世界英语World English
高中英语 Unit2 English around the world 教材导学 新人教版必修1
Unit 2 English around the world【单元导航】中国式英语欧洲人做过精细的统计，自1994年以来加入国际英语行列的词汇中，中式英语贡献了5%到20%，超过任何其他来源。
除“孔夫子(Confucious)”、“中国功夫(kung fu)”、“麻将(mahjong)”或者“豆腐(tofu)”之类绝无仅有的称谓，再挑拣几个真正有中国气质、代表华夏气派、并影响全球当代生活的“鸡蛋词”。
(一)丝绸——silk中国是养蚕大国，丝绸的故乡。
“silk”的发音，显然是汉语的音译，这个词代表了中国高超的工艺技术和贸易强势。
即便现在，丝绸仍在现代生活中充当雍容华丽、典雅高贵的象征。
(二)茶——tea这个词，又是英国人从拗口的闽南话里偷走的。
茶，和丝绸、瓷器比肩，堪称古代中国对外贸易的拳头产品。
目前，品茶代表了一种生活方式和文化品位。
18世纪的柴斯特顿勋爵在《训子家书》里写道：“尽管茶来自东方，它毕竟是绅士气味的；而可可则是个痞子、懦夫，一头粗野的猛兽。
”(三)世外桃源——Shangrila (Xanadu)这是两个近义词，都有“世外桃源”的意思。
“Shangrila”出自西藏的传说之地——香格里拉，“Xanadu”则是蒙古的元上都。
如果要表达“世外桃源”，通常采用“Xanadu”这个词。
(四)风水——Feng Shui风水，还是音译。
它凝聚了古代中国在活人住宅和死人墓地方面的集体智慧。
近年来，风水在美国红极一时，从中国人唇齿之间发出的音节，已经成为当代人急需探究的学问。
(五)走狗——running dogs中国式英语“running dogs”贴切地表达了一种见利忘义、供人驱使的“下三烂”。
最先运用这个词的是中国人，还是英国人，已无从考证；重要的是，英语世界接纳了“走狗”，并以汉语的思维抚育这个“外来词”。
接纳词汇的同时，无形中也接受了中国人的价值观。
(六)大款、巨亨——tycoon这种称呼是近些年才流行街巷的，指有钱、有势的商人或者企业家，中国传统的叫法是“大掌柜”。
研究生英语阅读
研究生英语阅读黄宛文编，练习用。
World English: A Blessing or a Curse?世界英语:祝福还是诅咒?1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price’s statement that he is _______ . [单选题] *A:happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB:worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languages(正确答案)C:shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD:amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of _______ . [单选题] *A:a local dialectB:a victim of the English language(正确答案)C:a language that is on the verge of extinctionD:a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism? [单选题] *A:English teaching overseas.B:British government's language policies.C:Dominance of English over other languages.(正确答案)D:The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______ . [单选题] *A:government officialsB:advocates of linguistic imperialismC:in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD:concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages(正确答案)5. According to the text, the EFL countries _______ . [单选题] *A:are large in number(正确答案)B:are known as theC:will be endangered by EnglishD:have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______ . [单选题] * A:it has made a great contribution to the worldB:it has had positive influence on other languagesC:it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD:it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages(正确答案)7. When he said [单选题] *A:punishment is dueB:the jury is waiting for a trialC:no decision has been made yet(正确答案)D:there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______ . [单选题] *A:languages are changing all the timeB:some English words are derived from LatinC:English has promoted the progress of some nationsD:English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages(正确答案)9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______ . [单选题] *A:AustraliaB:East AsiaC:South Africa(正确答案)D:ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that _______ . [单选题] *A:English should be taught worldwideB:English as a world language does more harm than goodC:we should be objective to the internationalization of English(正确答案)D:we should be aware of the danger of English as a world languageAnxiety: Challenge by Another Name 焦虑是挑战的另一个名字1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of the selection? [单选题] *A:The butterflies-in-the-stomach type of anxiety differs greatly from severe states of anxiety.B:Taking on a job assignment that required traveling helped the author get over his anxiety.C:People learn and grow by confronting situations that make them anxious.(正确答案) D:Anxiety is an unpredictable part of life that can be dealt with in positive ways.2. When a college friend invited the author to go with him to Argentina, the author______ . [单选题] *A:rejected the invitation(正确答案)B:accepted the invitation eagerlyC:was very anxious about the idea but went anywayD:did not believe his friend was serious3. As graduation approached, the author’s professor urged him to ______ . [单选题] *A:try to make his living as a writerB:study in the graduate school(正确答案)C:ask his parents for adviceD:teach in the school4. According to Danish philosopher Seren Kierkegaard, _______ . [单选题] *A:anxiety occurs when we face the chance of development(正确答案)B:you can't advance without getting anxiousC:we don't have to endure worry and concernD:we have anxieties throughout our life5. Extinction is the term psychologists use for ________ . [单选题] *A:the inborn tendency to avoid situations that make one feel anxiousB:a person's gradual loss of confidenceC:the natural development of a child's abilitiesD:the process of losing one's fear by continuing to face anxiety(正确答案)6. By saying Which brings us to a corollary to my basic rule (Paragraph 12), the author means he has _______ . [单选题] *A:made an important inference(正确答案)B:got rid of a mythC:found out what creates anxietyD:learned a lesson which can be passed on to others7. The author implies that ______ . [单选题] *A:it was lucky that he didn't take the summer job in ArgentinaB:his son never got over his fear of the waterC:Duke Ellington's stage fright inspired him(正确答案)D:one has to be more daring than most people to overcome anxiety8. We can conclude from the article that _______ . [单选题] *A:anxiety may be a signal that one has an opportunity to grow(正确答案)B:the author considers his three-month trip to Europe a failureC:facing anxiety has eliminated all the author's depressionD:the author no longer feels anxious about new experiences9. The word daunted in The more I thought about it [going to Argentina], the more the prospect daunted me (Paragraph 1) means _______ . [单选题] *A:encouragedB:interestedC:discouraged(正确答案)D:amused10. Which of the following would be the best alternative title for this selection? [单选题] *A:A Poor DecisionB:Don't Let Anxiety Stop You(正确答案)C:Becoming a WriterD:The Courage to TravelScience and Technology科学与技术1. This article is mainly about _______ . [单选题] *A:how to tackle the problems in the newB:the direction of scientific and technological developmentC:both the positive and negative effects of the technological advances(正确答案)D:the great impact on our ethics and privacy brought by the technological advances 2. The [单选题] *A:represents the digital age(正确答案)B:emphasizes on humanityC:is highly civilizedD:benefits everyone except older citizens3. The phrase [单选题] *A:interested inB:accustomed toC:fascinated byD:connected to(正确答案)4. Which of the following is NOT responsible for the increased sense of personal freedom and power? [单选题] *A:A technologically advanced society is centralized.(正确答案)B:There is much greater access to information than before.C:People can have the open sharing of resources online.D:The notion of equality is emphasized on the Internet.5. Concerned about the potential effect of the Human Genome Project, most Americans would _______ . [单选题] *A:welcome human cloning to improve their standard of livingB:support the genetic research which could help to cure genetic diseases(正确答案) C:welcome creating plants that produced plastics and glowed in the darkD:support making genetically altered babies to suit their parents' wishes6. How could the [单选题] *A:They are so reproductive that they will outsell other kinds of seeds.B:The patents on theC:The farmers have to buy seeds again as the(正确答案)D:Because the plants, into which the7. Many people who think government should not outlaw pornography on the Web believe that ________ . [单选题] *A:there were still a large number of people who have need for pornographyB:everyone could voice his ideas, no matter how weird or offensive they are(正确答案) C:the government had no right to interfere with the development of the InternetD:the government might be encouraged to spy on each suspicious computer8. The development of genetic science might threaten personal privacy in that ________ . [单选题] *A:the data of the people with genetic diseases will be publishedB:people may be treated differently based on their genetic data(正确答案)C:patents on the human genetic code will bring scientists enormous profitsD:scientists will use information about human life for personal gains9. [单选题] *A:the study of life in outer spaceB:the study of the origin of lifeC:the study of moleculesD:the study of nanotechnology(正确答案)10. What is the critics’ attitude towards the large scale of space research as mentioned in the last paragraph? [单选题] *A:They believe that such a research would be a waste of resources.B:They doubt its necessity because there are new and interesting projects on Earth.(正确答案)C:They are concerned that space research would prove to be fruitless.D:They believe that space research is not so important as nanotechnology.Here's to a Long and Unhappy Life 为漫长而不快乐的人生干杯1. Which sentence best expresses the main point of this selection? [单选题] *A:Mild depression seems to distract women from life-shortening stresses.