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论语第12章英文翻译

论语第12章英文翻译

12.1Y an Hui asked about humaneness. The master said, “To restrain oneself and observe the ritual constitute humaneness. Onece you have done these, the world will consider you humane. However, the practice of humaneness depends on no but yourself.”Y an Hui then asked, “What are the essentials of humaneness?” The master answered, “Do not look unless it is in accordance with the tituals, do not listen unless it is in accordance with the rituals, do not speak unless it is in accordance with the rituals, do not do anything that is in accordance with the rituals.”Y an Hui said, “ Though I am not intelligent, I shall stick to what you have just said.”12.2Zhong Gong asked about humaneness. The master said, “ In public, act as if you were receiving an honoured guest. While employing the services of the common people, act as if you were officiating a major ceremony. Do not do to others what you do not wish others do to you. In this way, you will incur no bitter feelings against you wether in state or family affairs.”Zhong Gong said, “Though I am not intelligent, I shall follow what you have just said.12.3Sima Niu asked about humaneness. The Master said, “A man of honor is cautious with his words.”Sima Niu asked, “Does that mean a man who is cautious with his words can be regarded as humane?”The Master said, “ How can a man not be cautious with his words when it is so difficult to turn his words into deeds?”12.4Sima Niu asked about being a man of honor. The master said, “A man of honor is free from worries and fears.”Sima Niu asked, “Can one be called a man of honor simply because he is free from worries and fears?”The Master said, “ If one has a clear conscience, what has he to worry about and fear?”12.5Sima Niu complained, “ Others have brothers, I alone have none.”Zixia said to him, “ I have heared it said that life and death are described by fate; weath and rank decreed by Heaven. The man of honor is dedicated to his work, does nothing wrong and is respectful and polite to others. Thus, all people within the Four Seas are his brothers. Why,then, does he have to worry about not having any brothers?”12.6Zizhang asked about clear-sightedness. The Master said, “ When one is not affected by slanders though the have been assiduously repeated, nor by false charges suddenly thrown at him, he can be said to be clear-sighted. More than that, he can be said to be far-sighted.”12.7Zigong asked about government. The Master said, “The essentials of good government are abundance of food, plenty of arms and the trust of the people.”Zigong asked, “ What if one of these three essentials had to be dispensed with, which one should it be ?”The Master said, “ Arms.”“ What if one of the remaining teo had to be dispensed with, which one should it be ?”“ Food,” said the Master. “ After all, since the beginning if time, no one has been able to escape the fate of death. But without the trust of the common people, the government would have nothing to sustain itself.”12.8Ji Zicheng siad, “ The important thing about a man of honor is his good intrinsic quality. (When he has good intrinsic quality,) what need is there for cultural refinement?”Zigong said, “ What a pity that you should talk about a man of honor in such a way. A word once spoken cannot be overtaken even by a team of four horses. ( To a man of honor,) cultural refinement is just as important as his intrinsic quality. The skin of a tiger or leopard would be no defferent from that of a dog or sheep once its colorful fur is shorn.”12.9Duke Ai(of Lu) asked Y ouruo, “We have had a poor harvest and I have not enough to cover my expenditures. What should I do ?”Y ouruo answered, “ Why not introduce a tithe?” The duke said, “ I don‟t have enough to spend even if I double the rate, how could a tithe do?”To which Y ouruo replied, “ When the people have plenty, the sovereign will not be in want; when the people are in want, how can the sovereign have plenty?”12.10Zizhang asked how one could cultivate virtue and the ability to resolve doubts at times of confusion. The master said, “ Make it your guiding principle to be loyal and trustworthy and keep to the path of righteousness and you will be cultivating virtue. When you love a person, you want him to have a long life, but when you hete him, you want him to die. When you want him both to live and to die, that is confusion. … If you did not love her for her riches, you must have forsaken her, for you have changed your mind‟.”12.11Duke Jing (of Qi) asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, “ Let the sovereign be a sovereign, the subject a subject, the father a fether, the son a son.”The Duke remarked, “ Well said. If the sovereign did not act like a sovereign, the subject not like a subject, the father not like a father and the son not like a son, then even if there were plenty of grain, would I get my share?”12.12The Master said, “If there‟s anyone who can settle a litigation case on the basis of evidence provided by one party, Zilu is probably the one.”Zilu never puts off fulfilling his promise.12.13The Master said, “ In settling a lawsuit, I am little different from others. I feel it is best to do away with all lawsuits.”12.14Zizhang asked about government. The Master said, “Never slacken your efforts at your post, show your loyalty when carrying out government orders.”12.15The Master said, “ The humane will not go astray for he is widely read and he keeps himself in line with the rituals.”12.16The Master said, “A man of honor helps others to realize their best aims, but not their worst desires. A petty-minded man does the opposite.”12.17Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about government. Confucius said, “ The world zheng is a homonym of the word zheng. If you set an example by being upright, who would dare to be otherwise?”12.18Ji Kangzi was disturbed by the large number of thieves. He asked Confucius for advice. Confucius said, “ If you were not covetous, no one would commit burglary even if they were to be rewarded for doing so.”12.19Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about government , “ What do you think of killing those who do not follow the Way so as to move the people closer to those who follow the the Way ?”Confucius answered , “ In governing a state, what need is there for you to kill? If you govern the state well , the common people will naturally become good. The morality of the man of honor is like the wind. That of the petty man is like grass. When there is a wind, the grass is sure to bend in the direction the wind blows.”12.20Zizhang asked, “ What must a scholar do to become prestigious?”The Master asked him, “ What is your understanding of being prestigious?”Zizhang answered, “ To be well-known whether serving the state or the big family.”“ But that is only being well-known and not prestigious. To win prestige, one must be upright and just sensitive to other‟s words and observant of their moods and expressions, and always ready to give precedence to others. Such a person is sure to win prestige whether he serves the state or a big family. A well-known person may put on an appearance of being honorable, but acts to the contrary, and feels no qualms about it. Such a person can make himself well-known whatever he does, in or out of government.12.21Fan Chi accompanied Confucius on an outing to the Rain Altar. He said, “May I ask how one can cultivate virtue, clear up resentment against oneself and recognize foolishness?”The Master answered, “What an excellent question! Isn‟t a person cultivating virtue when he places service before reward? Isn‟t he clearing up resentment when he criticizes his own mistakes rather than those of others? Isn‟t it foolishness when, in a sudden fit of anger, one neglects his own safety and even that of his parents?”12.22Fan Chi asked about humaneness. The Master said, “Know your fellow men.”He asked about wisdom. The Master said, “Know your fellow men。

12岁生日演讲稿范文五篇

12岁生日演讲稿范文五篇

【导语】⼗⼆岁代表的是告别了天真烂漫的⼉童时代,即将步⼊如诗如梦的少年,这⼗⼆年来,我要感谢我的爸爸,妈妈,姥姥,姥爷和爷爷,奶奶,是他们的呵护才让我从⼀个⽆知的少⼉茁壮长成懂事的少年。

我还要感谢我的亲朋好友。

⽆忧考为⼤家整理的《12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂五篇》,希望对⼤家有所帮助!12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂篇⼀ 亲爱的各位来宾: ⼤家好! ⾮常感谢你们能参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇! ⼗⼆岁代表的是告别了天真烂漫的⼉童时代,即将步⼊如诗如梦的少年。

这⼗⼆年来,我要感谢我的爸爸、妈妈、姥姥、姥爷和爷爷、奶奶,是他们的呵护才让我从⼀个⽆知的少⼉茁壮长成懂事的少年;我还要感谢我的亲朋好友,是他们帮助和关怀让我⾛过了⼗⼆年美好时光;我更要感谢我的同学和⽼师,在同学的帮助下使我学习成绩有所提⾼,在同学的⿎励下使我变得更坚强,同学们带给了我⽆限的欢乐。

在⽼师的教育下,使我增长了知识,在⽼师的关怀下,使我感到了温暖,在⽼师的辅导下使我的成绩⽇渐优秀。

在这⼗⼆年⾥,我变得独⽴、勇敢、坚强,遇事也⼗分沉重冷静。

我在⼗⼆年⾥也参加了很多⽐赛,获得了许多奖项,这也给了我锻炼的机会,让我学会了做⼈处事。

我以后要学会跟⼈交流沟通这项技能,让我变得更优秀,语⾔就是通往捷径的⼀条路,学会沟通是现代⼈的标志之⼀,它会给我带来许许多多的机会。

我很快就要告别⼩学,升⼊初中了,我⼀定要养成预习、复习的好习惯,这⼀定会让我的学习更加优秀,学起来也会⼗分轻松。

最后,我代表我们全家将最美好的祝福送给⼤家,祝⼤家⾝体健康、⽣活幸福、万事如意!12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂篇⼆ 尊敬的爷爷奶奶、叔叔阿姨和各位好朋友: ⼤家好! ⾸先感谢⼤家在百忙中参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇宴会。

12年的时间,既短⼜长,对于我的⼈⽣来说,是刚刚起步,浓墨重彩还在未来;⼤树新添了⼀圈年轮,⼩鸟的⽻⽑渐渐丰满,我也满12岁了。

每年的⽣⽇就是⼀个⼈成长的印记。

在这⾥,我⾸先要感谢我最最亲爱的爸爸妈妈。

12 闻一多先生的说和做

12 闻一多先生的说和做

能力拓展
1、“说”或“做”的相关成语或名言。
一言九鼎
一诺千金
言出必行 一言既出,驷马难追 言必行,行必果
讨论
1、闻先生的治学态度对我们有 什么启示?
“用心要专”“要有实干精 神”“要严谨刻苦”“耐得住寂 寞”“读书应有大目标”“为中华之 强盛而读书” 等等。
写作特色
1、结构严谨。
2、精于剪裁。
作者简介
臧克家( 1905—2004),现 代诗人。主要作品有《烙印》 《老马》 《自己的写照》,抗 战后出版了《从军行》《淮上 吟》等诗集。解放后出版的诗 集有《春风集》《欢呼集》 《臧克家诗选》和长诗《李大 钊》等。
资料链接
闻一多(1899—1946),著名诗人、 学者、爱国民主战士。 1923年出版第一部 诗集《红烛》,闪烁着反帝爱国的火花。 1928年出版第二部诗集《死水》,表现出深 沉的爱国激情。
课文中对闻一多的语言、肖像有许多具体描 写还有细节描写,都能起到具体再现闻一多先生 那令人尊敬的高大形象的作用,使他的精神、品 格、作风仿佛都成了可以具体感知的东西。
课文中对闻一多的语言、肖像有许多具 体描写。例如炯炯目光、头发零乱、昂首挺 胸、长发飘飘、目不窥园。又有细节描写, 例如“一个又一个大的四方竹纸本子,写满 了密密麻麻的小楷,如群蚁排衙”。凡此种 种,能起到具体再现闻先生那令人尊敬的高 大形象的作用,使他的精神、品格、作风仿 C ) A.弥高(满) 锲而不舍(刻) B.兀兀穷年(一年到头) 诗兴不作(起, 发) C.迥乎不同(差得远) 沥尽心血(滴) D.目不窥园(从缝隙中看) 气冲斗牛(凶猛的牛)
拓展阅读
七子之歌
闻一多
你可知“妈港”不是我的真名姓? 我离开你的襁褓太久了,母亲! 但是他们掳去的是我的肉体, 你依然保管着我内心的灵魂。 三百年来梦寐不忘的生母啊! 请叫儿的乳名,叫我一声“澳门”! 母亲!我要回来,母亲!

