[全]考研英语：历年真题经典长难句深度解析2021
(全)2021考研英语-长难句翻译-真题解析
考研英语•长难句翻译•真题解析真题实战ThUS f the anthropological COnCePt Of "culture,∖ Iike the ConCePt Of "set"in mathematics is an abstract ConCePt WhiCh makes POSSible immense amounts Of COnCrete research and Understanding.结构分析整个句子主干是the anthropological COnCePt is an abstract COnCePt J后面是WhiCh引导的定语从句修饰COnCePt O介词短语Iike the COnCePt Of n set"in mathematics是插入语结构。
词汇释义anthropological a.人类学的Set n.套，系列X集immense amounts Of 许多的J大量的拆分翻译ThUS f the anthropological COnCePt Of “culture； //因此，人类学中"文化"的概念Iike the COnCePt Of ,,set,,in mathematics, //像数学中“集”的概念一样is an abstract COnCePt / /是一个抽象概念WhiCh makes POSSible immense amounts Of COnCrete research and UnderSta nding使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能参考译文因此,人类学中"文化"的概念（像数学中"集”的概念一样）是一个抽象概念, 它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
总结插入语的处理方法,直接翻译,用小括号隔开。
真题实战In EUrOPe Z Where forestry is ecologically more advanced, thenon-COmmerCial tree SPeCieS are recognized as menbers Of the native forest COmmUnity l to be PreSerVed as SUCh f Within reasOrL结构分析本句的主干为the non-commercial tree SPeCieS are recognized as menbers z of the native forest COmmUnity为介词短语做后置定语l修饰numbers o to be PreSerVed as SUCh 是the non-COmmerCial tree SPeCieS 的定语。
2021最新考研英语长难句解读(优质)
2021最新考研英语长难句解读(优质)1.Despite attempts by the Chuch to stop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned werebeing made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.解析：句子主干：more explorations were being made at a rate(主+谓+状语，被动语态)。
修饰成分：despite attempts by the Chuch to stop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists是短语作句首让步状语，其中to stop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists表示目的；for how the universe functioned是介词短语作后置定语，修饰explorations，其中介词for后how the universe functioned是宾语从句，that people could no longer ignore是修饰rate的定语从句，that在从句中作宾语。
翻译：尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。
2.Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know'.解析：句子主干：Such actions were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know'. (主+谓+宾，被动语态)修饰成分：to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew是and并列的两个to do 短语作后置定语，修饰actions，其中what information we already knew是动词后面的宾语从句。
2021年考研英语长难句翻译分析
考研英语长难句翻译分析对于考研学子来说，现阶段考研英语的主要复习任务是攻克词汇和语法长难句，在此为各位考生归纳总结了长难句的要点，希望能对大家有所帮助。
1、While warnings are often appropriate and ne ___ssary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and___ny are required by state or federal regulations, itisn't clear that they actually protect the ___nufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.[译文] 尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告—许多警告还是按州或联邦 ___规定要求给出的，然而（我们）并不清楚，如果顾客受到害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
[分析] 在这个主从复合句中，it isn't clear that they actually protect the ___nufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured 是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语 it，真正的主语是 that 引导的从句，而 that 从句之后是一个 if 引导的条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成，中间用 and 连接。
破折号之间的部分是举例说明 warnings的内容。
注意： ___nyare required by state or federal regulations 中的 ___ny 是指 ___nywarnings。