(正确答案) B:As grandmothers have led very hard lives, they have reason to complain.C:Caring for an elderly parent is dangerously stressful.D:Depression is not as dangerous or serious as people believe it to be.2. The author suggests that complaining elders ______ . [单选题] *A:should be dealt with by tuning them outB:tend to be unpleasant to visit(正确答案)C:are sad and lonelyD:all talk about the same things3. The main problem that the author’s grandmother endured was ________ . [单选题] * A:the poor quality of the care facility where she livedB:that her children and grandchildren seldom visited herC:that the nurses of the hospital were always impatientD:that she suffered from serious diseases and was paralyzed(正确答案)4. The author feels that her grandmother ______ . [单选题] *A:had a loving family and no real reason to be depressedB:was depressed because she did not live with her familyC:was depressed because she had to share a room with a strangerD:had led a difficult life whose circumstances were depressing(正确答案)5. We can conclude that the author’s mother _______ . [单选题] *A:worked hard and endured the same type of stress that the grandmother avoided(正确答案)B:was a saint who selflessly sacrificed herself for her own motherC:did a demanding and draining job because she had a death wishD:was treated badly by all her elderly patients6. The author called her mother’s last client [单选题] *A:the old lady was too miserlyB:her mother didn't like the old ladyC:the old lady was emotionless(正确答案)D:she hated rich people7. We can infer from most of the examples provided by the author that _______ . [单选题] *A:women work far harder than people realizeB:caring for others leads to fulfillment in lifeC:only the good people die youngD:suppressing strong emotions is destructive(正确答案)8. The author’s fundamental recommendation to her female readers who want to livelonger lives is to _______ . [单选题] *A:drink heavily, smoke, and carry weaponsB:reserve a space in a care facility as soon as possibleC:stop suffering in silence and keeping stress in heart(正确答案)D:sit in their backyards, acquire cats, and ignore others9. By using the word [单选题] *A:warmB:agreeableC:hardD:somewhat cold(正确答案)10. Which of the following would make the best alternative title for the selection? [单选题] *A:Survival Is a Nasty BusinessB:The Misery of Retirement HomesC:Mild Depression Is a Woman's Best Defense(正确答案)D:Grandmothers, Mothers, and DaughtersThe Functions and Effects of Music 音乐的功能和效果1. In the first paragraph the author points out that _______ . [单选题] *A:music is different from other means of mass mediaB:music or recordings have not been used for persuasive purposeC:music has the same function in persuasion as other mass media(正确答案)D:the common purpose of mass media is for advertising2. From the information presented in this reading, you can infer that the recording industry _____ . [单选题] *A:prefers to remain politically neutralB:was forced by the public to release patriotic songsC:has remained antiwar over the past fifty yearsD:has taken a political stand in past wars(正确答案)3. Adapting old familiar songs with new lyrics is intended to ______ . [单选题] *A:transfer feelings or associations from old to new(正确答案)B:bring back fond memoriesC:create new folk heroesD:reestablish familiar environments4. According to the first part of the text, music has played an important role in the _____ . [单选题] *A:political campaigns of many leadersB:civil rights movement(正确答案)C:establishment of new lawsD:economic development5. The Federal Communications Commission’s position on censorship of music states that it is _____ . [单选题] *A:the artist's responsibilityB:the station's responsibility(正确答案)C:the program director's responsibilityD:the listener's or parents' responsibility6. Which of the following best defines the word ’mosaics [单选题] *A:Artistic models.B:Attitudes and behaviors.C:Social skills.D:Various forms.(正确答案)7. Which of the following conclusions can be most clearly drawn from this article? [单选题] *A:Music will continue to be a form of social and political expression.(正确答案)B:The Federal Communications Commission will soon change its position on censorship. C:Music will cease to distinguish one generation from another.D:Elvis Presley will still be popular with successive generations.8. From the last paragraph of the reading, it is reasonable to infer that ______ . [单选题] *A:singing idols are important in the establishment of boy-girl relationshipsB:boys' emotional maturation is equal to that of girls of the same ageC:boys prefer not to become involved with girlsD:girls mature more rapidly than boys during early teenage years(正确答案)9. The passage suggests that the functions of music are ______ . [单选题] *A:uniqueB:questionableC:diverse(正确答案)D:extraordinary10. The author’s primary purpose in writing the passage is to _______ . [单选题] *A:discuss the functions of music in our society(正确答案)B:argue that music has been used by age groupsC:urge censorship of controversial lyricsD:describe music as a political toolThe Weird World of Tobacco 烟草的怪异世界1. After a panel judgment of $145 billion was awarded, the stock market ______ . [单选题] *A:witnessed an immediate downturnB:soared in a matter of daysC:slightly increased in sales volumeD:remained almost unaffected(正确答案)2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to [单选题] *A:Without much difficulty.(正确答案)B:Without much consideration.C:Without much delay.D:Without much guilt.3. After the jurors reached the $145 billion verdict, tobacco companies ______ . [单选题] *A:had to pay the amount as demandedB:didn't receive the punishment they deserve(正确答案)C:announced to apply for bankruptcyD:gave up profits for a better corporate image4. What is the reason given by Al Gore for not banning cigarettes? [单选题] *A:There are millions of smokers in the U.S.(正确答案)B:There are millions of tobacco farmers in the U.S.C:Tobacco companies are important tax-payers.D:Tobacco consumption is a stimulus to economy.5. Which of the following statements is true? [单选题] *A:Sale of cigarettes has always been a legal commercial activity.B:Use of cocaine or heroin has always been banned by law.C:Cigarettes are not as harmful as cocaine or heroin in nature.D:Cocaine or heroin used to be considered safer than cigarettes.(正确答案)6. We can draw the conclusion that the author’s attitude toward Republican policy on tobacco is ______ . [单选题] *A:supportiveB:indifferentC:critical(正确答案)D:obscure7. What is the present argument put forward by tobacco companies to reject FDA regulation? [单选题] *A:Little evidence proves that cigarettes can cause cancer.B:Few smokers show signs as tobacco addicts.C:FDA lacks the legal right to ban cigarettes.(正确答案)D:Smokers have the right to smoke as they wish.8. What does the author think of the arguments against banning cigarettes and the future of cigarettes? [单选题] *A:The arguments are strong, and cigarettes will not be banned.B:The arguments are strong, but cigarettes will be banned.C:The arguments are not strong, and cigarettes will be banned.D:The arguments are not strong, but cigarettes will not be banned.(正确答案)9. The author’s primary purpose in writing this text is to ______ . [单选题] *A:prove the harmful effects of cigarettesB:advocate regulation and banning of cigarettes(正确答案)C:analyze the lawsuits against tobacco companiesD:call on smokers to give up cigarettes10. Tobacco companies are now willing to admit wrongdoing because they have their mind on_____ . [单选题] *A:smoker’s healthB:government regulationC:commercial profit(正确答案)D:public pressureSpillonomics: Underestimating Risk (漏油经济):低估了风险1. By “the pattern seems clear“ (Paragraph l), the author implies that what happened at Deepwater Horizon _______ . [单选题] *A:has its unique reasonsB:is not an isolated event(正确答案)C:is avoidable if taken seriouslyD:is unavoidable no matter what2. The author specifically mentions Joe Barton’s criticism of BP to emphasize that______ . [单选题] *A:public opinions matter in the case of the oil spillsB:the oil industry should impose pressure on BPC:BP has indeed made unforgivable wrong decisions(正确答案)D:the fight against the oil industry is inconsistent3. How might Robert Stavins comment on the BP executives and their mistakes? [单选题] *A:Nobody in their right mind would make such mistakes.B:They have everything in their power to avoid the mistakes.C:These mistakes are actually beyond human controlD:These mistakes, though serious, reflect common human weakness.(正确答案)4. The “black swan“ in Paragraph 4 means that the thing in question ________ . [单选题] *A:is preciousB:rarely happens(正确答案)C:is only our dreamD:catches our attention5. People’s fear of planes after the 9/11 attacks _______ . [单选题] *A:is understandableB:drives them crazyC:cannot be fully justified(正确答案)D:proves to be well-grounded6. Things with the high stakes ________ . [单选题] *A:should be left to the market aloneB:can be better handled with government help(正确答案)C:can be better solved by the market than the governmentD:may be made worse by government intervention7. Michael Greenstone would summarize the role played by the 1990 law as ______ . [单选题] *A:beneficialB:unpredictableC:negligibleD:adverse(正确答案)8. By “it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient“ in Paragraph 9, the author means to stress that ______ . [单选题] *A:there are also risks in fields other than the oil industry(正确答案)B:there are more risks in the oil industry than we have knownC:we no longer underestimate the risks in the oil industryD:we should be careful not to underestimate the risks again in the future9. The author describes in detail the greenhouse gas effect to _____ . [单选题] *A:remind people of the possible risks ahead(正确答案)B:try to persuade the global warming skepticsC:tell people to face reality and take initiativesD:convince people of the reliability of his information10. The author’s purpose in writing the article is to _______ . [单选题] *A:call on the public to condemn the oil industryB:offer solutions to the problems in the oil industryC:expose the deal between the industry and the governmentD:analyze the reasons behind the oil disasters and issue warnings(正确答案)A Beautiful Mind 美丽心灵（电影）1. The text is centered on Nash’s _______ . [单选题] *A:mental illnessB:great achievementsC:mathematical researchD:unusual characteristics(正确答案)2. When George Mackey visited John Nash, the fact that the doors to the room were closed made George ________ . [单选题] *A:a more efficient persuaderB:a more welcome visitorC:nervous and repressed(正确答案)D:comfortable and relaxed3. Nash believed in extraterrestrials because _______ . [单选题] *A:there was no scientific evidence against the existence of extraterrestrialsB:there were mysterious signs and events scientifically unexplainableC:this belief was a flash of thought which, by his judgment, made sense(正确答案) D:this belief was closely related to the mathematical problems in his mind4. What is the most important factor that made Nash a genius with mysterious talents? [单选题] *A:His quick mind.B:His ingenious intuition.(正确答案)C:His extraordinary memory.D:His power of concentration.5. Donald Newman’s words in Paragraph 4 imply that _______ . [单选题] *A:Nash was good at explaining the profound ideas in a simple wayB:Nash was reluctant to take the usual path when climbing the mountainsC:Nash's obsession with originality had been pushed to extremesD:Nash's thought and reasoning seemed difficult to understand to others(正确答案)6. Einstein, Neumann, and Wiener are mentioned in Paragraph 5 mainly to _____ . [单选题] *A:introduce the great learning environment around NashB:emphasize Nash's attitude towards authoritative figures(正确答案)C:highlight the scientific achievements in the 20th centuryD:illustrate the importance of great role models in learning7. “Thumb his nose at“ in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to “_______”. [单选题] * A:take an objection to(正确答案)B:take advantage ofC:take interest inD:take credit for8. Which of the following can best express Nash’s extreme faith in rationality? [单选题] *A:He believed in extraterrestrials living on other planets in the universe.B:He worked alone, refusing to join any school of thought in his university.C:He made decisions in his life by putting them to mathematical calculations.