十二月是什么星座,12月份的星座有哪些

十二月是什么星座,12月份的星座有哪些

十二月是什么星座,12月份的星座有哪些十二月份出生的人是什么星座 12月01日-12月21日:射手座12月22日-12月31日:摩羯座射手座好吗射手座人的特点:射手座崇尚自由,并有幽闭恐惧的倾向,若长久处在相同的环境中会变得相当沮丧。

喜欢探讨自己所不了解的领域,语言是他们拓展见闻的工具,因而积极拓展多方面的语言能力。

常会着眼于自己能力所不及的事物,将之视为简单易得的目标而全力追求,却总是在完成一件事情之前就急于从事新的计划。

当他们感到疲倦时,多半是因为单调无聊所致,只要换个工作就能恢复一贯的生气。

必须设法纠正不安分的缺陷,否则在事业或婚姻上难有美满的结局。

一般而言射手女都大大咧咧外向直率,粗线条。

当身边出现了狠多的事情时,射手会想:不管怎么样,只要没有欺骗,喜欢有什么就是什么。

射手喜欢承受那些不能承受的痛,对自己爱的人永远的没有底线。

但是忍无可忍的那天将是分开的那天。

因为此时射手放弃了、绝望了、坚持不了。

摩羯座好吗十二月是什么星座,十二月份是什么星座摩羯座的人的特点:摩羯座孤独、忍耐的性格,加上半生的努力,比一般人晚发;所以必须寻找一位能相互合作又和蔼可亲的对象。

魔羯的事业野心在12星座中最为突出,因为性格中“冷”的成分占了多数,她们过于理性的冷静会给人留下不解风情的印象,所以通常魔羯的桃花运比较少。

平日不妨观察一下你身边的魔羯,他们每天风风火火忙于工作,却很少把心思花在别处,尤其在生活之道上有些薄弱,属于那种不太有趣的人。

对物质、权势、地位的一种追求,他们可以为了这些欲望不惜牺牲其他东西,“铁石心肠”就是魔羯的真实写照。

但有人把魔羯称做“叫好不叫座的星座”,这与她们的男性化特色有关,尽管魔羯的事业雄心值得佩服。

十二星座有白羊座、金牛座、双子座、巨蟹座、狮子座、处女座、天秤座、天蝎座、射手座、摩羯座、水瓶座、双鱼座查看星座应该是按阳历的!没有阴历。

白羊座:3月21日—4月20日金牛座:4月21日—5月20日双子座:5月21日—6月21日巨蟹座:6月22日—7月22日狮子座:7月23日—8月22日处女座:8月23日—9月22日天枰座:9月23日—10月22日天蝎座:10月23日—11月21日射手座:11月22日—12月21日魔蝎座:12月22日—1月19日水瓶座:1月20日—2月18日双鱼座:2月19日—3月20日而12月跨越了两个星座,12月上中旬都是射手座的,12月下旬则是摩羯座。

闲说十二生肖、地支与十二因缘

闲说十二生肖、地支与十二因缘

闲说⼗⼆⽣肖、地⽀与⼗⼆因缘谈起⼗⼆⽣肖,中国⼈是最熟悉不过了,不仅中国⼈熟悉,估计深受中国⽂化影响的东南亚地区也⾮常熟悉,因为熟悉,故“司空见惯”,正如古代的司空(古代的官职)见惯了美⼥,故不⾜为会透过现象去探求背后的事理,故我们这些普通⼈永远是“困惑不觉”,正如⼩时候我们经常背诵:春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟,夜来风⾬声,花落知多少?我们⼀直沉浸在东⽅古典的意境之中沉睡不醒,不会如西⽅⼈⼀样⾮要去看看到底花为什么会落?落了多少?为什么落这么多?这正是东西⽅⼈最⼤的差别之⼀吧?我们不仅要弘扬我们⾃⼰的民族⽂化,⽽且要让中国⽂化在世界的舞台为⼈类⽂明再造辉煌,迫切的要求每⼀个中华⼦孙要学点西⽅⼈的“探究精神”,故把我们最富有东⽅神秘⾊彩的“⼗⼆地⽀”与“⼗⼆⽣肖”、“⼗⼆因缘”做⼀番也许属于个⼈妄想的“探究”。

亥猪(⽆明)→⼦⿏(⾏)→丑⽜(识)→寅虎⼗⼆⽣肖,也叫⼗⼆兽历,当然指的是,亥猪(⽆明)(名⾊)→卯兔(六⼊)→⾠龙(触)→巳蛇(受)→午马(爱)→未⽺(取)→申猴(有)→⾣鸡(⽣)→戌狗(⽼死)。

这⾥我已经把⼗⼆⽣肖与⼗⼆地⽀与⼗⼆因缘联系到⼀起来说了,为了与⼗⼆因缘对照,就把亥猪放到了前⾯,如果运⽤东⽅哲学中特有的“圆形”思维,把这些阴阳、五⾏、四象、⼋卦、⼗⼆⽣肖、⼗⼆地⽀、⼗⼆因缘、⼗⼆星座等等统统⽤⼀个圆标识出来,应该⾮常具有太极的艺术之美。

紧密相连的印度、尼泊尔地区进⾏⼴泛的⽂化融合,故印度这个古代⽂明古国⾸先与中国进⾏“⽂明对话”⾸先具有地域的便利性。

所以有学者认为,⼗⼆⽣肖来⾃古代的天竺,这当然不是胡乱的联打开世界地图仔细来看,我想,⽆论对于⽂明或者⽂化有兴趣之⼈定然⾮常赞叹钱穆先⽣的论述,⽽赵翼先⽣⽤了“侵寻”两个字,更是道出了⽂明与⽂化的交流、对话、融合实质,⽽恰恰印度半岛与中国之间就有了游牧民族,这不能不说不是⼈类之幸!这个前提⼀旦确⽴,就⾜以说明,可能来源于印度的⼗⼆⽣肖通过我国西北地区的游牧民族与中国⽂化固有的⼗⼆地⽀⼀拍即合,马上交融⼀体,彰显出东⽅⽂明的智慧是⼀定的,⽆独有偶,⽽释迦佛乃印度的⼤圣⼈,当然他的⼗⼆因缘学说与印度固有的⼗⼆⽣肖与中国的⼗⼆地⽀具有⾼度的⼀致性,不同国度的⼤彻⼤悟之⼈⽤不同的语⾔来表达出也许⾄今我们也弄不明⽩的真理。

西游记12回主要内容

西游记12回主要内容

西游记12回主要内容 《西游记》是中国古典四⼤名著之⼀,是由明代⼩说家吴承恩所创作的中国古代第⼀部浪漫主义的长篇神魔⼩说,下⾯是⼩编整理的西游记12回主要内容,欢迎⼤家阅读! 西游记12回主要内容 观⾳菩萨变成疥癞游僧,将锡杖袈裟献给太宗。

