跨文化交际复习

合集下载

跨文化交际复习

跨文化交际复习

跨文化交际复习名词解释:1. Intercultural CommunicationIt can be simply defined as communication between people of different cultures.2.CultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people./doc/1516397607.html,municationAct and process of sending and receiving messages among people.4.Verbal CommunicationVerbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message.5.Nonverbal communicationThe messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.Unit 1Case 1A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color white.“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort ofcolor, isn’t it?”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool.”“Oh, yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color.”“No, it is also like paper.”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man.”“No, not at all. It is also like china.”Q:Why is it difficult to explain to a blind person what colors are?A normal man with visual sense.A blind man without vision, mainly by tactile sensation.They do not share the same experiences.80s-90sIt is those different experiences that make up what is called “culture”. The differences m ay cause misunderstandings.Case 2Offering helpA Chinese young teacher was assigned to go to airport to meet a visiting American professor. When she arrived at the airport, she found that the professor had heavy suitcases and some smaller bags. He was an old man, about 70 years old. And they could not find a luggage trolley, so she wanted to help him with his luggage.Several times, she offered to take a heavy suitcase, but he refused by saying he can handle them by himself. However, he had difficulties to moveboth two heavy suitcases. At one point, when they stopped suddenly, one suitcase is down. When she picked it up, he says “I can handle this myself!”But being polite, she moved this suitcase to the van.When they come to the van, he seems to be annoyed with her. He hardly spoke with her the whole way to the school.1.Why do you think the professor became annoyed?2. Was it wrong for the Chinese young teacher to try to helpthe old professor with his luggage?3. What differences does the story reflect between American cultures and Chinese culture?The young Chinese teacher of English encounters no fewer than three problems:(1)Cultural Problem (2)Personality Problem (3)A Simple MisunderstandingCase 3Touching a strangerA Kazakhstan girl, in China studying Chinese, was shocked when a Chinese grandma touched her knee kindly on a bus.Once in a very cold winter day, she took a bus to school, wearing a mini-skirt. When she got on the bus, she sat in front of a Chinese grandma. The grandma took a look at her for about 5 minutes, and then the grandma put her hands on her knees and asked “Aren’t you cold? It is winter. You have to wear jeans.”She was a little scared because she barely know a person will touch her and give her an advice about what should her wear. It is quite uncommon in her country.Purpose of Intercultural Communication(1).Have a better understanding of foreign cultures and domestic cultures(2).Increase the culture awareness and sensitivity(3).Develop effective strategies in dealing with potential cultural conflicts(4).Improve your intercultural communicative competenceCase 4 P231.Why were Richard’s sincere compliments misunderstood by the Egyptian family?In Egyptian culture, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way.While Americans are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.Richard’s mistake: praise the food itself rather than the total evening.For the host and hostess, it is like he attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying: “What beautiful frames your pictures are in.”2.What was wrong in the way Richard dealt with the problem in Japan? Japanese people value order and harmony among a group, and the organization itself is valued more than any particular members.Americans stress individuality.Richard’s mistake: make great efforts to defend himself.Even if the others knew that the errors were not intentional, it is not right to defend yourself. The blame’s intention is to warn others of similar mistakes.A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would be appropriate.3.Which behavior was considered improper in England when Richard was taking tea?Richard’s mistake: help himself to some sugar and cream.The values expressed in the gesture of taking sugar and cream:For Americans: Help yourself.For Englishmen: Be my guest.The ideal guest at an American party is one who “makes himself at home,”even answering the door or fixing his own drink.While in many other countries, including the Britain, such guest behavior is rude.Purpose of Intercultural Communication(1)Have a better understanding of foreign cultures and domestic cultures(2)Increase the culture awareness and sensitivity(3)Develop effective strategies in dealing with potential cultural conflicts(4)Improve your intercultural communicative competence Classification of Intercultural Communication(1)International communication:always take place between nations and government rather than individuals. quite formal.E.g. if the Chinese Chairman communicate officially with the American president.(2)Interracial communication:occurs when the source and receivers exchange messages are from different races.E.g. if an African American interacts with a white American.(3)Inter-ethnic communication:refers to communication between people of the same race, but different ethnic background.E.g. if a Tibetan communicates with a Han.(4)Inter-regional communication:refer to the exchanges of message between members of the dominant culture within a country, but different regions.E.g. In China, if northerner interacts with a southerner.What are the three factors that affect the study of intercultural communication?Social-cultural elementsVerbal elementsNonverbal elementsUnit 2Case 1 P23(1)What do you think of the Korean student’s behavior in class?A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification.(2)Why did the students from Mexico readily adopt the techniques of asking questions in class?Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that’s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend not to say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.1.Characteristics of Culture(1)Culture is learned.(2)Culture is dynamic.(3)Culture guides people’s behavior.(4)A large part of culture is unconscious.2.The Nature of Culture(1)Culture is Like an Iceberg(2)Culture is Our Software(3)Culture is Like the Water a Fish Swim in(4)Culture is the Grammar of Our Behavior3.The Functions of Communication(1) Allow you to gather information about other people.(2)Help fulfill interpersonal needs.(3)Establish personal identities.(4)Influence others.4.Classification of communication(1)In terms of who communicates with whom, whether it is human beings, animals or machinesHuman CommunicationAnimal CommunicationHuman-animal CommunicationHuman-machine CommunicationMachine-to-machine Communication(2)Depending on the number of person involved in communication Intrapersonal communication (内向传播) Interpersonal communication (人际传播)Organizational communication (组织传播)Mass communication (大众传播)(3)Two-way communicationCommunicators can see each other and can monitor each other’s behavior.Direct / Face-to-Face Communication(4)One-way communicationCommunicators cannot see each other and cannot monitor each other’s behavior.Indirect / Distance Communication5.Elements of CommunicationContext, Participants, Messages, Channels, Noise, Feedback Unit 31. Why is one culture different from another?Perception (how we sense the world)Belief (what we believe as true)Value (a system of criteria known as rules and guideposts)2. How to classify different cultures?1). Hofstede’s Cultural Value System Cultural DimensionsIndividualism-collectivism个人主义与集体主义Uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避Power distance权力距离Masculinity-femininity刚柔性/ 男性度和女性度Time-orientation时间导向Individualism-collectivism个人主义与集体主义Case 1:Richard is an engineer from the United States. In Japan he had an even less pleasant experience though he thought he had handled it well.A number of serious mistakes had occurred in a project he wassupervising. While the fault did not lie with any one person, he was a supervisor and at least partly to blame. At a special meeting called to discuss the problem, poor Richard made an effort to explain in detail why he had done what he had done.He wanted to show that anybody in the same situation could have made the same mistake and to tacitly suggest that he should not be blamed unduly. He even went to the trouble of distributing materials which explained the situation rather clearly. And yet, even during his explanation, he sensed that something he was saying or doing was wrong.America—individualismJapan—collectivismAt the negotiating table, differences in this dimension can clearly cause serious conflict. Americans too often expect their Japanese counterparts to make decisions right at the negotiating table, and the Japanese are constantlysurprised to find individual members of the American team promoting their own positions, decisions, and ideas, sometimes openly contradicting one another.Case 10 P97From which perspective of cultural dimension theory can you analyze the intercultural communication here?Individualism – CollectivismIn Japan, the managers will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own interests for the interests of the company. Also the right to decide usually lies with the dominating male.But for the French, individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families.Uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避: High uncertainty avoidance &Low uncertainty avoidanceCase 2:E.g. the superior & subordinateA Chinese or an American superior can accept more suggestions thana Japanese.The Chinese or American workers tend to do the work by themselves.The Japanese workers will finish the task exactly according tothe order from the superior.Power distance权力距离: High PD Culture &Low PD Culture Case 9 P96From which perspective of cultural dimension theory can you analyze the intercultural communication here?Power distance – hierarchyThe man’s grandfather happened to drop in and began to comment on how the company had been formed and had been built up by the traditional practices that the young executives had recently discarded.The young man said nothing and just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.While Phil was confused and just started to protest.In Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles and gender.As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman.In Japan, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman.Challenging or disagreeing with elders’ opinions would b e deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lowerpositions are expected to be loyal and obedient t to authority.In Western countries, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters much in such situations.Young children are encouraged to challenge authority and voice their opinions.Masculinity-femininity刚柔性/ 男性度和女性度Time-orientation时间导向2). Model by Kluckhohn1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向2) = Man-nature orientation 人天取向3) = Time orientation 时间取向4) = Activity orientation 行为取向5) = Social orientation 人际取向Case studyDuring the American Civil War, a very hungry young man fell down in front of a farm gate. The farmer gave him food but in return he asked the young man to move a pile of wood in his yard – in fact it was not at all necessary to move the wood. When the young man left, the farmer moved the wood back to its original place. Seeing all this, the farmer’s son was confused.1. Why did the farmer do that?Save face and dignity of the young manAccept --- Earn2. What values are reflected in this story?Individualistic value system3). Edward T. Hall’s ModelHuman communication is dependent on the context in which it occurs.Communicative contexts include the physical, sociological, and psychological environments.High- and Low-context culturesHigh-context Culture: 高语境文化In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation).Indirect verbal communication patternRead between the linesChange little over timeExamples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc.Low-context Culture: 低语境文化In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.Direct verbal communication patternSend clear and persuasive messageExamples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.P115Case 1 FriendshipSteve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was an international student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted to learn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends.At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to eat lunch with him. But after the semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didn’t see each other bery much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve.Steve didn’t seem very interested in talking to him.What was wrong in the relationship between Yaser and Steve?Americans have school friends, work friends, sports friends and neighborhood friends. These friends are based on common interests.When the shared activity ends, the friendship may fade.In some cultures friendship means a strong life-long bond between twopeople. In these cultures friendships develop slowly, since they are built to last.Chinese expect friendships to be more lasting.Chinese can usually expect much from their friends.American friends like Chinese friends give each other emotional support in times of trouble, but they do it differently.A westerner will respond to a friend’s trouble by asking, “What do you want to do?” The idea is to help the friend think out the problem and discover the solution he or she really prefers and then to support that solution. A Chinese friend is more likely to give specific advice to a friendUnit 41.Relationship between Language and Culture:1). As a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped byculture.It reflects the environment in which we live and cultural values.Case 1Patriarchal society湖南岳阳临湘一带,只有男性称谓,没有女性称谓,爸爸是爸,妈妈也是爸,分别男女的办法是在前面加“大”或“细”(即小)。