2、Additional social stresses ___y also our because of the population explosion or problems arising from ___ss migration movements — themselves ___de relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.[译文] 由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
(全)2021考研英语：长难句翻译-真题解析+总结
考研英语：长难句翻译-真题解析+总结真题实战This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.结构分析该句子的主干成分是This trend began during the Second World War，后面一个由when引导的定语从句；定语从句中的主干部分是several governments came to the conclusion，后面加一个that引导的同位语从句；同位语从句中，主语和谓语是the specific demands，后面还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰主语；that引导的同位语从句中，谓语部分是cannot generally be foreseen in detail。
所以句子结构比较复杂。
词汇释义trend n. 趋势，倾向specific a. 具体的，详细的establishment n. 建立，机构demand n. 要求，需求come to the conclusion 得出结论scientific establishment 科学机构拆分翻译This trend began during the Second World War,/ /这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间when several governments came to the conclusion / /当时，一些国家的政府得出结论that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / /政府想要对其科研机构提出的具体要求cannot generally be foreseen in detail.通常无法详细的预见参考译文这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间，当时，一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常无法详细的预见的。
（全）2021考研英语-长难句翻译-真题解析
（全）2021考研英语-长难句翻译-真题解析考研英语-长难句翻译-真题解析真题实战Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set"in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.结构分析整个句⼦主⼲是the anthropological concept is an abstract concept，后⾯是which引导的定语从句，修饰concept。
介词短语like the concept of "set"in mathematics是插⼊语结构。
词汇释义anthropological a.⼈类学的set n. 套，系列，集immense amounts of 许多的，⼤量的拆分翻译Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", / /因此，⼈类学中“⽂化”的概念like the concept of "set"in mathematics, / /像数学中“集”的概念⼀样is an abstract concept / /是⼀个抽象概念which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding使⼤量的具体研究和认识成为可能参考译⽂因此，⼈类学中“⽂化”的概念（像数学中“集”的概念⼀样）是⼀个抽象概念，它使⼤量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
总结真题实战In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, thenon-commercial tree species are recognized as menbers of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.结构分析本句的主⼲为the non-commercial tree species are recognized as menbers,of the native forest community为介词短语做后置定语，修饰numbers。
(全)2021考研英语-长难句翻译-真题分析详解
考研英语-长难句翻译-真题分析详解真题实战He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observation.结构分析本句的主干结构为He believes that...，that引导的是宾语从句，从句是由and 连接的两个句子共同作宾语。
第一个宾语从句的主干是this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage，其后的为介词短语做定语，修饰advantage；第二个宾语从句是enabling him to detect errors，其后只修饰errors的定语成分。
词汇释义very a. 正式的，仅仅的，表示强调compensate v. 补偿，赔偿intently ad. 专心的，一心一意的detect v 察觉，发现拆分翻译He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage / /他认为，这种困难或许具有弥补性优势of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, / /迫使他对每一句话进行长时间专注地思考and thus enabling him to detect errors / /从而使他发现错误in reasoning and in his own observation在推理和自己的观察中参考译文他认为，这种困难具有弥补性的优势，这种优势迫使他对每一句话进行长时间专注的思考，从而使他发现自己在推理和观察中的错误。
2021考研英语长难句分析(15)
2021考研英语长难句分析(15)大家还一定要多做梳理，查漏补缺，放眼全局，把复习过以及没复习到的地方梳理一遍，下面传媒研考小编整理了复习资料，希望可以帮助到大家!首先是text1中的一个长难句：In other words，at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head，frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing，one obvious solution is staring us in the face。