太宗将其赐予⽞奘。

观⾳上台对⽞奘⾔⼤乘佛法的妙处,⽞奘愿去西天,太宗封其为“御弟圣僧”,赐号为“三藏”。

三藏唐僧出关⽽去。

西游记——第⼗⼆回⽞奘秉诚建⼤会观⾳显象化⾦蝉 诗⽈:龙集贞观正⼗三,王宣⼤众把经谈。

道场开演⽆量法,云雾光乘⼤愿龛。

御敕垂恩修上刹,⾦蝉脱壳化西涵。

普施善果超沉没,秉教宣扬前后三。

贞观⼗三年,岁次⼰巳,九⽉甲戌初三⽇,癸卯良⾠。

陈⽞奘⼤阐法师,聚集⼀千⼆百名⾼僧,都在长安城化⽣寺开演诸品妙经。

那皇帝早朝已毕,帅⽂武多官,乘凤辇龙车,出离⾦銮宝殿,径上寺来拈⾹。

怎见那銮驾?真个是:⼀天瑞⽓,万道祥光。

仁风轻淡荡,化⽇丽⾮常。

千官环佩分前后,五卫旌旗列两旁。

执⾦⽠,擎斧钺,双双对对;绛纱烛,御炉⾹,霭霭堂堂。

龙飞凤舞,鹗荐鹰扬。

圣明天⼦正,忠义⼤⾂良。

介福千年过舜禹,升平万代赛尧汤。

⼜见那曲柄伞,滚龙袍,辉光相射;⽟连环,彩凤扇,瑞霭飘扬。

珠冠⽟带,紫绶⾦章。

护驾军千队,扶舆将两⾏。

这皇帝沐浴虔诚尊敬佛,皈依善果喜拈⾹。

唐王⼤驾,早到寺前,吩咐住了⾳乐响器,下了车辇,引着多官。

拜佛拈⾹。

三匝已毕,抬头观看,果然好座道场,但见:幢幡飘舞,宝盖飞辉。

幢幡飘舞,凝空道道彩霞摇;宝盖飞辉,映⽇翩翩红电彻。

世尊⾦象貌臻臻,罗汉⽟容威烈烈。

瓶插仙花,炉焚檀降。

瓶插仙花,锦树辉辉漫宝刹;炉焚檀降,⾹云霭霭透清霄。

时新果品砌朱盘,奇样糖酥堆彩案。

⾼僧罗列诵真经,愿拔孤魂离苦难。

太宗⽂武俱各拈⾹,拜了佛祖⾦⾝,参了罗汉。

⼜见那⼤阐都纲陈⽞奘法师引众僧罗拜唐王。

礼毕,分班各安禅位,法师献上济孤榜⽂与太宗看,榜⽈:“⾄德渺茫,禅宗寂灭。

清净灵通,周流三界。

千变万化,统摄阴阳。

中国十二星次

中国十二星次
》所载,曾以参星为标志星。据《汉书·律历志》载,日至其初为立夏,至其中为小满。
明末后译黄道十二宫的双子宫为实沈宫。
《鹑首》
十二星次之一。与十二辰相配为未,与二十八宿相配为井、鬼两宿。据《汉书·律历志》
载,日至其初为芒种,至其中为夏至。明末后译黄道十二宫的巨蟹宫为鹑首宫。
《鹑火》
十二星次之一。与十二辰相配为午,与二十八宿相配为柳、星、张三宿。按《尔雅》,古
十二星次之一。 配十二辰为亥时,配二十八宿为室、壁两宿。古称娵訾之口,按《尔雅
》古以上述两宿为标志星。按《汉书·律历志》,日至其初为立春,至其中为雨水。明末
后译西方黄道十二宫中的双鱼宫为娵訾宫。
《降娄》
十二星次之一。 配十二辰为戌时,配二十八宿为奎、娄二宿。按《尔雅》古以上述二宿
为标志星。按《汉书·律历志》,日至其初为惊蛰,至其中为春分。明末后译西方黄道十
恋爱武器:温柔的个性及对家庭的重视,就是你(你)的魅力所在。
《析木》-射手
性格特点:“析木”代表拦截天河的木栅。现实生活中的你(你)最大的特点便是意志坚强,不论遇到任何逆境都能充满勇气地跨过。一旦有了奋斗目标,便会向著这个目标努力不懈。你(你)勤奋上进的性格,使你(你)常常拥有不菲的成绩。适合在学校或学会中担任职务。
恋爱倾向:你(你)喜欢优秀、出色的异性。但你(你)不喜欢束缚,所以希望与恋人要保持有一定距离。适合寻找一个有共同兴趣的恋人。
恋爱武器:坚强的你(你)若偶尔温柔,便更独具魅力。
《星纪》-山羊
性格特点:作为十二星座的出发点,有根基的含义。你(你)是一个信念坚强而勤奋的人,会向著自己的目标努力不懈。而且给人十分踏实可信的印象,深得他人信赖。但一向温柔的你(你)一旦发起脾气来,也是势不可挡的。

描写十二生肖的优美句子

描写十二生肖的优美句子

描写⼗⼆⽣肖的优美句⼦1. 赞美12⽣肖的句⼦【第2句】⽜。

桃林隐⼠不虚名,得道成仙载⽼君。

五⾕丰登能效⼒,七⾳美妙莫弹琴。

曾当⽊偶搬粮草,更作太牢祈⾬云。

荣辱得失⽆所计,⽢为⼈类付艰⾟。

…【第3句】猴。

家⼭岭⾃悠游,瀑布为帘洞作楼。

跳树攀枝摇⽇⽉,采花觅果度春秋。

⼀声长啸霜风冷,两臂轻开⾕径幽。

世事纷繁多变化,如今加冕戏神州。

…【第4句】⿏打洞,⽜吃草,⽼虎上⼭,兔⼦跑,龙在云⾥翻跟⽃,蛇在洞⾥看热闹,马⼉跑,⽺⼉跳,猴⼦上⼭采鲜桃,公鸡打鸣,狗看家,⼩猪呼呼睡⼤觉。

…【第5句】⽺。

名随苏武震神州,既有欢欣也有忧。

灵⾸成牲安社稷,毫⽑作笔写春秋。

⽣为跪乳传佳话,死亦留⽪做暖裘。

试问⼈间商贾客,为何卖狗挂吾头?…【第6句】⿏进书箱——咬⽂嚼字,⽜⾓上抹油——⼜尖⼜滑,虎⼝拔⽛——胆⼦⼤,兔的尾巴——长不了,龙王爷跳海——回⽼家,蛇吃黄鳝——⽐长短,马尾巴搓绳——不合股,⽺伴虎睡——靠不住,猴照镜⼦——得意忘形,鸡蛋碰⽯头——⾃不量⼒,狗掀门帘——全凭⼀张嘴,猪⿐上插葱——装象.…【第7句】⿏.为害⼀⽅本跳梁,⽣肖榜⾸⼤名扬。

⽛尖能⼊三分⽊,胆⼩偏偷万户粮。

野外蛇绝游异域,家中猫腻卧同床。

钻⼭打洞结成伙,府库掏空乐未央。

…【第8句】六钟醉,⾝缠岁⽉沧桑悴,疾⾛临风浩宇飞。

脱胎换⾻,断桥绝唱。

巳蛇闹春会。

七钟醉,飞驰骏⾻蹄声擂,捷影如风四野追。

御云啸⽉,纵横千⾥。

午马闹春会。

⼋钟醉,温良本性舐乳跪,难躲屠⼑⼼底悲。

炎凉世态,难全忠孝。

未⽺闹春会。

九钟醉,天宫⼤闹惊尘秽,横扫⾦箍除险危。

啼星啸露,雄⼼揽⽉。

申猴闹春会。

⼗钟醉,晨曦啼叫歌声脆,⽟⽴婷婷唤梦归。

五彩⽻翼,⾚冠雄伟。

⾣鸡闹春会。

百钟醉,智勇双全伤不吠,贫富不移紧相随。

频摇旋尾,⾚胆忠⼼。

戌狗闹春会。

千钟醉,皆因调戏嫦娥罪,⾝圈栏舍失雄威。

槽⾷糠糟,⽣肖添陪。

亥猪闹春会。

…【第9句】马。

纵横驰骋誉当年,屡战沙场盖史篇。

渡⽔登⼭声震地,追风逐⽇步惊天。

十二生肖的属相排列顺序

十二生肖的属相排列顺序

十二生肖的属相排列顺序十二生肖的属相排列顺序:鼠牛虎兔龙蛇马羊猴鸡狗猪中国生肖源于古人以十二种动物与十二地支相配纪年即子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。