(正确答案) D:He was able to come up with deep and novel ideas signaling new directions.9. The marvelous paradox was that the ideas themselves were not obscure (last paragraph). What was the paradox? [单选题] *A:Nash as a person was difficult to understand, but his ideas were popular.(正确答案) B:Nash was scornful of authority, but his ideas made him an obvious authority.C:Nash's reasoning was quite unusual, but his ideas were easy to understand.D:Nash's intuition was irrational, but his ideas contained faith in rationality.10. The author’s tone in writing the text is ______ . [单选题] *A:emotionalB:prejudicedC:sarcasticD:objective(正确答案)Spell of the Rising Moon1. The author often goes to the hill near his home at night because ______ . [单选题] * A:he likes climbing the hill when it is darkB:he enjoys listening to the songs of crickets and owlsC:he likes the drama shown on the hillD:he wants to regain peace and clarity(正确答案)2. From the description of the moon in Paragraph 3, we know that to the author the moon _____. [单选题] *A:is ill-tempered like a bad girlB:is always kind to humansC:has all the characters we haveD:has different characters in different seasons(正确答案)3. To the prehistoric hunters, the moon was _______ . [单选题] *A:something that made them cheerfulB:natural light that helped them work at nightC:something that helped them set time(正确答案)D:something beyond their understanding4. According to the author, the contemporary people _______ . [单选题] *A:no longer love watching the full moon as much as our ancestorsB:still enjoy watching the full moon if they have a chance(正确答案)C:grow less and less familiar with the moonD:think that there is no sense watching the moon5. One July evening the author stayed for a long time on the mountain because _____ . [单选题] *A:he wanted to stay away from the pollution and noise of the cityB:his car broke down and he could seek nobody for help(正确答案)C:he was stranded there by the forest fireD:he wanted to get the gift bestowed by the moon6. According to the author watching the moonrise can _______ . [单选题] *A:add confidence and laugh to himB:make him feel calm in the heart(正确答案)C:make him feel unimportantD:help him come up with new ideas7. What helped the author restart his car? [单选题] *A:The spell of the rising moon.B:His returned good mood.C:A mysterious power from the moon.D:Probably the cool temperature at night.(正确答案)8. The author often returns to the rising moon especially when _______ . [单选题] * A:he feels tired from his busy life(正确答案)B:he wants to contemplateC:it is autumnD:he has peace in his heart9. The author mentions Beethoven and Shakespeare because _______ . [单选题] *A:both of them loved the moon as he does(正确答案)B:their verse and music are the most famousC:the moonrise is as beautiful as a poem or musicD:the author only remembers their names10. In the passage, the author describes the moon with similes and metaphors to ______ . [单选题] *A:show his love and respect for the moon(正确答案)B:show that the moon is all powerfulC:arouse people's close feelings to the moonD:call on the readers to watch the moon for themselvesOur Picture of the Universe 我们的宇宙观1. The last sentence of Paragraph 2, “Only time (whatever that may be) will tell”, suggests that ______ . [单选题] *A:the concept of time, among other things, is also mysterious to human beingsB:with the passage of time, some truths and errors about the universe will be evident to us(正确答案)C:time is a tunnel, through which human beings can tell which way they are heading D:nothing but time can reveal the universal truth about every aspect of the galaxies2. According to the passage, Aristotle would believe that ______ . [单选题] *A:God created the universeB:Greek philosophers understood the universe betterC:the ancients suffered from repeated natural disastersD:the universe would forever exist(正确答案)3. Although the thesis and the antithesis are compelling arguments, the philosopher Immanuel Kant’s account of them is based on ______ . [单选题] *A:a single assumption that time goes back forever(正确答案)B:scientific discoveries by other philosophersC:the hypothesis that the universe has a beginningD:the Old Testament of the Bible4. That the question of the beginning of the universe attracted scientific attention was to a large extent due to _______ . [单选题] *A:St. Augustine's book The City of GodB:Immanuel Kant's work Critique of Pure ReasonC:Edwin Hubble's observation in 1929(正确答案)D:Aristotle's philosophical thoughts5. Newton’s theory of gravity is mentioned in Paragraph 8 as _______ . [单选题] *A:a good scientific theory(正确答案)B:evidence of the universeC:an unsolved scientific problemD:an example of arbitrariness m science6. According to the passage, a physical theory is generally based on _______ . [单选题] *A:predictions and hypothesesB:emphasis and agreementC:experiments and observations(正确答案)D:science and research7. Compared with Einstein’s general theory of relativity, Newton’s theory of gravity_____ . [单选题] *A:cannot be easily seen by average people, and is more complexB:is used to describe things that are closer to our lifeC:can be more easily proved by experiments and observationsD:is used for all practical purposes and is much simpler(正确答案)8. According to the passage, it is reasonable to suppose that there are laws governing the initial state of the universe, because _______ . [单选题] *A:the universe changes with timeB:the initial situation is a matter of metaphysicsC:the universe seems to be based on regular evolutions(正确答案)D:the universe develops in a completely arbitrary way9. The Newtonian theory of gravity is mentioned again in Paragraph 13 as an example to show that the way we make progress is ______ . [单选题] *A:to work out partial theories rather than a single theory about the universe(正确答案) B:to devise a theory to describe the universe in one goC:to work on both the single big theory about the universe and the partial theoriesD:to assume that the theories about the universe are not as complicated as we expect 10. The passage is mainly concerned with ______ . [单选题] *A:the creation of the universeB:the relationship between the universe and usC:the universe and its theories(正确答案)D:the universal truths about the universe。
英语人教必修一Unit 2English around the world 教案
Unit 2 English around the world 教材分析第二单元的中心话题是“世界英语”，表面上从词汇使用、读音、拼写三个方面的不同，让英语学习者直观感受英式英语与美式英语的差异，而深层中则是激发高中生对于语言文化的历史起源、发展、变化及趋势等方面的学习与思考，强化英语学习的重要性和英语学习的必要性。
Warming up是一组代表英美词汇区别的对话，通过较为熟悉的一些英美常用词汇感知英语的种类，但同时不难发现，在英语的沟通过程中，哪种版本的英语形式都不会影响到用词达意的；Reading部分介绍了英语作为世界语言目前的使用状况及现代英语的发展历程。
阅读之前普及下学生目前的对于使用英语国家的地理范围感知，尤其是英语作为官方语言和重要第二外语的国家。
文章核心可以划分为三个部分：1.英语在年代和使用中的重要地位；2.举例说明英语的表达有差异，但是沟通是无障碍的；3.现在英语的历史变迁，包括几个重要性的人物、时代及相关事件；4.英语影响下的其它国家使用状况。
以时间线索带动语言发展上的探索和推动意义。
Learning about Language以一些英式英语和美式英语的通用词汇为主，另外包含一些英语的重要性及表达过程中所需的常用词汇（动词与副词），继续要求学生熟悉词性转换的运用模式和表达文章逻辑顺序的词组，例如：such as , because of , the former, the latter…；Using Language有一篇较短的文段就标准英语和方言问题发表了一些基本认知基础，让学生们继续在语言学习中追寻适合自己的学习方式，展现英语表达过程中对于语音学习的包容性，试图从更多的角度打开对于英语学习必修发音标准的不自信；Grammar还是直接引语变间接引语，并进行操练。
不同于上个单元，本单元侧重于根据直接引语的语气---要求和命令，将祈使句类型转化为间接引语，基本规则不变；Listening &Speaking &Writing 在输出部分重要探讨英语的重要性和掌握英语的学习方法上，让学生产生有逻辑顺序的表达及分类；在本单元的Learning Tip中提到找到英语学习的趣味点。
world English 英语世界是blessing还是curse
Prof. em. Dr. Jürgen Stolzenberg (Halle)Martin Heidegger reads Fichte“At the present moment I am lecturing on Fichte, Hegel and Schelling for the first time – and once more a new world opens up before me. It is the same old experience: other people c annot do your reading for you.”1 These are the words written by Heidegger to Karl Jaspers in a letter dated 25th June, 1929. How did Heidegger read Fichte? What kind of world opened up before him?Heidegger, while examining Fichte, always had Being and Time2 before his eyes. When he says that at this time he perceived a whole new world, this does not mean that a new realm of thought was opened up to him, a rival, as it were, to his own convictions. It rather means that Heidegger became aware of the origin al quality of Fichte‟s philosophy in relation to his own theory in Being and Time. Heidegger‟s study of Fichte is seen to be an attempt to get the following two different things into a solid, rational relationship - congeniality and closeness on the one hand, distance and critique on the other. Here Heidegger‟s presentation of Fichte‟s philosophy takes on a certain systematic urgency through the discovery of discrepancies which themselves allow Fichte‟s individual conception to reveal itself. In Heidegger‟s view, however, the characteristics of this conception become limitations which must be surmounted and overcome in the direction of an analysis of existence (Dasein). Heidegger‟s reading of Fichte appears thus in a double hermeneutic perspective: We have h ere an attempt on Heidegger‟s part to give Fichte‟s view its own due precisely with the aim of emphasising and underlining the justness of his own claims.In Heidegger‟s letter to Jaspers we cannot deny the tone of astonishment at all the things which became clear to him in the course of his work on the idealism lectures. Here, in relation to Fichte, we can point to the concept of the ego as “Tathandlung” (fact/act),Fichte‟s theory of thetic judgment and the grounding of the finite nature of the ego in the second and1 "Zur Zeit lese ich zum ersten Mal über Fichte, Hegel, Schelling – und es geht mir wieder eine Welt auf; die alte Erfahrung, dass die anderen nicht für einen lesen können." (Martin Heidegger/Karl Jaspers: Briefwechsel 1920-1963, ed. Walter Biemel and Hans Saner, Frankfurt a. M., München, Zürich 1990, 123.)third principles. In addition we have Fichte‟s theory of imagination where the problem of the relationship between existence (Dasein) and temporality3 in Being and Time is announced as it were in a “flicker of summer lightning”4. Strictly rejected, on the other hand, are the technical aspects of deduction and the system character of Fichte‟s Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge. Once