拿到这个长难句，首先我们要进行断句，化长为短：几个标点符号可以很好地把句子分成四段。
第一小段“In other words”比较好理解，可以看做整句话的状语，即“换句话说”。
第二小段中，“at a time when...”为时间状语，其中又包含when引导的定语从句;第三小段中，frustrated为V-ed短语作为状语，仍然属于修饰成分，其中包含that引导的宾语从句“frustrated that...”和that引导的定语从句“opportunity that...”;前面三个部分全部为修饰，来到第四段，到了句子的主干部分：“one obvious solution is staring us in the face”。
现在整个句子的修饰成分和主干成分我们已经分清了，接下来要考虑的就是调整语序，定下句意：修饰整个句子的状语“In other words”放在最前，意思为“换句话说”;时间状语“at a time when...”随后，意思为一个“...的时代”，定语从句为“工人阶级已经完全改变这个国家的政治思路”，后面状语为“因重新定义美国机会的消失而受挫”，最后是句子主干部分“one obvious solution...”，意思为“一个明显的解决措施一直就摆在我们面前”。
(全)2021考研英语：长难句翻译-真题解析+总结
考研英语：长难句翻译-真题解析+总结真题实战This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.结构分析该句子的主干成分是This trend began during the Second World War，后面一个由when引导的定语从句；定语从句中的主干部分是several governments came to the conclusion，后面加一个that引导的同位语从句；同位语从句中，主语和谓语是the specific demands，后面还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰主语；that引导的同位语从句中，谓语部分是cannot generally be foreseen in detail。
所以句子结构比较复杂。
词汇释义trend n. 趋势，倾向specific a. 具体的，详细的establishment n. 建立，机构demand n. 要求，需求come to the conclusion 得出结论scientific establishment 科学机构拆分翻译This trend began during the Second World War,/ /这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间when several governments came to the conclusion / /当时，一些国家的政府得出结论that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / /政府想要对其科研机构提出的具体要求cannot generally be foreseen in detail.通常无法详细的预见参考译文这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间，当时，一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常无法详细的预见的。
(全)2021考研英语-长难句翻译-真题解析
考研英语-长难句翻译-真题解析真题实战Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set"in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.结构分析整个句子主干是the anthropological concept is an abstract concept，后面是which引导的定语从句，修饰concept。
介词短语like the concept of "set"in mathematics是插入语结构。
词汇释义anthropological a.人类学的set n. 套，系列，集immense amounts of 许多的，大量的拆分翻译Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", / /因此，人类学中“文化”的概念like the concept of "set"in mathematics, / /像数学中“集”的概念一样is an abstract concept / /是一个抽象概念which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能参考译文因此，人类学中“文化”的概念（像数学中“集”的概念一样）是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
总结真题实战In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, thenon-commercial tree species are recognized as menbers of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.结构分析本句的主干为the non-commercial tree species are recognized as menbers,of the native forest community为介词短语做后置定语，修饰numbers。
2021考研英语：历年考研英语试题长难句分析
2021考研英语：历年考研英语试题长难句分析大家还一定要多做梳理，查漏补缺，放眼全局，把复习过以及没复习到的地方梳理一遍，下面传媒研考小编整理了复习资料，希望可以帮助到大家!A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture”award.解析：这句话出自2020年考研英语一阅读题text1的原文第一段，这句话看似简单，但是其中所囊括的重点单词，英语社会背景知识却比较多，需要重点了解。
一、涉及的单词及短语：（1）bringing in：①to introduce a new law 提出（新法案），例句：They want to bring in a bill to limit arms exports（翻译：他们想提出一项限制武器出口的议案。
）②to attract sb/sth to a place or business 吸引；引入，例句：We need to bring in a lot more new business.（翻译：我们得吸引更多的新业务。
）③to give a decision in court 宣布，作出（裁决），例句：The jury brought in a verdict of guilty.（翻译：陪审团作出裁决宣判有罪。
）这三层含义涉及到考研英语的政治，经济，法律三大类话题的应用，同时它可以在完型填空中进行考察，也可在阅读中进行考察，大家一定要识记好该短语。