以动物纪年可以追溯到黄帝时期如《事物纪原》载:黄帝立子丑十二辰以名月又以十二命兽属之。

1997年考古人员在云梦睡虎地11号秦墓中发掘了一批记有《日书》的竹简记载了秦国先择吉凶日子以便行事的内容其中有十二生肖的详述但同今天的生肖兽的种类有些不同。

郭沫若先生在《甲骨文字研究·释干支》一文中据《陶斋·卷四·新莽嘉量铭文》认为十二生肖始见于东汉但非创于王充亦不始于东汉。

王充《论衡·物势篇》:寅木也其禽虎也戌土也其禽犬也巳火也其禽蛇也。

《言毒篇》:辰为龙巳为蛇《四讳篇》注:子之禽鼠卯之兽兔可见十二生肖在战国后期已流行。

《唐书》:黠戛斯国以十二物纪年如岁在寅则曰虎年。

清代赵翼《陔余丛考》:盖北俗初无所谓子丑寅卯之十二辰但以鼠牛虎兔之类分纪岁时浸寻流传于中国遂相沿不废耳。

十二生肖的产生有着天文学的背景。

在原始时代先民们体验着寒暑交替的循环往复。

宋代洪皓《松漠纪闻》载:女真旧绝小正朔所不及其民皆不知纪年问则曰我见青草几度矣盖以草一青为一岁也。

宋代孟珙《蒙鞑备录》也记:其俗每草青为一岁有人问其岁则曰几草矣。

年又有观天者发现月亮盈亏周期可以用来丈量岁的长短发现十二次月圆为一岁这一发现是初期历法最精度的成果之一十二便视为传达天意的天之大数。

天干需地支为伴日月相对天地相对就非十二莫属了。

子鼠丑牛…戌狗亥猪。

天下动物很多古人为何选择了这十二种动物为属相清代刘献《广阳杂记》引李长卿《松霞馆赘言》:子何以属鼠也曰:天开于子不耗则其气不开。

鼠耗虫也。

于是夜尚未央正鼠得令之候故子属鼠。

地辟于丑而牛则开地之物也故丑属牛。

人生于寅有生则有杀。

杀人者虎也又寅者畏也。

可畏莫若虎故寅属虎。

犯者日出之候。

日本离体而中含太阴玉兔之精故犯属兔。

sf-12 生活质量量表 中文版

sf-12 生活质量量表 中文版

Brief communicationIs the standard SF-12Health Survey valid and equivalent for a Chinese population?Cindy m1,Eileen Y.Y.Tse1&Barbara Gandek21Family Medicine Unit,the University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong SAR(E-mail:clklam@hku.hk);2IQOLA Project,Health Assessment Lab,Boston,MA USAAccepted in revised form15June2004AbstractIntroduction:Chinese is the world’s largest ethnic group but few health-related quality of life(HRQoL) measures have been tested on them.The aim of this study was to determine if the standard SF-12was valid and equivalent for a Chinese population.Methods:The SF-36data of2410Chinese adults randomly selected from the general population of Hong Kong(HK)were analysed.The Chinese(HK)specific SF-12 items and scoring algorithm were derived from the HK Chinese population data by multiple regressions. The SF-36PCS and MCS scores were used as criteria to assess the content and criterion validity of the SF-12.The standard and Chinese(HK)specific SF-12PCS and MCS scores were compared for equivalence. Results:The standard SF-12explained82%and89%of the variance of the SF-36PCS and MCS scores, respectively,and the effect size differences between the standard SF-36and SF-12scores were less than0.3. Six of the Chinese(HK)specific SF-12items were different from those of the standard SF-12,but the effect size differences between the Chinese(HK)specific and standard SF-12scores were mostly less than0.3. Conclusions:The standard SF-12was valid and equivalent for the Chinese,which would enable more Chinese to be included in clinical trials that measure HRQoL.Key words:Health-related quality of life,SF-12,Chinese,Validity,EquivalenceIntroductionChinese make up nearly a quarter of the world’s population.They should be included in global and cross-cultural clinical trials but this is often not possible in studies that measure health-related quality of life(HRQoL)because of language and cultural barriers.Most HRQoL measures are in English and originate from the Western culture,so they need to be translated and validated before they can be applied to the Chinese.The Chinese (Hong Kong)translation of the MOS36-item Short Form Health Survey(SF-36)and its physical and mental health summary(PCS and MCS) Scales have been shown to be valid and equivalent for the Chinese[1–5],but the length of the SF-36 limits its acceptability in some clinical trials that need to measure a number of outcomes.The standard SF-12Health Survey(SF-12),an abbre-viated form of the SF-36that yields the PCS and MCS scores,is becoming a popular HRQoL measure in clinical trials because it can be com-pleted in a few minutes[6,7].The items and scoring algorithm of the standard SF-12were derived from data of a US general population survey in1990[6–8].The standard SF-12PCS and MCS scores are norm-based on the US general population whose mean is50and standard deviation(SD)is10[6,9].The12items include two from each of the physical functioning, role-physical,role-emotional and mental health scales and one item from each of the bodily pain, general health,vitality and social functioning scales of the SF-36.The items were selected by multiple regressions in order to explain the largest proportion of the total variance in the SF-36PCSQual Life Res(2005)14:539–547ÓSpringer2005and MCS scores.The response to each item is weighted separately by the PCS and MCS regres-sion coefficient and then summated to give the standard SF-12PCS and MCS scores,respectively.A small number and weighting of items may make a HRQoL measure more culture-sensitive [10,11].All previous studies on the validity and equivalence of the standard SF-12were carried out in Caucasian populations[8,12].There was very little data from any Chinese or Asian population whose cultures are quite different from those of the West.The rank orders by item mean of three(PF9, GH3and RE3)SF-36items were found to be different between the HK Chinese and US popu-lations[1].Although the differential item func-tioning(DIF)of a few items did not affect the validity of the SF-36Scales that summated all the items without weighting[1,13],they may have an effect on the validity and equivalence of the much shorter standard SF-12.The aim of this study was to determine if the standard SF-12was valid and equivalent for the Chinese population of Hong Kong,or whether a Chinese(HK)specific SF-12was needed.The standard SF-12is valid if it really measures the SF-36PCS and MCS scores,which are what it pur-ports to measure.The selected items should be representative and adequate in explaining the SF-36PCS and MCS scores(content validity),and the SF-12should give similar PCS and MCS scores as the SF-36(criterion validity).The standard SF-12 is equivalent if no more than three of the12items selected specifically from the Chinese(HK)popu-lation were different from those of the standard SF-12,as that found in other countries(item equivalence)[8];and if there is no important dif-ference between the results of the Chinese(HK) specific and standard scoring algorithms(mea-surement equivalence)[8,14,15].MethodsData of2410Chinese adults randomly selected from the general population of Hong Kong that were collected in the Chinese(Hong Kong)SF-36 norming survey in1998were used for analysis in this study.The detailed sampling and data collec-tion methods have been described in previous pa-pers[16,17].All subjects answered the Chinese (Hong Kong)translation of the SF-36and a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic data.Each subject was also asked to indicate whether he/she had ever been diagnosed by a doctor to have hypertension,diabetes mellitus, heart disease,stroke,chronic pulmonary disease, chronic joint disease,psychological illness or any other chronic disease.A subject was classified as not having any chronic disease if the responses to these chronic disease questions were all negative. Table1shows that the sociodemographic charac-teristics of the subjects were similar to those of the general adult population in Hong Kong[18].The sample was comparable to the US population sample[19]from which the standard SF-12was derived in mean age(42.9vs.43.6years)and sex distribution(47.8%vs.48%males).The Chinese(HK)specific SF-12items were selected by multiple regressions of the Chinese (HK)specific SF-36PCS and MCS scores derived from the HK Chinese adult population[3],based on the criteria of the International Quality of Life Assessment(IQOLA)Project for cross-cultural adaptation of the SF-12[8].The Chinese(HK) specific PCS and MCS regression constants and coefficients for each item response were obtained by regressing the Chinese(HK)specific SF-36PCS and MCS scores on the Chinese(HK)specific item scores.The SAS programme was used for the multiple regressions analyses.The SPSS Pro-gramme for Windows10.0(SPSS Inc.Chicago,IL, USA)was used for all other data analyses.The standard SF-12PCS and MCS scores were calculated by the standard algorithm described in the SF-12Manual[6].The Chinese(HK)specific and standard mean SF-12PCS and MCS scores were determined for all subjects and by self-re-ported chronic disease groups.Content validity was assessed by the proportion of total variance of the SF-36PCS and MCS scores explained by the SF-12PCS and MCS,and P90%was the expected standard[6,8].It was further assessed by Pearson correlations between the SF-12and SF-36PCS and MCS scores and the expected standard was P0.9[6,8].Effect size dif-ference between corresponding SF-12and SF-36 PCS and MCS scores was used to determine if the SF-12gave similar or different results from those of the SF-36(Criterion validity).Effect size dif-ference between the SF-36and SF-12scores was540calculated by dividing their difference by the standard deviation(SD)of the SF-36summary score.Measurement equivalence between the standard and Chinese(HK)specific SF-12wasfirst assessed by Pearson correlations(expected standard P0.9) and then the effect size differences between the standard and Chinese(HK)specific scores.The effect size difference was calculated by dividing the difference between the corresponding SF-12 scores by the SD of the Chinese(HK)specific SF-12score.The standard and Chinese(HK)SF-12 scores were also compared by chronic disease groups in order to determine if they performed differently in different groups.A spectrum of chronic diseases(Heart,chronic pulmonary,psy-chological and chronic joint)that are known to affect HRQoL were used as tracer conditions[20]. There is no consensus on what the minimally important difference(MID)in HRQoL scores should be.Kazis et al.showed that the effect size changes in scores measured by the Arthritis Im-pact Measurement Scale were mostly between0.3 and0.5in the treatment group[21];and Wyrwich showed that the MID of the Chronic Heart Failure Questionnaire scores corresponded to effect size changes of0.34–0.37[22].We therefore adopted Cohen’s moderate effect size of0.3–0.5as the MID in this study[23,24].ResultsThe Chinese(HK)specific SF-12PCS and MCS scalesFirst forward stepwise regressions of the Chinese (HK)specific SF-36PCS and MCS scores on the SF-36items selected two items each from the physical functioning(PF1,PF8)and mental health (MH3,MH4)scales,and one item each from the role-physical(RP3),bodily pain(BP1),social functioning(SF1)and role-emotional(RE3) scales.The second forward stepwise regressions, with the general health item(GH1)and the above items forced into the model,selected the remaining items(RP2,VT4and RE1)that explained the greatest variance of the HK Chinese specific SF-36 PCS and MCS scores.It is an IQOLA criterion that GH1should be included in all versions of SF-12because it is an item common to many HRQoL measures[8].Table2shows the Chinese(HK) specific SF-12items,in comparison with the standard SF-12items.The items that were differ-ent are shown in bold.The numbers in brackets correspond to the question numbers in the SF-36 Health Survey.Table3shows the regression coefficients of the Chinese(HK)specific SF-12items and those of theTable1.Sociodemographic characteristics of study sample compared with the Hong Kong general populationSampleN=2410Hong Kong general adult population a N=5,333,610Mean age(years)42.942.3Age group(years)18–4456.7%58.6%45–6423.7%27.4%65or above15.3%14.0%Refused to answer 4.2%0%Male47.8%48.3%Female52.2%51.7%Marital statusNow married58.0%59.4%Never married33.8%31.9%Widow/widower 5.8% 6.0%Divorced/separated 1.3% 2.7%Refused to answer 1.1%0%Educational levelNo schooling 6.9%8.4%Primary22.3%20.5%Secondary52.2%54.6%Tertiary17.8%16.4%Refused to answer0.9%0%Social class by occupationManagers andadministratorsN.A.10.7%bProfessional 3.1% 5.5%Associate professional14.7%15.0%Skilled worker35.4%33.5%cSemi-skilled worker24.6%15.0%dNon-skilled worker14.4%19.8%eRefused to answer7.7%0%a Data from the Hong Kong2001Population Census.b This occupation category is not applicable to the social classby occupation classification.c Craft workers,plant and machine operators and assemblers.d Service and shop sales workers.e Workers in elementary occupation,agriculture andfishery,and unclassified.541standard SF-12items,derived from the HK gen-eral Chinese population sample.The regression coefficient of the best response choice of each item is not shown because it is the indicator variable. The Chinese(HK)specific PCS and MCS regres-sion coefficients of each item response were used separately to weight each item response for the calculation of the PCS and MCS scores.The weight for the best response choice of each item is zero.Summation of the relevant Chinese(HK) specific regression constant and item response PCS and MCS regression coefficients would give the Chinese(HK)specific SF-12PCS and MCS scores, respectively.Content and criterion validity of the SF-12PCS and MCSThe R2in Table3indicates the proportion of total variance in the SF-36PCS or MCS score that was explained by the corresponding SF-12summary score.The standard SF-12PCS and MCS ex-plained82%and89%of the total variances of the standard SF-36PCS and MCS,respectively.The Chinese(HK)specific SF-12PCS and MCS ex-plained88%and90%of the total variances of the Chinese(HK)specific SF-36PCS and MCS, respectively.Table4shows the correlations between the SF-12and SF-36PCS and MCS scores.The correla-tions between the corresponding SF-36and SF-12 summary scores all reached the expected standard of0.9.The mean and standard deviation(SD)of the Chinese(HK)specific and standard SF12and SF-36PCS and MCS scores of the whole sample and by self-reported chronic disease groups are shown in Table5.The effect size differences(effect size1) between corresponding SF-36and SF-12scores were all less than0.3.Measurement equivalence between the chinese (HK)specific and standard SF-12As shown in Table4,the correlations between the corresponding standard and Chinese(HK)specific SF-12PCS and MCS scores were just short of0.9. The standard and Chinese(HK)specific SF-12 scores are compared in Table5.The mean stan-dard SF-12PCS and MCS for the overall HK Chinese population were50.2and48.4,respec-tively,which were similar to the US general pop-ulation means of50.The Chinese(HK)specific and standard SF-12detected similar significant differences between each chronic disease group and the‘no chronic disease’group.The largest difference between the Chinese(HK)specific and standard SF-12scoring algorithms was the PCS score of people reporting heart diseases,with an effect size of0.36.DiscussionThe standard SF-12did not satisfy the criterion on item equivalence for the Chinese population inTable2.The Chinese(HK)specific