湖南农业大学考研试题611教育学专业基础综合(2015~2017年)
湖南农业大学考研试题811综合知识(2015~2017年)
2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：综合知识 811适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
Section A: Linguistics (60 points)I. Translate the following linguistic terms into English. (5 points, 1 point each)1.应用语言学2.音位变体3.述谓分析4.输入假设5.派生词素II. Define FIVE of the following terms, giving examples if necessary. (10 points，2 points each )1. Displacement2. Back clipping3. Minimal pair4.Morphological rule5. Perlocutionary act6. Sociolinguistics7. Subordinate constructionIII. Fill in each blank with a suitable term, with some of the initial letters given.(10 points, 1 point each)1. D___________ refers to an area of human activity in which one particularspeech variety or a combination of several speech varieties is regularly used，for instance, situations in which the persons talking to one another are members of the family, e.g. mother and children.2. B ___________is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formedby combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of the which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like brunch.3. H___________ structure is the sentence structure that group words into structuralconstituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.4. M__________ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure ofwords, and the rules by which words are formed.5. C _________are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action.6. T___________ theory is a theory about trace left by movement. This theoryassumes that a moved constituent leaves behind a phonologically null element in its original site.7.P___________ are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are notverifiable, in other words, they are utterances that perform an act.8. I___________ is the language system of an individual as expressed their way heor she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.9. S___________ is the study of meaning communicated through language. Thebasic task is to show how people communicate meanings with pieces of language.10. A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producingthe sounds of speech.IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (15 points，1.5 points each )1. （）Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the factthat language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and thesystem of meanings.2. （）Saussurs’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallingusitics.3. （）Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’sconcept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhatdifferent from Saussure’s langue.4. （）If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind oflanguage exposure and chances to interact with language input, they willacquire the native-like competence in the target language.5. （）Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP,VP,and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.6. （）Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situation.7. （）Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.8. （）Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy.9. （）Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.10. （）The right ear advantage(REA)is true to no matter whether people havethe left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance for speech.V. Choose FIVE of the following questions to answer. (20 points，4 points each)1. Who put forward the concept of langue and parole? What is the differencebetween them?2. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?3. Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.Motel lase ROM mew/miaow4. What is word? What is lexicon? What is lexeme? What is vocabulary?5. Can you make some comments on IC analysis?6. What is X-bar theory?7. What is discourse analysis?Section B: Translation (60 points)1．Translate the following into Chinese (30 points)The sublime paradox of the spiritual life is repeated in all true development of personal gift and power. In order to find his life a man must first lose it; in order to keep his soul a man must first give it. The beginning of all education is self-conscious; at the start every effect must be calculated, every skill, method, or dexterity carefully studied. Training involves a rigid account of oneself based on searching self-knowledge. To become an effective speaker one must know his defects of bearing, gesture, voice; one must bring his whole personality into clear light, and study it as if it were an external thing; one must become intensely self-conscious. The initiation to every art is through this door of rigid scrutiny of self and entire surrender of self to the discipline of minute study and exacting practice. The pianist knows the artistic value of every note, and strikes each note with carefully calculated effect. The artist gives himself up to a patient study of