learnt5、the ability to use methods in various situations6、deep understanding of cultural background7、understanding the principles of teachingThese elements can be categorized into three groups：ethic devotion，professional qualities and personal stylesView on language learning1. Psycholinguistic: the relationship between language and thinking.1) Thinking in language2)Language is necessary for thought.3)Language acquisition(语言习得)4)Learners in their earlier years acquire control over essential structure of their languagewithout special teaching and learning in a effortless and almost an unconscious way (like the formation of a habit) people prefer first language acquisition to first language learning.2. Cognitive theory: the rule for people to aware to cognize sth.Cognitive processes:Process: input----absorb----outputLanguage learning is not just stimulate-reflection, but the using of our subjective capabilities, the using of our cognitive ability to think the language and studying it actively.3. Constructivist theory: learning is a process of meaning construction based on learner’s own knowledge and experience.S ----------AT------------R(刺激) (反应)Stimulus: assimilatio n ① and accommodatio n②①把外部知识纳入自身②纳入自身后也不相符，就要对原有知识进行改变，也就是一种原有知道和外部知识保持联系的创新的过程。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(语法教学)【圣才出品】
第7章语法教学7.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The role of grammar in language learning语法在语言教学中的角色2. Grammar presentation: the deductive method; the inductive method; the guided discovery method 演示法：演绎法，归纳法和引导发现法3. Distinction between implicit and explicit knowledge隐性知识与显性知识的差异4. New approaches to teaching grammar新的语法教学5. Grammar practice: Mechanical practice; Meaningful practice; Using prompts for practice语法练习：机械性练习；意义性练习；使用提示本章考点：语法在语言教学中的角色；演示法：演绎法，归纳法和引导发现法及它们的优缺点；隐性知识与显性知识的差异；新的语法教学；语法练习：机械性练习；意义性练习；使用提示。
本章内容索引：Ⅰ. The role of grammar in language learningⅡ. Grammar presentation1. The deductive method2. The inductive method3. The guided discovery method4. Distinction between implicit and explicit knowledge5. New approaches to teaching grammarⅢ. Grammar practice1. Mechanical practice2. Meaningful practice3. Using prompts for practiceⅣ. ConclusionⅠ. The role of grammar in language learning（语法在语言教学中的角色）【考点：语法在语言教学中的角色】Despite many different views about the role of grammar in language learning, the importance of grammar cannot be denied. Grammatical competence is essential for communication.人们对语法在外语教学中的价值众说纷纭，意见不一，尽管如此，语法的重要性是不言而喻的。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(听力教学)【圣才出品】
第9章听力教学9.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Reasons for poor listening听力不好的原因2. Criteria of judging the list of listening situations判断听力内容的标准3. Characteristics of listening in real life真实生活听力的特点4. Two major purposes in listening听力的两个主要目的5. Principles and models for teaching listening听力教学的原则和模式6. Two approaches used to describe different processes of listening：Bottom-up model；Top-down model两种描述听力理解的方式：自下而上模式和自上而下模式7. Three teaching stages: Pre-listening; While-listening; Post-listening三个听力阶段：听前、听中和听后8. Activities of pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening听前、听中和听后所进行的活动本章考点：听力不好的原因；判断听力内容的标准；真实生活听力的特点；听力的两个主要目的；听力教学的原则和模式；两种描述听力理解的方式：自上而下模式和自下而上模式；三个听力阶段：听前、听中和听后；听前、听中和听后所进行的活动。
本章内容索引：Ⅰ. Reasons for poor listeningⅡ. Listening situations in everyday life1. One reason for students’unsatisfactory listening abilities2. Criteria of judging the list of listening situationsⅢ. Characteristics of the listening processⅣ. Principles and models for teaching listening1. Two major purposes in listening2. Principles of teaching listening3. Two approaches used to describe different processes of listening4. Three teaching stages of listeningⅤ. Pre-listening activitiesⅥ. While-listening activitiesⅦ. Post-listening activitiesⅧ. ConclusionⅠ. Reasons for poor listening （听力不好的原因）【考点：学生听力不好的原因】Understanding learners’listening problems is perhaps the first step for developing effective teaching strategies.为了有效提升听力教学策略，第一步也许是理解学习者在听力方面的问题。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第4~6章【圣才出品】
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第4~6章【圣才出品】第4章教案设计与书写4.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The significance of lesson planning课程计划的重要性2. Principles for good lesson planning做好课程计划的准则3. Macro planning vs. micro planning宏观计划和微观计划4. Components of a lesson plan课程计划的构成因素5. Sample lesson plans课程计划的样本本章考点：课程计划的重要性；做好课程计划的准则；宏观计划和微观计划；课程计划的构成因素；课程计划的样本。