大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库

大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库

1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化,反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉;觉察(力);观念;(农作物的)收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉;直觉;知觉;轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子;脑力劳动者;有极高智力的人;正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地,因为所有人,不管他们的文化如何,都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的;下级的,下等的;(位置在)下面的;C) superior 优良的;更高级的;傲慢的;D) deviant 不正常的,异常的;离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。

跨文化交际复习资料

跨文化交际复习资料

跨文化交际复习资料 Unit 1&2 Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.(信息发出者/信息源:信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。

)(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.(信息:信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。

)(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words ornonverbal methods to send an intentional message. (编码:编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。

)(4) Channel/Medium:It is the method used to deliver a message. (渠道/媒介:渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。

)(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者:信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。

)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words orsymbols he/she has received.(解码:解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。

跨文化交际复习考试题及答案

跨文化交际复习考试题及答案
判断题
T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象,跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而,作为一门学科,它的历史只有大约五十年。
F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯,他是个律师,律师道格拉斯。
F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏的。
T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识,人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为
T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校,上校,上校,可以用作头衔
F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段。
T_2、Don’t take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“错误”的形式来攻击,这是很难得的进攻

跨文化交际复习

跨文化交际复习

题型:1、填空15个2、名词解释25分5个3、论述(理论举例)30分2个4、分析应用题30分3个小问题基本概念类:要求掌握定义,能够举例1、交际交际是一种符号活动,它是一个动态的编译码过程,当交际者把意义赋予语言或非语言符号时,就产生了交际,交际受制于文化心理等多种因素,不一定以主观意识为转移。

2、文化一个群体(可以是国家,也可以是民族、企业、家庭)在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物,及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动,就是文化。