the constraints of system have been laid aside and the content of Fichte‟s concept of ”Tathandlung”, the systematics of the principles and the theory of imagination have been grasped, Heidegger sees a perspective opening up which has its vanishing point in the conception of Being and Time. This is Heidegger‟s reading of Fichte.What are we to make of this? Is Heidegge r‟s interpretation of Fichte convincing? To put the question more precisely: Is Heidegger‟s interpretation of Fichte convincing independently of the assumed truth of the position adopted in Being and Time? Is there perhaps some “violation”5 here at work –as Heidegger himself admitted with regard to his Kant interpretation? Are we faced here in the last instance with “misconceptions and omissions”, too?6I.Heidegger did not spare his audience. “The only possible way” he could see of gaining an adequate understanding of Fichte‟s topic and its problems was to “think through [the Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge)] in toto step by step”.7 And indeed Heidegger pursues Fichte‟s train of thought with an exactitude and perspicacity which impresses us and demand s our respect. The first and decisive point is Heidegger‟s interpretation of the first principle of Fichte‟s Doctrine of Science, the statement “I am”.8 This we can use as a model to present and evaluate the double hermeneutic perspective in which Heidegger read Fichte.3It is not possible here to give an analysis of Heidegger‟s interpretation of Fichte‟s theory of imaginatio n, the background to which is given in Heidegger‟s interpretation of Kant (cf. GA 28, 163 et seqq.).4 GA 28, 170.5Cf. Heidegger…s explanation in the preface to the 2nd edition of Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik (1950), here quoted according to the 5th enlarged edition, Frankfurt a. M. 1991, XVII.6 ibid.First of all we have to bear the following points in mind. In §1 of the Foundation of the Entire Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge9Fichte introduces the statement “I am” in the course of a reflection on the conditions under which an unquestionable certainty exists that the statement “A is A” is a true statement. One of the essential steps in this reflection is Fichte‟s indication of the connection between the identity of A in the judgment “A is A” and the consciousness of the identity of the judging subject in its relationship to A both in subject and in predicate position, the latter being “united” in the judgment. T he proximity to Kant‟s synthesis theory is quite evident here. This consciousness of the identity of the ego is expressed in the statement “I am I”. Since the normal usage of the word “I” implies a relationship to something real, the consciousness of the identity of the judging subject directly implies the idea of its reality. This is ex pressed in the statement “I am.”The dec isive step lies in Fichte‟s thesis that the statement “I am” is the expression of a “Tathandlung” (fact/act).10 The argument for this thesis is derived by Fichte firstly from the statu s claim of the statement “I am” (we need not go into this more deeply her e) to be the highest and unconditional condition of all judging; and secondly from the action-orientated interpretation of a judgment. Since judging is the expression of a mental activity and since the judgment “I am” is the highest and unconditional condi tion of all judging, there is at the basis of the judgment “I am” an action which has the sole function to produce in a performative way the reality of that which is implied in the thought “I”. In this way the reality of the ego can be described as an action which is in no way independent of the activity in the course of which it is realised and takes shape. This strictly functional connection of activity and action in the thought “I” is expressed by the famous concept “Tathandlung” (fact/act). Heidegger gives this careful consideration. He emphasises the peculiar manner of being which the ego has and which may be descri bed (using Fichte‟s words) as “self-positing”.11”The essence of being of this being of the character of the ego is self-positing.”12 This defines what Heidegger calls “a self”.Being a self means being the basis of one‟s own reality.139Joh. G. Fichte: Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre (1794/95), in. Joh. G. Fichte Gesamtausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ed. R. Lauth and H. Jacob, Stuttgart Bad Cannstatt 1965, 255 et seqq. A detailed analytical reconstruction of the chain of thought in § 1 der Wissenschaftslehre may be found in the present author‟s Fichtes Satz …Ich bin“. Argumentanalytische Überlegungen zu Paragraph 1 der …Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre“ von 1794/95, in: Fichte-Studien, vol. 6, 1994, 1-34, cf. more recently: Hisang Ryue: Über Fichtes ersten Grundsatz …Ich bin“. Kommentar zu dem § 1 der Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (1794/95), München 1999.10 Cf. GA I,2; 259.11 GA 28, 65.If one compares this presentation of Fichte‟s concept of the ego with Heidegger‟s commentaries on the modern theory of subjectivity, e.g. in the lectures on The Fundamental Problems of Phenomenology (1927)14, one may be justified in speaking of a revision of his critical assessment in this respect. While in those lectures he talked of “an indifferent characterisaton of the subject as something present”15, we must conclude that Heidegger has revised this thesis with regard to Fichte.The real confrontation with Fichte, however, is to be found in what the editor calls a “parenthetical consideration of the …I am‟”16. This takes up Heidegger‟s discussion of the second and third principles of the Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge. The essential characteristics of these must now be presented.IIIHere one may admire Heidegger‟s hermeneutic subtlety in using careful accentuation to make visible what according to Heidigger should be visible. This is Fichte‟s claim of the logically not deducible structure of the finite quality of the ego. Here, according to Heidegger, lies the real point within the systematics of the principles. More precisely, it is the partial indeducibility (conceded by Fichte) of the two other manners of action of the ego: the action of positing a non-ego in opposition in the second principle and the action of limiting in the third. As is well-known, it is Fichte‟s thesis that the second action as action is not deducible from the first principle. If, however, it is deployed – as is necessary when one takes as point of departure a different fact, the truth of the statement “-A not = A” and its analysis17 -, then it must be understood as an act of opposing, where in the first action the self-positing of the ego is assumed. The necessity of a third action, however, is to be explained on the basis of the contradictory situation between the first and second principle; but this does not hold good for its content. The third action, the action of limitation, is due to what Fichte calls an14Martin Heidegger: Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie, in: Martin Heidegger: Gesamtausgabe, II. Abteilung: Vorlesungen 1923-1944, vol. 24, Frankfurt a. M. 1975, quoted in the following as GA 24 plus page-number.15 GA 24, 169 et seqq., 191 et seq.unconditional “Machtspruch der Vernunft” (claim to power on the part of reason).18 This may be understood as Fichte having recourse to the assumed repertoire of the mental activities of the ego, motivated by a desire to avoid contradiction; among these the action of limitation is to be found. Both manners of action, both the opposing and the limiting, provide the basis for the finite character of the ego. “The essence of positing –and so also of ego-ness –is finiteness”19. With these words Heidegger summarises his discussion of the three principles.However, it is not so much the formal character of finiteness which Heidegger wishes to draw our attention to. What is of systematic importance for him is above all the significance which the action of opposing has for the ego. This lies in providing the structural possibility by means of which a horizon of a world is opened up for the ego. The concept of world, which Heidegger identi fies as Fichte‟s concept of the non-ego, has thus its sense and meaning only in relation to the original positing function of the ego. In this, according to Heidegger, one must agree with Fichte: The sphere of the non-ego, the world, is merely a function of the ego and, to be more precise, of the finite ego.20. The second point in which one must agree with Fichte is the fact that the action which opens up the horizon of a world for the ego is not deducible from the concept of the self-positing ego. In actual fact, it has the same original quality as that concept.This is true, too, of the third manner of action, the action of limitation. This concept cannot be logically deduced either, but is due – as Heidegger emphasises along with Fichte –to the above-me ntioned “Machtspruch der Vernunft” (power claim of reason). And so in the end it becomes evident that the basic structure of the finiteness of the ego can by no means be deduced logically. It can only be shown to be a final condition, resistant to further analysis. This is the third point in which, according to Heidegger, one must agree with Fichte.From this Heidegger derives a decisive thesis. This has to do with a number of problematic questions which are inherent to the system and which Fichte did not actually deal with separately; they lie concealed within the system itself and are, according to Heidegger,18 GA I, 2; 268.19“Das Wesen des Setzens – damit der Ichheit –ist die Endlichkeit” (GA 28, 91).20Cf. here Heidegger‟s comment: …The essence of the ego includes something like an opposing element as such; the ego as ego stands in relationship to the contrasting thing. This contrasting thing is not the non-ego being itself, but the horizon into which the ego projects itself. Projecting, however, as relating to.” (GA 28, 77;insurmountable. They have to do with the tension lying between the content itself, i.e. the uniform structure of the finiteness of the ego, and its presentation, which is necessarily influenced by the systematics of the principles. Heidegger‟s diagnosis is