details, and is content with the monotony of laborious imitation; subjecting every element of material and manner to the most thorough analysis.The first stage in the education of the true worker is self-conscious; the final stage is self-forgetful. No man can enter the final stage without passing through the initial stage; no man can enter the final stage without leaving the initial stage behind him. One must first develop intense self-consciousness, and then one must be able to forget and obliterate himself. One must first accept the most exacting discipline of the school, and then one must forget that schools exist. The apprentice is the servant of detail; the master is the servant of the idea: the first accepts methods as if they were the finalities of art; the second uses them as mere instruments. Tennyson's attention was once called to certain very subtle vowel effects in one of his later poems; he promptly said that he had not thought of them. That was undoubtedly true, for he had become a master; but there was a time, in his days of apprenticeship, when he had studied the musical qualities and resources of words with the most searching intelligence. The transition from apprenticeship to mastery is accomplished when a man passes through self-consciousness into self-forgetfulness, when his knowledge and skill become so much a part of himself that they become instinctive. When the artist has gained, through calculation, study, and, practice, complete command of himself and his materials, he subordinates skill to insight, and makes his art the unconscious expression of his deepest nature. When this stage is reached the artist can pour his whole soul into his work almost instinctively; his skill and methods have become so completely a part of himself that he can use them almost without being conscious of them.2．Translate the following into English. (30 points)“诺诺”者，唯命是从，凡事好好好，是是是，逢人点头哈腰，遇事不辨青红皂白，正所谓“唯唯诺诺”。
2018年湖南农业大学硕士研究生入学考试自命题611 教育学专业基础综合试题
2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：611 教育学专业基础综合适用专业(领域）：教育学各二级学科考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、单项选择题：1～30小题，每小题3分，共90分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。
1、关于制度化的教育和非制度化的教育，下列说法错误的是（）A. 制度化的教育从非制度化的教育演化而来B. 非制度化的教育的形式化程度低C. 学校教育是一种制度化的教育D. 非制度化的教育正在逐渐消亡2、关于批判教育学的代表人物及所属国家正确的是（）A. 美国的杜威B. 巴西的弗莱雷C. 德国的斯普朗格D. 英国的阿普尔3、从教育功能的性质上看，可把教育的功能分为（）A. 个体功能和社会功能B. 保守功能与超越功能C. 本体功能与派生功能D. 显性功能与隐性功能4、联合国通过的《21世纪议程》指出“教育在促进可持续发展和提高人们解决环境和发现问题的能力上，具有重要作用”，这表明教育具有（）A . 生态功能 B. 经济功能C. 政治功能D. 人口功能5、教育目的选择与确立的基本价值取向有人本位的价值取向和（）A. 国家本位的价值取向B. 社会本位的价值取向C. 生活本位的价值取向D. 知识本位的价值取向6、我国全面发展教育的构成主体是（）A. 科学教育和人文教育B. 德育、智育、体育和美育C. 社会教育、家庭教育和学校教育D. 初等教育、中等教育、高等教育和成人教育7、教育制度是一个国家各级各类教育机构与组织体系及其（）A. 管理规则B. 文化传统C. 发展愿景D. 价值观念8、从形态上看，我国现行学制主要属于（）A. 单轨学制B. 双轨学制C. 分支型学制D. 网络型学制9、学生主体性的最高表现形式是（）A. 调控性B. 选择性C. 独立性D. 创造性10、课程不应该帮助学生去适应社会，而是要建立一种新的社会秩序和社会文化，这一观点属于（）A. 存在主义课程论B. 后现代主义课程论C. 经验主义课程论D. 社会改造主义课程论11、教育工作是国家的重要事务，夏朝时国家机构中主管教化的政务官是（）。
湖南农业大学2020年硕士研究生入学考试611《教育学基础综合》大纲
附件3：2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试教育学考试大纲Ⅰ．考试性质教育学专业基础综合考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收教育学学科的硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生掌握教育学学科大学本科阶段专业基础知识、基本理论、基本方法的水平和分析问题、解决问题的能力，评价的标准是高等学校教育学学科优秀本科毕业生所能达到的及格及及格以上水平，以利于各高等院校和科研院所择优选拔，确保硕士研究生的招生质量。
Ⅱ．考查目标教育学专业基础综合考试涵盖教育学原理、中外教育史、教育心理学和教育研究方法等学科基础课程。
要求考生系统掌握上述教育学学科的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法，能够运用所学的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法分析、判断和解决有关理论问题和实际问题。
1．准确地再认或再现学科的有关知识。
2．准确、恰当地使用本学科的专业术语，正确理解和掌握学科的有关范畴、规律和论断。
3．运用有关原理，解释和论证某种观点，辨明理论是非。
4．运用教育学原理、观点和方法，比较和分析有关社会现象或实际问题。
Ⅲ．考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为300分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、试卷内容结构教育学原理约37%中外教育史约37%教育心理学约15%教育研究方法约11%四、试卷题型结构单项选择题判断题简答题论述题Ⅳ．考查内容一、教育学原理【考查目标】1.准确识记教育学的基础知识。
2.正确理解教育学的基本概念和基本理论。
3.能够运用教育学的基本理论分析教育理论与实践问题。
一、教育学概述(一)教育学的研究对象(二)教育学的研究任务(三)教育学的产生与发展1.教育学的萌芽2.独立形态教育学的产生与发展3.20世纪以来教育学的发展教育学流派;教育学分支学科;元教育学。
(四)教育学的理论基础及其与相关学科的关系哲学基础;心理学基础;社会基础。
(五)教育学的价值教育学的理论价值;教育学的实践价值。
2015年考研教育学专业基础综合考试(全国)真题及答案解析
2015年考研教育学专业基础综合考试（全国）真题及答案解析(1/45)单项选择题(下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
)第1题夸美纽斯《大教学论》理论论证采用的主要方法是( )。
A.自然类比B.哲学思辨C.经验描述D.科学实验下一题(2/45)单项选择题(下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
)第2题杜威在《我的教育信条》中说：“我相信唯一的真正教育是通过对儿童能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到的社会情景的各种要求所引起的。
”这种对教育的定义属于( )。
A.描述性定义B.纲领性定义C.操作性定义D.解释性定义上一题下一题(3/45)单项选择题(下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
)第3题《学会生存──教育世界的今天和明天》指出，第二次世界大战结束以来各国教育面临社会发展的新需求与挑战，存在三种普遍流行的现象，即( )。
A.“教育先行”“终身教育”“为未知社会培养新人”B.“教育先行”“终身教育”“社会拒绝使用学校毕业生”C.“终身教育”“为未知社会培养新人”“社会拒绝使用学校毕业生”D.“教育先行”“为未知社会培养新人”“社会拒绝使用学校毕业生”上一题下一题(4/45)单项选择题(下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
)第4题根据加德纳的多元智能理论，教育和评价要充分尊重、利用人的发展的( )。
A.顺序性B.阶段性C.差异性D.不平衡性上一题下一题(5/45)单项选择题(下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