3、跨文化交际跨文化交际是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程,是指因文化感知能力和符号系统明显不同而足以改变交际结果的人们之间的交际。

从对外汉语专业的角度,“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定:在特定的交际情景中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言(母语或目的语)进行的口语交际。

4、跨文化交际学是一门运用众多学科的相关理论和方法来研究不同文化背景的人们进行交际时交际行为、交际过程、交际规律、和交际过程中所产生的种种现象的原因,以及如何达到有效交际的交叉性和应用型的学科。

5、言语交际言语交际是指至少两个人之间进行的、以人际交往为目的的言语行为。

是一个说与听的互动过程,其成功与否,取决于交际双方是否能理解对方的语义。

言语交际就是通过语言来表达我们内心想法并告知给对方的一种方式。

6、非言语交际非语言交际是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程。

即非语言交际是通过使用不属于语言范畴的方法来传递信息、表达思想的过程,其交际方式包括了眼神、表情、身势、手势、体距、沉默、服饰、时空利用、副语言等。

7、影响交际的因素影响跨文化交际的因素包括心理因素和环境因素。

心理因素又分为积极心理因素和消极心理因素,积极的心理因素对跨文化交际起着促进作用,在交际中主体应当具备平等意识,双方应当具备宽容意思和顺应意识;消极的心理因素对跨文化交际有着阻碍作用,消极因素包括定式和认知偏见、民族中心主义、偏见和普遍性假设。