that Fichte is attempting here (in the form of the three principles) to put something in words “which is basically not conceivable as such”. Heidegger goes on to say that this “becomes evident in the third principle.”21 This principle makes it clear that the finiteness of the ego and not the self-positing ego of the first principle is the true foundation of philosophy.Here we may observe in Heideg ger‟s Fichte interpretation a developing tendency towards nothing less than a revolution of the Fichtian idealist manner of thought.Seeing that the Fichtian system of principles only leads to the indeducibility of the finite ego, Heidegger makes a strong plea for a representation of the uniform structure of the finiteness of the ego which renounces any claim to absolute certainty and ultimate grounding, and thus any claim to be an “absolute ideal of scientific knowledge”.22 The reason is, as he says, that t his structure cannot possibly be made into something which has “absolute certainty and grounding”23. This naturally leads on to the methodical demand that the function of the self-positing ego must be deployed and represented in a way that makes it quite clear that it is situated, so to speak, at the centre of the facticity of the ego and its finiteness, i.e. something which can only be demonstrated descriptively and which does not lie outside this. It must be made clear that the construction of the finite ego in actual fact contains the reason by which an understanding of the function of the self-positing ego is possible. This is a reversal of the Fichtian idealistic manner of thought and it lies behind Heidegger‟s note: “The other way round: use the problem of the non-ego in order to understand what the search for ego-ness implies.”24A remark of Heidegger‟s, given in an editor‟s appendix, goes in the same direction, openly using the language of Being and Time:“Power claim [ … ] here the I itself is infinit e, only made finite! It should be the other way round: [ … ] this fact a problem in its facticity! i.e. being! [… ] and21 GA 28, 9122 GA 28, 92correspondingly I qua existence [Dasein] and not of infinite nature, posited as such, towards finiteness, but the other way round.”25I n Fichte‟s theory of the thetic judgment and in his use of the concept of freedom with regard to the ego Heidegger considers such a reversal as having more or less already taken place –the seemingly paradoxical point of Heidegger‟s Fichte interpretation. In order to demonstrate this Heidegger must, of course, “go beyound Fichte”.26 What does this mean?IV.A thetic judgment according to Fichte is a judgment which does not follow the lines of the difference genus and species and for the truth of which no basis, either relational or differential, can be given. In the judgment “A bird is an animal”27 the generic concept “animal” according to Fichte is the basis on which the concept “bird” rests and from which the truth of this judgment proceeds. The specific difference of the concepts for different animal species is of no account. In contrast to this Fichte calls the judgment “I am” a thetic judgment in which only the existence of the subject material is posited and in which, as Fichte himself puts it, “the po sition of the predicate is left vacant for the possible definition of the ego in the direction of the infinite”.28To take up an expression of Gottlob Frege‟s, the judgment “I am”, appears to be an unsaturated sentence radical which contains an unconditional existence statement. Its semantic function, however, is to give expression to the self-determination of the ego with reference to its different ways of relating to the world.According to Fichte, this also holds good for the judgment “The human being is free”.29 In this judgment the concept of the human being is thought of by means of the concept of the self-determining subject. The direction of its determination makes up the manners in which it relates to the world both theoretically and practically. Since, however, the world cannot be entirely understood through theoretical laws of freedom and cannot be25 "Machtspruch [..] Ich selbst dabei unendlich, nur verendlicht! Statt umgekehrt:[...] dieses Faktum in seiner Faktizität Problem! d. h. Sein! [...] und dementsprechend Ich qua Dasein und nicht von Unendlichkeit als gesetzter zur Verendlichung, sondern umgekehrt." (GA 28, 246; emphasis as in orig.)26 GA 28, 115.27 GA I, 2; 276.structured in every aspect according to practical laws of freedom, the judgment “The human being is free” is the expression of an idea and the position of the reason of the judgment is taken over by “a task for the reason”.30This can be formulated in the postulate: “The human being should approximate to the (in fact) unattainable freedom towards the infinite.”31In these reflections “a deep insight into the whole”32 is revealed to Heidegger. This whole is the fundamental constitution of the ego and its ontological status. This it the point where Heidegger sees the closest affinities to his own convictions. The first and systematically most significant asp ect is the renunciation of the paradigm of “Vorhandenheit” (being present)33which has been achieved in Fichte‟s conception of the ego. Fichte‟s ego cannot be thought of along the lines of an existing substance which can be used as the object of predicative statements. The truth is that the existence of the ego is only the manner in which it determines and realises itself in a concrete fashion on each occasion. The existence of the ego is thus only a function of the act of self-determination which defines its essence. It is in keeping with this that the predicate “freedom” does not stand for some present characteristic which “viewed from nowhere” –Fichte calls this “any intelligence at all outwith itself”34– might be discovered in the ego. And thus it is possible to say that freedom is not a genuine descriptive predicate of the ego; it only names its manner of being. It is the manner in which the ego under the postulate of self-determination relates to itself and thereby to that which appears to it as “world”. As is well-known, Heidegger attempts to give expression to this fact in Being and Time using the concept of the existential (“Existenzial”). This is the concept to which he refers (indirectly, at least) in our present context35 and in which he evidently sees the greatest congruency with his own reflections. Fichte‟s remarks on the idea of the ego and on an infinite task of realising the quality of freedom under definite conditions in concrete relationships to the world allow Heidegger to speak with reference the ego of a definite task in which it absorbs itself and which, once realised, allows it to understand itself for the first time. This allows Heidegger the liberty of taking Fichte‟s concept of the realisation of freedom as an infinite task and understanding it as an essential interpretative tool with regard to the constitution of the finite ego. According to Heidegger this can be formulated in the following way: The finiteness of the ego sub specie of its freedom is an30 ibid.31 ibid.32 GA 28, 110.33 Cf. GA 28, 111 et seqq.expression of the openness and incompleteness of its existence, and this means for Heidegger that the ego can (and must) determine itself in different ways with regard to the way it desires to be, to live and thereby to understand itself. At this point Heidegger makes direct reference to what is developed in Being and Time: the finiteness of existence (Dasein) lies in incompleteness, and that means “remaining suspended among possibilities as such of the most individual existence potential.”36 Explaining this, Heidegger continues:“Ego-being is open, i.e. the being-meaning of “I am” is I stand amidst possibilities which I can organise in this or that way; standing amidst them means the necessity of a …choice in this directon or in that direction‟. Openness of the ego means in the first instance: existence is being potential.”37This is the reversal in the manner of thinking between the doctrine of scientific knowledge and the doctrine of being as an ontology of existence (Dasein) which according to Heidegger is contained in the result o f Fichte‟s commitment to the indeducibility of the finiteness of the ego on the one hand, and the conception of the thetic judgment “I am” together with the use of the concept of freedom of the ego, on the other. Through this reversal, as Heidegger presents it, the philosophy of Fichte is to be liberated from the dross of logical constructions which are foreign to the phenomenon and from the obsession with absolute certainty and grounding and so be brought to its own true form. This we have to see as the systematic highpoint of Heidegger‟s Fichte interpretation. At this point at the latest, however, we have to remember our original question: What objective opinion can we have about all this? Can we agree with Heidegger‟s Fichte interpretation? The question i s urgent.36“Sich halten in Möglichkeiten als solchen des eigensten Seinkönnens”37…Ich–Sein ist offen, d. h. der Seinsinn des 'Ich bin' besagt: Ich stehe in Möglichkeiten, die ich je so oder so verwalten kann; das Stehen in ihnen ist die Notwendigkeit einer ‟so oder so Wahl‟. Offenheit des Ich meint zunächst: Existenz ist Seinkönnen.“ (GA 28, 114.Cf. Heidegger…s explanation: …Freedom or my being free is not a quality present in me; my being free lies on each occasion only in my freeing myself. This implies: Freedom, i.e. my being free, will never be found as a present quality, it is the initiator in determining existence potential and existence obligation. My being free is not given in me, it is laid upon me. This being laid upon me is precisely my specific being as I, i.e. as ‚I act….