Idiom_美国英语中的文化

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英汉两种语言中动物名词习语(Idiom)的文化比较

英汉两种语言中动物名词习语(Idiom)的文化比较

语言作为人类文化的物质载体,在漫长的历史发展过程中积淀了丰富、深厚的内涵,其间由于国际交往、人员往来而形成了全人类共享的精神财产;同时又因地域环境、社会历史、人文景观、生活方式、历史进程及思维方式的不同,又带有自己独特的个性和特征。

中西方的人们都习惯于把某些品质与某些动物联系起来,看到某种动物人们很自然的就会产生某种反应或情绪,从而产生了大量的由动物名词所构成的习语(Idiom)。

动物的生存首先与自然因素息息相关,某些部类的动物只生存于特定的地域空间,同时即使同一种动物对于生存在不同环境,具有不同思维方式的人们所带来的感受和产生的情绪也未必时时相同,所以由动物名词所构成的习语所表达的含义在英、汉两种语言中便既具有共同之处,又各有千秋,呈现给我们一幅生动有趣的文化图景。

通过对英语中由动物名词所构成的习语之汉语含义的简要分析,有助于我们对两种语言中文化的异同做大体了解。

―根据习语在表现文化特征方面,可分为三种对应关系:对应关系、半对应关系、不对应关系‖(冀一志:《从跨文化角度看习语翻译》,1993,238),并参考有关翻译理论,根据动物名词习语在英、汉两种语言中表达方式的异同,大体可分为三种情况:一完全对等表达法―不同文化之间的交往是历史上早已存在的事实。

当代由于科学技术,尤其是电子通讯网络的兴起……不同文化之间的交流更是回避不了的现实。

‖(賈玉新:《美国跨文化交流研究》,1992,51)。

的确,人类生活在同一个星球,在人类历史发展的过程中,不同国度之间的各种文化相互交流、借鉴和融合,人类文化在某些方面也就难免具有一定的共性,英语中部分由动物名词的所构成的习语在汉语中可以找到完全对等的表达。

在中国人和西方讲英语的英国人、美国人和加拿大人的眼中,狐狸总是和狡猾联系在一起,驴和愚蠢相联系(stupid ass),鹦鹉是没有主见,只会人云亦云的一类人的代名词,羊羔温顺腼腆,猪肮脏贪吃,猴子身体灵活敏捷,狼凶残好杀等等,不一而足,具体表现在以下几种情况之中:1.在like…,as…as句式所构成的明喻结构中,例如:as agile as a monkey (象猴子一样敏捷)as blind as a bat (瞎地象蝙蝠似的)as busy as a bee (如蜜蜂般忙碌)as crafty as a fox (如狐狸般狡猾)as meek as a lamb (温顺地象羊羔一样)as stupid as a donkey (蠢驴)like fish out of water (像鱼离开了水一样)2.在含有动物名的动词短语中,如:to fish in troubled waters (浑水摸鱼)to pass fish eyes before pearls(鱼目混珠)3.由动物名词所构成的复合形容词:bird-brained (没有头脑的,傻的)eagle-eyed (目光敏捷的)4.在固定短语中:(1)A dark horse (黑马有本事而深藏不露的人)(2)A wolf in sheep’s clothing(披着羊皮的狼)(2)A snake in the grass (伪装成朋友但却阴险的人)(3)A dog in the manger (狗占马糟)(4)Cry wolf (喊狼来了,发假警报)(5)make a monkey out of sb. (把某人当猴耍了)5.谚语:(1)A mouse can see an inch. (鼠目寸光)(2)Barking dogs do not bite. (吠犬不咬人)(3)One swallow does not make a summer.(一燕不成夏)(4)When the cat’s away,the mice will play(猫儿不在,鼠儿成精)二不完全对等表达法如前所述,同一种动物对于生活在不同环境中的人们所引起的情感和产生的反映未必时时相同,某些习语的表达方式在两种语言中结构类似,含义基本相同,但其中所使用的动物名词却略有不同。

美国习惯用语 - idioms

美国习惯用语 - idioms

The life of the party :人人喜欢参加又有吃又好玩的社交聚会,也就是party。

今天我们就来讲讲由party这个词发展而来的习惯用语。

第一个是: life of the party。

Life意思当然是生命,它也可以解释为“活力”或者“精华”。

Life of the party用来说某一种人。

什么样的人呢?我们听个例子来体会吧。

这个小伙子要向我们介绍他妹妹 Jenny, 听了他的描述,你一定觉得Jenny是非常讨人喜欢的女孩儿,注意他话里用上了习惯用语life of the party:例句-1:People who give parties always invite Jenny because they know she'll be the life of the party. She knows everybody in town, helps guests get to know each other, makes sure they get plenty to eat and makes everybody feel very comfortable.他说:举办party的人都会邀请Jenny。

他还告诉我们Jenny在当地人头很熟,所以在聚会上能为客人相互引见介绍,而且她还会注意大伙都有足够的食物,让每个人都感到舒畅。

可见他把Jenny称为life of the party意思就是在聚会中活跃气氛的中心人物。

在这儿指的是女性,但是life of the party也可以用来说男子。

这个习惯用语沿用至今至少有一百五十年了,但是因为它相当有用,所以经久不衰。

美式文化 中的词汇

美式文化 中的词汇

美式文化中的词汇
1. 自由女神像(Statue of Liberty):作为美国的标志性建筑之一,自由女神像是自由和民主的象征。

2. 好莱坞(Hollywood):美国电影工业的中心,代表了美国的娱乐文化。

3. 汉堡包(Hamburger):美国的代表性食物之一,以其简单、快捷和美味而闻名。

4. 摇滚音乐(Rock music):起源于美国的一种音乐类型,以其强烈的节奏感和动感而受到广泛欢迎。

5. 感恩节(Thanksgiving):美国的传统节日,人们通常会与家人团聚,感恩生活中的各种祝福。

6. 超级碗(Super Bowl):美国国家橄榄球联盟(National Football League)的年度冠军赛,是全美最受欢迎的体育赛事之一。

7. 牛仔文化(Cowboy culture):美国西部文化的代表,包括牛仔服饰、音乐、舞蹈等。

8. 科技巨头(Tech giants):如苹果、谷歌、亚马逊等,代表了美国在科技领域的领先地位。

9. 嘻哈文化(Hip-hop culture):起源于美国纽约市的非裔和拉丁裔社区,包括音乐、舞蹈、时尚等方面。

10. 常春藤盟校(Ivy League):包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学等八所著名的私立大学,代表了美国高等教育的最高水平。

以上只是美式文化中的一部分词汇,还有很多其他方面的词汇,如政治、历史、文学、艺术等。

这些词汇反映了美国社会的多元性和文化的丰富性。

5个关于pretty的英文习语

5个关于pretty的英文习语
如果说某人not just a pretty face,这意味着他们 不仅外表好看,同时也很聪明。 If someone is not just a pretty face, it means not only are they attractive, but they're very intelligent, too.
If something isn't a pretty sight, it means it's not nice to look at. It could be a situation, it could be a view. In either sense, it's ugly.
例如,这个乌贼看起来不太好看,但它吃起来很好吃。
5个关于‘pretty’的英文习语
Ta l i a
Warm up
习语(idiom)是英语里的一种特殊的语 言现象,也是英语语汇的精华。今天为大 家推荐与“pretty”有关的五个很接地气 的英文习语!学会了这些,能帮助你和外 国人更自然地进行交流,还能留下个好印 象哦✨
今天我们要讲的是包含“pretty”这个词 的习语。那么今天,我们来聊一聊五个 有关“pretty”的习语。我们开始吧!
4. pretty much
它就是pretty much。Pretty much表示差不多、几乎、或多或少。举个 例子:我的指甲差不多快做完了,我已经快完成了。
It is pretty much. Pretty much means nearly, almost or more or less. For example, I'm pretty much done with my nails. I've almost finished them.

