专业英语 人工智能 最终版

Applications
• The main areas • General machine intelligence, conversationl behavior ,data-mining, • 一般机器智能,对话行为,数据挖掘
• Driverless cars, robot soccer and games • 无人驾驶汽车,机器人足球和游戏
McCarthy 麦卡锡
achievement
In machine learning, in 1957 Rosenblatt (罗森布 拉特 )successfully developed Perceptron(感 知机); 在1957年机器产生时代， 罗森布拉特成功的研制 出感知机。
In theorem proving, in 1958 Wang Hao in the IBM-704 machine with a 3-5 minute proved all 220 theorem “Principia Mathematica” in the relevant propositional calculus;In 1965, Robinson made due to the resolution principle(归结原理);
在解决问题方面：1960纽厄尔编译一个普遍的问题解决者 (GPS),可以解决11个不同类型的问题; 在专家系统：1968的结果费根鲍姆开发DENDRAL“专家系 统”并投入使用；
The great achievements of artificial intelligence
May 1997, the U.S. IBM‘s “Deep Blue” supercomputer beat the world chess champion Garry Kasparov(卡斯帕罗夫).
•国际人工智能联合会议
Difficulties
Secondary Translation - Machine Translation the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak the vodka is good but the meat is rotten Combinatorial explosion problem (组合爆炸) The fact that a program can find a solution in principle does not means that the program contains any of the mechanisms needed to find it in practice. Perceptron limitations(感知机局限性) A two-input perceptron cannot be trained to recognize when its two inputs are different.
Artificial Intelligen ce
Communications 1202 Group 7
Artificial Intelligence
Search engines Science
Labor Appliances
content
• Definition • Meanings • History and greatmen • Developing and difficulties • Knowledge • Current situation • Applications and Achievements • Future
Particle Swarm Optimization粒子群优化 Artificial Immune System人工免疫系统
Artificial intelligence (人工智能) Turing test (图灵测试) pattern recognition(模式识别) expert systems(专家系统) Neural Network(神经网络)
定理证明，1958年王皓用IBM-704机用3-5分钟 的证明所有220定理“数学原理”中的相关命题 演算;1965年，罗宾逊作出了应有的决议原则。
In pattern recognition(模式 识别), 1959 Selfridge(塞尔福 里奇)launched a pattern recognition program; 1965 Roberts prepared a distinguished building block construction procedures(可分辨积木构造 程序); 1959年塞尔弗里奇用模式识 别推出了模式识别程序; 1965年罗伯茨准备了杰出的 建筑模块结构的程序。
• 人工智能是计算机科学的前沿，充满机遇和挑战。 • “A student in physics might reasonably feel that all the good ideas have already been taken by Galileo,Newton,Einstein,and the rest,and that it takes many years of study before one can contribute new ideas,AI,on the other hand,still has openings for a full-time Einstein.” • _______《Artificial Intelligence:A modern Approach》 • （一位在物理学领域的学生会理所当然的认为所有的好点子已经 被伽利略，牛顿，爱因斯坦和其他人，它需要许多年前的研究能 做出贡献的新思路，另一方面，AI，仍然作为一个全职的爱因斯 坦。）
The Turing test (1936)
Alan turing （1912-1954）

源自文库

The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior or indistinguishable from that of a human. If the judger cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. 图灵测试是一种测试机器的能力,表现出 人类的智能行为或难以区分的。如果测试 的人不能明确地区分出人类和机器,这台 机器就通过了测试。
“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990)
Systems that act rationally
A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkol, 1990)
What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:
Systems that think like humans
The exciting new effort to make computers thinks … machine with minds, in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland 1985)
McCarthy 麦卡锡
Minsky 明斯基
Shannon 香农
The American scholar McCarthy who is considered the father of artificial intelligence of organized a Society, many experts and scholars gathered together for a discussion of up to two months. Inviting them to participate in the "Summer Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Research Society." Since then, this field is named "artificial intelligence"
Definition 定义
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Definition in AI textbook :”the study and design of intelligent agents” 人工智能（AI）是机器智能与计算机科学，旨 在创建它的分支。在AI教科书的定义：“学习 的智能代理的设计。”
“Science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by man.” 让机器做的事情，需要智慧，如果做了人的 科学。 Minsky “make computer more useful and to understand principles that make intelligence possible.” 使电脑更加有用和明白原则，使智力成为可 能。 Winston
achievement
In terms of problem solving(问题求解): 1960 Newell(纽厄尔) compiled a universal problem solver (GPS), can solve 11 different types of problems;
In expert systems(专家系统): the results of the 1968 Feigenbaum(费根鲍姆) developed DENDRAL expert system and put into use;
Robot soccer behavior
Conversational
• A comprehensive survey paper provides a thorough review of intelligent systems in process engineering. The process control research in this area has largely been concerned with three AI methods:knowledgebased systems,neural nerworks and fuzzy logic. • 一个广泛的调查提供了一个全面的关于智能技术在 工程进程中的一系列问题的复查，针对此领域的这 项进程控制调查研究主要集中在三个方面：知识库 系统、神经网络和模糊逻辑。
1997五月，美国IBM的“深蓝” 超级计算机击败了国际象棋世 界冠军卡斯帕罗夫（卡斯帕罗 夫）。
Computational Intelligence thriving (90s-now)
Artificial Neural Network人工神经网络 Genetic Algorithm遗传算法
Fuzzy Reasoning模糊推理
Systems that think rationally
“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models” (Charniak et al. 1985)
Systems that act like humans
The History of AI
Present
Computational Intelligence
Neural Networks Reborn 1986 Knowledge Engineering 1977 Difficulties 1970 AI was launched 1966 Enthusiasm（狂热） 1969 IJCAI was held Birth 1956