“ (112) (…Freiheit bzw. mein Freisein ist ja keine in mir vorhandene Eigenschaft, sondern mein Freisein ist je nur in meinem Mich-selbst-Befreien. Darin liegt: Die Freiheit, d. h. mein Freisein finde ich grundsätzlich nie als vorhandene Eigenschaft, sondern sie ist es, die einV.There are several things to be said here. The first is admittedly trivial, but perhaps not without some significance. Fichte‟s Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge and Heidegger‟s Analysis of Existence deal with quite different subjects and p roblems. The subject of Fichte‟s Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge is the question of consciousness and the grounding of the possibility of object-orientated knowledge of a thing, this being derived from the relationship between consciousness and self-consc iousness. Heidegger‟s subject, in contrast, is concrete human existence in the different ways of its self-interpretation. The result of this is that in the two theoretical contexts the same concepts are used for different objects. Fichte‟s pure ego is not the concrete individual human being in the manner of his existence but that aspect of the concrete human being which grasps itself only as the unconditional subject of all its cognitive achievements, …quite empty of all content‟. Furthermore, the finitenes s of the ego in Fichte does not refer to the fundamental character of human existence in an original relationship to the world; it refers to the formal aspect of differentiating with regard to the mental fact “consciousness of something”. Finally, the acti on of limiting describes only the subjective condition of the determinatio under which something can be represented at all as something which is defined in relation to a given area of predication, which is itself limited through the setting of a limit.This difference, however, which was most certainly quite clear to Heidegger, is not the prob lematical point in Heidegger‟ interpretation of Fichte. Problematical is the way in which Heidegger without further ado takes Fichte‟s statements about the ego to be statements about each concrete human existence. This on its own is sufficient to explain how Heidegger could be of the opinion that Fichte‟s theory contains the foundations of a yet concealed theory of existence which could be liberated from distortions (foreign to the phenomenon) and from prejudices (due to the system) and so be brought to its own form. However, neither Heidegger‟s interpretation of Fichte‟s theory nor the opinion which he derives from it is correct. The reason for this lies in the undeniable differences in the subjects and the points under discussion. These differences require in each case a quite different discourse. They cannot be passed over in a pose of originality.3838 Unfortunately we cannot deal here with the question what the correct systematic position is for a theory of theHowever, it does not follow from this that Heidegger‟ Fichte interpr etation is a complete misconception and must be rejected. There is no reason to doubt the truth of Heidegger‟s words when he says that in the philosophy of Fichte a world was opened up to him and, indeed, a world which in its basic contours could appear quite familiar to him. If we make the attempt to take Heidegger‟s words seriously and try to name the objective reason for Heidegger‟s feeling of conviction or even astonishment at finding in Fichte‟s philosophy as it were a kindred spirit, then we will at least be able to say that both theories have at their centre an identical phenomenon and that both thinkers, each in his own way and with differing aims, tried to throw light on this. This is the phenomenon of autonomy or self-determination and a relationship to the world which is based on this. In both philosophies this relationship to the world is conceived in such a way that the subject is the constructor both of its relationship to the world and of the relationship to the self which is involved there. Fichte, in revealing this fundamental structure, strives to write the “pragmatic history of the human spirit”39 as a …history of self-consciousness‟; Heidegger, in contrast, turns this fundamental relationship into the basis of a theory of the possibility of human self-interpretation in the form of sketches of existence under the conditions of a life which is aware of its finiteness. The reasons for this Fichte interpretation and Fichte transformation are manifold. For the most part they can be derived from He idegger‟s interpretation of the course of the history of philosophy. Heidegger referred to them in the introduction to his lectures in connection with the relationship between metaphysics and anthropology and the contemporary theoretical situation; his purpose was to provide a basis for his project of writing the metaphysics of the finiteness of human existence.40We do not have the space to go into this in detail here. With regard to the relationship between Heidegger and Fichte there is, however, yet another question of important systematic interest which must be solved. This question is put by Heidegger himself and he gives his own answer to it. Assuming one wishes to achieve a “radical interpretation of the subject”41 (as Heidegger puts it in the above-mentioned lecture series of 1927), does the analysis of self-consciousness presuppose a correct understanding of the constitution of existence or not? Heidegger‟s position is clear. A correct understanding of the constitution of existence must39 (GA I,2; 365).40 Cf. GA 28, 1-47, esp. 40 et seqq.41 GA 24, 249.。
世界英语的命名及常用术语辨析
世界英语的命名及常用术语辨析李文新【摘要】全球化使英语成为了世界语言或世界英语.人们研究世界英语时,使用了很多术语,造成了术语混乱现象.本文探讨了产生混乱现象的原因,并对几组常用术语作了简要的辨析.【期刊名称】《东莞理工学院学报》【年(卷),期】2013(020)002【总页数】5页(P50-54)【关键词】世界英语;命名;术语【作者】李文新【作者单位】东莞理工学院外语系,广东东莞523808【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H310.1全球化背景下，英语被广泛用于国际交流而成为了名副其实的国际通用语。
该过程实际上就是标准英语向全球扩散成为世界语言或世界英语的过程。
人们在研究世界英语并给它命名时，使用了很多术语，如 International Language(IL)，English as an International Language(EIL)，English as a Lingua Franca(ELF)，Global English，World Englishes(Wes)等。
但学界对这些术语的所指没有统一的界定，也没有形成一个完整的术语体系。
这样，世界英语的研究中就出现了术语泛滥和术语混乱现象：一些术语的所指互相重叠，一些则相互矛盾，即使是同一术语，在不同研究者那里，指代的内容也不尽相同。
为什么会出现术语混乱现象?一些常用术语到底指什么?这都是亟待解决的问题。
有鉴于此，本文拟探究造成术语混乱的原因，并对学界常用的一些术语做一个简要的辨析。
一提到命名论，我们很容易想到给事物命名，如现实中先有“牛”这个动物，各种语言用不同的词来指代这个动物;另外一种情况是给“概念”命名，如汉语中用“爱”这个词来表达人们之间的一种情感，英语中则用“love”来给相同的情感命名。
这是传统命名论的两种具体形式，它们的共同特点是：(1)被命名的对象 (事物或概念)是事先存在的;(2)名称与事物 (或概念)之间没有内在的联系，是一种纯粹的形式关系。
english wirld英语作文
The Magic of the English WorldIn the vast and diverse realm of languages, the English language stands out as a unique and powerful force, shaping cultures, connecting people, and opening doors to knowledge and understanding. The English world is not just a collection of words and grammar rules; it is a vibrant, ever-evolving community of speakers, writers, thinkers, and innovators.The beauty of English lies in its versatility and adaptability. It has the capacity to express the deepest emotions and the most abstract concepts, while also serving as a practical tool for communication and collaboration. Whether it's the soft, lyrical cadences of poetry or the crisp, precise language of scientific writing, English has the ability to captivate and inspire.Moreover, the English world is a global phenomenon. Its widespread use has made it a bridge between cultures, allowing people from diverse backgrounds to communicate and share ideas. In the business world, English is the lingua franca, facilitating international trade and collaboration. In the academic sphere, it is the language of research andeducation, enabling scholars from around the world to build upon each other's work.The influence of English is also felt in the field of technology. As the language of the internet and much of the software industry, English plays a pivotal role in the development and dissemination of technological innovations. It is the language that powers the global digital economy, connecting billions of people and enabling the exchange of information and ideas on a scale unprecedented in human history.However, the English world is not without its challenges. The language can be complex and difficult to master, especially for non-native speakers. Its rich vocabulary and intricate grammar rules can be daunting, and the constant evolution of language can make it difficult to keep up.尽管如此，这并没有阻止人们学习英语的热情。
仁爱英语九上Unit3课文翻译
精品文档课文原文及翻译仁爱英语九年级上册Unit 3Worldthe English Around Unit 3 遍及世界的英语world.throughout the English is widely spoken T opic 1英语在全世界被广泛使用Section AMiposter of look! I have a Hi, boys, come and have a你们好，来看看吧！Donald Duck. ckey Mouse and我有一张米老鼠和唐老鸭的海报。
噢，真好the wall.stick it on it's so nice! You can Oh,看啊！你可以把它贴在墙上。
gare parents and I My s a good idea. Guess what! That'ablebe Angeles. I will oing to visit Disneyland, near Los那是个好主意。
知道吗！我和我的characters. see more cartoon to父母将去游览洛杉矶附近的迪斯尼乐园。
我会见到更多的卡通人物。
omillions enjoyed by lucky! 're so Disneyland is Oh, youthere go I can over the world. I hope f people from all噢，你太幸运了！世界上数以百万的人都喜欢迪斯尼游乐园，day. one希望有一天我也能去那儿。
我也是。
你们为旅行your for trip? too. Are you ready Me,做好准备了吗？是啊，fly there! 't wait to Yes, of course. I can当然了。
我迫不及待地想飞到那儿呢。
你English there. chance to practice You'll have a good在那儿将有一个练习英语的好机会。
英语的发展历史
In 1492 the Kolumb discovered the new continent, the British established many oversea company, such as East Africa, Ltd. (1579), (1588), East India Company (1600), reaching out to the world.东陆公司（1579），非洲公司（1588），东印度公司（1600）,
英法百年战争（1337—1453）结束后，英格兰回到了英吉利人手中，英语 又找回了国语的尊严。
After 1489, French is only used for writing the law and the Congressional record. In 1500, London dialect has been upgraded to a standard english. 1489年后，法
During the Renaissance, British education is developing rapidly, the school replaced the old style private school, printed materials replaced the manuscripts, scholars have become an author.
语只用于书写法令与国会记录。到了1500年，伦敦方言已升格为标准英语。
1350 - 1500 is a great master of literature of the times, court poet
*Old English and Middle English almostly
the world's English mania 世界英语热
So is English mania good or bad? Is English a tsunami, washing away other languages? Not likely. English is the world's second language. Your native language is your life. But with English you can become part of a wider conversation. A global conversation about global problems. Like climate change or poverty. Or hunger or disease. The world has other universal languages. Mathematics is the language of science. Music is the language of emotions. And now English is becoming the language of problem solving. Not because America is pushing it. But because the world is pulling it. So English mania is a turning point. Like the harnessing of electricity in our cities, or the fall of the Berlin Wall, English represents hope for a better future. A future where the world has a common language to solve its common problems.