跨文化交际

跨文化交际

跨文化交际复习题Translation1.Intercultural communication: 跨文化交际2.Intracultural communication: 主流文化背景下的亚文化交际3.negative transfer of culture: 文化的负迁移municative channel: 交际渠道5.value orientation: 价值取向1)verbal communication: 语言交际①oral form②written form2)non-verbal communication: 非语言交际①body behavior②space and distance③time④silence6.time orientation: 时间取向7.past time and future time orientation: 过去取向与未来取向8.geographical context: 地域环境9.cultural diversity: 文化多元性10.non-verbal communication: 非语言交际11.aesthetic orientation: 审美取向12.cultural equivalence: 文化的等同petitive spirit: 竞争意识14.psychological context: 心里语境/ 环境15.group vs individual orientation: 集体取向vs 个人取向16.inductive vs deductive: 归纳法vs 演绎法17.oneness vs dividedness between man and Nature: 天人合一vs 天人分离18.encoding vs decoding: 编码vs 译码19.ingredients of communication: 交际的要素20.message or behavioral source: 信息源或行为源21.sub-culture: 亚文化22.ethnic culture: 民族文化/ 伦理文化23.stereotypes: 文化定势24.high context culture: 强交际文化环境25.low context culture:弱交际文化环境26.context of situation: 语言环境27.psychological context: 心理环境28.seeking of change vs seeking of stability: 求变vs 求稳29.innately good vs innately evil: 人性本善vs 人性本恶30.interactions rules: 交往规则31.interpretation norms: 解释范围32.ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义municative distance: 交际距离34.spatial setting: 空间场合35.temporal setting: 时间场合36.instrumental type: 工具型37.affective type: 情感型38.parataxis vs hypotaxis: 意合vs 形合39.pragmatic transfer: 语用迁移40.pragmatic failure: 交际失误41.cooperative principle: 合作原则42.politeness principle: 文明原则43.positive face and negative face: 积极面对和消极面对44.gender communication culture: 性别交际文化45.generation communication culture: 代交际文化46.professional communication culture: 职业交际文化47.proxemic behavior: 体距行为48.multicultural communication: 多元文化交际49.globalization vs glocalization: 全球化vs 全球语境下的本土化50.interethnic communication: 跨种族交际True or False1. Usually, the husband serves the cocktails and the wife clears the dishes from the table.—T2. Frequent guests often help the host and the hostess with the daily activities of the family.—T3. The guest may say a short prayer of thanks before dinner begins.—F4. A woman should not have a sustained conversation with a man in a public place in American subways.—T5. Men usually extend their hands and shake hands with women when they meet for the first time.—F6. If a woman invites a man for a date, it is usually “dutch treat”.—T7. In the United Sates, men and women can date a variety of people respectively.—T8. If you are thinking as much of others as of yourself, you won’t made mistakes that annoy others.—T9. It is not proper to talk with another person in a language unfamiliar to the rest.—T10. At the end of a speech it is sufficient to make a very slight bow without saying anything.—T11. In the United States, people find silence uncomfortable, except when it occurs between close friends.—T12. Americans think it is not very good to have acquaintance with members of the opposite sex.—F13. In the United States setting a date to get together must be done quite a few days in advance.—F14. American people like to drink tea very much after meals.—F15. American people have little concern for social rank.—T16. In conversation people never use each other’s titles.—F17. If you meet a stranger in the West and ask him the way, you should say “Hello, can you tell me the way to the bus station?”.—F18. Supposed you are asked to make a speech, you should address the listeners as “Gentlemen and Ladies” or “Mrs. and Mr.”—F19. In the West, it is not normal for a man to shake hands.—F20. The British don’t normally shake hands when taking leave unless someone is leaving for a fair length of time.—T21. While giving a lesson to your students if you want to go to the “W.C”, you say “I am sorry.”—F22. When you speak you must try to keep the tone light, casual and natural.—T23. The person who extends an invitation is usually expected to pay, though there is no definite answer to the question of who pays.—F24. When you didn’t follow the speaker, it is not polite for you to say “Repeat your words, will you?” to hi m.—T25. When invited to a party or dinner, it is very common for the guest to take bottles of drink there and give them to the host or hostess on arrival.—T26. When the dinner or party is over, you may take leave or say goodbye to the host or hostess as quickly as you can.—F27. When taking a taxi in the West, you have to tip the driver.—T28.The person who makes a call is usually the one to end the conversation on the phone.—F29. Flowers are very lovely and beautiful; you may carry any flowers when taking planes.—F30. It is necessary for you to do shopping with a basket at the supermarket in the West, before you enter the supermarket.—F31. When you dislike the price, you may say“ Sorry, the price is very high.”—F32. If you receive an invitation to a conference, you needn’t reply to it unless you attend it.—F33. For every meeting, there is an opening ceremony and closing ceremony.—F34.Dinner talks are necessary for a formal conference.—T35. Usually a dinner party will be given to the guests after signing a contract. And only the person who signs the contract will present himself.—F36. When signing a contract the assistants from both parties will sign the contract.—T37. In an opening ceremony it is polite to invite some top officer to make a speech.—FChoice1. In America it is considered better to be invited to a person’s house.2. Flowers are not provided in hotels because flowers are too expensive.3. Standing around chatting with one another is the answer to best describe Americans behavior at parties.4. Not to stay too long in one place is the basic rule at a party in America.5. You should move from group to group meeting people if you are alone at a party.6. The best way for women to meet men is in group.7. In the West it is customary for a man to raise his hat slightly off his head when he meets with a girl or a woman.8. An invitation to come to the home for a meal or a longer visit is usually given by the hostess.9. Some invitations bear the letters “R.S.V.P” That means reply as soon as possible.10. If you are waiting for someone in his room, it is all right for you to pick up a newspaper or magazine from the table to read.11. If you find it absolutely necessary to spit, go into a lavatory.12. When a man is with a lady, he usually walks behind her except when for instance, they got off a train , want to open a heavy door , try to find a table in a restaurant. 13. In the western countries when you give something to a person or receive something from a person, you should use one hand only-usually the right hand.14. That a married woman servant is called Mrs. So-and-so is a failure of communication.15. If you eat at a restaurant, you have to give the waiter a tip. You say“Thank you” and put the tip into the waiter’ hand.16. When two persons of the same sex shake hands, the older one puts his( or her) hand out first.17. That you introduce a married woman to an unmarried woman is wrong when you introduce two persons.18. You will spoil the dinner by arriving late because you will both make the other guests unhappy and make the dishes tasteless.19. A woman (not the hostess) should never rise when she is being introduced.20. As a guest at the dinner table you will not feel doubtful about which seat you should take because there is no order of importance of seats.21. If you do not enjoy the party, you must still say something to please your hostess.22. One day, when an American lady accidentally bumped into Wei Lin. Lady: I’m terribly sorry. Wei: That’ all right.23. At a bus stop, Man: Excuse me, do you know which bus to catch for London Road, please? Woman: Sorry, I’ve no idea. Man: Oh.24. Li had something to tell the manager, Mr. Smith, so he went to his place, entering the room and said” Can I have a word with you, Mr. Smith?”25. If you are attending a family gathering and would like to know what the familial relationship is between one member and another, you may ask”Is her your…?”26. When introduced to an older professor or to a friend’s parents, you would say” Hi! Glad to know you.”27. When introducing yourself to someone you don’t know at a party, you would say”Hi, I’m…”28. Jack phones Xiao Song’s office.Jack: Hello, I’d like to speak to Song Hua, please. Song: This is Song Hua speaking.29. Mr. Green’s secretary, Pat Kent, went to the airport to meet Mr. Barnes for her boss. Miss Kent: Excuse me, would you be Mr. Barnes?Q & A1. What have contributed to increased international contacts?A: New technology, growth in the world’s population, and shifts in the global economic arena have contributed to increased international contacts.2. What are the characteristics of culture?A: Culture is learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, subject to change, integrated, ethnocentric and adaptive.3. What is interracial communication?A: Interracial communication occurs when the source and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.4. What is interethnic communication?A: Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture.5. What are elements of intercultural communication?A: The interacting elements fall into four general groupings: perception, verbal processes, nonverbal processes, and contextural elements.6. What is perception?A: Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data ina way that enables us to make sense of our world.7. What factors influence human perception?A: Physical factor, environmental factor, and cultural factor influence human perception.8. Why do we say beliefs are important in intercultural communication?A: Belief systems are significant to the study of intercultural communication because they are at the core of our thoughts and actions, and they affect our conscious and unconscious minds, as well as the manner in which we communicate.9. What is value?A: Value is a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.10. What is cultural value?A: Cultural values tend to permeate a culture and are derived from the large philosophical issues that are part of culture’s milieu.11. What are dominant American cultural patterns?A: Individualism, equality, materialism, science and technology, process and change, work and leisure, and competition.12. What are Hofstede’s value dimensions?A: Individualism—collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and masculinity and femininity.13. What do cultures differ in their attitudes towards?A: Individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, and assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.14. What is world view?A: World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universe and cosmos, life, death, sickness, and other philosophicalissues that influence how its members perceive their world.15. What are religious similarities?A: Sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation and ethics.16. What are the five main religions of the world?A: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism.17. What different meanings toward life in five religions?A: Christianity—love, Judaism—order, Islam—authority, Hinduism—wisdom and Buddhism—suffering.18. Why is language important?A: Because we employ words to relate to the past, we use words to exercise some control over the present, and use words to form images of the future.19. What is the relation between language and culture?A: It is impossible to separate our use of language from our culture. In its most basic sense, language is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols that are used and understood by a large community of people.20. What are the problems of the translation in linguistic equivalence?A: V ocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slang equivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence and conceptual equivalence.21. What is nonverbal communication?A: Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.22. Why is nonverbal communication important?A: We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their nonverbal behavior. We use the actions of others to learn about their emotional states.23. What are the functions of nonverbal communication?A: To repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate and to contradict a communication event.24. What are nonverbal messages are communicated by means of?A: Body behavior, space and distance, time, and silence.。

跨文化交际复习资料1

跨文化交际复习资料1

跨文化交际复习资料1跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域,通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。

2 文化的特征:交际的符号性、民族的选择性。

观念的整合性和动态的可变性。

3. 交际的本质属性:有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。

4. 除语言之外,人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具,主要有以下三大类:文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。

5. 跨文化交际的概念和要点:跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言(母语或目的语)进行的口语交际。

主要包括四个要点:A. 双方必须来自不同的文化背景B. 双方必须使用同一种语言交际C. 交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D. 交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看,影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面:价值观念(文化特质的深层结构)、民族性格(文化特质的外化表现)、自然环境(文化特质的历史缘由)态度7. 态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。

8. 态度具有四个功能:功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9. 直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点,东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。