通过对文章的了解，我们可以看到，在该句话中，bring in 应该选择第一种意思。
（2）institute：该单词有两种词性的含义，作名词时，意为机构;协会;研究院;学院，比如著名的麻省理工学院（MIT），此外这层含义在考研英语的翻译中也是常考考词，同学们需要加强记忆。
(全)2021考研英语-长难句翻译-真题结构解析+译文
考研英语-长难句翻译-真题结构解析+译文真题实战The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.结构分析整个句子的主干是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change，后面是由and连接的两个原因状语。
词汇释义explanatory a. 解释的，说明的iterm n. 项目，条款observe v. 观察，遵守拆分翻译The behavioral sciences have been slow to change / /行为科学发展缓慢partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and/ /部分是因为用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find部分原因是其他种类的解释方式很难找到参考译文行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分是因为用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他种类的解释方式很难找到。
总结真题实战Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements——themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.结构分析句子的主干是一个简单句，主干部分是Additional social stresses may also occur；介词短语because of 引导or 连接的两个原因状语；分词短语arising from mass migration movements作定语，修饰problems；破折号连接的是独立主格结构，补充说明mass migration movements。
2021考研英语：语法长难句的表达解析（1）
2021考研英语：语法长难句的表达解析（1）The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey&mdashwhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence&mdasheven the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.一、长难句解析主干识别：1. The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence:研究者的观点源自于对社会影响的简单观察：2. even the most influential members of a p opulation simply don’t interact with that many others即使是一个人群中最有影响力的成员也不会与那么多的人进行互动其他成分： With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey 状语&mdashwhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—定语从句做插入语奥普拉非凡的存在主要是一个媒体功能的影响，而不是人际关系的影响二、参考译文研究者的观点源自于对社会影响的简单观察：除了个别像奥普拉.温弗瑞这样的名人，即使是一个人群中最有影响力的成员也不会与那么多的人进行互动。
[全]考研英语：历年真题经典长难句深度解析2021
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考研英语：历年真题经典长难句深度解析一、It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.1.重点词汇及短语：describe…with…用……描述……articulate 【生义】v. 清楚地表达，描述【熟义】adj. 明晰清楚的reaction n. 反应grasp v. 理解，领会（尤指复杂的事情或观点）2.句子成分分析：本句为主从复合句，主干是It is also the reason...。
why引导定语从句，解释说明the reason。
定语从句中包含了一个时间状语从句when we try to describe music with words。
关系副词why引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。
例如：He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset. 从句引导词选用关系副词why还是关系代词that/which，取决于先行词reason在从句中充当的成分：先行词reason在从句中作副词性成分，应该用why。
例如：Please tell me the reason why he was late.（先行词reason在从句中作原因状语）；先行词reason在从句中作名词性成分，应该用that/which。
例如：Please tell me the reason that/which made him late.（先行词reason在从句中作主语）3.参考译文：这也是为什么当我们试图用语言描述音乐时，我们只能表达出自己对音乐的感受，而无法领悟音乐本身。
二、Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”1.重点词汇及短语：impel v. 促使，迫使【用法】impel sb to do sth迫使某人做……statistics board 统计板concern n. 忧虑，担心；重要的事情concern about/over/with 对……关心application n. 申请书；应用；应用程序2.句子成分分析：本句的主干是...McNutt said...。
2021考研英语长难句解析系列2
本篇文章这是一篇关于美国教育的文章，主要通过引证等方式论证了才干在美国教育中被轻忽，并讨论了这种轻忽的危害性及本源。
其中引用了正反很多人的观点来表明自己的态度。
综合全文可知，作者从头至尾一直在批判学校和社会轻忽或轻视才干的做法。
全文从长难句角度而言，句子有必然的难度，需要理清句子结构来做题。
下面就其中7个典型的长难句做具体分析：考研英语" src="" style="width: 400px; height: 260px;" title="长难句解析系列" />【典型例句1】：Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.【例句解析】：本句中，骨干结构是主系表。
主语our schools，系动词are，表语是where 引导的从句，where可以理解为“地方”;其中表从中，主语we，谓语send，宾语our children，其后肯定形式和否定形式的to do不定式做宾补。