“世界英语”“作为通用语的英语”与“作为国际语的英语”术语辨析
“世界英语”“作为通用语的英语”与“作为国际语的英语”术语辨析作者：胡兰西来源：《中国科技术语》2020年第02期摘要：“世界英语”“作为通用语的英语”“作为国际语的英语”虽然都可以用来谈论英语在世界范围内的使用和地位，但它们是不同的概念，不能混淆。
文章依据社会语言学理论探究这三个语言学汉译术语背后的概念并阐述其联系和区别，令术语使用更加规范。
关键词：英语语言学术语;世界英语;作为通用语的英语;作为国际语的英语Abstract：Although “World English” “English as a Lingua Franca” and “ English as an International Language” can be all used to talk about the use and status of English in the world， they have different concepts and can not be confused. This paper explores the three linguistics terms on the basis of sociolinguistic theory， and then analyses their connections and differences in order to make the use of terms more standardized.Keywords：terms in English linguistics; World English; English as a Lingua Franca; English as an International language引言在全球化背景下，英語无疑拥有着庞大的使用和学习人群，它的广泛使用让英语已经成为全球最重要的语言。
语言学家Crystal在其2008年发表的文章中估计，全球大约有20亿名非英语母语使用者[1]。
《English worldwide》 说课稿
《English worldwide》说课稿尊敬的各位评委老师：大家好！今天我说课的题目是《English worldwide》。
下面我将从教材分析、学情分析、教学目标、教学重难点、教学方法、教学过程以及教学反思这几个方面来展开我的说课。
一、教材分析《English worldwide》是教材版本中的一个重要单元。
本单元的主题围绕英语在全球范围内的广泛使用展开，通过阅读、听力、口语和写作等多种活动，让学生了解英语作为国际语言的重要地位以及其在不同领域的应用。
教材内容丰富多样，包括了真实的语料、有趣的案例和实用的语言知识。
其中，阅读文本提供了关于英语在世界上传播和发展的历史背景，听力材料展示了英语在商务和旅游中的实际运用，口语和写作部分则鼓励学生表达自己对于英语全球化的看法和观点。
二、学情分析本次授课的对象是具体年级和班级的学生。
他们已经具备了一定的英语基础知识和语言技能，但在英语的综合运用能力上还有待提高。
学生对于英语在日常生活中的使用有一定的感性认识，但对于英语在全球范围内的影响力和重要性可能缺乏系统的了解。
此外，这个年龄段的学生思维活跃，好奇心强，喜欢参与各种课堂活动。
但他们在学习过程中可能会出现注意力不集中、缺乏自主学习能力等问题。
因此，在教学过程中，我将设计多样化的教学活动，激发学生的学习兴趣，培养他们的自主学习能力和合作学习精神。
三、教学目标1、知识目标学生能够掌握与英语全球化相关的词汇和短语，如“global language”、“lingua franca”、“language spread”等。
学生能够理解英语在全球范围内广泛使用的原因和影响。
2、技能目标学生能够通过阅读获取关于英语全球化的主要信息，并能够进行概括和总结。
学生能够运用所学语言知识进行口语表达和书面写作，表达自己对于英语全球化的看法。
3、情感目标培养学生对于英语学习的兴趣和积极性，增强他们的学习自信心。
让学生了解不同文化之间的交流和融合，培养他们的跨文化意识。
新人教版必修一 Unit 2 English around the world全单元[教案]
![新人教版必修一 Unit 2 English around the world全单元[教案]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/fef82b3d580216fc700afd84.png)
Teaching planTeaching aims:1. Get the students to learn different reading skills.2. Get the students to learn about the English language.Teaching important points:1. Develop the students reading ability and let them learn to use some reading strategies such as skimming, scanning, and so on.2.Enable the students to learn about English language and know different kinds of English so as to communicate with people from different countries.Teaching difficult points:Develop the students’ readi ng ability.Teaching methods :Task-based teaching and learningUnit 2English around the world知识目标：本单元需要学习的重点单词为：include role international native elevator flat apartment rubber petrol gas modern culture AD actually present(adj. )rule(v. ) vocabulary usage identity government Singapore Malaysia rapidly phrase candy lorry command request retell polite boss standard Midwestern southern Spanish eastern southeastern northwestern recognize accent lightning direction ma’am subway block本单元需要学习的重点词组为：play a role in because of come up such as play a part(in) 本单元需要学习的重点句型为：1. World English comes from those countries, where English plays an important role as a first or second language, either because of foreign rule or because of its special role as an international language. (the Attributive Clause; either. . . or. . . )2. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. (even if. . . )3. It became less like German, and more like French because those who ruled England at that time spoke French. (those who. . . )4. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. (the number of+ n. 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)5. Believe it or not, there is no such a thing as standard English. (Believe it or not, . . . )6. The US is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. (the Attributive Clause)7. In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasn’t made until the time of the Qing Dynasty. (the Attributive Clause; not. . . until. . . )8. These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. (spend. . . in doing sth. )9. At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working ina bank. (while doing. . . )10. We know that languages develop and change over time and that is why we have new dictionaries from time to time. (that is why. . . )本单元需要掌握的交际功能用语为：语言交际困难(Difficulties in language communication) Pardon?I beg your pardon?I don’t understand.Could you say that again please?Sorry, I can’t follow you.Could you repeat that, please?Could you speak more slowly, please?How do you spell it, please?本单元需要掌握的语法为：祈使句及其间接引语(the imperative sentence and its indirect speech)1. 要求或命令(demands or orders)“Open the door, ” told he.→He told/ordered me to open the door.2. 请求(requests)He said, “Please open the door. /Would you please open the door? ”→He asked me to open the door.能力目标：1. 能运用所学语言知识谈论有关“世界英语”方面的话题。
Unit3Englisharoundtheworld重要知识点梳理汇总
Unit 3 English around the worldTopic1. English is widely spoken throughout the world.一．重要知识点：Section A1. You can stick it on the wall. 你可以把它贴在墙上。
（1）A. stick v. 粘贴，=put up;Please stick this map of China on the wall. 请把这幅中国地图贴在墙上。
B. ① stick to 坚持，坚守（某种观点、主张、理想、真理、协议）+ v.ing;He always stick to his own decision. 他总是坚持自己的决定。
② stick to doing sth. 坚持做某事；He sticks to speaking English everyday. 他坚持每天讲英语。
C.stick n. 木棍（棒），枝条；walking stick 手杖，拐杖；eg: You can stick it on the wall in your room.你可以把它贴在你房间的墙上。
2.Disneyland is enjoyed by millions of people from all over the world.世界上数以百万的人们都喜欢迪斯尼乐园。
此句是一般现在时的被动语态，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词的承受者，其结构：助动词am, is , are+及物动词的过去分词。
动作的执行者由by引出的短语表示，by 意为“被......，由.......”。
English is spoken by many people. 许多人讲英语。
3. I hope I can go there one day. 希望有一天我也能去那儿。
A. one day 既表示“将来的有一天”，也可以表示“过去曾经有一天”。
英语是谁的语言
英语是谁的语言？Whose language?英语是谁的语言？By Michael SkapinkerWednesday, January 16, 2008Chung Dong-young, a former television anchorman and candidate to be president of South Korea, may be behind in the opinion polls but one of his campaign commitments is eye-catching. If elected, he promises a vast increase in English teaching so that young Koreans do not have to go abroad to learn the language. The country needed to ―solve the problem of families separated for English learning‖, the Korea Times reported him saying.前电视节目主持人、韩国总统候选人郑东泳(Chung Dong-young)在民意调查中选票或许落后，但他的一项竞选承诺却非常引人注目。
当时，郑东泳承诺如果当选，要大幅增加英语教育，让韩国年轻人不必出国去学英语。
据《韩国时报》(Korea Times)报道，郑东泳称，韩国需要―解决英语学习造成家庭分开的问题‖。
In China, Yu Minhong has turned New Oriental, the company he founded, into the country's biggest provider of private education, with more than 1m students over the past financial year, the overwhelming majority learning English. In Chile, the government has said it wants its population to be bilingual in English and Spanish within a generation.在中国，俞敏洪已将创建的公司新东方(New Oriental)打造成中国最大的私人教育提供商，过去一个财年，该校拥有逾100万学生，其中绝大多数是学英语的。
english around the world 教案
Teaching Plan授课人：童菲Period OneWarming UP、Pre-reading、Reading & Comprehending Time: 45minsOverall objectives：1. Enable students to talk about the world Englishes2. Enable students to talk about the differences between Am. English and Br. English3. To read about the history of English language4. To train reading skills：Skimming and scanningTeaching aids: PPTPossible problems expected:Timing: it may not be possible to finish all the tasks within 45minutes, depending on how quickly the students react and work through the tasks.Unknown factors: some students may be unable to concentrate on the lesson for various reasons.Period twoLearning about languageTime: 45minsOverall objectives: To discover useful words and expressionsTo discover useful structuresTeaching aids: Blackboard and PPTTeaching importance: Requests & commandsChang direct speech into indirect speech Teaching difficult：Requests & commandsChang direct speech into indirect speechTiming: It may not be possible to finish all the tasks within 45minutes, depending on how quickly the students react and work through the tasks.Unknown factors:1. Some students may be unable to concentrate on the lesson for various reasons.2. Some students may not finish their homework, and it may cause that teacher cannot go on with the exercise.3. Some students may not remember what is direct speech and indirect speech, and itmay cause many time wasting.Period threeUsing language----ReadingTime：45minsOverall objectives: To distinguish American English and British EnglishRead the text and understand it.Teaching aids: PPTTeaching importance: Distinguish American English and British English Teaching difficult：Distinguish American English and British EnglishTiming: It may not be possible to finish all the tasks within 45minutes, depending on how quickly the students react and work through the tasks.Unknown factors:1. Some students may be unable to concentrate on the lesson for various reasons.2. Talking about dialects, students may become very excited, and it is hard to controlthe whole class.Period fourListening、Reading and speakingTime：45minsTeaching aids: TapeOverall objectives: distinguish the dialectsTeaching importance: distinguish Br. English and Am. English Teaching difficult: distinguish Br. English and Am. EnglishTiming: It may not be possible to finish all the tasks within 45minutes, depending on how quickly the students react and work through the tasks.Unknown factors:1. Some students may be unable to concentrate on the lesson for various reasons.2. Talking about dialects, students may become very excited, and it is hard to controlthe whole class.3. It would be hard for students to distinguish Br. English and Am. English.Period fiveWritingTime：45minsTeaching aids: TapeOverall objectives: to write about learning English by brainstorming。
世界各地英语高级表达