本章内容索引：Ⅰ. The significance of lesson planning1. Definition of lesson planning2.The necessity of lesson planning for teachers3. Benefits of lesson planningⅡ. Principles for good lesson planningⅢ. Macro planning vs. micro planning1. Two levels of lesson planning2. The advantage of a concrete teaching planⅣ. Components of a lesson plan1. Background information2. T eaching aims3. Language contents and skills4. Stages and procedures5. T eaching aids6. End of lesson summary7. Optional activities and assignments8. After lesson reflectionⅤ. Sample lesson plansⅥ. ConclusionⅠ. The significance of lesson planning（课程计划的重要意义）1. Definition of lesson planning课程计划的定义Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques,activities and materials will be used in the class.课程计划就是提前决定在课堂上使⽤什么技巧、材料、进⾏什么活动。
汇总王蔷教学法重点笔记 pdf
整理表姓名:职业工种:申请级别:受理机构:填报日期:A4打印/ 修订/ 内容可编辑以前在词汇教学中习惯于使用传统的教学方法，先领读单词、词组，再留出几分钟时间让学生熟悉生词，之后再讲解重点单词、词组用法，学生记笔记，下课时布置背单词的家庭作业，第二天上课时听写。
可考试结束后，我发现学生记单词遗忘现象非常严重。
期中考试二卷单词拼写题（10分）的平均得分只有3分，阅读理解成绩很不理想；另外，总是听到学生在抱怨学英语难，英语单词难记，学习积极性不高，效果不佳。
如何改变这种现状，我深入反思后，尝试了新的教学方法。
1.教授必备的语音知识在农村学校，由于很多英语教师是非专业的或者发音不是很到位或对学生的要求不是很严格致使我校大部分学生在入学时语音知识掌握的不好，我想这可能是学生记忆单词难的主要原因。
因此，掌握音标拼读规则，学会听其音能拼其形，见其形能发其音，形成从单词到发音的自动化反应如：tion、ssion、tian、ture、ar等等来促进学生内化语言规则，消除对单词拼写的恐惧感。
对于发音特殊，音形不一的单词特殊处理，对比记忆，如enough，thought，through，thorough，cough，tough，plough等。
这样学生才会对单词的发音和如何记忆单词有一定的了解, 他们在学习单词时心中才不会茫然。
2.反复领读单词有了必备的语音知识，在单词讲授之初，我就先让学生试读单词，之后和学生一起多次反复朗读单词。
我的作用是调整好学生朗读的节奏，朗读时中间不停顿，每个单词至少连续不断地大声朗读10遍。
在这种快速朗读的氛围中，学生不容易走神，精力高度集中，而且还可以带动学困生，更重要的是，因为多次反复记忆，记住的单词不容易遗忘。
如：在教授高二下册unit 13 单元时，cube，benefit，plankton，solid，substance，stable 等单词通过朗读学生很容易就记下了。
3. 听写单词，寻找规律有了前面的做法，学生反映背单词比以前用时少了，但从小测的结果来看，正确率不高。
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Unit 1Knowledge:sth that can be learnedSkills: sth that only can be gained through practice or training,Language skills:listening, speaking, reading and writingLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication。
Views on language：1、Structural view （language competence）—The founder：Saussure—The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems：1、the sound system（phonology）2、sound combinations（morphology）3、meaning for communication（syntax）—Learning the language is to learn the structural items，study the inner structure and rule of language，ignore the social functions of the language。
2 、Functional view—Representative：Johnson、marrow、swain canal (the core: grammar)—The function view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things—Learners learn a language in order to be able to doing things with itUse the linguistic structure to express functions3、Interactional view （communicative competence）—Emphasis：appropriateness—Language is a communicative tool，which main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people—Learners need to know the rules for using the language in certain context—The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabularyLanguage teacher qualifications：1、a good command of spoken and written language2、formulate theory presupposition3、language background and experience4、know how languages are learnt5、the ability to use methods in various situations6、deep understanding of cultural background7、understanding the principles of teachingThese elements can be categorized into three groups：ethic devotion，professional qualities and personal stylesView on language learning1. Psycholinguistic: the relationship between language and thinking.1)Thinking in language2)Language is necessary for thought.3)Language acquisition(语言习得)4)Learners in their earlier years acquire control over essential structure of their languagewithout special teaching and learning in a effortless and almost an unconscious way (like the formation of a habit) people prefer first language acquisition to first language learning.2.Cognitive theory: the rule for people to aware to cognize sth.Cognitive processes:Process: input----absorb----outputLanguage learning is not just stimulate-reflection, but the using of our subjective capabilities, the using of our cognitive ability to think the language and studying it actively.3. Constructivist theory: learning is a process of meaning construction based on learner’s own knowledge and experience.S ----------AT------------R(刺激) (反应)Stimulus: assimilatio n ①and accommodatio n②①把外部知识纳入自身②纳入自身后也不相符，就要对原有知识进行改变，也就是一种原有知道和外部知识保持联系的创新的过程。