【难点点拨】：a practical education：实用教育;for the sake of sth：为了...【例句释义】：即便咱们的学校也只是咱们送孩子去接受实用教育，而不是为了知识而求知的地方。
【典型例句2】：Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.【例句解析】：本句中，骨干结构是主谓宾。
2021考研英语长难句怎么分析？
2021考研英语长难句怎么分析？时间越来越紧张，可以用来备考复习的时间越来越少，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2021考研英语长难句怎么分析？”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯！2021考研英语长难句怎么分析？在很多同学眼中，考研英语在整个考研道路上是最难攻克的难关，绝大部分原因都是在于在考研英语这张试卷中出现的句子都很复杂，很难读懂，更不用说提高分数了。
的确，在各类题型中，长难句随处可见，这是我们逃避不了的事实，所以我们应对此施以良策，解决破解长难句的难题，最终在分数上得到提高。
2021考研备考时间所剩不多，英语学习在暑期如何提高是一个非常关键的部分。
对于考生们来说，不论是做哪一个题型，都会遇到大量难懂的长难句。
所以说要提高英语能力，必须学会如何处理长难句。
其实一个句子最简单的构成就是简单句，所谓并列举就是用并列连词连接两个简单句，所谓从句就是用从属连词并列了两个简单句。
因此，要破解长难句，首先要清楚简单句的构成。
英语简单句其实按照句子结构划分可以分为五种。
1.主谓宾：I love you.2.主谓：I dance.3.主系表：She is a teacher.4.主谓间接宾语直接宾语：I give him a book.5.主谓宾宾补：She makes me happy.大家会发现一般情况下简单句就是由主谓或者主谓宾构成，但实际在表达过程中又会添加一些修饰成分：也就是定语、状语、同位语、补语。
大家不必对于定语状语感到难，简单来说，修饰名词的就是定语，修饰动词的就是状语。
了解了句子的基本构成之后，大家在处理句子的时候就可以先把句子中的主干（也就是主谓宾结构）找出来，剩下的部分就是修饰成分。
具体怎么操作，让我们用例子来学习吧。
The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon thatfirst brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.词汇积累：horizon 地平线astronomers 天文学家该句主干：the same curiosity inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.修饰成分：to find what lies beyond the horizon：to do 做后置定语修饰前面的curioritythat first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens：that引导的定语从句该句处理：主干顺译；由于主句主语curiosity后面有两个定语修饰它，如果把两个定语都往前翻译，会让主语名词curiosity显得头重脚轻。
2021考研英语：长难句的翻译分析（4）
2021考研英语：长难句的翻译分析（4）考研英语备考很多事情都要提上日程了，看看哪些是该注意的，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2021考研英语：长难句的翻译分析(4)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2021考研英语：长难句的翻译分析(4)Davies says guidance must strike a balance between being flexible enough to take account of the differences between disciplines and providing enough detail to be of use.一、结构分析1、本句不难，主句谓语says后是省略了that的宾语从句guidance must strike a balance between being flexible enough to take account of the differences between disciplines and providing enough detail to be of use。
2、注意两个between的使用。
3、第一个between与后面的and 相连，构成being flexible enough to…and providing enough detail to…结构，第二个between后跟disciplines表示“各学科之间”，并且前后都使用了be enough to do的形式。
二、参考译文戴维斯说，指导规范必须在足够灵活考虑各学科的不同点和提供充足的可操作的细节之间寻求一种平衡。
2021考研英语：长难句的翻译分析(5)If I ever had any doubts about how demanding a teacher’s job is, it would have disappeared for good when I spent some time recently in schools.一、结构分析1、本句的结构清晰，为主从复合句。
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考研英语：历年真题经典长难句深度解析一、It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.1.重点词汇及短语：describe…with…用……描述……articulate 【生义】v. 清楚地表达，描述【熟义】adj. 明晰清楚的reaction n. 反应grasp v. 理解，领会（尤指复杂的事情或观点）2.句子成分分析：本句为主从复合句，主干是It is also the reason...。
why引导定语从句，解释说明the reason。
定语从句中包含了一个时间状语从句when we try to describe music with words。
关系副词why引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。
例如：He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset. 从句引导词选用关系副词why还是关系代词that/which，取决于先行词reason在从句中充当的成分：先行词reason在从句中作副词性成分，应该用why。
例如：Please tell me the reason why he was late.（先行词reason在从句中作原因状语）；先行词reason在从句中作名词性成分，应该用that/which。