10. 民族中心主义:某个民族把自己当做世界的中心,把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系,它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为,并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。

第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11. 有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识,也依赖于对社会环境的认识,而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12. 交际背景主要包括三个要素:交际者:社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的:可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景:最重要的是物理场景(分时间场景和空间场景)13. 社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望,人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。

跨文化交际复习资料

跨文化交际复习资料

Key intercultural concepts and theoriesreviewI. Value FrameworkKluckhohn’s Five Basic Questions克拉克洪五个基本问题(文化维度)1. What is the character of innate human nature(人的本性)?= Human nature orientation2. What is the relation of humans to nature(人与自然的关系)?=Man-nature orientation3. What is the temporal (time) focus(时间焦点)of human life?=Time orientation4. What is the mode of human activity(人的活动方式)?=Activity orientation5. What is the mode of human relationships(人与人之间的关系模式)? =Social orientationHofstede’s Cultural 5 Dimensions Model霍夫斯泰德的文化五维度模型⚫Power Distance (PD)How inequalities are viewed and handled in the culture(strong hierarchical relationships versus egalitarian relationships)⚫Individualism/Collectivism (I-C)How individuals view themselvesAre they an individual striving for individual goals or a part of a collective group, where group harmony is important?⚫Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)How accepting of uncertainty is the culture?Masculinity/Femininity (M-F) Hard and SoftHow the culture values competitiveness/assertiveness (i.e., masculine traits) and cooperation/nurturing (i.e., feminine traits).⚫Long Term Orientation (Confucian Dynamism)This dimension accounts for people’s preference time frame.Do the people focus on long term goals or the more immediate, short term goals?⚫Indulgence/RestraintIndulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.Restraint stands for a society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms.II. Communication stylesPing-Pong style vs Bowling styleDirect vs indirectHigh involvement vs high consideratenessPerson-Oriented style vs Status-Oriented styleLow context vs high contextEdward Hall’s Theory on High and Low Context CulturesIII. Nonverbal communicationOverview of Nonverbal Communication1. Body Language•General appearance and dress •Gestures•Eye contact•Facial expression•Posture•Touching 2. Paralanguage•Silence•Pitch•Volume3. Environment Language•Space•TimeIV. Intercultural ConflictIntercultural conflict is the implicit or explicit emotional struggle or frustration between persons of different cultures over perceived incompatible values, norms, face orientations, goals, scarce resources, processes, and/or outcomes in a communication situation.Individualistic conflict lensOutcome-focused Content goal-oriented Doing-centered Self-face concernLow-context conflict styleCompetitive/dominating behaviors Conflict effectivenessCollectivistic conflict lensProcess-focusedRelational goal-oriented Being-centered Other-face concernHigh-context conflict styles Avoiding/obliging behaviors Conflict appropriatenessSapir-Whorf Hypothesis P146 沃尔夫假说“沃尔夫假说(Sapir –Whorf hypothesis)”,又称为“语言相对论(linguistic relativity)”是关于语言、文化和思维三者关系的重要理论,即在不同文化下,不同语言所具有的结构、意义和使用等方面的差异,在很大程度上影响了使用者的思维方式。