英语idiom例子

英语idiom例子

英语习语(idioms)是英语语言中的一种特殊表达方式,通常由固定的短语或表达组成,具有特定的含义,不能仅仅通过其组成部分的字面意义来理解。

以下是一些英语习语的例子:1. "It's raining cats and dogs." - 意思是“下着倾盆大雨”,而不是字面意义上的“下着猫和狗”。

2. "Bringing coals to Newcastle" - 意思是“做多余的事情”,因为纽卡斯尔(Newcastle)是英国的一个煤炭重镇。

3. "The early bird catches the worm." - 意思是“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”,即提早行动的人能够得到更好的机会或好处。

4. "That's a long shot." - 意思是“那是一个不太可能的事情”,而不是字面意义上的“那是一次长射”。

5. "You're a big help." - 意思是“你很有帮助”,而不是字面意义上的“你是一个大帮助”。

6. "It's a piece of cake." - 意思是“那很容易”,而不是字面意义上的“那是一块蛋糕”。

7. "He's a dead ringer for his brother." - 意思是“他和他兄弟长得一模一样”,而不是字面意义上的“他已经死了,还像个钟摆一样摆动”。

8. "She's always the first to arrive and the last to leave." - 意思是“她总是第一个到达,最后一个离开”,而不是字面意义上的“她总是第一个到达和最后一个离开”。

9. "He's a fast talker." - 意思是“他说话很快”,而不是字面意义上的“他说话很流利”。

17idiom习语的翻译

17idiom习语的翻译
英汉习语的分类与翻译
Classification and Translation of English & Chinese Idioms
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1
1. 文化、习语与翻译
文化: 涵盖面很广而且相当复杂的概念;
泰特勒(1871): 文化是包括全部的知识、 信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及作 为社会成员的人所掌握和接受的任何其 他的才能和习惯的复合体。从根本上说, 文化是从深层次影响和制约每一个社会 成员和每一种社会活动的生存方式,是 一种存在于人类一切活动领域中的内在 的东西。
17
2.3 非对应的英汉习语及其翻译
由于两国历史文化的影响,英汉语言中各自形成 了大量的独有本民族特色的习语,翻译的时候在 目标语言中找不到相对应的表达方法,因此往往 采用直译法,e.g. sour grapes 酸葡萄 eye for eye and tooth for tooth 以眼还眼,以牙还牙 bull market 牛市 bear market 熊市
8
以上的英语习语或谚语都含有动物意象, 都有比喻意义,都有与之相对应的汉语习 语或谚语。翻译这类英语习语时,套用相 对应的汉语习语无疑是最佳译法。 同样,汉语也有一些习语与英语的一些习 语相对应。翻译这类汉语习语时,应套用 英语中与之相对应的习语,以便产生形神 兼备的对等翻译。 e.g.
9
合抱之木,生于毫末。
12
as timid as a hare X 胆小如兔 √ 胆小如鼠 as strong as a horse X 强大如马 √ 力大如牛 as poor as a church mouse X 像教堂的老鼠一样贫穷 √ 一贫如洗
13
Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人,成事在天。 Everyone for himself, God for us all. 人人为自己,老天为大家。 A small bird wants but a small nest. 燕雀无(安知)鸿鹄之志。 Take not the musket (步枪) to kill a butterfly. 杀鸡焉用牛刀。 When the cat’s away, the mice will play. 山中无老虎,猴子称霸(大)王。

英语俚语(AmericanIdioms)

英语俚语(AmericanIdioms)

英语俚语(AmericanIdioms)英语俚语(American Idioms)1、the apple of one's eye:掌上明珠,珍爱的人(或物)这里的apple是指瞳孔,是眼睛里最敏感最珍贵的部分。

这条成语来自《圣经. 诗篇》第十七篇第八节:"求你保护我,如同保护眼中的瞳孔。

"(Keep me as the apple of the eye.)[例]The little girl is the apple of her parents' eye. 这个小女孩是她父母的掌上明珠。

2、bad egg: 坏蛋;流氓,骗子,二流子;没出息的人此语大约于上世纪中叶在美国出现,十年后传到英国。

在比喻上,"坏蛋"也可作为腐败的象征,因为坏蛋从外表看不出来,里面却已气味难闻。

[例] Trust him nothing; he is a bad egg. 别相信他,他是个坏蛋。

3、burn one's boats (bridges): 破釜沉舟,自断退路,有进无退这句成语源自某些军事家的行动。

相传古罗马恺撒等名将出征时,常烧毁船只,士兵们后退无路,只有勇往直前,战胜敌人。

[例] "That's done it" said Manby, tearing up the agreement. "Now we've burned our boats behind us and we've no option but to go forward with the project.""事已如此,"曼贝一边说,一边撕掉协议书,"现在我们已破釜沉舟,除按计划前进外,别无选择。

"4、castle in Spain (the air)空中楼阁,白日做梦来自法语chateauxen Espangne.为什么提到西班牙?可能因为西班牙一度被认为是个富于浪漫色彩的国家。

英语习语的翻译

英语习语的翻译

The Definition of Idioms
习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固 定的表达方式。广义的习语(idioms)包括俗 语(colloquialisms)、 谚语(proverbs)和俚 语(slang expressions)等。
英汉两种语言历史悠久,包含着大量的习语, 它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅,不仅言简 意赅,而且形象生动,妙趣横生,给人一种美 的享受。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习 俗等方面的差异,英汉习语承载着不同民族的 文化特色和文化信息,它们与文化传统紧密相 连,不可分割。习语中的文化因素往往是翻译 中的难点。
有其父必有其子
a lion at home, a mouse abroad
在家如狮,在外如鼠
Life is short and time is swift 人生苦短,岁月如逝
2.英语习语和汉语习语形义部分相同
as strong as a horse
力大如牛
a lion in the way
拦路虎
习语不仅大量地出现在文艺作品中和政治、 科学论文中,在口语中也会使用一些习语, 因此,习语的翻译是一个非常重要的问题, 习语翻译的好坏对整个译文的质量及听懂英 语口语都有直接的影响。
英语习语汉译主要有以下四种方法: 直译法 直译加注法 释义 归化
1.直译 (对等翻译法)
如果英语习语和汉语习语在形义方面完全相同,或
鉴于公司间的恶意接收出价最近猛增,这个国家里的那些最大的 公司有15%已为高级管理人员配备了“黄金降落伞”(*黄金降落 伞:一种工作合同,规定所在公司如被收购,雇员[常为高级行政 管理人员]可以辞职,而其薪水和各种福利照旧,直至合同期满。)
Pampering is building into what is called the "four-two-one syndrome"*-four grandparents and two parents, all doting on an only child.

术语的英语单词

术语的英语单词

术语的英语单词1. **“Jargon” - 行话**行话就像一个小圈子里的秘密语言。

比如说在电脑编程的世界里,“algorithm”(算法)就是个行话。

你要是不懂这个词,就像被排除在程序员的小聚会之外。

哎呀,这多让人沮丧啊!2. **“Slang” - 俚语**俚语那可是相当酷的东西,就像年轻人之间的特殊暗号。

像“lit”这个词,它表示很兴奋、很棒的意思。

“The party last night was lit!”(昨晚的派对超棒!)你要是和年轻人聊天,不懂这些俚语,就好像来自外太空一样,多尴尬呀。

3. **“Acronym” - 首字母缩略词**首字母缩略词有时候可真让人头疼。

就像“NASA”(美国国家航空航天局),这是大家都知道的。

但是有些不常见的,比如“FOMO”(Fear of Missing Out,错失恐惧症)。

你有没有过这种感觉呢?看到朋友们都在做很酷的事,自己没参与就会有“FOMO”,这可不好受呢。

4. **“Vernacular” - 方言、土话**方言就像每个地方的独特标志。

我有个朋友来自南方,他老说“晓得”,这就是他们那的方言。

要是你去旅游,听到当地的方言,就像打开了一个文化的小盒子,充满了新奇感。

不过有时候,要是方言太重,也可能让人有点迷糊,就像走进了迷宫一样。

5. **“Lexicon” - 词汇集**词汇集就像是单词的大家庭。

比如说医学领域的词汇集,里面有好多复杂的词,像“hypertension”(高血压)。

对于医生来说,这些词就像他们的武器,可对于我们普通人,有时候就像看天书。

你说,要是我们能多了解一些不同领域的词汇集,是不是就像多了几把打开知识大门的钥匙呢?6. **“Idiom” - 习语**习语就像语言中的小谜语。

“break a leg”可不是真的让你把腿弄断哦,而是祝你好运的意思。

这多有趣啊!就像在语言的花园里发现了一朵特别的小花。

要是你在和外国人聊天时,用错了习语,那就像穿错了衣服去参加派对,多丢人呀。

英语习语、俗语学习 American Idioms

英语习语、俗语学习 American Idioms

American Idioms
• She is a peach. = She’s sweet and helpful. • He’s full of beans. = He has lots of energy. • It’s not my cup of tea. = I don’t care for that. • It’s just sour grapes. = They have resentment. • That’s corny. = It’s sentimental, old and not funny anymore. • I’m in a pickle. = I’m in a dilemma. • He brings home the bacon. = He brings home the family money. • She’s in a stew. = She’s upset. • He’s the top banana = He’s the headman.
compromise. • Things may get out of hand. = The situation may become difficult to
control. • Don’t let the cacret! • It happens once in a blue moon = It happens only very occasionally.
American Idioms
• I’m all thumbs. = I’m very clumsy. • He can’t cut the mustard. = he’s not performing adequately • She’ll dig in your heels. = She’ll resist strongly and refuse to