Unit 21. CLT（交际英语教学）: it is an approach that considers the functional and social factors in language, emphasizes that the aim of language teaching is to help the learners acquire communicative ability. It offers an effective way to learn language through language use.The basis: the theory of sociology and sociolinguistic.2. Language has two functions: A. the transactional functio n→to express the context B. the interactional(相互影响的) function→to show social relations and personal attitudeLanguage is used to perform certain communication functions; use all skills: A. Receptive skill: listening and reading B. Productive skill: speaking and writing; used in a certain social context: teach the part of language in real life rather than all the language students develop all the language skills.3. Traditional pedagogy (传统教学法): focus on the forms of language.4. Traditional class VS. CLTListening: to the teacher, to the tape →sth.unpredictable, sth.authentic, sth.meaningful Reading: learning language →get information, exact meaning, different skillsSpeaking: repeating, answering, retelling →sth.creating, express oneselfWriting: composition, translation →write to express oneself, one’s feeling, one’s thought; write what people write in the way people write.5. Linguistic Competence (= language com.)Chomsky: tacit knowledge of language structures and the ability to use the knowledge to understand and produce language.6. Communicative CompetenceBoth knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language in communicative situation appropriately.7. Features of CLT:1.focus on developing communicative competence2.Focus on useful and necessary language3.Pay attention to the communicative task4.Place importance on students' being fluent5.Encourage students to take part in activities6.Understand the students are of different stand7.Aware that there is not just one kind of English8. Merits of CLT:1.likely to give the students all skills2.More relevant3.Less waste of time and effort9. Demerit of CLT:1.make great demands upon the professional training and skills of the teacher2.Difficult to cheek what student have leart3.Don't offer the teacher the security of the textbookUnit 41. What is teaching?Teaching means ensuring that the students have learnt or mastered what is being taught through a proper sequence of steps, so the teacher should carefully prepare the lessons, arrange the steps, made full use of every second in class.2. Principles for good lesson planningA. AimB. VarietyC. FlexibilityD. learning abilityE. linkage3. Macro planning involves the following:A. the analysis of the schoolB. the analysis of the students (information, background)C. the analysis of the syllables (教学大纲).（principle, purpose, requirement）D. the analysis of the textbook (教材分析)E．the teaching methods and reform(教学方法及其改革)F．the teaching objective and arrangement(整体教学目标及安排)4. Components of a lesson plan:A. Background informationB Teaching aimsC. Language contents and skillsD. stages and proceduresE. Teaching aidsF. End of lesson summaryG.. Optional activities and assignmentsH. After lesson reflection5. How to make a micro plan.A. The teaching aims and demands (ability, knowledge)B. The teaching contentsa. vocabulary , phraseb. structurec. grammard. skillsC. The teaching important and difficult pointsD. The teaching methods and aimsE. The teaching procedurea. stage 1: warm-up activitiesb. stage 2:( step1: presentation -------step 2: pratice-------step3: production)c .stage 3: lesson summaryd. stage 4: assignments/optional activitiese. stage 5: after class reflectionUnit 5Ⅰ. The role of the teacher (based on the function of the teacher):1. Controller: control the pace, the time, the target language, the student.2. Assessor: two thingsa. as corrector: correct the mistakes, organizing feed back the learnersb. as evaluator: to create a success-oriented learning, atmosphere, more praise, less criticism3. Organizer : task based on teaching to design tasks and to organize4. Prompter: to give appropriate prompts hints5. Participant: to take part in the activities6. Resource-provide: as a walking dictionaryⅡ. Rules for making instructions effective:1. simple2. natural3. target language/body language4. give time to get used to listening to English5. Model the tasks/activities before doing them clear instructionsⅢ. The common student groupings are:a. whole class work;b. pair work;c. group work;d. individual studyⅣ. Discipline refers to a code of conduct which binds a teacher and a group of students together so that learning can be more effective哪些因素影响学生纪律：1.teacher’s behaviora . choice of methodologyb. teacher’s preparation for the learnersc. interpersonal relationship with the learners2. motivation/ purpose/ desire/ surroundingⅤ. How to maintain the discipline:1. create a code of behavior2. be consistent in applying the rules3. be friendly and talk to students4. immediately action5. be fair to everyone deal with