SF-12items compared with the standard SF-12itemsSF-36scales Chinese(HK)specific SF-12items Standard SF-12itemsPhysical functioning(PF)PF1(3a)Vigorous activities PF2(3b)Moderate activitiesPF8(3h)Walking several blocks PF4(3d)Climbing severalflights Role-physical(RP)RP2(4b)Accomplished less RP2(4b)Accomplished lessRP3(4c)Limited in kind of work RP3(4c)Limited in kind of workBodily pain(BP)BP1(7)How much bodily painhave you had BP2(8)how much did pain interfered with workGeneral health(GH)GH1(1)Your health is...GH1(1)Your health is...Vitality(VT)VT4(9i)Did you feel tired VT2(9e)Did you have a lot of energySocial functioning(SF)SF1(6)Extent social activitieswas interfered SF2(10)How much time social activities was interferedRole-emotional(RE)RE1(5a)Cut down time on work RE2(5b)Accomplish lessRE3(5c)Didn’t do work as carefully RE3(5c)Didn’t do work as carefully Mental health(MH)MH3(9d)Felt calm&peaceful MH3(9d)Felt calm&peacefulMH4(9f)Felt downhearted&blue MH4(9f)Felt downhearted&blue 542543Table3.Forward stepwise regressions of SF-36PCS and MCS scores on the SF-12item responsesItem_Response scores PCS regression coefficients MCS regression coefficientsChinese(HK)specific Standard Chinese(HK)specific StandardPF1_1)8.042639– 2.795780–PF1_2)3.641426– 1.121187–PF2_1–)6.609693– 3.461042PF2_2–)2.782074– 1.314947PF4_1–)6.269240– 2.586866PF4_2–)2.427698–0.752688PF8_1)16.203705–7.818665–PF8_2)7.963922– 3.164988–RP2_1)4.343623)4.390177)0.705448 1.022170RP3_1)5.044296)5.0474760.256528 1.278842BP1_1)17.012005– 3.635025–BP1_2.2)12.695771– 2.349628–BP1_3.1)9.002881– 1.931547–BP1_4.2)6.377284– 1.507313–BP1_5.4)3.772960–0.652800–BP2_1–)12.257268– 2.208989BP2_2–)10.594807– 2.500285BP2_3–)7.912197– 1.500170BP2_4–)4.970550– 1.033358GH1_1)8.704344)8.042873)0.8411670.184282GH1_2)5.382641)4.663071)1.133139)0.389631GH1_3.4)3.230279)2.706827)0.660725)0.349572GH1_4.4)1.936141)1.671905)0.7950150.330309VT2_1–)1.704222–)7.001461VT2_2–)1.355533–)5.031671VT2_3–)0.262164–)4.012001VT2_4–)0.150904–)2.677302VT2_5–0.150005–)1.396547VT4_1)2.301203–)6.694192–VT4_2)1.673615–)6.555417–VT4_3)1.217702–)4.965228–VT4_4)0.849186–)2.403254–VT4_5)0.495087–)1.041427–SF1_1 2.955278–)14.617923–SF1_2 1.116653–)12.142296–SF1_3 1.433979–)7.841254–SF1_40.861761–)4.676580–SF2_1–0.286656–)8.236227SF2_2–)0.189464–)6.857423SF2_3–0.193895–)5.284785SF2_4–0.482796–)3.301877RE1_1 2.468990–)6.099051–RE2_1– 2.747609–)6.981024RE3_1 1.642657 2.143392)5.120612)5.946570MH3_10.486081 2.865890)8.496928)8.255860MH3_2 1.644377 3.500893)8.257450)6.883770MH3_30.696675 2.694178)6.255882)5.404594MH3_40.864621 2.333822)4.238056)3.439909MH3_50.774435 1.609226)2.544268)1.943186MH4_10.851938 4.534201)12.868018)15.794343MH4_2)0.119061 2.494064)9.187208)12.925241MH4_3 1.319095 2.212045)7.247869)9.157472Hong Kong.Six items of the Chinese(HK)specific SF-12were different from those of the standard SF-12,suggesting some cultural differences in dif-ferential item functioning(DIF)of the SF-36be-tween the Chinese and US populations[13,25]. The number of items that were different between the standard and Chinese(HK)SF-12was larger than those found in nine European countries, probably because there are more differences be-tween the Chinese than European cultures and the US culture[8].No other country has selected PF1, BP1and RE1as the best SF-12items,which may reflect DIF that is unique to the Chinese culture. However,one must be cautious in generalising the results from this study to other Chinese popula-tions because the social system and people’s life style in Hong Kong are very different from those of Mainland China and other Chinese societies. Quality of life assessment is influenced not only by one’s ethnicity;it is also affected by social norms. Chinese populations living in different parts of the world may have developed different social expec-tations and standards of quality of life although they have the same cultural origin.Studies com-paring the population specific SF-12items between Chinese populations in Hong Kong,Mainland China,Taiwan,Singapore and Western countries could provide interesting information on whether DIF is ethnic or population specific.The standard SF-12PCS explained only82%of the total variance of the SF-36PCS score because three items(two from the physical functioning and one from the bodily pain scales)that contributed strongly to the standard SF-12PCS score were not the best items for the HK Chinese population. Despite this deficiency,there were very strong correlations(P0.9)between the standard SF-12 and SF-36PCS and MCS scores,and there were very small differences(effect size<0.3)between corresponding SF-36and standard SF-12scores in different groups of subjects.Thefindings supported the content and criterion validity of the standard SF-12for the Chinese population in Hong Kong. The mean standard SF-12PCS and MCS scores of the HK subjects were only0.2and1.6points different from the US population mean of50, suggesting that the standard SF-12was equivalent for this Chinese population.Pooling of the stan-dard SF-12data between the US and HK Chinese populations may be possible.Table3.(Continued)Item_Response scores PCS regression coefficients MCS regression coefficientsChinese(HK)specific Standard Chinese(HK)specific StandardMH4_40.987409 1.627192)4.368062)5.395771MH4_50.7170320.870407)2.320460)2.871620Constant60.17553455.55153462.74237861.557734R20.87660.82320.90170.8897Table4.Correlations between the SF-36and SF-12PCS and MCS scoresStd36PCS Std12MCS HK36MCS HK12PCSStd36MCS)0.1260.9380.9850.022Std12PCS0.897)0.073)0.0210.847HK36PCS0.9750.0500.0000.936HK12MCS)0.0490.8940.9500.040Notes:Std36PCS=SF-36PCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm.Std36MCS=SF-36MCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm.Std12PCS=SF-12PCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm.Std12MCS=SF-12 MCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm.HK36PCS=SF-36PCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)specific scoring algorithm.HK36MCS=SF-36MCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)specific scoring algorithm.HK12PCS=SF-12PCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)specific scoring algorithm.HK12MCS=SF-12MCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)specific scoring algorithm. 544As expected,the Chinese(HK)specific SF-12 had better psychometric properties than the stan-dard SF-12,which could imply better sensitivity and responsiveness for the Chinese.However,the Chinese(HK)specific SF-12did not seem to dif-ferentiate between‘chronic disease’and‘no chronic disease’groups better than the standard SF-12.The differences in the SF-12scores ob-tained by the two scoring algorithms were all smaller than the minimally important differenceTable5.Chinese(HK)specific and standard PCS and MCS scores by groupsMean(SD)Std PCS HK PCS Std MCS HK MCSAll subjects(n=2410)SF-3651.4(7.7)50.0(10.0)48.0(9.4)50.0(10.0)SF-1250.2(7.0)50.0(9.4)48.4(8.8)50.0(9.5)Effect size10.1600.040Effect size20.020.17No chronic disease(n=1493)SF-3653.8(5.5)53.5(6.7)48.6(8.7)50.5(9.2)SF-1252.3(4.8)53.2(6.3)49.1(8.1)50.6(8.8)Effect size10.270.040.060.01Effect size20.140.17Any chronic disease(n=917)SF-3647.4(8.9)44.3(11.8)47.0(10.4)49.2(11.1)SF-1246.9(8.5)*44.7(11.0)*47.4(9.8)*49.1(10.5)*Effect size10.060.030.040.01Effect size20.200.16Heart disease(n=94)SF-3641.7(11.0)36.0(14.7)46.9(10.2)49.2(10.9)SF-1241.8(10.6)*37.0(13.4)*46.7(9.4)48.7(10.9)Effect size10.010.070.020.05Effect size20.360.18Psychological diseases(n=94)SF-3645.8(9.6)41.6(12.9)40.2(10.8)41.6(11.8)SF-1245.4(9.0)*42.0(11.7)*41.4(10.1)*42.7(11.4)*Effect size10.040.030.110.09Effect size20.290.11Pulmonary diseases(n=128)SF-3646.6(10.9)43.6(14.2)44.6(10.6)46.0(11.1)SF-1246.3(10.6)*43.9(13.4)*44.4(10.4)*46.3(10.6)*Effect size10.030.020.020.03Effect size20.180.18Joint diseases(n=473)SF-3645.7(9.3)41.8(12.3)47.1(10.3)49.3(11.1)SF-1245.4(9.1)*42.6(11.4)*47.4(9.6)*49.0(10.7)*Effect size10.030.070.030.03Effect size20.250.15Notes:Std PCS=PCS score calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm;HK PCS¼PCS calculated by the Chinese(HK) specific scoring algorithm;Std MCS¼MCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm;HK MCS=MCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)specific scoring algorithm.Effect Size1difference between SF-12and SF-36summary score/SD of SF-36summary score.Effect Size2difference between standard and Chinese(HK)specific SF-12summary score/SD of the Chinese(HK)specific SF-12 summary score.*Difference between‘no chronic disease’and the disease group is significant by the two-sample t-test,with p<0.05.545(MID).Small improvements in cultural specificity and psychometric properties may not necessarily translate to real advantages in practice,and they have to be balanced against a decrease in inter-national comparability.This point has also been highlighted by Skevington et al.[26,27],who found that country specific items did not signifi-cantly improve the performance of the standard WHO Quality of Life(WHOQoL)Assessment Form.A major limitation of this cross-sectional study was that it could not assess the responsiveness of the standard and Chinese(HK)specific SF-12.The information on the sensitivity of the SF-12in discriminating between chronic disease groups was also limited by possible errors in subjects’self-reporting.Further studies are required to deter-mine the responsiveness and sensitivity of the standard SF-12and Chinese(HK)specific SF-12 as outcome measures in clinical trials.It should also be pointed out that subjects in this study answered the full SF-36Health Survey from which the data of the standard and Chinese(HK) specific SF-12were extracted.Further studies should be carried out to determine if people would answer the standard and Chinese(HK)specific SF-12differently if they are presented as two independent stand-alone surveys instead of embedded items of a longer questionnaire. ConclusionsThis was thefirst study to show that the standard SF-12Health Survey was valid and equivalent for a Chinese population.The standard SF-12items and scoring algorithm are recommended for the Chinese so that cross-cultural comparison and pooling of data are possible.The Chinese(HK) specific SF-12showed better psychometric prop-erties than the standard SF-12,thus,the Chinese (HK)specific SF-12may have a place in small local studies that require a more sensitive HRQoL measure instead of international comparability. We hope ourfindings will encourage more studies of the standard SF-12in Chinese popula-tions in other parts of China,Singapore and Western countries to provide more evidence in support of the use of this popular HRQoL mea-sure on the world’s largest ethnic group,so that Chinese can be included in more clinical trials. Further research on the population specific SF-12 items in different Chinese populations could pro-vide interesting information on whether differen-tial item functioning is ethnic or population specific.AcknowledgementsThe general population norming survey of the Chinese(Hong Kong)SF-36was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Hong Kong (EC842-96).It was funded by the Health Services Research Grant,the Government of Hong Kong SAR(HSRC#711026).I would like to thank Alex Chan,Willis Ho, Joanna Shing,Ka-Lai Chan,Wai-Hung Yu,June Chan,Chi-Kwan Wong,Wing-Yee Lai,Yick-Lok Chan and Hing-Wai Tsang,for their help in data collection and analysis.Parts of this paper have been submitted to the University of Hong Kong for the award of the Doctor of Medicine degree.Referencesm CLK,Gandek B,Ren XS,Chan MS.Tests of scalingassumptions and construct validity of the Chinese(HK) version of the SF-36Health Survey.J Clin Epidemiol1998;51:1139–1147.m CLK.Reliability and construct validity of 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translation of the SF-36.J Clin Epidemiol1998;51:1189–1202.14.Herdman M,Fox-Rushby J,Badia X.A model ofequivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instru-ments:The universalist approach.Qual Life Res1998;7: 323–335.15.Bullinger M.Ensuring international equivalence of qualityof life measures:Problems and approaches to solutions.In: Orley J,Kuyken W(eds),Quality of Life Assessment: International Perspectives.Berlin:Springler-Verlag;1994: 33–40.m CLK,Lauder IJ,Lam TP,Gandek B.Populationbased norming of the Chinese(HK)version of the SF-36 Health Survey.H K Pract1999;21:460–470.m CLK,Fong DYT,Lauder IJ,Lam TP.The effect ofhealth-related quality of life(HRQoL)on health service utilisation of a Chinese population.Soc Sci Med2002;55: 1635–1646.18.Census&Statistics Department Hong Kong,Main Tablesof the2001Population Census.Hong Kong:Census& Statistics Department,HKSAR;2002.19.Gandek B,Ware JE.Methods for validating and normingtranslations of health status questionnaires:The IQOLA Project approach.J Clin Epidemiol1998;51:953–959. m CLK,Lauder IJ,Lam TPD.The impact of chronicdiseases on health services and quality of life of a Chinese Pacific Fam Med2003;2:98–106.22.Kazis LE,Anderson JJ,Meenan RF.Effect sizes forinterpreting changes in health status.Med Care1989;27: S178–S189.23.Wyrwich KW,Nienaber NA,Tierney WM,Wolinsky FD.Linking clinical relevance and statistical significance in evaluating intra-individual changes in health-related quality of life.Med Care1999;37:469–478.24.Cohen J.The t-test for measures.In:Cohen J(ed.),Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.Hillsdale,New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates;1988: 19–74.25.Norman GR,Sridhar FG,Walter SD,Guyatt GH.Therelation of distribution-and anchor-based approaches in interpretation of changes in health related quality of life.Med Care2001;39:1039–1047.25.Holman R,Lindeboom R,Vermeulen M,Glas CAW,deHaan RJ.The Amsterdam Linear Disability Score(ALDS) Project,differential item functioning with regard to gender.QOL Newsleter2002;29:13–14.26.Skevington SM.Advancing cross-cultural research onquality of life:Observations drawn from the WHOQoL development.Qual Life Res2002;11:135–144.27.Skevington SM,Bradshaw J,Saxena S.Selecting nationalitems for the WHOQoL:Conceptual and psychometric considerations.Soc Sci Med1999;48:473–487.Address for correspondence:Cindy m,MBBS,MD, FRCGP,FHKAM,Family Medicine Unit,The University of Hong Kong,3rd Floor,Ap Lei Chau Clinic,161Main Street, Ap Lei Chau,Hong Kong SARFax:+852-********;E-mail:clklam@hku.hk547。