Idioms典故

Idioms典故

Idioms典故美国人把小虫子叫bug,假如有专门多蚊子苍蝇一类的bug围着你嗡嗡嗡,是不是专门烦啊?而bug someone指的确实是“惹人烦;招人厌”。

事实上美语顶用小虫豸比方苦恼的习语专门多,比如ants in your pants(裤子里的蚂蚁),flea in one’s ear(耳朵里的跳蚤)等。

例句:Amanda: What is that noise?阿曼达:什么声音?Jimmy: Oh, you mean that? I’m clicking my pen.吉米:哦,你说的那个啊?我在玩我的钢笔。

Amanda: That really bugs me. Stop it, would you?阿曼达:那声音确实让我专门心烦。

别玩了,好吗?burn someone up激愤或人一小我气到顶点,脸胀得通红,眼里燃着熊熊怒火,恨不得把仇敌烧为灰烬,这确实是burn someone up所指,即“激愤或人”。

例句:Susan: I can’t believe Kristen and Andrew didn’t invite us to their wedding.苏珊:真不敢想信任克里斯汀和安德鲁难道没请我们参加他们的婚礼。

Rock: Yeah, that really burns me up!罗克:是啊,他们可真让我窝火!burn the midnight oil开夜车没有电灯的时刻,人们用油灯照明,午夜(midnight)还点着油灯,让灯油(oil)燃着(burn),注解这小我还在苦干,就像我们常说的“他/她还在开夜车”。

美语中stay up late也有“熬夜”的意思。

例句:Nora: Did you burn the midnight oil last night?诺拉:你昨晚开夜车了吗?James: Yup, I pulled an all-nighter preparing my final project.詹姆斯:是啊,我昨晚熬了一夜预备我的最终筹划。

idiom名词解释

idiom名词解释

idiom是一个英语单词,意思是“惯用语”或“习语”。

它指的是一种固定的短语或表达方式,其中包含着特定的含义和用法。

在语言学中,idiom被视为一种语言单位,它通常由多个单词组成,并且具有自己独特的语法和语义特征。

这种表达方式通常是由语言社区中的成员长期使用而形成的,因此它的意义和用法往往与单个单词的意义和用法不同。

例如,“in the black”是一个英语idiom,意思是“盈利”或“有结余”。

它是由“black”这个单词构成的,但是它的意义和用法与“black”这个单词的意义和用法不同。

在普通的语境中,“black”通常表示“黑色”,但是在“in the black”这个idiom中,它的意义已经被引申到了“盈利”或“有结余”。

此外,idiom还可以分为不同的类型,例如成语(phrase idioms)、俚语(slang idioms)和谚语(proverbs)。

成语是由两个或更多的单词组成的固定短语,通常具有特殊的含义和用法;俚语是一种非正式的语言表达方式,通常用于亲密的谈话或社交场合;谚语是一种具有普遍真理和智慧的简短表达方式,通常以一个简洁而富有启示性的句子呈现。

总之,idiom是一种特殊的语言单位,它是由语言社区中的成员长期使用而形成的固定短语或表达方式。

它具有自己独特的语法和语义特征,并且通常不能简单地通过单个单词的意义来解释。

idioms的名词解释

idioms的名词解释

idioms的名词解释在中国的语言中,习语(idiom)被广泛应用于日常交流、写作和演讲中。

习语是一种由一组词或句子组成的固定表达,其含义常常超出了单独词汇的意思。

在这篇文章中,我们将探讨一些常见习语的名词解释,并探索它们背后的意义和起源。

无论是出于表达的需要还是对语言的兴趣,深入了解习语可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用中文。

开始我们的习语之旅,第一个习语是“班门弄斧”。

这个习语的意思是在行家面前卖弄本领,不自量力。

它的出处可以追溯到古代故事。

相传一位叫班固的学者拜访了大匠人木匠的工作室。

大匠人木匠十分自负,他对班固展示了自己的技艺,但在班固眼中,这些所谓的技艺不过是小打小闹而已。

因此,习语“班门弄斧”就用来形容那些在行家面前卖弄技能而缺乏自知之明的人。

接下来是习语“画饼充饥”。

这个习语的意思是用虚幻的承诺去满足实际的需求。

它的来源可以追溯到宋代的一个故事。

相传有一次,一位叫文征明的画家正在客厅里画画。

在画过程中,画家搞得虎头蛇尾,画了一个漂亮的饼,形象丰满,看起来非常好吃。

然而,这只是一个画上的饼而已,无法真正满足人们的饥饿感。

因此,习语“画饼充饥”便用来形容那些用虚假的承诺去解决实际需求的人或事物。

继续我们的习语之旅,下一个习语是“借花献佛”。

这个习语的意思是用别人的东西来表达自己的感激之情。

它的来源可以追溯到唐代的故事。

相传有一位叫静虚和尚的佛教徒,他到一家花店买花供佛。

然而,他并没有钱来购买花朵。

与此同时,一位路过的官员看到了这一幕,便主动为他支付了花钱。

静虚和尚把买来的花朵奉献给了佛祖,并向官员表示感谢。

因此,“借花献佛”这个习语就用来形容那些用别人的东西来表达自己的感激之情的人或事物。

还有一个有趣的习语是“桃李满天下”。

这个习语的意思是学生遍及天下,意味着教育普及到每个角落。

它的出处有一个美丽的传说。

相传,唐代的一位名叫唐太宗的皇帝非常重视教育,他在庭院里栽种了许多蟠桃树。

当桃树的果实成熟时,所有的桃子都变成了小孩,他们善于诗歌和文学。

英语成语来源浅析

英语成语来源浅析

摘要:英语中有大量的成语(idioms),它们是一种具有特殊意义的相对定型的片语(phrase idioms)、短语(clause id-ioms)和句子(sentence idioms)。

它们的意义往往不等于其字面意义的总和,因此正确理解和灵活运用英语成语(尤其是那些有丰富文化内涵的)是英语学习者和工作者要认真研究的问题。

本文基于英语成语的概念,分析了英语成语来源的类别,旨在对英语学习者学习成语和欧美历史文化有所启示。

关键词:英语成语来源欧美历史文化一、引言英语成语是英语民族千百年来创造的集体财富,其产生与该民族的总体发展进程有着密切的关系,包括社会历史、政治、经济、文化、地理位置、风俗习惯、思维方式、体育运动等诸多方面。

所以,要了解英语民族,学习英语语言,不可不重视学习其成语。

二、成语的定义及范围在汪榕培、卢晓娟所著《英语词汇学教程》一书中指出,英语中idiom一词的语义范围可大可小。

广义上说,idiom泛指一种民族语言中所有的习惯用法和特殊表达方法,可以是一个词、一个词组或一个句子。

《简明牛津词典》给idiom下的定义是:“A form of expression peculiar to a language,person,or group of people.”狭义上讲,idiom指的是英语中长期以来习用的表达完整意义的结构定型的固定词组或短句。

广义的idiom我们译为“习语”,包括:colloquialisms,proverbs和slang expressions等,狭义的英语idiom可译为“成语”,即相当于有语法词性的短语(如,名词性的nuts and bolts street———基本因素;副词性的alive and kicking———生龙活虎地;形容词性的black-and-white———黑白分明的;动词性的return to one’s muttons———言归正传)和有特殊词义的习语短语(如in the seventh heaven———欢天喜地)。