(完整word版)跨文化交际复习提纲

(完整word版)跨文化交际复习提纲

(完整word版)跨文化交际复习提纲Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural Communication Defined1. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called “cross-cultural communications” or “comparative culture,” or “transculture”.2. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries.3. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture.4. IC is a broad and well-developed field of study.5. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy.6. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.Forms of Intercultural Communicationa. International Communicationb. Interethnic Communicationc. Interracial Communicationd. Intracultural CommunicationDefinition Final5) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.2.Cultural Metaphors1. The Cultural Iceberg2. The Cultural Onion3.The Cultural Software4.The Cultural Fish5. The Cultural Story6. Culture by Chinese7. Culture by Americans3. Characteristics of Culture1) Culture is sharedThe members of a culture share a set of ‘ideals, values, and standards of behaviors’, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bond them together as a culture.2) Culture is learnedActually, culture is not innate sensibility, but a learned characteristic. Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals they perform. When the children are growing in the community, their cultural education is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.3) Culture is based on symbols.In order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the ideals of the culture to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money.4) Culture is integratedFor the sake of keeping the culture, functioning all aspects ofthe culture must be integrated. For example, the language must be able to describe all the functions within the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. Without the integration of language into the fabric of the culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.5) Culture is subjective to change (Dynamic)It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static. They are constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures.6) Culture is ethnocentricEthnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint.7) Culture is adaptiveHistory offers so many examples of how cultures have changed as a result of laws, shifts in values, natural disasters, wars, or calamities. More and more women work as CEOs in major companies and as officials in government instead of remaining at home looking after children. Both women and men have made adaptation to this cultural change.Western Perspective of communicationIn western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal Eastern perspective of communicationDefinitions of communication from many Asian countriesstress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.2. Components of communicationSender/Source(信息源)A sender/source is the person who transmits a messageMessage (信息)A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.Encoding (编码)Encoding refers to the activity during which the sendermust choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.Channel /Medium(渠道). Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver amessage.Receiver (信息接收者)A receiver is any person who notices and givessome meaning to a message.Decoding (解码)Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.Feedback (反馈)The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.Noise (干扰)Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ,physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.1)External NoiseSounds that distract communicators:voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc.Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound:an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar(2) Physiological Noiseillnesses and disabilities(3) Psychological Noiseforces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.(4) Semantic Noisecaused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.3.Characteristics of Communicationa. Communication is dynamicb. Communication is systematicc. Communication is symbolicd. Communication is irreversiblee. Communication is transactionalf. Communication is self-reflectiveg. Communication is contextual.High ContextA high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, which very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message.Communication occurs in ways other than through language. People share context.HC communication is fast and efficient, but takes long timeto learn.Low ContextA low-context (LC) is just the opposite, the mass of information is vested in the explicit code. Communication occurs mostly through language.low-context sources: newspapers, textbooks, lectures, roadmaps, announcements, instruction sheets etc.More impersonal, but effective in transmitting information among people who do not share the same experience.Hofstede’s cultural dimensions1. Individualism versus collectivism2. Uncertainty avoidance3. Power distance4. Masculinity versus femininityUncertainty AvoidanceThis dimension refers to how comfortable people feel towards ambiguityCultures which ranked low (compared to other cultures), feel much more comfortable with the unknown.According to Hofstede (霍夫斯太德), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules and high-level organizational structure.\1. Culture Shock◆refers to the traumatic [tr?:'m?tik] experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.◆expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.4. Stages of culture shockThe honeymoon stage ?The hostility stage ?The recovery stage ?The adjustment stage ?The biculturality stage1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesislinguistic determinist interpretation---Language structure controls thoughts and cultural norms.linguistic relativity interpretation---Culture is controlled by and controls language.According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language is a guide to " social reality". It implies that language is not simply a means of reporting experience but, more important, it is a way of defining experience.Eg. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁,饭是钢”and “铁饭碗”.Verbal Communication StylesCulture influences the style of communication at great level. The communication style isconcerned with the use of language1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction StylesIn the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions.Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.(P180)2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal StylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes theim portance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, at hletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner…”The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand,emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk.Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “AlthoughI am not very good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-Americancultures.An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans.A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements, understatements,and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some NativeAmerican cultures4. Personal and Contextual StyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker. Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you.The con textual style highlights one’s role identity and status.Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).5. Instrumental and Affective StyleAn instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. Theburden of understanding often rests with the speaker.An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but withthe process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.2. Categories of Nonverbal CommunicationKinesics(身势语)oculesics(目光语)olfactics(嗅觉)haptics(触觉行为)chromatics(色彩学)attire (服饰)paralanguagesilencetimespacecontext1)KinesicsKinesics is the non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body, or the body as a whole. In short all communicative body movements are generally classified as kinesics.1.Human Perception(1) Sensation(2) Perception(3) Selection(4) Organization(5) InterpretationThe definition of acculturationAcculturation(文化适应)refe rs to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture2. Modes of acculturationa. Assimilationis a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.b. Integrationis a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.c. Separation and segregationSeparation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society, this is called segregationd. Marginalization (边缘化)Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.StereotypingStereotypes, found in nearly every intercultural situation, are a means of organizing our images into fixed and simple categories that we use to stand for the entire collection of people. The reason for the pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.Second, stereotypes also keep us from being successful as communicators because they are over-simplified, over-generalized, and/or exaggerated. They are based on half-truths, distortions, and often untrue premises and create inaccurate pictures of the people with whom we are interacting.Third, stereotypes tend to impede intercultural communication in that they repeat and reinforce beliefs until they often become taken for "truth." For years, women were stereotypes as a rather one dimensional group. The stereotype of women as "homemakers" often keeps women from advancing in the workplace.EthnocentrismEthnocentrism refers to the belief that one' s culture is primary to all explanations of reality. We learn ethnocentrism very early in life, and primarily on the unconscious level. So it might be the major barrier to intercultural communication. The negative impact of ethnocentrism on intercultural communication is clearly highlighted by Steward and Bennett (Samovar, et al, 1998):Competent communicationCompetent communication is interactionthat is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives and is alsoappropriate to the context in which theinteraction occurs.Communication CompetenceCommunication competence is a social judgment that people make about others.Intercultural Competence“The ability to become effective and appropriate in interacting across cultures”Intercultural communication competenceIntercultural communication competence refers to the ability to accomplish effective and appropriate intercultural communication between communicators of different cultures.c. AttitudesMany attitudes contribute to intercultural communication competence, including tolerance for ambiguity, empathy, and nonjudgmentalnessd. Behaviors and skillstwo levels of behavioral competence. The macro level includes many culture-general behaviors, then there is the micro level, at which these general behaviors are implemented in culture-specific ways.Contextual Components of Intercultural CompetenceContext refers to all the information in the actual communication setting, so some intercultural communication scholars would use another term “situational features” to refer to the context.-- Another aspect of context is the communicator's position within a speech community.-- In addition, an individual’s competence may be constrained by the political, economic, and historical contexts.Things We Can Do1.Knowing ourselves2.Respecting differences and appreciate similarities3.Empathy4.Knowing ourselves5.First, we have to identify our attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we allcarry and that bias the way the world appears to us.6.If we hold a certain attitude toward gay men, and when aman who is a gaytalks to us, our pre-communication attitude will color our response to what he says.7.Knowing our likes, dislikes, and degrees of personal ethnocentrism enables us toplace them out in the open so that we detect the ways in which these attitudesinfluence communication.Appreciate Similarities and Respect DifferencesEmpathyTo improve empathy, first, we have to remind ourselves to pay attention to the spontaneous emotional expressions of others and the situation where the interaction takes place. Then, as empathy is a reciprocal act, both parties have to be expressive so as to achieve understanding. Third, empathy can be enhanced through awareness of specific behaviors that members of a particular culture or co-culture might find impertinent or insulting. Finally, we have to remember that empathy can be increased if you resist the tendency to interpret the other's verbal and nonverbal actions from your culture' s orientation.。