人教版九年级下册英语Unit12SectionB课文翻译

人教版九年级下册英语Unit12SectionB课文翻译

⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12SectionB课⽂翻译 翻译是指引,⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB的课⽂该怎么翻译呢?接下来是店铺为⼤家带来的关于⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂的翻译,希望会给⼤家带来帮助。

⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂翻译:2a 部分翻译 Have you ever played jokes on others, especially on April Fool's Day? Have you ever been fooled by others? Tell your story to your partner. 你曾经捉弄过别⼈吗,特别是在愚⼈节这天?你曾经被别⼈捉弄过吗?向你的同伴讲述你的故事。

⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂翻译:2b 部分翻译 Read the passage quickly.Then match each paragraph with the main idea. 快速阅读⽂章。

然后把每⼀段和中⼼意思搭配起来。

Paragraph 1 The most famous trick played 第⼀段最著名的恶作剧 Paragraph 2 Examples of funny stories that happened on April Fool's Day 第⼆段发⽣在愚⼈节的有趣的故事的例⼦ Paragraph 3 An introduction to April Fool's Day 第三段愚⼈节的介绍 Paragraph 4 A sad story that happened on April Fool's Day 第四段发⽣在愚⼈节的⼀个伤⼼的故事 USING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE 运⽤背景知识 Carefully reading the first sentence in each paragraph can activate your own knowledge of the topic and help you guess what the whole text is about. 认真阅读每⼀段的第⼀句可以激活你⾃⼰对于这⼀话题的知识,并且帮助你猜测整篇⽂章的内容。

人类图——12种人生角色

人类图——12种人生角色

⼈类图——12种⼈⽣⾓⾊【⼈⽣⾓⾊概述】⼈类图的⼈⽣⾓⾊,揭露出每⼀个⼈与外界互动的⾏为模式,如果能真正了解⾃⼰,就不容易⼈云亦云,认为⾃⼰该模仿他⼈,或甚⾄违背本性,勉强⾃⼰以不适合的⽅式与⼈连结。

只要单纯回归⾃⼰的本质,⼀定能与正确的⼈相遇,⽽对的关系将形成绵密⽽正向的⼈际⽹络,将你环绕,顺流畅⾏。

【⼈⽣⾓⾊的基础构架】我们的意识由两部分组成,个性意识以及设计意识,我们透过⼈⽣⾓⾊,可以了解这两者的性质。

⼈⽣⾓⾊共有⼗⼆种组合,每⼀种都是由意识个性太阳(⿊),与潜意识设计太阳(红),这两者落在哪⼀条⽘组合⽽成。

⼈⽣⾓⾊的基础是卦,每个卦都有六条⽘。

卦的基础结构分为两部分,下三⽘与上三⽘,分别有其特殊的主题;⽘的顺序数是从最下⾯的第⽘依序往上,六条⽘各有其特殊价值。

以房屋的结构来⽐喻六条⽘与其特质:第⼀⽘是房⼦的地基;第⼆⽘是⼀楼的空间,窗帘全拉开,站在外头,屋内的⼀切⼀览⽆遗;第三⽘是从⼀楼到⼆楼的过渡空间或旋转楼梯;第四⽘是⼆楼的地板,屋⼦的第⼆个地基;第五⽘是神秘的⼆楼,窗帘紧闭,外头则是抱有期待的投机者;第六⽘则位于房⼦的屋顶,在此鸟瞰隔壁住家,邻居街道以及下⾯所有的⼀切。

⼈⽣⾓⾊*/*:意识太阳(⿊)⽘位/潜意识太阳(红)⽘位如例图:意识太阳⿊落在2⽘,潜意识太阳红落在4⽘,即⼈⽣⾓⾊2/4⼈【下卦的主要⾓⾊】:第⼀⽘到第三⽘下卦是⾮常⾃我中⼼的历程,极为个⼈。

这些⾓⾊并不急于向外发展,也不会特别想和其他⼈互动。

①第⼀⽘——研究者⼀⽘致⼒于钻研事物根本,探究⽣命如何运作,要等到建⽴了牢固的基础他们⽅能放松,他们知道愈多,恐惧愈少。

不安全感驱使他们寻求权威,甚⾄⾃⼰变成权威。

⼀⽘的⼈研究⾏为。

他们观察⼈们的⾏为,从中学习何者⾏得通,何者⾏不通。

对他们来说,得以控制场⾯,并让切安然度过,是最重要的事。

⼈⽣策略和内在权威会协助⼀⽘的⼈来决定,什么是正确的研究,同时让他们⼀次专注⼀件事,这对于舒缓焦虑很有帮助。

与12有关的知识点

与12有关的知识点

与12有关的知识点
1、十二生肖:分别是鼠,牛,虎,兔,龙,蛇,马,羊,猴,鸡,狗,猪
3、12地支:与十二生肖相配合,也就是古代的十二个时辰分别为子,丑,寅,卯,辰,巳,午,未,申,酉,戌,亥。

2、十二国记:十二国记是1992年讲谈社文库WHITEHEART出版社出版的图书,作者是小野不由美。

该作是一部由小野不由美创作、山田章博绘。

3、黄金十二圣斗士:黄金圣斗士,是日本漫画家车田正美代表作圣斗士星矢中的12个人物。

他们身穿黄金圣衣,在雅典娜的圣斗士中占有最高地位。

4、十二小时制:十二小时制是一个时间规则把一日二十四小时分为两个时段,分别为上午和下午。

每个时段由十二个小时构成。

5、女子十二乐坊:女子十二乐坊是中国一个以流行音乐形式来演奏中国音乐的乐团,其表演形式有别于传统民乐演奏方式,给予观众新鲜感,极尽视听之娱。

12个小学生物理实验

12个小学生物理实验

12个小学生物理实验1、筷子的神力思考:把一根筷子插入装著米的杯子中,然后将筷子上提,筷子会把米和杯子提起吗?材料:塑料杯一个、米一杯、竹筷子一根操作:1、将米倒满塑料杯。

2、用手将杯子里的米按一按。

3、用手按住米,从手指缝间插入筷子。

4、用手轻轻提起筷子,杯子和米一起被提起来了。

讲解:由于杯内米粒之间的挤压,使杯内的空气被挤出来,杯子外面的压力大于杯内的压力,使筷子和米粒之间紧紧地结合在一起,所以筷子就能将成米的杯子提起来。

2、瓶子赛跑思考:装有沙子和装有水的两个同等重量的瓶子从一个高度滚下来,谁先到达终点?材料:同等大小、重量相等的瓶子两个、沙子、水、长方形木板一块、两本厚书操作:1、用长方形木板和两本书达成一个斜坡2、将水倒入另一个瓶子中,将沙子倒入瓶子中3、把两只瓶子放在木板上,在同一起始高度让两只瓶子同时向下滚动4、装水的瓶子比装沙子的瓶子提前到达终点讲解:沙子对瓶子内壁的摩擦比水对瓶子内壁的摩擦要大得多,而且沙子之间还会有摩擦,因此它的下滑速度比装水的瓶子要慢。