学英语必备的 100 idioms

学英语必备的 100 idioms

100 idioms1.cold comfort不起作用的安慰2. a fly in the ointment油药美中不足之处3.spill the beans泄密4.bark up the wrong tree攻击错误对象5.white elephant 大而累赘6.get one’s goat【替罪羊】故意为难;惹某人发火;使人发怒或厌恶7.Jack of all trades全才8.Soft fire makes sweet malt.慢工9.rule of thumb单凭经验来做的方法10.drug in the market滞销的东西11.dodge the column逃避承担自己工作12.Nothing succeeds like success.一事成,事事成13.ruffle one’s feathers露出弱点14.drag one’s feet拖拖拉拉15.move heaven and earth16.pull one’s socks up振作起来17.do somebody brown使人上当18.part and parcel重要必要部分19.fair and square 光明正大20.behind the eightball处于不利地位21.fit the bill适合某人目的22.as cool as a cucumber冷静e clean全盘招供24.chew the fat闲谈;聊天25. a fly on the wheel自大的人26.red herring转移注意力的话/物27.bide one's time等待时机28.play to the gallery讨好观众迎合低级趣29.keep one’s head above water免遭灭顶,不负债30.get wind of听闻31.fall flat完全失败32.like a cat on hot bricks热锅上的蚂蚁33.It's an ill bird that fouls its own nest.家丑34.draw a blank抽空签;[口]未找到落空35.between the devil and the deep blue sea进退维谷36.bag and baggage完全的彻底的37.Never do things by halves.]凡事不可半途而废38.sheet anchor最后的或主要的靠山39.pull one’s leg开玩笑40.make the grade成功41.The pot calls the kettle black. 责人严律己宽42.show the white feather显示胆怯43.Achilles’ heel致命的弱点44.wide of the mark毫不相干45.through thick and thin不顾艰难46.take the biscuit名列第一,得头奖,列榜首,获胜完全出人意料之外,了不起;真是再妙不过,超群出众[常作反语,用于讽刺或表示惊讶]47.Bite the bullet忍痛,咬紧牙关48.put a spoke in one’s wheels破坏计划49.Fish begins to stink at the head.上梁50.bite one’s tongue off后悔51.narrow escape九死一生52.part and parcel重要部分53.swallow the bait上钩54.beyond the pale失宠,丢脸55.make one’s bed 自作自受56.The mills of God grind slowly.天网恢恢57.jump down one’s throat突然粗暴的回答或者打断某人;使哑口无言58.blue chip热门的股票59.tie the knot[法]结婚60.proud flesh伤口愈合后凸现出来的疤61. a moot point悬而未决的问题62.Penelope‘s web永远不可能完成的工作63.to play fast and loose玩弄敷衍64.the milk of human kind天生的善心人情味65.call a spade a spade实事求是66.tooth and nail拼命地67.with flying colors出色的成功的68.make short work of迅速干掉69.breathe down one’s neck催逼,严密监视70.Hobson’s choice无选择余地71.as fit as a fiddle 非常健康72.by hook or by crook不择手段无论如何73.Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder 情人眼里出西施74.get the axe: 被解雇,被开除75.hit the hay 去睡觉76.His name rings a bell 名字听起来很熟77.to jump the gun 行动过早,结论错误78.look for a needle in a haystack像大海捞针一样困难79. a stone's throw一箭之遥80.as blind as bat有眼无珠81.as wise as an owl像猫头鹰一样聪明82.as merry as cricket 像蟋蟀一样快活83. a dirty dog 卑鄙小人84.to work like a dog 拼命的工作85.to be top dog 居于要位86. a bull dog 难相处的人87.to see which way the cat jumps 静观事态的发展88.let the cat out of the bag 泄露秘密89.bell the cat 冒险行为90.to be a cat’s paw 被人利用,吃力不讨好91.to cock his nose 一副看不起人的样子92.fish story 荒唐的故事93.The best fish swim near the bottom. 最好的鱼总是沉在水底的.(即好货难求.)94.to have a wolf in the stomach极端饥饿95.to wolf it down狼吞虎咽96.to talk turkey开诚布公地谈话me duck无力偿还债务的破产者98.to look a gift horse in the mouth吹毛求疵99.from the horse’s mouth直接得来的消息. 100.chicken head 笨蛋,蠢人101.Greek: myth, geometry, tragedy, gymnasticstin: formula,memorandum,area, genius 103.French: unique, routine, canteen, police 104.Italy: opera, costume, bass, tenor105.Spain: cargo, parade, vanilla, cigar。

English_idoms

English_idoms

back up
A:I agreed to your proposal at the meeting this morning. It was a good one. B:You should have backed me up then when I needed it. A:The matter was too complicated to explain.
be up in arms
A:What do you think of the plan for the new airport near here? B:Perhaps they should give it a second thought. The residents here are getting up in arms about it.
A:My boss is such a clever businessman that everyone admires him. B:Which university did he graduate from? A:He never went to high school. He was educated in the school of hard knocks. B:That’s incredible.
1.Two hห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ads are better than one. 2.The boys come in together and go out by twos and threes. 3.Look!There’s a three-bottle man in the street. 4.After school, the students go home in threes and fours. 5.It’s a five-star school in Huaiyuan. 6.I don’t want to go to tom’s room because it is always at sixes and sevens. 7.He is now behind eight-ball. 8.The girl is always dressed up to the nines. 9.Ten to one they will never find out who did it .

The Cultural Connotations of English Idioms and Their Translation 英语习语的文化内涵及其翻译

The Cultural Connotations of English Idioms and Their Translation 英语习语的文化内涵及其翻译

英语习语的文化内涵及其翻译The Cultural Connotations of English Idioms andTheir Translation摘要论文以习语来源分析文化对成语的影响,并对英语习语的翻译进行了分析和阐述。

习语是语言的艺术,是语言的一种特殊表达方式。

首先,习语是文化的特征,表现形式多种多样,并且富含各种修辞,习语本身也是一种修辞:除了持久的生命力,习语还有着语义整体性和结构稳定性的特征。

从他的来源来看,习语与文化有着紧密的联系,有的习语来源于人们的生活,风俗习惯和地理环境,另外一些习语来源于宗教信仰,历史,寓言和神话故事,或文学作品,有的习语甚至来源于外来语的借用。