跨文化交际 复习资料

跨文化交际 复习资料

1、文化:cultureIt is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.The Characteristics of Culture:Learned、transmitted、Subject to change、unconscious、integrated、symbolic、adaptive.2、跨文化交际:intercultural communicationIntercultural communication means the communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.3、高语境文化:High-Context Cultures①Infer information from message context, rather than from content.②Prefer indirectness, politeness and ambiguity.③Convey little information explicitly.④Rely heavily on nonverbal signs.4、价值观:ValuesA standard by which members of culture define what is desirable or undesirable、good or bad、beautiful or ugly、acceptable or unacceptable. V alues are standards set by the members of a society.V alues are often highly contexted. V alues can change significantly over time. V alues can differ within one society and around the world.5、言语交际:verbal communication:It refers to any form of communication that is directly dependent on the use of language.非言语交际:Nonverbal communicationIt will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.6、本地化:LocalizationThe process of adapting a product or service to a particular language, culture, and desired local “look-and-feel.”Aspects to be considered in localization: Language、Time zones、Money、National holidays、Local color sensitivities、Product or service names、Gender roles、Geographic examples 、Advertisements7、刻板印象:StereotypesA fixed general image, characteristic, etc. that a lot of people believe to represent a particular type of person or thing.Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. It is found in nearly every intercultural situation. The reason forthe pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.8、文化休克:Cultural shockIt is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.9、符号:SymbolA person,an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation.1、猫头鹰的故事:①This is because Chinese and English native speakers assign different associative meanings to the same bird—owl.②Owl in China is the sign of bad luck. The mere sight of an owl or the sound of the creature’s hooting is enough to cause people to draw back in fear.But in English it is associated with wisdom. In children’s books and cartoons, whenever there is a dispute among birds or beasts, it is the owl that acts as judge.③The term dog elicits different feelings in these two cultures. In China gou(dog) often has derogative meanings, such as 狼心狗肺. But in West is considered the best friend of man, which is well established in their cultures. So the feel disgusted at eating dog meat.④Long(龙) is a symbol of the emperor in ancient China. It has been almighty to us Chinese. Today long is often identified with China or Chinese. But to the English—speaking people, the Chinese long has been rendered in English as “dragon”. Dragon is a fire—spitting monster, cruel and fierce that destroys and therefore must be destroyed.⑤In Chinese ,松、柏、鹤、桃stand for longevity. In English, they are just plants.2、气泡空间:①This is because each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studies show that people from South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries have a smaller personal territory than do North Americans, British and Germans. In Mexican and Arab cultures, physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is very close. In order to feel comfortable while talking, what the Mexican does is to move closer, while what the North American does is to step back a little.②In Western counties, personal territory is highly valued. Each one has his/her own space at home or in office which should not be invaded. In public places, they have “temporary territory”, not be intruded upon either.③As is in the case of human behavior, the use of space is directly linked to the value system of different cultures. The Americans whose culture stresses individualism generally demand more space than do people from collectivistic cultures and tend to take an active, aggressive stance when their space is violated.3、家庭第一:①One of the reason that Annie could not understand Rosa is this::in American culture, the nuclear family is much more important to the individual than the extended family. Most Americans feel little responsibility toward their second cousins, and may never even have met them. Therefore, Annie was confused because Rosa put so much effort into helping “just” a second cousin.②But in Rosa’s culture there is not such a big difference between nuclear and extended family responsibilities. In some countries, the extended family is the main financial and emotional support for people in times of crisis. However, this is not so far most Americans, who rely more on friends, institutions, and professionals.③Another reason is their possession of different cultural values. Rosa felt that “family comes first”, which means that her own needs come second. Annie had a hard time understanding that point of view because in her culture the individual usually comes first. In the United States the person who can “make it on his own”without help from family is respected, although of course many people do get help from their families.④Because of these differences, it is sometimes difficult for people to understand and accept the way family members in other cultures seem to treat each other. It is important, however, to remember that families show their love in different ways. These differences sometimes make it hard to see the reality of family love in every culture in the world.4、男女之间的约会:①Blanca thought that Kevin was going to pay for her because he had invited her to go out, this was the American custom. But things are changing. One reason is that many more American women work today. Therefore, many men and women think it is unfair for men to always pay for everything when they go out.②Another reason is that some women say that if a man pays for them, they feel like they own him something. And some American women prefer to pay because they like to feel like an equal partner on a date. They don’t feel equal if they are taken places and paid for.③Blanca’s understanding that Kevin was going to pay for her is an example of a cultural assumption. Our cultural assumptions are so much a part of us that many times we cannot believe that the whole world does not see things as we do. Trying to understand cultural assumptions that other people make can help to explain their way of thinking and acting.④Most Hispanic parents assume the worst will happen if they let their daughters go out alone with a man. And the Hispanic assumption about women is that they will not be able to stop a man.。

跨文化交际期末复习

跨文化交际期末复习

跨文化交际期末复习判断1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。

( T )2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born一个人出生就有文化( F )3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。

( T )4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾向于亚文化到共同文化。

( F )components :sender,encoding,message,chann el,noise,decoding,feedback,and context通信过程由九部分组成:发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。

( T )10 No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same我们谁也不能假定我们的感觉是一样的。

( T )11 people may possess different sensing of the same smell人们可能对同一气味有不同的感觉。

( T )12 Our perception are influenced by who we are,includeing the accumulation of our experience我们的感觉被我们是谁的影响,包括我们的经验的积累( T )13 we give meaning to or decode the information that we have selected andorganized during the selection stage 我们在选择阶段对我们选择和组织的信息给予意义或解码。

《跨文化交际》复习材料

《跨文化交际》复习材料

《跨文化交际》复习材料跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力和技巧。

随着全球化的发展,跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。

下面是一些跨文化交际的复习材料,供参考。

一、了解跨文化交际的基本概念1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性-跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交往的过程。

-跨文化交际能力是现代社会中不可或缺的一项重要能力,对于成功开展国际业务、扩大国际影响力等都具有很大的意义。

2.跨文化交际的特点和挑战-文化差异:不同国家、地区的文化差异会影响人们的行为习惯、价值观念等方面。

-语言障碍:不同语言的存在会给跨文化交际带来困难。

-礼仪和习俗:不同国家有各自的礼仪和习俗,不同的行为方式可能会因为文化差异而引起误解。

二、了解不同文化的差异和特点1.文化的定义和特点-文化是指一定时期和地区内人们的集体创造的一种总体性且复杂的社会文明现象。

-文化具有包括价值观念、思维方式、行为习惯等在内的多个方面。

2.不同文化的差异和特点-价值观念:不同文化对价值观念的看法和重视程度存在差异。

-社会习俗:不同文化在社会交往、庆祝活动等方面的习俗也存在较大差异。

-沟通方式:不同文化在沟通方式、语言使用等方面也会出现差异。

-时间观念:不同文化对时间观念的重视程度存在较大差异。

三、学习有效的跨文化交际技巧1.尊重对方文化-学习关于对方文化的基本知识,尊重对方的价值观念和习俗。

-避免对对方文化的偏见和刻板印象,保持开放的心态。

2.提升跨文化沟通能力-学习对方语言,尽量使用对方语言进行交流。

-学习不同文化的非语言沟通方式,如手势、面部表情等。

-长辈尊重:在跨文化交际中,尊重长辈是一种常见的礼节。

3.进行有效的文化调适-了解对方文化的特点,根据对方的文化习俗和行为准则进行调适。

-注意语言和行为的表达方式,避免因文化差异造成的误解。

4.增加跨文化交际的意识-了解跨文化交际的重要性,积极寻求跨文化交流的机会。

-提高自身的文化敏感度,增加对不同文化的了解和尊重。

跨文化交际概论复习资料

跨文化交际概论复习资料

跨⽂化交际概论复习资料⼀.基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收,⼀⽅发出信息,另⼀⽅接受信息,这⼀过程就是传播。