创造:将瓶子里的物质换一换,再让它们比比赛吧!3、带电的报纸思考:不用胶水、胶布等粘合的东西,报纸就能贴在墙上掉不下来。

你知道这是为什么吗?材料:1支铅笔;1张报纸。

步骤:1. 展开报纸,把报纸平铺在墙上。

2. 用铅笔的侧面迅速地在报纸上摩擦几下后,报纸就像粘在墙上一样掉不下来了。

3. 掀起报纸的一角,然后松手,被掀起的角会被墙壁吸回去。

4. 把报纸慢慢地从墙上揭下来,注意倾听静电的声音。

说明:1. 摩擦铅笔,使报纸带电。

2. 带电的报纸被吸到了墙。

3. 当屋子里的空气干燥(尤其是在冬天),如果你把报纸从墙上揭下来,就会听到静电的劈啪声。

创造:请试一试,还有什么物品能不用粘和剂,而用静电粘在墙上4、胡椒粉与盐巴的分离思考:不小心将厨房的佐料:胡椒粉与盐巴混在了一起,用什么方法将他们分离开呢?材料:胡椒粉、盐巴、塑料汤勺、小盘子操作:1、将盐巴与胡椒粉相混在一起。

数字12代表什么是什么意思

数字12代表什么是什么意思

数字12代表什么是什么意思12是日常数量单位,12个叫做一打。

12在不同的领域和不同的历史文化中,含义也是不同的。

下面店铺为你介绍数字12的含义。

数字12的含义在数学中,12是第6个合数,其因子有:1,2,3,4,6,12;12的正因子数目是个完美数,而它所有正因子之和亦是一个完美数(1+2+3+4+6+12=28)。

有这样性质的数暂时只找到两个;12是三维空间中的接吻数;在多面体方面,12是立方体和正八面体的边数,也是正二十面体、截半立方体和截角四面体的顶点数。

在自然科学中,12是镁原子的序数;地球围绕太阳公转的周期,大约是月球绕地球公转周期的12倍,因此12这个数对人类的计时和历法具有特殊的意义。

在我国,12是常见的算数或货物包装单位,12打称为一罗,但这种称谓比较少见。

在古代也用12代指多数;战国时代至隋朝使用重量单位中,十二铢等于半两;周易的六十四卦中的第十二卦是否卦;黄历中的一种历注称为十二值;在佛教中,十二处是佛教中的一个常见名数;佛教中还有一些12个神祇并称的名号,如药师佛有十二神将护法,另外还有称作十二天的12个护法神;佛教将三藏依体裁和内容分成十二类,称为十二分教或十二部经。

所以,12是占星术、古代天文学、历法中有关空间与时间最基本的数字,特别是在____和犹太教传统中,12 获得了更为重要的象征意义,指代受上帝垂爱的人。

此外,12还代表于中国组织、天象区域以及时间的周期。

梦见数字十二的含义梦见数字十二,意外的小运气来到!这两天是比较适合捞偏门的日子!本职工作/学业中积累的经验和人际资源将帮助你得到新的工作/学业机会,无意中得知的消息也有助于你开展业余创业。

为自己留后路,对于个人来说,是值得考虑的做法。

但是做好保密工作/学业也很重要呢!毕竟公司大多不赞同员工兼职呢!出行的人梦见数字十二,建议可以如期出行。

上学的人梦见数字十二,意味着成绩差,不能达到理想。

恋爱中的人梦见数字十二,说明虽有阻碍,有误会化解,慢慢有希望成婚。

12岁生日小寿星演讲稿【五篇】

12岁生日小寿星演讲稿【五篇】

【导语】演讲者根据⼏条原则性的提纲进⾏演讲,⽐较灵活,便于临场发挥,真实感强,⼜具有照读式演讲和背诵式演讲的长处。

以下是⽆忧考为⼤家整理的12岁⽣⽇⼩寿星演讲稿【五篇】,希望对您有所帮助。

【篇⼀】12岁⽣⽇⼩寿星演讲稿 亲爱的各位来宾: ⼤家好! ⾮常感谢你们能参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇! ⼗⼆岁代表的是告别了天真烂漫的⼉童时代,即将步⼊如诗如梦的少年,这⼗⼆年来,我要感谢我的爸爸、妈妈、姥姥、姥爷和爷爷、奶奶,是他们的呵护才让我从⼀个⽆知的少⼉茁壮长成懂事的少年;我还要感谢我的亲朋好友,是他们帮助和关怀让我⾛过了⼗⼆年美好时光;我更要感谢我的同学和⽼师,在同学的帮助下使我学习成绩有所提⾼,在同学的⿎励下使我变得更坚强,同学们带给了我⽆限的欢乐。

在⽼师的教育下,使我增长了知识,在⽼师的关怀下,使我感到了温暖,在⽼师的辅导下使我的成绩⽇渐优秀。

在这⼗⼆年⾥,我变得独⽴、勇敢、坚强,遇事也⼗分沉重冷静。

我在⼗⼆年⾥也参加了很多⽐赛,获得了许多奖项,这也给了我锻炼的机会,让我学会了做⼈处事。

我以后要学会跟⼈交流沟通这项技能,让我变得更优秀,语⾔就是通往捷径的⼀条路,学会沟通是现代⼈的标志之⼀,它会给我带来许许多多的机会。

我很快就要告别⼩学,升⼊初中了,我⼀定要养成预习、复习的好习惯,这⼀定会让我的学习更加优秀,学起来也会⼗分轻松。

最后,我代表我们全家将最美好的祝福送给⼤家,祝⼤家⾝体健康、⽣活幸福、万事如意!【篇⼆】12岁⽣⽇⼩寿星演讲稿 各位亲朋好友⼤家中午好, ⾸先感谢你们在百忙之中来参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇庆典,这天我个性⾼兴、也个性激动,我想,这天我该是这个世上最幸福的⼈了。