蕴含着丰富文化特质的习语给翻译工作带来很大的挑战。

在阅读了大量的有关习语的翻译作品后,作者在论文中对习语不同的翻译方法进行了深入的分析和探讨。

习语不是由组成它的词语的单个意义的简单相加,一些习语的语言不符合语法逻辑,不能按常理来理解他。

不同的文化背景的人对同一句话有不同的理解,因为他们对目标文化了解的很少。

所以,学习中国和西方国家文化的不同是必要的。

这本论文中,作者以文化的一部分--习语作为例子来探讨英语的翻译。

除了这些,作者介绍了两种和四种英语成语的翻译方法。

译者应该根据具体的语境来采用不同的方法。

关键词:成语来源文化翻译The Cultural Connotations of English Idiom and Its Translation Abstract: On the basis of analysis of source of idiom,this thesis mainly probes into the translation of English idiom.idiom is a special kind of expressing way of language,or a kind of art of human language.the first,as well as most important feature of idiom is that it is a mirror of culture.the second is that English are rich in figures,which have plentiful varied expressing styles,and idiom itself is a kind of figure too.the semantic unity and structural stability are the third and forth features of English idioms;the final one is long-lasting vitality.Idiom are very close with culture,which can be testified by its origins,some idioms are originated form people's lives,custom and environment while other idioms are originated from religious belief,history,allegoric and mythical story,or literal works,still others originated from the foreign borrowing.From the origins of English idioms,we know idiom,the culture-specific item,would like to challenge the translator's proficiency owing to the rich cultural connotation of idiom,there are always some difficulties to make a sensible translation.after reading numerous translation works of English idiom,the thesis goes deep into the different translation versions of English idiom,and explores the problems occurring in the existing translation works.idiom's meaning is not a simple combination of that of each constituent word.some idioms are not logical grammatically,cannot be understood by common sense.People from different cultures may have different understandings of the same sentence because they know little about the target cultures. Thus, it is necessary for us to study the cultural differences between China and Western countries. In this thesis, the author takes idiom—a part of culture as an example to study English translation.Besides, the author introduces two methods and four skills of English idiom translation. Translators should adopt different methods and skills according to specific conditions.Key words: Idiom, Origin,Culture,TranslationIntroductionTranslation is not only one kind of simple correspondence switching process between two languages, but is one kind of cultural exchange and transmission.Therefore, translating idioms is a concrete operating process.The translators must fully understand the intrinsic meaning of the Chinese idioms and they should utilize several different translation methods,this thesis analyse the definition of idiom and his region of idiom,let the reader know more about the idiom and his relationship with culture.Beside those,author introducte some methods and skills to leach how to translate English idiom.reader get a deep understanding with the help of some examples.it is useful for the English learner.Chapter 1 Definition of Idiom1.1.Idiom is originated form Greek;it means a special kind of expressing way of human language ,or a kind of art of human language.its form can be a few words,phrase,clause or short sentence.Oxford advanced learner's English-Chinese dictionary defines idiom as:phrase or sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning if its individual word and which must be learnt as a whole unit,such as"give way,a change of heart"etc.Thus,we can define that:English idiom is a set of phrases or one sentence,whose meaning is not obvious through knowledge of the individual meaning of the constituent words,but must be learnt as a whole.it is a social phenomenon,which appeared during the long history of language development,in a broad sense,it includes idiom,proverb,allusion,allegorical saying,maxim and colloquialism.1.2.For instance, “to fall out” means “to quarrel”, but neither “fall” nor “out” has a sense of quarrel. Another example is “a feather in one‘s cap”, which means “an honor or a success, of which one can be proud”. The meaning of this idiom is metaphorical. “Under the rose” is also very difficult to understand from the literal meanings of its component words. Its true meaning is “secretly”. “To have a bee in one‘s bonnet” means “to have a strange fixed idea about something”. “To kick the bucket or to bite the dust” means “to die”. The figurative interpretation of “shoot the breeze” is “to talk without purpose”. Unlike literal language, it is impossible to explain idiom s from the literal meaning of the individual words because they are a combination of two or more words, which function as a unit of meaning. Thus, English idioms are difficult to understand and acquire.1.3.For we Chinese students, English idioms are a stumbling block. It is very possible that theyoften not only feel at a loss in understanding conversations because of a key idiom but also misuse idioms. In this paper, the author is going to make a study of the relationship between idioms and culture and how to translate English idioms.As we all know, language is closely related to culture and can be said as a part of culture. From a dynamic view, language and culture interact with each other and shape each other. Language is the carrier of culture which in turn is the content of language. We can dig out cultural features from language and explain language phenomena with culture.Idioms as a special form of language exist in both of them and carry a large amount of cultural information such as history, geography, religion, custom, nationality psychology, thought pattern and etc, and therefore are closely related to culture. They are the heritage of history and product of cultural evolvement. Consequently, we can know much about culture through studying idioms and in turn get better understanding of idioms by learning the cultural background behind them.Chapter2. The origins of the idiomAfter we know the definition of idiom, it is better to talk about the origin of the idiom.Getting to the roots of idioms, we can find that they originated from literary masterpieces, the Bible, Greek and Roman mythologies, ancient fables, historic events, anecdotes, customs, seafaring, agriculture, daily life, animal habitual behaviors, etc, which involved every aspect of life. That is why idioms are hard to understand.The essential point of studying idioms well is to learn them through the background of the traditional culture, thought pattern, geography, religion, and custom.2.1. Literary masterpiecesMany popular western literary masterpieces have the classic words, phrases and sentences that attract people greatly. They are shaped to evolve the hidden meaning. For example:Screw up one’s courage: to overcome one’s fear; to stop oneself from being afraid.Man Friday: a faithful and willing attendant, ready to turn his hand to anything. The young savage found by Robinson Crusoe on a Friday, and kept as his servant and companion on the desert island.To the manner born means ‘be born to do’. HamletPound of flesh: fair but unreasonable request. The Merchant of VeniceIf we do not read literary masterpieces, it is difficult for us to get the meaning of them. Guess is not a way to know them, reading more books is a best and only way to deal with the problem of understanding English idiom.2.2. The BibleIt is a firm concept of western people that God created people. They think that God is omnipotent and sacred. God, Christ, devil, Adam and some educational segments of the stories in the Bible are passed down because of people’s favor or even some historical and political causes. For example: Judas’s kiss: a deceitful act of courtesy. Judas betrayed his Master with a kiss. Matt.xxvi, 49 Much cry and little wool: a proverbial saying expressive of contempt or derision for one who promises great things but never fulfils the promises. Originally the proverb ran,” Great cry and little wool, as the Devil said when he sheared the hogs”; and it appears in this form in the ancient mystery of David and Abigail, in which Nabal is represented as shearing his sleep, and the Devil imitates the act by “shearing a hog”.Turn the other cheek: to take no action against the person who has hurt or harmed one, esp. to allow him to do it again. Do not resist one who is evil. But if any one strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also…——New Testamente.g.: The murders have made me change my mind about capital punishment. We should bring back hanging. It is time to stop turning the other cheek.The widow’s cruse: a small supply of anything that, by good management, is made to go a long way and to be apparently inexhaustible. In allusion to the miracle of the cruse of oil in 2 kings,ⅳSo when we learn idioms from Bible, we can read Bible, which will increase our knowledge and help us to be familiar with the features of western culture and have a clear understanding of the hidden meanings of idioms.2.3. Greek and Roman mythologiesMythologies are ancient stories that are based on popular beliefs or that explains natural or historical events because the people of the primeval society were scared of the nature and longed for the nice future.Midas touch: the excellent skill of making money. Midas is a legendary king of Phrygia who requested of the gods that everything he touched might be turned into gold. His request was granted, but as his food became gold the moment he touched it, he prayed the gods to take their favor back. He was then ordered to bathe in the Pacto´lus, and the river ever after rolled over golden sands.Pandora ’s Box: a prolific source of troubles. In Greek mythology a box containing all the evils of mankind and given by Zeus to the mythological Pandora, who opened it against the command of Zeus, thus, all the evils flew forth and they have ever since continued to afflict the world, only Hope remained in the bottom; something that produces many unforeseen difficultiesSphinx’s riddle means ‘the difficult riddle’ Sphinx is a monster of ancient mytholog y; The Grecian Sphinx was generally said to be a daughter of Typhon and Chimaera; she infested Thebes, setting the inhabitants a riddle and devouring all those who could not solve it. The riddle was——What goes on four feet, on two feet, and three. But the more feet it goes on the weaker it be?and it was at length solved with the answer that it was a man, who as an infant crawls uponall-fours, in manhood goes erect on his two feet, and in old age supports his tottering legs with a staff. On hearing this correct answer the Sphinx slew herself, and Thebes was delivered.2.4. Ancient fablesthough short and refined, ancient fable stories teach people many philosophic and educational theories while being narrated. They are also parts of preliminary education of Chinese children. It is obvious that they are popular even among Chinese people. They, especially Aesop‘s Fables are the favorites of Chinese people. For example, naked truth means the plain, unvarnished truth or the truth without trimmings. The fable says that Truth and Falsehood went bathing; Falsehood came first out of the water, and dressed herself in Truth’s garments. Truth, unwilling to take those of Falsehood, went naked.Sour grapes, disparage something that is beyond one’s reach. The allusion is to Aesop’swell-known fable of the fox, which tried in vain to get at some grapes, but when he found they were beyond his reach, he went away saying, “I see they are sour.”Bell the cat: risk one’s own life to do something dangerous. The allusion is to the fable of a cunning old mouse, who suggested that they should hang a bell on the cat’s neck to give notice to all mice of her approach.Cat’s paw: the tool of another, the medium of doing another’s dirty work. The allusion is to the fable of the monkey who wanted to get some roasted chestnuts from the fire, and used the paw of his friend, the cat, for the purpose.The lion’s share: the largest part: all or nearly all. In Aesop’s Fables, several beasts joined the lion in a hunt; but, when the spoil was divided, the lion claimed one quarter in right of his prerogative, one for his superior courage, one for his dam and cubs, “and as for the fourth, let who will dispute it with me.” Awed by his frown, the other beasts yielded and silently withdrew.2.5. Historic affairsIn most languages, people embellish their speech or writing with references to characters or events from their history, that is to say, idiomatic expressions are closely related to a country’s history.A lot of English idioms cannot find Chinese equivalents because the histories of the two countries are quite different. Many idioms are from their own history. The English language has much less idioms from historical events than the Chinese language because English just has a history of more than one thousand years during which less important historical events happened. For example, “to meet one’s Waterloo” is from the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, which means to be completely defeated.2.6. AnecdotesMan for all seasons: the person who is erudite and adaptable.Mickey Mouse: small, insignificant, or worthless person. From the name of a mouse-like cartoon character created by Walt Disney 1901-1966, US cartoonist2.7 CustomsIndian File: one after the other, singly. The American Indians, when they go on an expedition, march one by one. The one behind carefully steps in the footprints of the one before,and the last man of the file is supposed to obliterate the footprints. Thus, neither the track nor the number of invaders can be traced.A feather in one’s cap: an honor; something to be proud of. The allusion is to the very general custom in Asia and among the American Indians of adding a feather to the headgear for every enemy slain.Nest egg: money laid by. The allusion is to the custom o f placing an egg in a hen’s nest to induce her to lay her eggs there. If a person has saved a little money, it serves as an inducement to him to increase his store.The skeleton at the feast: the thing or person that acts as a reminder that there are troubles as well as pleasures in life. Plutarch says in his Moralia that the Egyptians always had a skeleton placed in a prominent position at their banquets.2.8. The animals’ habitual behaviorsAs wide as owls: very clever. The owl was given to Minerva as her symbolNo spring chicken: the woman who is no longer young.Swan’s song: the last work of a poet, composer, etc. The song fabled to be sung by swans at the point of death.Bury one’s head in the sand: refuse to take any notice of a difficulty; refuse to admit that something is a problem and hope that it will get better by itself.2.9. SeafaringKeep one’s head above water: avoid bankruptcy. The allusion is to swimming; so long as one’s head is above water one’s life remains, but bad swimmers find it hard to keep their heads above water.On the rocks: “stony broke,” having no money.A phrase from seafaring; a ship that is on the rocks will very quickly go to pieces unless she can be got off; so will a man.