例如：Please tell me the reason that/which made him late.（先行词reason在从句中作主语）3.参考译文：这也是为什么当我们试图用语言描述音乐时，我们只能表达出自己对音乐的感受，而无法领悟音乐本身。
二、Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”1.重点词汇及短语：impel v. 促使，迫使【用法】impel sb to do sth迫使某人做……statistics board 统计板concern n. 忧虑，担心；重要的事情concern about/over/with 对……关心application n. 申请书；应用；应用程序2.句子成分分析：本句的主干是...McNutt said...。
分词短语Asked whether...the change作句子的状语。
引号中的内容是said的宾语，其主干是The creation of the "statistics board" was motivated...and is part of...。
句中的broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research解释说明concerns的内容。
句中的to increase...we publish解释说明drive的内容，其中we publish是一个省略了that的定语从句，修饰research。
作“是……还是……”解时，whether表示一种选择，其后可以跟介词短语或不定式短语。
作“是否，会不会”解时，whether可用来引导名词性从句，即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导主语从句时，可用it作形式主语。
引导宾语从句时whether可与if换用。
3.参考译文：当被问道是不是某些特殊的文件推动了这项变化时，麦克纳特回答说：“统计审稿编委会的设立源于对统计学和数据分析在科学研究中运用情况的普遍担忧，也是《科学》杂志为提升我们所发表的研究的可复制性而做出的全面努力的一部分。
”三、They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.1.重点词汇及短语：invalidate v. 使无效；证明（信念或解释）是无效的severe v. 非常严重的；困难的take reasonable measures to 采取合理的措施去……warrant n. 令状，许可pending n. 在等待……之际2.句子成分分析：本句是一个由and连接的并列句。
and前面的主干结构为They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections...。
when facing severe, urgent circumstances是时间状语从句，由于face的逻辑主语与主句主语一致，因此省略主语和系动词，face用现在分词形式。
and之后的句子主干结构为they could take reasonable measures...。
to ensure that...pending 是目的状语，that引导的从句作ensure的宾语。
状语从句中的省略原则是：如果从句主语与主句主语一致，或从句的主语是it，可省略从句的连接词、主语和be动词，只保留分词和其它成分，从而使语言更加简洁明了。
比如时间状语中的省略、地点状语中的省略、让步状语从句中的省略等。
例如：The river is clean where (it is) deep.3.参考译文：在严重、紧急的情况下，他们还可以忽视第四修正案的保护。
此外，在等待许可令签发期间，他们还可以采取合理措施保证手机里的数据不被删除或篡改。
四、California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.1.重点词汇及短语：justice n. 司法制度；公正；公正性；justification n. 正当的理由refrain from 克制；抑制sweeping adj. 影响广泛的assumption n. 假定，假设；承担，就任possession n. 拥有；所有物，财物；in possession of 拥有……suspect v. 猜测，怀疑；认为（某人）有犯罪嫌疑【用法】suspect sb of doing sth 怀疑某人做……2.句子成分分析：本句的主干结构为California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling...。
第一个that引导的定语从句修饰one。
在该定语从句中，还有一个that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the old assumption。
在该同位语从句中，主干结构为authorities may search through the possessions of suspects...。
被修饰的词不同：同位语从句一般修饰表示概括意义的抽象名词，如fact,news,truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt等。
定语从句所修饰的名词则没有这样的限定。
从句的作用不同：同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容，而定语从句是对先行词的限制、说明。
引导词不同：what，how，whether等不能用来引导定语从句，但可用于引导同位从句。
3.参考译文：加利福尼亚州呼吁法官不要做出太笼统的裁定，尤其不要扰乱以前的假设，即在逮捕嫌犯时当局可以搜查其财产。
五、Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to see that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1.重点词汇及短语：draw from 从……中得到，从……提取European n. 欧洲人adj. 欧洲的；欧洲人的；European Union 欧洲联盟，欧盟Europe n. 欧洲；欧盟；欧洲大陆extraction n. 取出；提炼；mineral/oil etc extraction 矿物；石油等的开采extract v. 提取，提炼；（从书中）选取，摘录；获取，得到好处extract sth from sth 从……获取……extractor n. 抽取；抽取器be taken from 来自；从……摘取2.句子成分分析：该句的主干结构是...care was taken...。
Though引导的是让步状语从句，to see...population是不定式结构作目的状语，that引导的从句作see的宾语。
不定式用作目的状语时常位于句首在或句末。
一般说来，用于句首属于强调性用法，即强调动词的目的。
从语法上看，不定式表示目的通常是指发生在谓语动作之后的动作，也就是说，若以谓语动作发生的时间为标准，用作目的状语的不定式是一个尚未发生的将来动作。
3.参考译文：尽管所有的实验对象都是从祖籍欧洲的人口中选择，但是研究人员也花费了精力来确保所有的实验对象，无论是朋友还是陌生人，都是来自同一群体。