12年的时光,既短⼜长,对于我的⼈⽣来说,是刚刚起步,浓墨重彩还在未来;但对于为我付出了⾟苦和关爱的爷爷奶奶,爸爸妈妈来说,却已经倾注了他们全部的⼼⾎和时光。

所以这天,在我将告别天真烂漫的童年时,在我将步⼊如诗如梦的青少年时代时,在这特殊的时刻,我要个性感谢家⼈的养育之恩,感谢亲朋好友的关爱之情。

数字12幼儿园教案

数字12幼儿园教案

数字12幼儿园教案教育目标1.让幼儿认识数字12,理解12的概念。

2.培养幼儿对数字的兴趣,提高他们对数字的敏感度。

3.通过数字12的教学,促进幼儿语言、思维、动手能力的综合发展。

教学目标认知目标1.能够看懂数字12。

2.能够点出12个物品,并说出“十二”。

3.能够用图形表示数字12。

情感目标1.提高幼儿的自信心,增强他们学习数字的信心。

2.培养幼儿通过画画、游戏等方式进行数字学习的兴趣。

动作目标1.能够把数字12按顺序排列出来。

2.能够用12个小球盖住12个点,并且说出“十二”。

教学内容音乐律动节奏活动热身,通过唱歌、跳舞、敲节奏器等活动,让幼儿愉快地进入数字世界。

自然观察通过自然观察,如数昆虫、拍数花、数鱼、数树叶等,让幼儿对数字的认识更加深刻。

图形认知通过制作数字卡片、拼图等活动,让幼儿认识数字12,并能进行简单的数字比较。

游戏互动通过游戏互动,如识图比赛、抢数字、搭积木等活动,让幼儿进一步加深对数字12的理解。

创意画画通过创意画画,如画12只小鸟、画12个小球等活动,让幼儿在画画过程中更好地理解数字12。

教学方法1.以学生为中心的教学,鼓励幼儿踊跃参与。

2.多种教学方法结合,如观察、游戏、创意画画等,确保教学效果。

3.与纪律要求相结合,提高幼儿学习数字的兴趣和积极性。

教学评估1.观察幼儿的参与积极性和学习习惯的改变。

2.通过游戏比赛、作品展示等方式,测评幼儿对数字12的掌握情况。

3.与幼儿家长进行沟通,了解他们对幼儿数字学习的评价。

教学反思1.教学目标过多,要把握好时间和重点。

2.教学形式多样性,要根据幼儿实际情况进行调整。

3.教学评估要量化,才能更好地了解幼儿的学习情况,及时调整教学方案。

十二的各种写法

十二的各种写法

《十二的各种写法》小朋友们,今天咱们来看看“十二”这个数字的各种写法。

咱们最常见的写法就是“12”啦,这两个数字排在一起,就代表了十二。

比如说,我们有12 个苹果,或者12 只小兔子。

还有一种写法就是汉字“十二”,这两个字看起来方方正正的。

像我们说“十二个月”“十二点钟”,就会用这样的写法。

我给你们讲个小故事哦。

有一天,小明要给好朋友写信,信里说:“我有十二颗糖,想分给你一半。

”他一开始写的是“12 颗糖”,后来觉得不够好看,就改成了“十二颗糖”。

除了上面这两种,还有大写的写法,那就是“拾贰”。

这个写法在写支票或者重要的文件时会用到呢。

比如说,爸爸去给工人叔叔发工资,支票上写的就是“拾贰元整”。

小朋友们,这就是“十二”的几种常见写法啦,你们记住了吗?《十二的各种写法》小朋友们,咱们接着聊聊“十二”的写法。

“十二”除了刚才说的那些,还有罗马数字的写法哟,是“Ⅻ”。

这个写法看起来有点奇怪,对不对?咱们在一些古老的钟表上可能会看到它。

我再给你们讲讲。

有一次,老师让我们做手抄报,主题是数字。

小红画了十二朵花,她写数字的时候,用了好几种写法,有“12”“十二”,还有“Ⅻ”,老师夸她想得真周到。

还有呀,在数学书上,有时候也会用不同的写法来表示十二。

比如说,在做算术题的时候,可能会写“12 + 3 = 15”,也可能写“十二加三等于十五”。

小朋友们,是不是很有趣呀?《十二的各种写法》小朋友们,今天咱们再说说“十二”的写法。

咱们先说阿拉伯数字“12”,这个最简单啦,大家都会写。

然后是汉字“十二”,每次看到这两个字,我就想到一年有十二个月,每个月都有不同的风景。

还有大写的“拾贰”,这个写法很正式。

就像过年的时候,爷爷给我压岁钱的红包上,会写“拾贰元”。

我还知道,在英语里,“十二”是“twelve”。

我有个同学,他特别喜欢英语,有一次他用英语写了一篇作文,里面就有“twelve”这个单词。

小朋友们,“十二”有这么多写法,你们以后看到可要认得出来哦!。

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1.4.4充分研究现场施工环境,妥善处理施工组织与周边接口问题,使施工对周边环境的影响最小化。
1.4.5施工方案编制尽可能做到总体施工部署和分项工程施工组织相结合,重点项目和一般项目相结合,特殊技术与普通技术相结合,总体上使施工方案具有重点突出,内容全面,思路清晰的特点。
第2章 工程综合说明
2.1 工程简介
3.6 主要施工设备及主要实验设备
根据业主对工期、质量的要求,结合工程的结构特点,将调集满足施工要求的各种机械设备,以保证施工任务的完成。由于工地的环境及气候不能满足实验室要求,施工现场将安排能够进行常规土工试验设备,以满足现场施工要求,其它大型实验设备布置在公司实验室,可供监理随时查验。
详见主要施工机械设备表及主要的材料试验、测量、质检仪器设备表。
施工组织机构图
3.4 劳动力投入计划
为确保业主要求的工期,合理制定施工进度计划,工期紧张的各个施工阶段中,严格进行施工管理,不折不扣的完成施工计划要求,项目经理部由管理、技术人员计28人组成。
根据本工程总体部署及工程进度安排,本工程所投入的施工技术力量及劳动力高峰期为30人,详见劳动力投入计划表
劳动力投入计划表
(十)确保劳力充足、高效:
根据工程需要,配备充足的技术人员和技术工人,并采用各项措施,提高劳动者技术素质和工作质量。
第5章
5.1
5.1.1工艺流程
铺土→打格卸灰→拌和→整形→碾压→养生
5.1.2铺土
5.1.2.1 采用同一车型运土。计算每车土堆放的纵横间距,按计算的间距卸土。
5.1.2.2 用推土机将土摊平,并进行排压。用平地机整平,检验松铺土层厚度是否符合设计要求。
5.1.4.3 拌和时应随时检查拌和深度,拌和深度应直达石灰土底基层底面。
5.1.5整形
5.1.5.1 拌和均匀后应立即采用平地机进行初步整形。
5.1.5.2 采用推土机、平地机或轮胎压路机在初平的路段上快速排压一遍以暴露潜在的不平整。
5.1.5.3 将局部低洼处表层5cm以上的石灰土耙松,用石灰土找平,并用机械碾压一遍。
第1章 编制说明
1.1 编制目的
为指导()12%石灰土底基层工程施工,确保施工质量、安全和工期,降低工程造价,为施工提供科学的指导依据,特制定本施工方案。
1.2 适用范围
本施工方案仅适用于()12%石灰土底基层工程施工。
1.3 编制依据
1.3.1()施工平面图。
1.3.2设计主要依据的规范、规定和标准
2.3.2分部分项工程量
()cm厚12%石灰土底基层

3.1 总体施工安排
3.1.1 总体施工安排原则
1、综合考虑地方因素,合理组织交通、材料供应,将地方干扰降到最低。
2、以12%石灰土底基层摊铺,碾压为施工重点,分区、分段进行施工安排。
3、按流水作业顺序,区、段工序安排平行作业。
3.2 施工现场平面布置及交通组织
5.2.3.2 将局部低洼处表面5cm以上的石灰土耙松,用石灰土填平,并用机械碾压一遍。
5.2.3.3 再用平地机整形一次,将高处的石灰土刮出路外。
5.2.3.4 每次整平都应达到规定的坡度和路拱。
5.2.4碾压
5.2.4.1 按照首件施工确定的碾压方案进行碾压,路基两侧应多压2~3遍。
5.2.4.2 整形后,石灰土的含水量为最佳含水量的±1%~±2%时,应立即进行碾压。
6.2.3项目经理是质量第一责任人,应把质量的好坏与个人经济挂钩,奖惩分明,增强各级管理人员质量、责任意识。
6.2.4严格按照国家有关技术规范,操作规程和设计要求施工。
5.1.3打格卸灰
5.1.3.1 采用同一车型运输石灰。计算出每车石灰摊铺的面积,事先在路基上用石灰打出方格,每格中卸一车石灰。
5.1.3.2 用推土机配合人工将石灰摊铺均匀。
5.1.4拌和
5.1.4.1 采用稳定土拌和机拌和,相邻拌和段重叠拌和5米以上,相邻拌和重叠拌和25cm以上。
5.1.4.2 拌和时应及时检查含水量,使含水量等于略大于最佳含水量。若含水量小于最佳含水量,应及时调整。
3.2.1 施工总平面布置
经现场查勘,施工生活区及施工现场内,视施工实际需要布置预留施工通道,以满足交通需要,施工场地,加强文明施工。本工程在施工占地内设置临建设施,作为施工的主营地,布置现场主要的临时生产、生活设施,施工人员宿舍。
在施工设施布置时,为满足环保的需要,在各主要施工场地设置垃圾池、洗车槽、废水沉淀池,确保工地卫生、出场车辆和废水排放满足环保卫生要求。备用发电机房等要设置双层围蔽,以减小噪音和尘土污染。所有临时营地设施按国家和天津市消防安全法规配齐消防装置。
()位于()。工程主要内容()。计划开竣工日期为()工期()天。本分部分项工程为12%石灰土底基层工程施工。
2.2
2.2.1地形、地貌、地质
天津市位于华北平原东北部,海河流域下游,东临渤海,北枕燕山,与河北省、北京市为邻。本项目位于天津市()区,所站施工区域主要地貌类型有渠堤及渠道等。地表沉积物以砂土、砂粘土为主;含水量较大,工程性质较差。
(三)施工准备抓早抓紧:
作为施工单位尽快做好施工准备工作,认真复核图纸组织进行设计技术交底,进一步完善施工组织设计,落实施工方案。主动疏通地方关系,取得地方政府及有关部门的支持,施工中遇到问题影响进度时,将统筹安排,及时调整,确保总体工期。
(四)施工组织不断优化:
以施工组织进度和工期要求为据,及时完善施工组织设计,落实施工方案,报监理工程师审批。根据施工情况变化,不断进行设计、优化,使工序衔接,劳动力组织、机具设备、工期安排等有利于施工生产。
人员类别
数量
项目部管理人员
1
作业管理人员含工长
4
技术员
3
道路施工员
1
电工
1
司机
10
普工
10
合计
30
3.5 主要材料计划
3.5.1土:
混合料所用土为亚粘性土,按照JTJ051-93中标准方法进行试验。土中不得含有污染物,有机质或其它有害物质。并要求易于被粉碎和拌和。
3.5.2石灰:
石灰质量应符合GB1594-79规定的Ⅲ级以上生石灰或消石灰的技术指标,石灰应经充分消解后才能使用。不得含有灰团和生石灰块。
以及与本工程有关的国家、部及天津市技术标准、法规文件等。
1.4 编制原则
1.4.1严格执行工程施工过程中涉及的相关规范、规程和设计标准。
1.4.2遵守、执行招标文件各款的具体要求,确保实现业主要求的日期、质量、安全、环境保护、文明施工和造价等各方面的工程管理目标。
1.4.3在认真、全面理解设计文件的基础上,结合工程情况,应用新技术成果,使施工方案具有技术先进、方案可靠、经济合理的特点。
交通部颁标准《公路工程质量检验评定标准》JTJ071—98
交通部颁标准《公路工程施工安全技术规程》JTJ076-95
交通部颁标准《公路路基施工技术规范》JTJ033-95
交通部颁标准《公路路面基层施工技术规范》JTJ034-2000
《施工现场临时用电安全技术规范》JGJ46-2005
《天津市市政工程施工现场安全管理标准》J10436-2004
(施工进度计划表)
4.
本工程工期紧、工作量大、施工难度高,为确保按期完成工程,特制定以下工期保证措施:
(一)道路施工管理组织机构迅速成立、及时到位,建立健全组织构,对内指挥施工生产,对外负责合同履行及协调联络。
(二)组织施工力量迅速进场:
迅速进场,机械设备将随同施工队伍迅速到位,确保沥青砼面层工程按时(或提前)完工。
(七)实行责任制考核评定工作(争创市优文明工地)。
(八)安排好冬季的施工:
根据当地气象、水文资料,有预见性地调整各项工作的施工顺序,制定冬季施工保证措施并作好预防工作,使工程有序和不间断的进行。
(九)加强机械设备管理:
切实做到加强机械设备的检修和维修工作,配齐维修人员,配足常用配件,确保机械正常运转,对主要工序要储备一定的备用机械,确保机械化施工顺利进行。
3.2.2 施工场地的交通疏导
本工程为达到文明施工要求,树立良好的施工形象,满足施工安全、环境保护的要求,创建文明施工工地,厂区外设置醒目的施工标识,明确指示车流方向。
3.3 施工组织机构及任务划分
3.3.1 施工组织机构及人员配备
为安全、优质、快速建成()工程,我们将按项目法组建责、权、利统一的“()项目经理部”,施工组织机构及项目部人员配置详见下表。
5.1.6.4 碾压时,轮迹应重叠不小于30cm。
5.1.7养生
5.1.7.1 底基层碾压完成,经检验合格后,如不立即进行基底施工,应洒水养生。
5.1.7.2 完工后的石灰土层应养生7天,养生期间应保持其表面呈潮湿状态,常温季节每日应洒水4次以上。
5.2
采用厂拌或路外拌和的石灰土应拌和均匀,且含水量应略大于最佳含水量。
(五)建立从经理部到各施工现场的调度指挥控制系统,全面、及时掌握并迅速、准确地处理影响施工进度的各种问题。对工程交叉和施工干扰应加强指挥和协调,对重大关键问题超前研究,制定措施,及时调整工序和调动人、财、物、机,保证工程的连续性和均衡性。
(六)强化施工管理严明劳动纪律,对劳动力实行动态管理,优化组合,使作业专业化、规范化。
5.2.4.3 在直线段或不设超高的曲线段由路基两侧向路中心碾压,在设超高的曲线段,由曲线内侧向曲线外侧碾压。
5.2.4.4 碾压时轮迹应重叠30cm以上。
5.2.5养生
5.2.5.1 底基层碾压完成,经检验合格后,如不立即进行基层施工,应洒水养生。
5.2.5.2 完工后的石灰土层应养生7天,养生期间,应保持其表面呈潮湿状态。常温季节每日应洒水4次以上。
第6章 质量保证措施
6.1
工程合格率达到100%,优良率达到95%,工程质量等级确保优良,达到交通部优质工程标准。
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