(All) at sea: wide of the mark; quite wrong; As we all know, if a person is in the open ocean without compass or chart, he will get lost.With colors nailed to the mast: to the bitter end. If the colors are nailed to the mast, they cannot be lowered to express submission.e.g.: If they catch you at disadvantage, the miners for your life in the word; and so we fight them with our colors nailed to the mast. ——Scott: The Pirate, ch. XxiTo sail under false colors: to act hypocritically; to try to attain one’s object byappearing to be other than you are. The term is a nautical one, and refers to the practice of pirates approaching their unsuspecting prey with false colors at the mast.2.10. AgricultureTo hold out the olive branch: to make overtures for peace. In allusion to the olive being an ancient symbol of peace. In some of Numa’s medals the king is represented holding an olive twig, indicative of a peaceful reign.To nip in the bud: to destroy before it has had time to develop; usually said of bad habits, tendency to sin, etc. Shakespeare has——The third day comes a frost, a killing frost; And, when he thinks, good easy man, full surely His greatness is a-ripening, nips his root, And then he falls, as I do. HenryⅧ,ⅲ, 2.As cool as a cucumber: perfectly composed; not in the least angry or agitated.cucumber-time: the dull season in the tailoring tradeThe last straw: the only hope left; the last penny; an addition to a set of troubles, which makes them at last too much to bear. The allusion is to the old proverb, “It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.” In weighing articles, as salt, tea, sugar, etc., it is the last pinch which turns the scale; and there is an ultimate point of endurance beyond which calamity breaks a man down. Turn on a new leaf: to begin a new course of improved behavior, habit, etc.To beat the bush: to allow another to profit by one’s exertions. The illusion is to beaters, whose business is to beat the bushes and start the game for a shooting party.2.11. Daily lifeA dark horse: a person who keeps his true capabilities to himself till he can produce them to the best advantage. a horse whose merits as a racer are not known to the general publicSee how the cat jumps: like “see which way the wind blows”; which of the two alternatives is likely to be the successful one before you give any opinion of its merit or adhesion to it, either moral or otherwise. The allusion is either to the game called “tip-cat”, in which befo re you strike you must observe which way the “cat” has jumped up, or to the cruel sport mentioned above.Idioms are the essence of a language, which have strong national colors and distinctive cultural connotations. So it is necessary for Chinese readers to understand English idioms thoroughly and learn the translation methods.Chapter 3.The difficulties in the translation of English idiomsIn the 1950’s the American writer Hackett put forward the concept “random holes in patterns”which means “the accidental gap” in conservation when contrasting two languages. There must be information drains in any course of conservation and the absolute equity is never possible. The goal of translation is conservation in maximum to enable the foreign readers understand the source culture. There are two reasons as follows. Firstly, the formation and solidification of English idioms are in relationship with the different histories, environments and cultural backgrounds. It contains certain national culture characteristics and information. Furthermore, Chinese and English live in different regions, so their living environments and experiences are different, especially in their ways to observe the world, understand the world and transform the world. Their culture atmospheres are unique. Secondly, Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family while English belongs to the Indo-European language family, so their language structures are different. All mentioned above enrich the idioms and make them more complex.3.1 The development of translation principleThe principle of translation between English and Chinese has developed for a long time. For translation standards, translators from home and abroad put forward different opinions. From Yan Fu’s “faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance” to Mr. Zhang Peiji’s “faithfulness and smoothness”;from Fu Lei’s “approximation in spirit” to the American famous translation theoretician Eugene Nida’s “functional equivalence” or “dynamic equivalence”, we may see that these positions affect each other, supplement each other although their emphases are different. However, the focus is to translate the source text faithfully, meanwhile, to keep the original taste as much as possible.The quality of idioms translation has the direct influence on the entire article. In order to be loyal to the original text, the translation must not only maintain its original taste and flavor, but also conform to the demand of writing in the target language. However, the idiom translation is difficult to meet these two standards at the same time. It is extremely important to translate idioms faithfully, and translators must pay attention to the following three points:3.1.1.Idioms are heavily culture-loaded; they have manifested different national flavors. Therefore, the translation of idioms must try to keep the original taste and not to use those target words that have strong national characteristics.3.1.2. Chinese idioms stress to the rhythm and structure. So it is necessary to augment or readjust the original language structure when translating English idioms.3.1.3. Do one’s best to translate the original images, metaphoric meaning and rhetoric of the source language.Chapter4. Translation Methods of English Idioms4.1 Two main translation methods of English idiomsDomestication and foreignization are two main methods of translation. The US translation theoretician Venuti defines the two methods as follow:Domestication adopts the national center principle, enables the source language text to satisfy the value of target language and culture, and leads the source language readers into the target culture, while foreignization means to accept the differences between foreign language culture and target language culture to take target language readers to see the foreign scene. From the definitions, we can see both of them hold different metodes toward the cultural differences. But the author believes that domestication is the best way to enrich the expression of target language. Adopting domestication in maximum can enable the target language readers emerge the same or the similar association as the source language readers.4.2 Four concrete translation skills of English idiomsThere are some concrete translation skills between English and Chinese, which are cited as follows:4.1.Literal translation4.2. Free translation4.3. Borrowing4.4. Literal translation with annotation4.5. Literal translationLiteral translation can fairly retain the English idioms’ analogy, image, national and local flavors, in the position of not violating the standard of translation or causing the readers to misunderstand. This way of translation can not only retain the original intention, but also enrich Chinese language. It can be seen clearly in the following examples:An apple of discord comes from Greek mythology. The story is like this : a goddess named discord is angry and never forgives King Paris and his wife because they don’t invite her to participate in their wedding banquet. In order to give vent to the hate, she abandons a golden apple on the table of the wedding banquet, declaring that this apple is given to the most beautiful lady in this wedding banquet. There are three goddesses who want to obtain this golden apple. And then it causes a wrangle in a mess. From then on, the meaning of “an apple of discord” spreads. It becomes the synonym of “the cause of disaster” and “the source of the disagreement”.These are the Greek gifts for you. The literal translation of this idiom is 希腊人的礼物, which comes from the well-known epic poem “Odyssey”. When the Greek had left Troy, they left behind a big wooden horse outside the Troy city. Priest Laocoon tried his best to persuade his king not to accept the thing that the Greek stayed behind. He said that, “I fear the Greek, even when bringing gifts.” But what a pity, the king and the people did not listen to his advice. They pulled the big wooden horse into their city. Actually, in the wooden horse there hid the most excellent Greek soldiers. At that night, they killed the Trojan and fired the city. This wooden horse brought disaster to the Troy. In English Greek gifts is equal to the proverb: When the fox preaches, take care of your geese. The similar Chinese idiom is黄鼠狼给鸡拜年―不安好心(the yellow weasel goes to his respects to the hen-----with the best of intention)4.6.Other examples are:Achilles' heel which means the only weakness, or strategic point;Cut the Gordian knot means taking the drastic measures;The sword of Damocles, the sword hanging above Damocles’ head is compared to the worrying mentality.Furthermore, we should never neglect the following facts. Make a general survey of the history of translation, we are not difficult to see many literal translations are temporary means to meet emergency. The most remarkable represent is transliterations. However,going through a long time, transliteration stands firmly and slowly and is gradually accepted by Chinese. In the end they become our everyday terms. Like “humor, sofa, hamburger” and so on. And we should realize another two ways of translation: one is imitating the original text that is more or less a little nondescript, and the other is explaining the original text clearly, but it would be lengthy. Translating the allusion in English idioms is the same.Here is a typical example on transliteration. Right now the Chinese are probably familiar with these two words: science and democracy. But in fact, they are not locally born. On the early 20th century, the translations of these two words were rather strange to us. The former is transliterated into 赛因斯or shortened as Mr. Sai(赛先生), while the latter is 德谟克拉西or shortened as Mr. De(德先生). Afterwards they are changed into 科学and 民主. Even Mr. Lu Xun also has made the very interesting attempt in this aspect. He translated English word “fair play” into 费尔泼赖which was accepted by the Chinese at that time. Actually, either “science” or “fair play”is just a temporary ideal approach of translation in the situation that had no equivalents in Chinese.There is another example. In the 1960’s there was a large quantity of young men called “the decadents” in America. They were discontented with the social situation, hated anything, held the resistance to the traditional value, did anything new and different in order to be out of ordinary, kept the long hair, wore the outlandish clothes, and advocated intercourse freely. They were called “hippies” in English. How to translate it into Chinese? Since in Chinese glossary, no ready-made word can express the above section of speeches, s ummarizing the word as “the men to counter tradition” or “people dissatisfying the reality” unavoidably lose the cultural meaning. So transliterating “hippies” into 嬉皮士can well solve this problem.4.6.1.Free translationFree translation is similar to domestication. It refers to such a translation method: when the translators are confined by the cultural differences; they have to discard the cultural message to keep the original content and its communicative function. Free translation is an incorporating explanation to deal with cultural differences. Obviously free translation in the process of dealing with cultural difference is very important. Regarding the readers who never get in touch with “Mongolia and Peacey” which is translated into 达蒙和皮西阿斯, they do not have any ideas of this idiom even if the translation looks so faithful. Even more, the source information losescompletely.Both literal translation and free translation are loyal to the original text. In fact, here is a dialectical unification. Because the traditional translation is too subjective, Nida proposed functional equivalence viewpoint that is more objective. It means to request the target language readers to have the same or similar response with the source language readers. The majority of target language readers do not understand the source language and culture exactly. They grow in totally different environments; their thinking modes are different. So the translators have to seek some kind of language that contains the same cultural information of the source language. However, functional equivalence theory has its limitation. Stating from preceding translation methods, Nada’s theory indeed gains great achievement in translating idioms. It has abandoned the form to focus on the content, put aside the language difference to focus on the readers’ response, compared with the translation theory before; it can be rated as one kind of innovation. Therefore, the functional equivalence doubles the translation favor, and was once fashionable all over China in 1980s. Until now, the influence of functional equivalence is still extensive. But someone points out that Nida raised his viewpoint when he studied the translation strategy of “Holy Bible”. So it is more suitable for the missionary idioms that are in religious ancient books, myths and fables in the western culture.For example:A Juda’s kiss comes from “Holy Bible”; as wise as Solomon is from Greek and Roman myth. Although this kind of structure of idioms is simple, its significance is profound, and its cultural characteristics are strong. Therefore, they often cannot be understood or translated from the semantic level. It must be transplanted directly from the source language culture to the target language culture. This method is called “cultural facsimile”. Venutt proposed his “Resistance translation” as a kind of solution for translation between Chinese and English. He thought translation itself undertook the cultural exchange and the readers have the ability to understand the external culture completely. What is more, foreignness will play an important role in enriching the target language in future.Just like one hundred years ago, “All roads lead to Rome” was translated into殊途同归(reaching the same goal or conclusion from different approaches) . But today it is translated into条条大路通罗马(each strip path passes to the Rome) because the Chinese have accepted the word Rome. Perhaps certain years later, the Chinese can also accept the idio m “Mongolia and Peacey”. Besides this change, there is another situation in the interior change of the source language. For example, in the period of pre-liberation and at the beginning of liberation the peasants stood for those men who were short of education; they are ignorant, backward and poor because of the low productive。