)第5题集中体现杜威教育目的的价值取向的观点是( )。
A.儿童是教育的中心．教育的各种措施都要围绕儿童加以组织B.教育过程在它之外没有终结，它终结于它自身C.社会是教育的目的，儿童是教育的起点和手段D.教育的目的就是获得更多的生长上一题下一题(6/45)单项选择题(下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
湖南农业大学考研试题613普通生物学(2015~2017年)
2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：普通生物学（一） 613适用专业（领域）：植物学、生理学、水生生物学、微生物学、遗传学、发育生物学、细胞生物学、生物化学与分子生物学、生物物理学、生物技术与工程、烟草生物科学与工程技术、生物信息学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、名词解释（共计40分，中文名词每小题3分，英文名词每小题5分）1．纺锤体2．种群3．细胞分化4．应激性5．生态因子6．支原体7．神经元8．木质部9．基础代谢率10．卡尔文循环11．Transposon12．Apical dominance二填空题：（每小题3分，共计18分）1．植物的光系统由、和三部分组成。
2．声波从体外传入外耳道，引起鼓膜的振动。
鼓膜振动推动中耳中听小骨、和，最后经把振动传送给内耳中的液体。
3．在一定条件下，生物体（或细胞）能使其受伤的DNA得到修复。
细胞DNA 修复的方式通常包括：、、、和。
4．双子叶植物根的初生结构通常包括、和三部分。
5．聚合酶链式反应（PCR）有、和三个基本反应组成。
6．爪蟾的胚胎发育过程包括、、、、和等阶段。
三、问答题（共计52分，1-5每小题8分, 6题12分）1．1956年克里克提出将遗传信息的传递途径称为中心法则。
请简要概括中心法则的主要内容。
2．请简要说明动物形态和发育构建的多样性。
3．使蛋白质磷酸化的酶称为蛋白激酶，蛋白激酶普遍存在于动、植物和真菌的信号转导途径中。
请举例说明磷酸化和去磷酸化在细胞生命活动中的作用和意义。
4．请简要说明人小肠的重要生物学功能及其结构基础。
5．描述细胞内膜系统的组成成分，并概述其生物学功能。
6．以被子植物为例，概述其生活周期并说明生活周期中的主要生物学事件及其意义。
四、综述题（共计40分，每小题20分）1．和动物相似，植物对自身的生命活动也有一整套调控系统。
湖南农业大学611教育学专业基础综合2013--2018年考研初试真题
2013年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：教育学专业基础综合（自命题） 618适用专业（领域）：教育学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、单项选择题：（每小题3分，共90分）1、主张教育目的是“为完满生活作准备”、反对英国古典主义教育传统的教育家是（）A. 培根B. 洛克C.斯宾塞D.赫胥黎2、被朱熹称为“为学之序”的“博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之”出自（）A. 《大学》B. 《中庸》C.《论衡》D.《白鹿洞书院揭示》3、实验安排的反作用效果也称为（）A.霍桑效应B.马太效应C.皮格马里翁效应D.消散效应4、在科学史上，首次研究了科学认识的“归纳—演绎”程序及其所遵循的方法，并在形式逻辑之上建立了科学方法论的哲学家、思想家是（）A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C. 亚里士多德D.毕达哥拉斯5、形式训练说所涉及的迁移本质上是（）A.水平迁移B.垂直迁移C. 特殊迁移D.一般迁移6、在教育研究报告中，研究中使用的调查问卷一般放在（）A.前言部分B. 正文部分C. 结论和建议部分D.附录部分7、测验结果的一致性或稳定性，称为实验的（）A. 信度B.效度C. 错误D.误差8、在加涅的学习信息加工模式中，编码、贮存登记属于（）A.领会阶段B.习得阶段C.保持阶段D.反馈阶段9、在皮亚杰认知发展的四个阶段中，儿童的集体独白处于（）A.感知运用阶段B.前运算阶段C.具体运算阶段D.形式运动阶段共26页第1页。
湖南农业大学614公共管理学(一)2015年考研真题
2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题
科目名称及代码：公共管理学（一） 614
适用专业（领域）：行政管理、社会医学与卫生事业管理、教育经济与管理、社
会保障、土地资源管理、宪法与行政法、农业科技管理与公
共政策
考生需带的工具：
考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；
②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、名词解释（共计20分，每小题5分）
1.政府能力
2.国家预算
3.税收
4.行政立法
二、简述题（共计60分，每小题15分）
1.试论行政权力分配的原则。
2.举例说明通过财政手段如何对资源进行配置。
3.如何理解社会主义国家执政党对行政的监督。
4.简述行政职业道德的内涵，以及行政职业道德规范的主要内容。
三、论述题（共计70分，每小题35分）
1. 党的十八届三中全会提出：“经济体制改革是全面深化改革的重点，核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用”，请从政府职能理论的视角谈谈政府应当如何发挥其作用。
2.党的十八届四中全会指出“法律的生命力在于实施，法律的权威也在于实施。
各级政府必须坚持在党的领导下、在法治轨道上开展工作，创新执法体制，完善执法程序，推进综合执法，严格执法责任，建立权责统一、权威高效的依法行政体制，加快建设职能科学、权责法定、执法严明、公开公正、廉洁高效、守法诚信的法治政府”。
请结合实际，谈谈你对法治政府内涵、特征，以及当前我国法治政府建设任务的理解。
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湖南农业大学考研试题615生态学概论(2015~2017年)
2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：生态学概论 615适用专业：生态学产业生态与管理考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、解释下列概念（共计30 分，每小题 2分）1．生物入侵2．杂食食物链3．种群集群型分布4．生物多样性5．次生演替6．环境因子7．生物的生态适应性8．气候生态型9．基础生态位10．生态容量11．偏害共生12．原始协作13．生态失调14．生态哲学15．生态对策二、判断下列说法（对打“√”，错打“×”；共计 30 分，每小题 2 分）1．生态学总是将生物与环境作为一整体来研究（）。
2．不同种生物个体之间对不同的生态环境的响应方式是不同的（）。
3．在自然条件下，生物与环境之间相互关系并不是一成不变的（）。
4．同一生物种群在不同的生育阶段对温度条件的要求是不同的（）。
5．占据不同生态位的生物在同一生态系统中往往能相对和谐相处（）。
6．决定植物群落地上部分层的环境因素主要是光照和湿度（）。
7．在自然环境中植物群落结构存在随季节变化而呈现出不同的外貌（）。
8．一年中处于不同坡面的植物接受阳光的总量存在较大差异（）。
9．一般而言，相同体量的针叶树种抗旱能力强于阔叶树种（）。
10．土壤结构对土壤持水性、通气性和温度状况有重大影响（）。
11．在足够大的区域内群落中生物个体间不存在竞争关系（）。
12．在过冷或过度干旱的情况下，总有部分生物种群数量或多或少地受到不利影响（）。
13．无论在何种生态环境中生物种群数量越多，其构成的群落一定会越稳定（）。
14．适生生物即是能适应不同生境的生物（）。
15．凡是绿色的产品均可称为生态产品（）。
三、简要回答下列问题（共计60分，每小题10分）1. 处于顶极群落的森林生态系统，其地上部可分哪个基本结构层次？2. 顶极群落在理论上具有哪些主要特征？3. 你认为在重建生态系统结构设计中，至少需要遵守的三项生态学原则是什么？4. 一般而言，生态因子通过哪些作用方式影响生物的生存与发展？5. 目前生态学工作者主要从哪几个层面入手研究生物多样性？6. 可将典型的旱生演替过程分为哪几个阶段？四、论述下列命题（共计30分，每小题15分）1. 试论述农业生态系统能为人类提供哪些服务功能？2. 作为生态学专业硕士生，你对哪个生态学问题最感兴趣？为什么？2016年湖南农业大学全日制硕士生招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：生态学概论 615适用专业（领域）：生态学、产业生态与管理考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
湖南农业大学农学概论(一)2015—2018年考研真题试题
2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：农学概论（一） 826适用专业（领域）：作物学、作物栽培学与耕作学、作物遗传育种、种子科学与技术、作物信息科学、烟草学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、名词解释（共计50分，每小题5分）1. 作物生长率2. 光饱和点3. 作物营养最大效率期4. 耕作制度5. 调亏灌溉6. 作物的侵染性病害7. 杂种优势8. 良种9. 育种目标10.杂交育种二、简答题（共计60分，每小题10分）1．简述作物的温光反应特性及其在栽培和育种上的应用。
2．简述粮食安全的概念与内涵。
3．简述作物生产上施肥的原则。
4．简述作物种子休眠的原因与打破休眠的方法。
5. 混合选择法同单株选择法的区别是什么?各有何优缺点？6. 简述作物引种时应遵循哪些原则才可能成功？三、论述题（共计40分，每小题20分）1. 假设某块农田一年内种植两季水稻，早、晚稻经济产量分别为550 kg/亩和650 kg/亩，试计算该田块的光能利用率，并分析提高光能利用率的途径。
（已知：当地太阳总辐射为2000J/cm2·d，1molCH2O的产热量为469 kJ；1年按365天计算，1亩按667m2计算；早晚稻经济系数均按0.5计算，稻谷矿物质含量按10%计算）。
2. 什么是生物技术育种？农作物育种中应用最多、最广泛的生物技术育种方法有哪些？2016年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：农学概论（一）826适用专业（领域）：作物学、作物栽培学与耕作学、作物遗传育种、种子科学与技术、作物信息科学、烟草学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、名词解释（共计50分，每小题5分）1. 作物的温光反应特性2. 持续农业3. 湿害4. 作物需水量5. 间作6. 植物检疫7. 远缘杂交8. 诱变育种9. 杂种优势10. 混合选择法二、简答题（共计60分，每小题10分）1．简述作物的S形生长曲线及其在生产上的应用。
2017年湖南农业大学考研真题612基础英语硕士招生自命题科目试题