problems impersonallyⅥ. Measures for in-disciplined acts and badly behaving students:（P81）1.act immediately2.stop the class3.rearrange the seats4.change the activities5.talk to students after class6.create a code of behaviorⅦ. Advice about problems on class: (P81)1.deal with it quietly2.don’t take things personally3.don’t use threatsⅧ. Question in the classPurpose:1. to focus on the students’ attention;2. to invite thinking and imagination; to check the understanding;3. to simulate the students to recall information;4. to challenge students;5. to assess learningTypes of question (P83)1.close question- only one answer2.open question- many different answer…Ⅸ. Dealing with errors1. Mistake----- with nothing to do with language competence (caused by carelessness →self-correction)2. Error----- has sth to do with the language competence (caused by lacking of knowledge→be dealt with the help of the teacher and other classmates)3. Dealing with spoken errorsa. fluency activity ----after the activityb. accuracy activity ----while the activity4. How to correcta. indirect teacher correctionb. direct teacher correctionc. self-correctiond. peer- correctionUnit 61. The role of pronunciation①2 views:a. pronunciation will take care of itself needn’t teach pronunciationb. poor pronunciation is a great hindrance in language learning②For Chinese: pronunciation is important depend ona. Chinese is different from Englishb. Chinese have little exposure to English2. The goal of teaching pronunciation①We can never get the native-like pronunciationa. Critical Period Hypothesisb. the amount of exposurec. biological and physiological differences②our realistic goal of teaching pronunciation (P93)a. Consistencyb. Intelligibilityc. Communicative efficiency3. Aspects of pronunciation①focus on sounds, stress and intonation, these change the meaning of a sentence②The ways of teach pronunciation:Step1. Giving model Step2. Imitating Step3. Checking (explaining)Step4. Giving examples Step5. Comparing Step6. Meaningful practiceUnit 71There are different ways of presenting grammar in classroom: The deductive method, the inductive method, and the discovery method.2 Pennington proposes a synthesis approach to grammatical pedagogy. She emphasized that grammar teaching should be “ collocational, constructive, contextual and contrast”( 4 C )3 Grammar practice is usually divided into two categories, mechanical practice and meaningful/communicative practiceThe deductive method:Step: 1 presentation of the grammar rules2 study of the examples3 conclusion4 drillsThe guided discovery method:Step: 1 presentation of contextualized scenarios illustrating a specific structure2 induce students to find the rules structures3 teach/learn the new rules structures4 drillsThe role of Grammar1)Grammar competence is one component of communicative copentence2)Grammar makes expression formal, accuracy3)Instructive learns are found to outperform uninstructed learnersUnit 81. Item of vocabulary: words, compounds, phrases, idiomsA: passive/receptive words: words that can be recognized or compared in reading and listening but can not be used automatically in speaking and writing.B: active/productive words: words that can be recognized and also be used in speech and writing by learners.2. Aspects of learning a word:A: pronunciation (stress + sound)B: form ( spelling + grammatical properties)C: meaning (denotative meaning +connotative meaning)D: usage (collocation, synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms)3. Ways to show meaning:A:using visuals(real object, pictures, drawings. etc.)B:giving examplesC:using the learner' on language4. Implications for teaching vocabulary:A:both denotative and connotative meaningsB:in contextsC:in groups of reflected wordsD:word formation is useful in developingE:vocabularyF:difference between passive and active ways5.Some concepts:A:denotative meaning of a word refers to that we use to label things as regards real objects.B:connotative meaning of a word refers to the attitude or emotions of a language user.C:collocation:refers to words that concur with high frequency and have been accepted as waysfor the use of words .6. Way of presenting vocabulary1)provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible2)provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning3)use synonyms or antonyms to explain meaning4)use lexical sets or by ponyms to show relation of words and meanings.5)translate and examplify6)use word formation.etc.Unit 91. Why do listening come first?A. students→ impossible to produce a sound does n’t exist in their mother