英语Idioms汇总

英语Idioms汇总

英语Idioms汇总英语Idioms 汇总unit11. Breath of life 生命的气息Poetry and art are the breath of life to her.诗歌和艺术是她的生命之源。

2. Garden of Eden 伊甸园Life is no Garden of Eden at the moment.现今的生活没有乐土。

3. Adam and Eve 亚当和夏娃I don' t remember when all this took place. Perhaps it was when Adam andEve lived. 我不记得这所有的事是何时发生的,也许是在很久很久以前。

There is a tendency of longevity 长寿on his mother ' s side. Both his grandpa and grandma lived to be over ninety —lived to be Adam and Eve, as they say.在他母亲那系有长寿的趋向。

他的外祖父和外祖母都活到了九十多岁,就像他们说的,要长命百岁。

4. Adam' s profession 亚当的职业He has always been thinking of engaging in Adam' sprofession when he retires.他总是想要在退休后从事园艺工作。

5. Bone of one ' s bonesand flesh of oneesh 骨中骨,肉中肉I hold myself supremely blest—blest beyond what language can express; because I am my husband ' s life as fully as he is mine. No woman was ever nearer to her mate than I am: ever more absolutely bone of his bones and flesh of his flesh .融为一体Jane EyreThe trade union was bone of the bones and flesh of the flesh of the workers.工会和工人们休戚相关。

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美国英语中的文化语海拾趣:Asleep At The SwitchAsleep At The Switch疏忽,失职,错失良机这条短语形成的时间不长,但表达的含义却比较丰富。

它最初可能出现于美国,因为英国人所编著的工具书都没有把它收录在内,而在《韦伯斯特国际大词典》及《美国成语词典》都可以查到。

该词中的"switch"指的是“铁路的道岔”,它并不是指睡在铁路的道岔上要自杀哦,而是指“疏忽,失职,漫不经心,错失良机”。

美国在经历了南北战争之后经济得到了快速的发展。

在当时所有的资本主义国家中,美国的铁路发展得最快。

不过当时的铁路全部是由人工控制的,搬道岔可说是一项十分重要的工作。

向各方向运行的火车全凭道岔工的操作才能驶入规定的轨道,一旦由于道岔工的疏忽、忘记或者搬错了道岔,便会发生火车出轨的严重事故。

所以,“asleep at the switch”就是一件很严重的事情了。

例:Don't fall asleep at the switch when the job is offered to you.当你有机会得到这一工作时,千万不要掉以轻心。

第1期COMPUTER-ASSISTED JOURNALISMCOMPUTER-ASSISTED JOURNALISM 中文译为『计算机辅助新闻写作』。

对英国大多数人来说这还是个新词,但它却为美国新闻界越来越广泛使用。

所谓计算机辅助新闻写作,就是指借助计算机收集新闻素材。

计算机信息资源丰富,现在美国新闻记者已习惯于利用它收集各种相关资料,根据计算机所提供的资料提炼新闻主题、发现受访对象、获取背景题材和核对主要事实。

根据收集到的资料,记者们再借助各种软件如空白表格程序、资料采集程序等研究、校对和处理资料。

计算机辅助新闻写作(CAJ)也叫计算机辅助报导(Computer-Assisted Reporting)。

这两个词在英国都很少有人使用,这既不是因为英国人怀疑这种新闻报导方式的实际价值,也不是因为英国报界的网络普及程度不如美国抑或英国记者不谙计算机操作,关键是英国的电子信息业不如美国普及,而且使用此类信息还受诸多法律条文的限制。