2017年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：基础英语612适用专业（领域）：外国语言学及应用语言学考试需带的工具：考生注意事项：1所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；2按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
I.Paraphrase（20 points, 2 points each）Write your answer on the answer sheet1. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it.2. Serious looking men spoke to each other as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them.3. Even the self-assurance of Ogilvie flickered for an instance.4. The case had erupted round my head.5. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied--- a cosmos.6. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.7. Hitler was counting on enlisting capitalists and Right Wing sympathies in this country and the U.S.A.8. Conversation is not for making a point.9. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.10. Mark Twain digested the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer.II.Vocabulary and Grammar（20 points, 1 point each）Decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. __dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A AlthoughB whateverC AsD However2. If only I __play the guitar as well as you!A wouldB couldC shouldD might3. The party, __I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A by whichB for whichC to whichD at which4. It’s high time we __ cutting down the rainforests.A stoppedB had to stopC shall stopD stop5 The student said there were a few points in the essay he __ impossible to comprehend.A has foundB was findingC had foundD would find6. Aren't you tired? I ____ you had done enough for today.A. should have thoughtB. must have thoughtC. might have thoughtD. could have thought7. "It seems that she was there at the conference." The sentence means thatA. she seems to be there at the conference.B. she seemed to be there at the conference.C. she seems to have been there at the conference.D. she seemed to being there at the conference.8. Which of the following adverbs can NOT be used to complete " _____ everybody came"?A. NearlyB. QuiteC. PracticallyD. Almost9. In "How much do you think he earns?" how much is ______ of the sentence.A. the subjectB. the adverbialC. the objectD. the complement10. "The man preparing the documents is the firm's lawyer" has all the following possible meanings EXCEPTA. the man who has prepared the documents...B. the man who has been preparing the documents...C. the man who is preparing the documents...D. the man who will prepare the documents...11. Keep this reference book; it may come in _____ one day.A. handyB. usefulC. convenientD. helpful12. The questions that the speaker raised were well ____ the average adult.A. pastB. onC. beyondD. through13. Teachers in this school were encouraged to use drama as a(n) _____ of learning.A. designB. instrumentC. agencyD. tool14. First, we need to find out what his scheme is, and then act _____. A. sensitivelyB. imaginativelyC. efficientlyD. accordingly15. At first Jim was not quite clear what he was going to do afteruniversity, but now he seems _____ on becoming a computer programmer.A. fitB. setC. disposedD. decided16. Developing countries should adopt labor-intensive technologies to _____ their comparative advantage of abundant labor.A. useB. exploitC. employD. explore17. The tests show the earlier in life a person hears a sound the longer it is .A. retainedB. preservedC. remainedD. reserved18. The Channel Tunnel is one of the biggest engineering projects ever .A. understatedB. undertakenC. undergoneD. underneath19. Good relationship between partners are the rudders which steer joint ventures through waters.A. troublesomeB. troubledC. troublousD. disturbed20. The lack of manners and common politeness is not to business deals. It’sa social blank.A. exclusiveB. inclusiveC. elusiveD. impassiveIII.Cloze(30 points, 1.5 points each）Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage in the corresponding blanks. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.In Japan, most people still feel that a woman’s place is in the home; and most women willingly accept their 1 role as wife, leaving the business of making a living 2 their husbands. For those who do want a 3 of their own, opportunities are limited, and working women usually have to 4 for lower wages, fewer promotions, less responsible 5 .In America, on the other hand, most women, 6 wives and mothers, work most of their lives. But 7 , few have had real careers. As in Japan most fields are 8 by men and opportunities for women have been 9 , salaries low, chances for advancement 10 . American women work mainly because they 11 ; in these days of inflation and luxury living, 12 income per family is simply not enough to 13 . So American women actually have two jobs; one nine –to –five position outside the home, and 14 round- the- clock in –the-home job 15 wife. Housemaid, cook, and nurse.One of the main goals of the modern