Title: Exploring Global English: A Gateway to Cultural Exchange and Linguistic Mastery Introduction:English, the global lingua franca, is not merely a means of communication but also a window into the diverse world of cultures. Through its countless variations and expressive capacity, English serves as a vehicle for fostering cross-cultural understanding and personal growth. This article delves into the fascinating realm of global English and its significance in today's interconnected world.1.The Power of Lingua Franca:English, as an international language, offers countless advantages to those who master it. With proficiency in English, individuals gain access to global opportunities, enabling them to transcend cultural boundaries and engage with people from diverse backgrounds. Moreover, being proficient in English enhances employability, facilitates intercultural communication, and opens doors to higher education possibilities worldwide.2.English Variations:English presents a rich tapestry of dialects and accents worldwide, reflecting the unique cultures and histories of different regions. From British English's eloquence to American English's colloquialism, each has its distinct flavor and charm. As learners, understanding and appreciating these variations allows us to become well-rounded communicators and cultural enthusiasts.3.Idioms and Expressions:Idiomatic expressions encapsulate the essence of a culture within a language. They add color and depth to conversations, making them more engaging and memorable. Explore the world of idioms, such as "it's raining cats and dogs" or "break a leg," to gain a deeper understanding of English language nuances and the cultural contexts that shape them.4.Cultural Implications:Language and culture are inseparable. Learning English also entails immersing oneself in the diverse cultures associated with it. Whether it be British literature, American cinema, or the dynamic world of Nigerian writing, getting acquainted with the cultural tapestry of English-speaking countries enriches one's language skills and fosters a broader worldview.5.Navigating Language Barriers:English serves as a bridge across linguistic divides, facilitating communication on an international scale. For non-native speakers, language proficiency nurtures cross-cultural empathy and understanding, enabling them to engage in meaningful conversations and connect with individuals from various linguistic backgrounds.6.Shaping Personal Identity:As individuals navigate their English language learning journey, their unique blend of native language, cultural background, and English proficiency molds their personalized language identity. Embracing this hybrid identity enables one to communicate effectively, express their authentic self, and contribute to the multicultural tapestry of global English.Conclusion:Global English transcends borders, enabling communication, understanding, and personal growth on an unprecedented scale. Embracing the richness of English variations, idioms, and cultural implications empowers individuals to become global citizens, fostering mutual respect and appreciation. Let us embark on this linguistic adventure, celebrating both the unity and diversity that English embodies.。
遍及全世界英语的作文高中
遍及全世界英语的作文高中The Importance of English in the World。
English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is the official language of 53 countries and is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide. In today's globalized world, English has become the lingua franca of business, science, technology, and international relations. It is also the most commonly taught second language in the world. In this essay, we will explore the importance of English as a global language and its impact on communication, education, and career opportunities.First and foremost, English plays a crucial role in facilitating communication between people from different linguistic backgrounds. As a global language, English enables individuals from diverse cultures and nationalities to communicate effectively and understand each other. Whether it is in business negotiations, academic conferences, or international travel, English serves as acommon language that bridges the gap between people from different parts of the world. This not only fosters mutual understanding and cooperation but also promotes cultural exchange and diversity.In the field of education, English is essential for accessing a wide range of knowledge and information. Many of the world's top universities and research institutions use English as the medium of instruction and publication. As a result, proficiency in English is a prerequisite for students and scholars who wish to pursue higher education and engage in academic discourse. Moreover, English proficiency is also a key factor in accessing educational resources such as books, journals, and online courses, which are predominantly available in English.Furthermore, English proficiency opens up a myriad of career opportunities for individuals around the world. In today's globalized economy, many multinational companies and organizations require employees who are proficient in English to communicate with clients, partners, and colleagues from different countries. Proficiency in Englishalso enhances one's employability and increases the likelihood of career advancement, as it enables individuals to access a wider range of job opportunities and compete in the global job market.In conclusion, the widespread use of English as a global language has significantly impacted communication, education, and career opportunities. Its role as a lingua franca has facilitated cross-cultural communication and understanding, while its importance in education and the workplace has made it an indispensable skill forindividuals seeking to thrive in the globalized world. Therefore, it is essential for individuals to recognize the importance of English and strive to develop proficiency in the language in order to fully participate in the global community.。
英语演讲全世界的通用语言
英语演讲全世界的通用语言Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. Today, I would like to talk about the universal language of the world, English.English has undoubtedly become the most widely spoken language across the globe, serving as a common means of communication in various fields such as business, science, tourism, and education. It has truly become a global phenomenon.Firstly, English has evolved as an international language due to its historical significance. The British Empire, at its height, governed a large part of the world, spreading the English language to its colonies. As a result, English language skills became essential for communication and trade in these regions. Furthermore, with advancements in technology and the rise of globalization, English has become the language of the internet and international business, further solidifying its status as the world's lingua franca.Secondly, English has gained popularity due to the advantages it offers individuals and nations. Learning English opens up a world of opportunities for individuals, allowing them to connect with people from different cultures, expand their career prospects, and access a wealth of information and resources. Countries that prioritize English education have a competitive edge in the global market, attracting international businesses and fostering economic growth.Moreover, English has become a language of academia and research. Most scientific papers, conferences, and academic journals are published in English, making it crucial for scholars, scientists, and researchers to communicate and collaborate effectively. This has facilitated the sharing of knowledge and advancements in various disciplines on a global scale.However, while English's widespread use has its benefits, we should also be mindful of the challenges it presents. The dominance of English can lead to the erosion of other languages and cultures. Preserving linguistic and cultural diversity is essential to maintaining a vibrant and inclusive global community.To conclude, English has become the universal language of the world, bridging gaps and facilitating communication across borders. Its global reach has transformed itinto an international language of opportunity, knowledge, and connection. However, as the world continues to evolve, it is crucial to value and preserve linguistic diversity while acknowledging the importance of a common language for global communication.Thank you for your attention.。
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Old English (5th to 11th c.)
West Germanic Language influenced by Norse and Latin (the lingua franca of Europe)
Beowulf
(c. 1000)
blend of West Saxon & Anglian dialects
– Can’t nobody do nothing about it. – Wasn’t nothing wrong with it.
• Existential it (instead of SAmE there)
– It ain’t no heaven for you to go to. – Doesn’t nobody know that it’s a god.
Phonetics/phonology 3.2.2
• • • • • Rhoticity Retroflex intervocalic Received Pronunciation (RP) General American (GA)
Southern US
• Known as the “Southern Drawl” • Non-rhotic among upper-class whites and blacks • Some reduction of intervocalic R
–Cayolina for Carolina
• Reduction of non-stressed syllables
–Probly [pɹa:blɪ] , prezdent [pɹɛ:zdɪnt],
• Diphthongal offglides
–glayad for glad
Former US President Jimmy Carter Plains, Georgia
1362
Pleading in English Act
English was reestablished as the official language of the common-law courts At this time, there were about 2.5 million speakers of English
• Alternate question inversion
– I ax Mary where did she go. – I want to know what did he do.
The Outer Circle
• The “outer circle” primarily refers to former colonies of Britain (India, Pakistan, and many African nations). • However, some Pacific Island nations (Philippines, Guam, Samoa, Marianas) were colonized by the United States.
– He always be talkin. – She usually be around.
• Use of Completive Aspect
– I done talked. (finished action in the past)
AAVE
• Negative indefinite fronting
Why are some countries that were part of the British Empire not “Inner Circle”?
Who Owns English?
• 75 countries have special or official status for the English language • 375 million first-language speakers • 375 million second-language speakers • 750 million foreign-language speakers • More conversations happen daily between non-native speakers of English than between native speakers
AAVE
• No –s in 3rd person singular (he go, she like) • Zero copula in present tense (She real nice. He big. They out there. He not American.) Note: the copula must appear when exposed (I know what it is. Is she?) • Be as finite verb with habitual aspect
French influence
• Words related to church, the law, sophisticated “high culture” (judge, cordial) • French words are used for the name of the meat of animals (veal from calves, pork from pigs, mutton from sheep, venison from deer)(even nowadays, the English say crème Anglaise, which is French for English cream!)
Extent of the British Empire
Expanding Circle:
People need English to communicate with speakers OUTSIDE the country – European countries, Asian countries
African American Vernacular English
• Creole of pidgin developed from earlier English forms, and West African Languages • Probably influenced the language spoken in the Southern United States • Spread to urban areas in the North following the end of slavery • Now often associated with Detroit and the South Bronx in NYC
Language in Malaysia
• English was replaced by Bahasa Malaysia as the official language in 1969 to suppress the more successful Chinese and Indian minorities who spoke English, and advantage the majority Malay population. • English is now taught as a compulsory subject in primary and secondary school, and is used in business and most private schools and universities
Frisian & English
"Rye bread, butter and green cheese is good English and good Fries.” "Brea, bûter en griene tsiis is goed Ingelsk en goed Frysk.."
(This is not typical. Most words are quite different.)
Outer Circle:
People need English for education, law, politics, business INSIDE the country – India, Philippines, Anglo Africa, Singapore
Inner Circle:
Most people speak English as a first languageUSA, UK, Canada, Australia, NZ, Caribbean
The Danelaw
(late 8th c.)
Scandinavian Influence on English
• Dropping of many inflectional endings • The use of velar plosives instead of fricatives in the words sky, bask, whisk, egg • Borrowing of Old Norse pronouns they, their, them • Scandinavian place names Grimuest
Effects of the Norman Conquest
• English language was no longer used in government, courts, or in the church • A variety of Old French became the language of the ruling class • French nobles took control of all the land • HOWEVER, English survived among the lower classes