第2期 AMBIENT ADVERTISING中文译为『非主流广告形式』,亦可译为『周边广告形式』,主要是相对于传统的『主流广告形式』而言。

作为广告界行话出现于英国还只有短短四年的时间,但(根据《星期天商报》最近的一篇文章判断)现在已经成为广告业从业人士的一个口头禅。

非主流广告形式主要是就其所使用的载体而言,它主要是指刊登于户外的非主流媒体(报纸、电视、电台等)之上的广告,例如登载于汽车停车费收据背面、高尔夫球洞底、悬挂於火车车厢的横幅、超市的购物推车车身以及鸡蛋包装箱上的广告文字或图片(有些机灵人士更是利用现代印刷技术将广告文字直接印刷于鸡蛋蛋壳之上)。

它还包括诸如将巨型图像投射到建筑物的墙面或将广告词悬挂于热气球球身之上等。

所有登载此类广告的载体统称为非主流广告媒体(ambient media),而使用此类广告形式的人可称为非主流广告人(商)(ambient advertiser)。

据推测,这个短语可能是在“氛围电子乐(ambient music)”(一种节奏缓慢、使人有轻松感的电子乐)广为流行时期被人杜撰出来的。

较之主流广告,周边广告主要在于营造一种消费的氛围,其广告效果往往不易衡量和评估。

第3期 PIE IN THE SKY此短语直译为『天国(上)的馅饼』,源自美国流行作曲家、世界产业工人联盟的组织者 Joe Hill 于 1911年所作的一首着名歌曲《传教士与奴隶》。

他在歌中写道:You will eat, bye and bye,In the glorious land above the sky!Work and pray, live on hay,You'll get PIE IN THE SKY when you die!(中译:不久你将在天上的圣地就餐。

劳动吧!祈祷吧!靠干草过活吧!死后你就会得到天国的馅饼!)这几句歌词是 Joe Hill 从美国救世军军歌中引用过来的,意在讽刺这个宗教组织,揭露其欺骗性和虚伪性,唤醒广大被压迫的奴隶。

后来人们就用 pie in the sky 比喻『渺茫的希望』和『不能保证实现的允诺』等意思。

第 4 期 DOUBLE BAGGER中文可译为『无地自容者』。

通常指某个人因为自身的原因比如性格孤僻而不受大家的欢迎,或者是因为做了什么见不得人的事情而在别人面前感到羞愧不已,恨不得用两个袋子将自己的头藏起来,以掩饰自己的难堪和窘迫。

例如:The actress was aware that she had committed a double bagger when she completely forgot her lines, and then her wig fell off.【中】那位女演员很清楚自己做了一件无地自容的事,因为她忘了台词,而且假发也掉了下来。

第 5 期 AFFLUENCE TESTAFFLUENCE TEST 出现在英国各家大小报纸媒体之上也就是大概一个月之前的事。

当时政府正着手进行一系列全国性的宣传工作,试图一改英国的高福利制度。

此短语的杜撰人可能是英国社会福利(负责失业、退休、伤残等保险)部长哈里特·哈曼,或者是她办公室的某个职员。

时至今日『富裕程度调查』仍没有一个明确的内涵界定,其基本含意是指制定各项措施,通过对申请者的经济情况进行调查,以确保最需要经济资助的人得到政府的救济。

『经济情况调查』(means test)本是用来描述这一过程的,而且在英语中由来已久,但劳工党却弃之不用。

反对使用 means test 的人士认为,对于申请补助者来说,这种做法大有触及人们隐私和令人尴尬之嫌,而且受补对象的最后确定可能由于失之武断而污辱接受者。

有识之士认为,使用这一新的表达旨在冰释人们的前嫌,而给公众这样一个印象:本调查的对象都是中等收入并非穷困潦倒、无以度日的贫困家庭。

第 6 期 BIG BANG这个短语本来是用来描述宇宙形成过程的。

有些宇宙学家认为,宇宙始于一团密集的物质,其形成经历了一个漫长的发展过程,在这个过程中,发生在100到150亿年前的宇宙大爆炸起了决定性的作用,而且爆炸的能量仍在不断地扩大。

宇宙大爆炸之后宇宙形成。

现在这个短语则多用于金融方面,并且特指伦敦证券交易所于1986年10月进行的较大规模的交易体制改革。

此次改革取消了中介人(公司)的固定回扣,证券交易市场完全依靠电脑所传递信息的速度而定。

这在证券交易史上无疑是一次巨大的革命。

继1986年的『创巨大爆炸式改革』之后,伦敦证券交易所又于1997年10月20日进行了第二次规模宏大的股票交易改革,这在金融史上称为 Big Bang II,其中心是建立了以市场为中心的股票交易自动报价系统(Stock Exchange Automatic Quotation System)。

第 7 期 CALL A SPADE A SPADE很多人认为 call a spade a spade 的起源具有种族歧视意味。

事实并非如此。

尽管 spade 有时被用来称呼黑人,但从词源学上来看,这一含意和本短语并无任何实际关联。

Call a spade a spade 的起源至少可以追溯到 1520 年,其中 spade 意为『铁锹,铲子』。

Call a spade a spade 作『直接了当,直言不讳』解。

英国英语中的 to call a spade a bloody shovel 即来源于此,其含意亦为『直言不讳』,只是相比之下后者的语气更强一些。

spade 被美国种族歧视主义者所借用只是 1920 年代的事。

此义可能来源于纸牌游戏,如“黑得像ACE”。

虽然这一短语本身并无种族歧视含意,但在容易造成这种误会的场合我们最好还是避免使用。

事实上,出于文体的需要,我们也应避免使用这种“老掉牙”的陈词烂调。

第 8 期 STOOL PIGEONstool pigeon 这个短语到底是什么意思呢?既然 stool 可作『凳子』或『粪便』解,那么stool pigeon 是否是指停里留在雕像上拉屎的鸽子?抑或和家具有什么联系呢?其实,stool 在这个短语中根本就没有『家具』或『粪便』的意思,实际上它是 stale 或 stall 的变体,意为『引诱,诱骗』。

例如英国著名的剧作家和诗人莎士比亚的名著《暴风雨》中有这样一句话:"The trumpery in my house goe bring it hither for stale to catch these theeves."(大意:把房间里那些中看不重用的东西作为诱饵,目的是为了抓住这群贼骨头。

)stool pigeon 来源于法语 estale 或 estal,意指用来诱捕老鹰的鸽子。

而这一法语单词又是从德语 stall 衍生而来的,意为『栅栏』或『固定的位置』。

据此可以推断,stool pigeon 是指『(抓捕犯人的)密探』,当然现在它也有『告密者』之意。

第 9 期 A BOLT FROM THE BLUE这是一个非常大众化的短语,在英语国家人们广泛使用。

它的意思也不难猜测,既然 bolt 是指『霹雳』,blue 是指『蓝天』,连起来就是『蓝(晴)天霹雳』的意思,但有谁见过蓝蓝的天空突然发出霹雳之声呢?因此在汉语中我们可以灵活地将它翻译为『出乎意料』,『突如其来』或『晴天霹雳』等。

例如:Mr Wang has just been promoted to department manager,so his decision to quit his present job was a bolt from the blue to everyone of his workmates.【中】王先生刚刚被提升为部门经理,他的辞职让所有同仁都感到大惑不解。

第 10 期 A DOG IN THE MANGER因为文化传统的关系,狗在英语语言中都被当作忠实、可爱、聪敏的象征,因此与之有关的短语也大多为褒义之词,但 a dog in the manger 则属例外。

从字面来看,A dog in the manger 是指『马厩里的狗』,读者可能觉得奇怪了,狗怎么跑到马厩里去了呢?要解释清楚这个短语的实际含义,还得追根溯源。

这个短语最早出现于《伊索预言》,故事的梗概是:一匹马和一条牛正在马厩里吃草。

这时,一条狗闯进来了,它十分霸道地要马和牛都走开。

马和牛十分温和地对它说:可是你是不吃草的呀!这条狗却蛮不讲理地说:我是不吃草,可是我不吃的东西也不能让你们白吃!这样,这条狗霸占了盛满稻草的马槽,却赶走了以草为生的马和牛。

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