tongue.B. students→impossible to produce a sound with the right stress, rhythm, intonation without providing them a model.2. The essence of listeningIt is perfectly possible to hear, but here “hear” is not listening, similarly it is possible to listen, but not understand, listening means comprehend what you hear.3. Why does listening seem so difficult?The difficulties:A, quickly forget what is heardB, don’t recognize the words you knowC, understand the words but not the intended messageD, while thinking about the meaning, neglect the next partE, can’t form the mental representationUnit10Speaking is the skill that the students will be judge upon most in real-life situation Speaking is to express oneself㈠the feeling of oneself ㈡the experience of oneselfType of speaking tasks conclude (pre-communicative activities) and (Communicative activities) Designing speaking tasks conclude maximum foreign talk, even participation. high motivation . right language levelThe feature of speaking is spontaneous and time-constraintUnit 111.To summarize, reading aloud and silent reading are two types of reading practice.2.Reading aloud helps students to practice or acquire good pronunciation, intonation, and buildup confidence in speaking. Silent reading helps students to comprehend the meaning to get information.3.Three kinds of reading materials: fast/rapid reading, intensive reading and extensivereading.4.There are two broad levels in the act of reading: 1. a recognition task of perceiving visualsignals from the printed page through the eyes; 2. a cognitive task of interpreting the visualinformation.5.Three models for teaching reading: bottom-up model, top-down model and interactivemodel.6.Five principles for teaching reading: 1. Accessible reading materials. 2. Clear prepared tasks.3. Developing students reading strategies.4. Enough guidance.5. Promoting the studentsreading ability.7.Predicting is an important reading skill.8.Predictions can be done many different ways: predicting based on the title, predicting basedon vocabulary and predicting on the T/F questions.9.Pre-reading activities: predicting, setting the scene, skimming, and scanning.10.While-reading stage: sophisticated input, transition device, output, under reference andmaking reference.11.Post-reading activities: Gap-filling, discussion, role play, retelling and writing.12.Reading means the construction of meaning from a printed or written message.论述题1. How to Be a Good English Teacher?To be a good English teacher does not only depend on his or her command of the language but on other elements. These elements can be categorized into three groups: ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles. These three aspects constitute the professional competence of a good English teacher.However, the most important and most difficult part of being a good English teacher is not the professional competence but the development of it. The development of professional competence for a good English teacher involves two stages and a goal.The first stage is language development. All English teachers are supposed to have a sound of English .As language is the subject matter for a language teacher and also because language always changing, language development can never come to an end.The second stage involves three sub-stages: learning, practice, and reflection. The learning stage is actually the purposeful preparation which includes: learning from others’ experience, learning the received knowledge and learning from one’s own experience as a learner. The learning stage is followed by practice that can be used in two senses. In one sense, it is a short period of time assigned to do teaching practice. The other sense of practice is the real classroom teaching. Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflection on what then have been doing.Ideally, a teacher should be able to attain his or her goal, that is the professional competence after some period of practice and reflection. Actually professional competence is ‘a moving target or horizon, which professionals travel all their professional life but which is nevel finally attained.’2. How can one become a good language teacher?The most important and most difficult part of the making of a good language teacher is the development of professional competence, which is the state or quality of being adequately qualified for the profession, and armed with a specific range of skills, strategies, knowledge, and ability. Wallace uses the following ‘reflective model’to demonstrate the development of professional competence. The model