women’s liberation movement, which started 16 , was to eliminate sex discrimination in the work force, and to 17 careers for women that were previously 18 for men. And though there is still a long way to 19 , a lot of progress has been 20 .1. A) conservative B) usual C) traditional D) unhappy2. A) for B) with C) up to D) away with3. A) job B) career C) profession D) post4. A) settle B) request C) ask D) search5. A) titles B) status C) assignments D) positions6. A) concerning B) including C) containing D) involving7. A) at present B) until recently C) recently D) not until recently8. A) owned B) kept C) led D) dominated9. A) restricted B) bounded C) reduced D) prohibited10. A) small B) inadequate C) rare D) scarce11. A) should B) ought C) like D) have to12. A) one B) single C) only D) the one13. A) live B) live on C) feed on D) support14. A) another B) one C) other D) the other15. A) such as B) like C) as D) acting16. A) in the early 1960s B) in early the 1960sC) early in the 1960 D) in the early 196017. A) lead to B) open up C) offer D) set up18. A) preserved B) observed C) concerned D) reserved19. A) go B) travel C) strive D) pull through20. A) made B) taken C) covered D) completedIV. Reading（40 points, 2 points each）Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions; decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage 1Geraldo Rivera is well known for his compassionate investigative reports on WABC-TV Eyewitness News. He has done exposes of New York City’s welfare hotels, the over-pricing of prescription drugs, and drug abuse. In 1971, he received the Associated Press Broadcaster of the Year award for the program Drug Crisis in East Harlem. He received the award again in 1972 for the program Migrants, Dirt Cheap.His most famous expose however was done on the horrible conditions at Staten Island’s Willowbrook State School. It is the world’s largest institution for the mentally disabled. His investigation began when he and his camera crew gained access to one of the building. Geraldo’s emotionally charged reports exposed the unsanitary conditions and neglectful, often abusive, treatment of the patients. He cried over what he discovered, and he made his viewers cry, too. The programs created a public plea for reform, and changes were made. Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York restored $20 million to the school’s slashed budget. The programs--Willowbrook earned him the Scripps-Howard Award, an Emmy，and the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award.Geraldo Rivera has continued working for the mentally disabled. He founded One-to-One, a charity that provides small group homes for the care of the mentally disabled in the community. He hosts huge outdoor festivals for the mentally disabled in New York City’s Central Park. He also wrote a book about some of the courageouspeople he has met as an investigative journalist. It is called A Special Kind of Courage. As he himself says, “I make no pretense of objectivity. But I’m not just in the business of making people cry. I’m in the business of change.”1. Geraldo Rivera is working as a(n)____．A) news reporter for a newspaper in New YorkB) investigative reporter for a special TV programC) investigative officer of the New York governmentD) philanthropist for the welfare of the mentally disabled2. How many awards did Rivera receive for his work?A) Two B) There C) Four D) Five3. Rivera’s investigation and expose on the conditions at Willowbrook State School led to ____.A) the public concern and request for changes.B) the improvement of the conditions there.C) a considerable increase in the school’s budgetD) all of the above4. The term “One-to-One” in the 3rd paragraph refers to____.A) an organization in the community that helps take better care of the mentally disabledB) a device that helps the mentally disabled behave themselvesC) an organization that provides homes for the mentally disabledD) a hospital that helps cure the mentally disabledPassage 2In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning.” This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning.” This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.Every day, we grow and have new experience. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person ismean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.5. The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to____A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionsB) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC) give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learningD) discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced6. If you jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through ___that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presenceA) classical conditioning B) operant conditioningC) neither of them D) some other sorts of conditioning7. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through____A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioningC) both of them D) neither of them8. In the third paragraph, the author is .A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningC) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so onD) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning Passage 3A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was conducted by a psychologist, John Calhoun. In each experiment, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. At the end of the experiments, Calhoun was able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers’ care, the pups died. The experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, Mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered diseased, pathological.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by over population. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding.Nondominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely, avoiding contact with other rats. Other nondominant males were hyperactive, chasing other rats and fighting each other.The behavior of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun’s experiments. In large urban areas, such as New York City, London, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.9. Calhoun stabilized the rat population .A) when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB) by removing young ratsC) so that there was a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD) All of the above are correct10. Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in paragraph 1?A) Calhoun’s experiment is still considered important today.B) Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C) Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D) Calhoun had experimented with rats before.11. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A) Dominant males had adequate living space.B) Dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the other rats.C) Dominant males attacked weaker rats.D) The strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditions.12. The author implies that the behavior of the dominant male rats is sometimes parallel to that of .A) cruel, powerful people B) people who abandon their childrenC) hyperactive people. D) All of the above are correctPassage 4Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, andmore groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.13. The passage is mainly discussing .A) two different societies B) the necessity of social changeC) certain factors that determine the ease with which social change occurD) certain factors that promote social change14. is one of the factors that tend to promote social change.A) Joint interest B) Advanced technologyC) Less emotional people D) Different points of view15. The expression “greater tolerance” (paragraph 1) refers to .A) “greater willingness to accept social change”B) “quicker adaptation to changing circumstances”C) “more respect for different beliefs and behavior”D) “greater readiness to agree to different opinions and ideas”16. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A) Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society.B) Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to slow down social change.C) Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.D) Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young. Passage 5During her childhood, Rachel showed an interest in nature and in writing. After high school, she enrolled in Pennsylvania State College for Women, intending to become a writer. She switched to biology, however, thereby setting the course of her life. Rachel went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore for further study and became a member of the zoology staff at the University of Maryland.For fifteen years, Rachel worked for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, writing and editing publications. Fortunately, her employer encouraged her to reach a larger audience. Rachel’s poetic style of writing in three books about the ocean caught the imagination of the general reader. Her rare talent as both a physical scientist and a gifted writer earned her the National Book Award for The Sea Around Us.Rachel’s next book marked her as a leading conservationist and a crusader for the preservation of the natural environment. She began writing Silent Spring, knowing that she would be personally attacked and ridiculed. She continued writing despite the ill health that slowed her progress. Upon completing the book, she wrote to a close friend, “I have felt bound by a solemn obligation to do what I could—if I didn’t at least try I could never again be happy in nature. But now I can believe I have at least helped a little.”Rachel Carson did more than help a little. Although both government and industry opposed her, specialists in public health, the press, and the public itself all supported her fight against the irresponsible use of insecticides. Her book eventually led the government to ban DDT.17. This passage is concerned mainly with .A) the environmental revolution in the United StatesB) Rachel Carson as a poetic writerC) the popularity of The sea Around Us and Silent SpringD) Rachel Carson as a conservationist18. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A) As a child, Rachel loved books and the natural world.B) Rachel started her higher education aiming at becoming a writer.C) she decided to switch her major to biology in Johns Hopkins UniversityD) Rachel won the National Book Award for The Sea Around Us.19. She began to write Silent Spring because .A) her employer encouraged her to do soB) she felt obliged to fight against the poisoning of the earthC) her poetic writing style was very much appreciated by the general readerD) she knew that it would not bring her any personal harm20. The statement “Rachel Carson did more than help a little” in the fourth paragraph signifies that .A) she played a significant role in the environmental revolutionB) she had proved herself to be an outstanding writer, poet and scientistC) she knew the importance of what she was doing and she succeededD) she devoted her whole life to helping friends and those suffering from the poisoned environmentV. Writing (40 points)Write on the answer sheet a composition of about 300 words on the following topic:Now our government is calling on innovation of the masses. What is your understanding of it? Write an article to explain it, focusing on the relationship between innovation and economy development.ON THE RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN INNOVATION AND ECONOMY DEVELOPMENTYou are to write in four paragraphs.In the first paragraph, introduce the topic and state your view about this topic.In the second and third paragraphs, state the reasons to support your view.In the last paragraph, bring a natural conclusion.。
湖南农业大学考研试题341 农业知识综合三(农业信息化领域)(2015~2017年)
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D ADD INTO S VALUES（’张二’，’化学’，’80’）
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7、 概念模型是现实世界的第一层抽象，这一类最著名的模型是 （ ）
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D 关系模型
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湖南农业大学植物学2015—2018年考研真题试题
湖南农业⼤学植物学2015—2018年考研真题试题2015年湖南农业⼤学硕⼠招⽣⾃命题科⽬试题科⽬名称及代码：植物学 616适⽤专业：作物学、作物栽培学与耕作学、作物遗传育种、种⼦科学与技术、作物信息科学、烟草学、草学考⽣需带的⼯具：考⽣注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上⼀律⽆效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题⽬序号。
⼀、名词解释（共计20分，每⼩题2分）1、细胞周期2、栅栏组织3、初⽣⽣长4、合轴分枝5、蒴果6、有限花序7、亚种8、⼆强雄蕊9、⾼等植物 10、花程式⼆、填空题（共计30分，每空1分）1、细胞是有机体和的单位。
2、⼀个完整的种⼦由、和种⽪三部分组成。
3、在茎的次⽣维管组织中有⼀些径向排列的薄壁细胞群，分别称为和，统称为。
4、居间分⽣组织是某些器官保留下来的组织，它的主要功能是使其所在部位进⾏⽣长。
5、植物落叶是由于在叶柄的基部形成了⼀个重要的区，该区是由和两层组成。
6、种⼦植物和微⽣物的共⽣关系⼀般有和两种类型。
7、叶在茎上有规律排列⽅式称为，它有、和三种基本类型。
8、构成雌蕊的单位称，是具⽣殖作⽤的。
9、胚珠由、和等组成，着⽣于的壁上，形成的⾁质的突起称为。
10、苔藓植物在其⽣活史上是以发达，劣势，寄⽣在上为显著特征的。
11、地⾐是和的共⽣体。
三、选择题（将选择出的正确答案的代号写在答题纸的相应的位置，每⼩题1分，共10分）1、下列没有DNA分⼦的细胞器。
A细胞核B叶绿体C线粒体D内质⽹2、⾮绿⾊植物对有机物的分解称。
A合成作⽤B矿化作⽤C发酵作⽤D呼吸作⽤3、植物的根系不包含。
A主根B不定根C⽓⽣根D侧根4、不属于变态茎的是。
A马铃薯B⽣姜C莲藕D甜菜5、“双受精”现象存在于。
A马尾松B⽔杉C银杏D樟树6、以下哪种细胞是活细胞。
A.⽯细胞B.纤维C.导管D.筛管7、⽔稻的花序为。
A穗状花序B复穗状花序C葇荑花序D圆锥花序8、减数分裂发⽣在的过程中A花粉母细胞—→⼩孢⼦B造孢细胞—→花粉母细胞C孢原细胞—→造孢细胞D造孢细胞—→⼩孢⼦9、草莓的果实属于。
2018年湖南农业大学611教育学专业基础综合考研真题试题试卷
目录2018 年湖南农业大学611教育学专业基础综合考研真题试题试卷 (2)2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：611教育学专业基础综合适用专业(领域）：教育学各二级学科考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
一、单项选择题：1～30小题，每小题3分，共90分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。
1、关于制度化的教育和非制度化的教育，下列说法错误的是（）A.制度化的教育从非制度化的教育演化而来B.非制度化的教育的形式化程度低C.学校教育是一种制度化的教育D.非制度化的教育正在逐渐消亡2、关于批判教育学的代表人物及所属国家正确的是（）A.美国的杜威B.巴西的弗莱雷C.德国的斯普朗格D.英国的阿普尔3、从教育功能的性质上看，可把教育的功能分为（）A.个体功能和社会功能B.保守功能与超越功能C.本体功能与派生功能D.显性功能与隐性功能4、联合国通过的《21世纪议程》指出“教育在促进可持续发展和提高人们解决环境和发现问题的能力上，具有重要作用”，这表明教育具有（）A.生态功能B.经济功能C.政治功能D.人口功能5、教育目的选择与确立的基本价值取向有人本位的价值取向和（）A.国家本位的价值取向B.社会本位的价值取向C.生活本位的价值取向D.知识本位的价值取向6、我国全面发展教育的构成主体是（）A.科学教育和人文教育B.德育、智育、体育和美育C.社会教育、家庭教育和学校教育D.初等教育、中等教育、高等教育和成人教育7、教育制度是一个国家各级各类教育机构与组织体系及其（）A.管理规则B.文化传统C.发展愿景D.价值观念8、从形态上看，我国现行学制主要属于（）A.单轨学制B.双轨学制C.分支型学制D.网络型学制9、学生主体性的最高表现形式是（）A.调控性B.选择性C.独立性D.创造性共4页第1页。
湖南农业大学考研试题339农业知识综合一(2015~2017年)
2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：农业知识综合一 339适用领域：农业推广硕士作物、园艺、农业资源利用、植物保护、草业、种业领域考试需带的工具：考生注意事项：①本试题由植物学、遗传学、植物生理学、农业生态学、植物育种学、土壤学6个部分组成，每个部分分值50分，由考生任选三部分作答，并注明所选部分的序号和科目名称。
如考生作答多于3个部分，则以答题纸上前三部分计分。
②所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效。
③按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。
（一）植物学（50分）一、名词解释（每小题2分，共计10分）1. 细胞周期2. 栅栏组织3. 初生生长4. 合轴分枝5. 蒴果二、填空题（每空1分，共计20分）1. 细胞是有机体和的单位。
2. 一个完整的种子由、和种皮三部分组成。
3. 居间分生组织是某些器官保留下来的组织，它的主要功能是使其所在部位进行生长。
4. 植物落叶是由于在叶柄的基部形成了一个重要的区，该区是由和两层组成。
5. 种子植物和微生物的共生关系一般有和两种类型。
6. 叶在茎上有规律排列方式称为，它有、和三种基本类型。
7. 构成雌蕊的单位称，是具生殖作用的。
8. 苔藓植物在其生活史上是以发达，劣势，寄生在上为显著特征的。
三、简答题（每小题5分，共计20分）1. 植物有哪些主要的组织？简要说明它们的功能。
2. 简述双子叶植物茎的增粗过程。