is an adapted version to illustrate the process of becoming a professionally competent teacher.Stage 1Stage2GoalFrom the above model, we can see the development of professional competence for language teacher three stages. All English teachers are supposed to have a sound command of English. As language is the subject matter for language teachers and also because language is always changing, language development can never come to an end.The second stage is the most crucial stage and it is more complicated because it involves three sub-stages: learning, practice and reflection. Learning stage which is the preparation before a language teacher starts the practice of teaching. This preparation can include:1. learning from other’s experience2. learning the received knowledge3. learning from one’s own experience as a learner.Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doing.However, professional competence as an ultimate goal does not seem to have an end.3. Communicative Language Teaching(交际英语教学法）Definition:It is an approach that considers the functional and social factors in language, emphasizes the aim of language teaching is to help the learners acquire communicative ability. It offers an effective way to learn language through language use.Basis:The theory of sociology and sociolinguistics.Principles:munication principle;2.Task principle;3.Meaningfulness principle.Features:1.Focus on developing communicative competence;2.Concentrate on useful and necessary language;3.Pay attention to the communicative tasks to achieve;4.Place importance on the students being fluent;5.Encourage students to take part in the activities;6.Understand the students are of different standards;7.Aware that there is not just one kind of English (V ariety).4. Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT)TBLT is, in fact, a further development of Communication Language Teaching (CLT).It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. However, it has stressed the importance of combining form-focused teaching with communication- focused teaching.(definition)It stresses holistic and realistic input and output and the focus is on the students' learning, rather than on a set of discrete language knowledge, and tasks can contribute to whole-person development-not just linguistic development. The attention to students' needs, interests and abilities means that we should vary our teaching styles to take account of the different ways in which students learn. (feature)Merits and demerits(4 points)Basis(依据)Principles(4 )Goals(暂无)5. How to teach a good spoken English lesson?Teaching spoken English has long been attached with great importance. Certainly, how to give a good spoke English lesson is of significance.First of all, distinctions between spoken English and written English should be made clearly, so as to understand the features of spoken language. In terms of spoken English, it contains four features as follows, using less complex syntax, taking short cuts, using fixed conventional phrases, and using devices such as fillers, hesitation device to give us time to think before speaking.Secondly, principles for teaching speaking should be noticed as well, which mainly include the next four aspects—balancing accuracy based with fluency and practices, contextualizing practice, personalizing practice, and building up confidence, maximizing meaningful interactions, helping students develop speaking strategies and making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the students.Finally, when we design speaking tasks, one important consideration is the language proficiency level of the students. We should design the activities and practice in accordance with student’s ability, and try to diversify the forms so as to arouse their interest.6. 论述如何组织一堂READING课Reading is the construction of meaning from a printed or written message.First we should bear in mind the following principles:A. accessible reading materialsB. cleared prepared tasksC. promote students reading strategiesD. enough guidanceE. promoting the students reading ability models.Then during the tasks we should teach the student of three techniques as:bottom-up model, top-down model ,interactive modelTeaching procedures can be divided into three stages as :pre-reading, while-reading, post-reading. Reading comprehension is a cognitive task, teacher help develop the students strategies of interpreting the visual information, relating the received information with the reader's own general knowledge, and reconstructing the meaning that the writer had meant to convey.（feature）。