3. 简述花药的发育过程。
4. 蕨类植物的主要特征？（二）遗传学（50分）一、名词解释（共计15分，每小题3分）1. 基因型2. 显性性状3. 等位基因4. 数量性状5. 同源多倍体二、判断题（对的打“√”，错的打“×”，共计10分，每小题2分）1. 基因突变对于生物体都是有害的。
（）2. 减数分裂时染色体数目减半发生在减数分裂后期I。
（）3. 在F2代群体中，表现型相同的个体，基因型也一定相同。
（）4. 连锁基因之间的重组率小于或等于其交换值。
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6、教育学把教师从事教育教学活动时的基本行为规范和职业行为要求称为（）A、教师的道德形象B、教师的人格形象C、教师的文化形象D、教师的政治形象7、师生关系通常可分为社会关系、教育关系和（）A、契约关系B、人际关系C、心理关系D、合作关系8、“课程应以儿童的活动为中心”这是（）的观点。
A、存在主义课程论B、学科中心课程论C、后现代主义课程论D、经验主义课程论9、布鲁的认知结构教学理论在教学目标上强调（）A、学生行为的改变B、发展学生的智力，特别是创造性思维能力C、掌握系统的科学知识与基本技能D、培养自我发展和自我实现的人10、我国学校德育的基本内容有道德教育、政治教育、思想教育和（）A、法制教育B、心理健康教育C、生态教育D、通识教育11、在文化教育上重要特征表现为“学在官府”的朝代是（）A 商代 B夏代 C西周 D东周12、在教育对象上实行“有教无类”主张的教育家是（）A、荀子B、孔子C、孟子D、庄子13、汉代首先提出“独尊儒术”思想的是（）A、王充B、郑玄C、贾谊D、董仲舒14、民国时期积极倡导和支持“教育独立”的教育家是（）A、杨贤江B、陶行知C、鲁迅D、蔡元培15、主持1929-1936年河北定县乡村平民教育实验的教育家是（）A、陈鹤琴B、梁漱溟C、晏阳初D、黄炎培16、《理想国》的作者是（ ）A、苏格拉底B、柏拉图C、亚里士多德D、智者派17、西方教育史上第一本专门研究教育理论的著作是昆体良写的（）A、《爱弥尔》B、《教育论》C、《忏悔录》D、《论演说家的培养》18、在《教育漫话》里提出“白板说”的著名教育家是（）A、斯宾塞B、洛克C、杜威D、卢梭19、夸美纽斯从“泛智论”出发，提出了（）A、补偿教育思想B、回归教育思想C、终身教育思想D、普及教育思想20、下列不属于杜威教育思想的观点是（）A、教师是中心B、教育即生活C、学校即社会D、从做中学21、学习动机的人本理论的代表人物是（）A、马斯洛B、斯金纳C、阿特金森D、班杜拉22、（）是发生认识论的创始人，对儿童认知发展进行了系统的研究，提出认知的本质就是适应，即儿童的认知是在已有图式的基础上，通过同化、顺应和平衡，不断从低级向高级发展。
A、维果茨基B、皮亚杰C、艾里克森D、柯尔伯格23、学生为了获得老师的赞许而努力学习，这种动机被奥苏泊尔称为（）A、附属内驱力B、自我提高的内驱力C、认知内驱力D、主导内驱力24、儿童在学会了写“石”字后，有助于学会写“磊”字，这是（）A、负迁移B、具体迁移C、一般迁移D、逆向迁移25、关于心智技能的形成过程，（）于1959年提出了著名的“心智技能按阶段形成”的理论。
A、巴浦洛夫B、皮亚杰C、加里培林D、奥苏泊尔26、根据访谈是否有严格设计的访谈提纲，可将访谈分为（）A、结构性访谈和非结构性访谈B、一次性访谈和重复性访谈C、个别访谈和集体访谈D、直接访谈和间接访谈27、在自然情景下的较灵活且适用范围较广的观察方法是（）A、教育实验观察B、严格控制的观察C、全结构式观察D、教育现场观察28、教育科学文献中品种最多、数量最大、历史最长的一种情报源是（）A、书籍B、报刊C、年鉴D、教育档案29、以下哪一点不符合选择研究对象的要求（）A、明确规定总体B、取样的随机性C、样本容量大D、取样的代表性30、教育研究方法的基本原则中（）原则，是教育研究工作的保证，关系到研究目的能否真正实现。
A、创新性B、客观性C、伦理性D、理论联系实际二、辨析题：第31—33小题，每小题15分，共45分。
要求判断正误，然后阐明理由。
31、教学永远具有教育性。
32、书院是学术研究的场所。
33、马斯洛的需要层次论不能解释“夫尤饿死，不食嗟来之食”。
三、简答题：第34—38小题，每小题15分，共75分。
34、简述科技进步对课程变革的推动作用。
35、简述黄炎培的职业教育思想。
36、简述夸美纽斯关于教学原则的主要论述。
37、柯尔伯格的道德发展阶段理论。
38、教育研究课题的主要来源有哪些？四、分析论述题：第39—41小题，每小题30分，共90分。
39、“一般而言，国家在实施经济追赶战略时，人力资本积累具有明显的超前性特点。
在追赶国人均GDP相当于先行国20%水平的时候，追赶国人均受教育年限已经达到先行国家的40%以上的水平；到人均GDP达到40%水平阶段时，人均受教育年限一般都在70%左右；人均GDP达到80%水平阶段，人均受教育年限已经接近先行国家的水平。
美国对英国的追赶，日本对美国的追赶，韩国对西欧的追赶等印证了这一点。
”（中国教育与人力资源问题报告课题组：《从人口大国到人力资源强国》，高等教育出版社2003年第18页）根据这一段话语提出一个观点，并论证你的观点。
40、述评终身教育思潮的发展历程、主要观点及意义。
41、本题为必选题，请在I、II两道试题中任选一道作答。
如果两题都答，只按第I道题的成绩计入总分。
1、I、论述皮亚杰的认知发展理论及对教育的启示。
II、分析下列研究设计，按要求回答问题。
一项名为“高中数学自学辅导实验”的研究，选择了某重点中学的高一（3）班为实验班，高一（6）班为控制班，两班教材不同，教师水平相当。
在实验班采用学生自学后尝试自己解题、谈论释疑、教师点拨等教学方式，并规定教师一节课上的讲解和讲述不得超过10分钟；在控制班则采用教师教授、学生练习巩固的方法。
实验周期为一个学年，根据实验前后两班数学测验成绩的差异比较，判断自学辅导有无效果。
（1）请写出该实验设计类型的名称和格式。
（2）该实验控制无关变量的主要措施是什么？（3）该实验设计的优点和局限性有哪些？11、一般地说，在班级管理中存在专制型、放任型和（）等三种风格类型的班主任。
A、企业型B、传统型C、浪漫型D、民主型12、认为教育的目的是培养君子，主张“学而优则仕”的教育家是（）。
A 孔子 B孟子 C老子 D庄子13、我国古代选士制度中比较科学的、对亚洲和欧洲发生过较大影响的是（）。
A、世袭制B、察举制C、九品中正制D、科举制14、我国书院发展史上一个纲领性学规《白鹿洞书院揭示》的制定者是（）。
A、王阳明B、朱熹C、陆九渊D、颜元15、以“团结、紧张、严肃、活泼”为校训的学校是（）。
A、西南联合大学B、西北联合大学C、中国人民抗日军事政治大学D、国立中央大学16、创办中华职业教育社、我国职业教育现代化的重要奠基人是（）。
A、黄炎培B、梁漱溟C、晏阳初D、陈鹤琴17、主张“教育的最高目标是培养哲学家兼政治家——哲学王”的教育家是（ ）。
A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C. 亚里士多德D. 西赛罗18、世界近代史上最早颁布义务教育法、普及义务教育的国家是（）。
A.英国B.法国C.德国D.意大利19、英国第一次从国家角度阐明中等教育应当面向全体儿童思想的文献是（）。
A.《巴尔福教育法》B.《费舍教育法》C.《哈多报告》D. 《斯宾塞报告》20、推动法国统一学校运动与学制改革的法案是（）。
A. 富尔法案B. 阿斯蒂埃法C.教育改革法D. 费里教育法21、1971年，美国教育总署署长马兰主张实施以职业和劳动为中心的（）。
A.生计教育B. 有机教育C. 进步教育D. 回归教育22、兼具敏感、细心、情感体验深刻等积极品质和多疑、孤僻等消极品质的气质类型是（）。
A．胆汁质 B.多血质 C.粘液质 D.抑郁质23、若问小明“为什么偷东西是不对的？”他的回答是“抓住了会挨打”。
据此可以判断小明的道德认知发展处于（）。
A.前习俗水平B.习俗水平C.后习俗水平D.准习俗水平24、强调复杂情景和真是学习任务的学习理论派别是（）。
A.联结理论B.认知理论C.建构主义理论D.人本主义理论25、某学生因对“必须坚持每天一定量的运动达半年以上”的要求感到自己落实困难放弃了瘦身计划，根据班杜拉的理论，这表明其对瘦身的（）。
A.结果期望低B.结果期望高C.效能期望低D.效能期望高26、根据加涅的学习层次分类观点，儿童学习游泳主要属于（）。
A.连锁学习B.信号学习C.规则或原理的学习D.解决问题的学习27、以所掌握资料中的参考文献为线索，查找有关主题的文献。
这种检索文献的方法是（）A．顺查法 B.逆查法 C.引文查找法 D.综合查找法28、使于进行定量分析和比较研究的观察类型是（）。
A.全结构式观察B.准结构式观察C.半结构式观察D.非结构式观察29、“学会如何学习”的实质是（）。
A.学会在适当条件下使用适当策略B.掌握科学概念与原理C.掌握大量言语信息D.形成学习兴趣30、测量工具的评价指标包括信度、难度、区分度和（）。
A.效度B.清晰度C.准确度D.分层度二、辨析题（共计45分，每小题15分。
要求判断正误，然后阐明理由。
）31、夸美纽斯主张教育要适应自然。
32、课程即社会改造的过程。
33、定量研究比定性研究更科学。
三、简答题（共计75分，每小题15分）。
34、简述蔡元培“五育并举”的教育方针。
35、简述美国《国防教育法》的主要内容。
36、试分析布鲁纳的发现学习理论。
37、简述教育的文化功能。
38、简析创造性的认知品质。
四、分析论述题（共计90分，每小题30分）。
39、“中体西用”（即“中学为体，西学为用”简称）是洋务教育的指导思想，请叙述这一思想的形成、发展和基本内涵，并对这一思想做出评价。
40、日本学者小原国芳提出：全人的教育应该由六个方面，即学问，道德，艺术、宗教、身体和生活组成。
全人教育体系包括：以真为理想的学问教育，以善为理想的道德教育，以美为理想的艺术教育，以圣为理想的宗教教育，以健为理想的身体教育，以富为理想的生活教育。
而真、善、美具有绝对价值，健和富具有手段价值。
试对这一观点进行评析，并分析其对当下中国教育的启示。
41、本题为必选题，请在I、II两道试题中任选一道作答。
如果两题都答，只按第一道题的成绩计入总分。
I.试用建构主义的理论分析中国教育教学改革。
II.某校进行了一项通过反思活动提高学生知识迁移能力的实验。
研究者将高中一年级的5个自然班，用抽签的方法决定其中一个班为实验班，另一个班是对照班（控制班）。
实验前对两个班学生的知识迁移能力进行了统一测试。
实验开始后，两个班级使用同样的材料、保持同样的进度。
对照班以常规方式进行教学，但对实验班每节课提供5分钟的反思练习，并布置一定量的课外反思作业，要求学生按时完成。
持续一个星期后，用统一测试的方法测出实验班的学生知识迁移能力明显优于对照班。
请回答：(1)该实验采用何种设计类型？(2)该实验的研究假设是什么？(3)该实验的自变量、因变量和无关变量是什么？(4)该实验设计的优缺点是什么？(5)该类型实验报告应该包含哪些基本要素？2017年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：教育学专业基础综合 611适用专业（领域）：教育学原理、高等教育学、职业技术教育学、心理健康教育、体育教育学、成人教育学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。