2、亚⽂化:⼜称集体⽂化或副⽂化,指与主⽂化相对应的那些⾮主流的、局部的⽂化现象,指在主⽂化或综合⽂化的背景下,属于某⼀区域或某个集体所特有的观念和⽣活⽅式,⼀种亚⽂化不仅包含着与主⽂化相通的价值与观念,也有属于⾃⼰的独特的价值与观念,并构成亚⽂化等都是这种亚⽂化。

亚⽂化是⼀个相对的概念。

是总体⽂化的次属⽂化。

3、1948年,哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》⼀⽂中,提出了传播过程的"5w"模式,即:(who)谁、(say what)说什么、(in what channel)通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。

4、传播的构成要素:⼀是基本要素:信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。

⼆是隐含要素:时空环境、⼼理因素、⽂化背景和信息质量。

5、线性传播模式的缺陷::单⼀,静⽌。

6、语⾔是⽂化的载体,是⽂化的主要表现形式,就像⼀⾯镜⼦,折射出它所在的社会的思想,习俗和⾏为举⽌。

词汇作为语⾔的重要组成部分,不可避免的带有民族⽂化的积淀,不同国家民族之间的⽂化差异,必然在此上体现出来。

7、概念意义:词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。

即,⼀个词语的字⾯意义中所包含的最基本的,最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。

8、以英汉语⾔对⽐为例,词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平⾏、词义空缺、词义冲突。

9、语⽤规则就是特定⽂化群体关于语⾔交际的规范与约定,包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的⽅式、说话的多少以及⾔语⾏为与⾮⾔语⾏为的配合等诸多⽅⾯。

10、交际风格是⾔语⾏为和⾮⾔语⾏为由于受使⽤中不同交际环境的影响或制约⽽形成的⼀系列交际特点的综合表现。

恰当的交际风格的运⽤对交际过程起着积极的促进作⽤,对交际能⼒的培养也起到重要作⽤。

跨文化交际复习

跨文化交际复习

1.monochronic time M Time :It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time isperceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.2.polychronic time P Time :schedules several activities at the same time. In these culturepeople emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.3.intercultural communication :is a face-to-face communication between peoplefrom different cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relationto the host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentativesof business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9.high-context culture :a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained inwords. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-context culture :a culture in which the majority of the information is vested inthe explicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”the processby which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the external world”In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence,individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息,又能立即从对方那里获得解释;13.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and amongmembers of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际,总的来说,同一种族,政治倾向宗教,或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际;跨民族交际interthnic communication:refers to communication between people of the samerace ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族,不同民族背景的人们之间的交际;14.跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchangingmessages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族,种族具有不同的身体特征;跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. All communication has seven components: the source, encoding, the message, the channel, the receiver, decoding, feedback.The Inferential Model of communication four presumptions:linguistic presumption, communicative presumption, presumption of literalness, conversational presumptions.Conversational presumptions five aspects:1relevance:the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation2sincerity: the speaker is being sincere3truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say sth true4quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information5quality:the speaker has adequate evidence for what she or he says.The Message Model cannot account for:1disambiguation 2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent4nonliterality 5indirection 6 non communicative acts.Six characteristics of culture directly affect communication:1learned2 transmitted from generation to g3 based on symbols4 subject to change5 integrated 6EthnocentricThe primary characteristics of communication include:1 no direct mind-to-mind contact2 we can only infer3 communication is symbolic4 time-binding links us together5 we seek to define the world6 communication has consequence7 communication is dynamic8 communication is contextual9 communication is self reflectiveFunctions of nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication has its own unique functions in interpersonal communication. We will sum up some of the important ways of nonverbal communication in regulating human interaction.\ Repeating Complementing \ Substituting Regulating\Six important communication functions:1 indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal2 influence attitude change and persuasion3 regulate interaction4 communication emotions5 define power and status relationships6 and assume a central role in impression managementculture :what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following themAn shared artifactthe material and spiritual products people produceshared Behaviorwhat they doshared Conceptsbeliefs, values, world views……what they thinkCulture means:a The , , and that a particular or .b.The beliefs, , and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.5. What are the tour characteristics of culture Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation文化习得: All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. P6Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation文化适应: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic文化中心主义. Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communicationDynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.Communication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Communication is transactional. P8A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.Communication is contextual. P8All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.Studying Intercultural Communication Three main obstacles:•Culture lacks a distinct crystalline structure; it is often riddled with contradictions and paradoxes.•Culture cannot be manipulated or held in check; therefore, it is difficult to conduct certain kinds of research on this topic.we study other cultures from the perspective of our own culture, so our observations and our conclusions are tainted by our orientationBarriers to Intercultural CommunicationAnxietyAssuming similarity instead of differenceEthnocentrismStereotypes & prejudiceNonverbal bahavioursLanguageThe Whorf hypothesisLanguage shapes thought patternsLinguistic determinism:Languages determine nonlinguistic cognitiveprocesses. That is, learning a language changes theway a person thinks.Linguistic relativity:The resulting cognitive processes vary fromlanguage to language. Thus, speakers of differentlanguages are said to think in different ways。

跨文化交际复习

跨文化交际复习

1. A new broom sweeps clean. 新官上任三把火。

2. Many hands make light work. 人多好办事。

3. Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today. 今日事,今日毕。

4. Kill two birds with one stone. 一箭双雕/一石二鸟。

5. Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。

6. Where there’s smoke there’s fire. 无风不起浪。

7. The grass is always greener on the other side of the stone. 这山望着那山高。

8. Beauty is only skin deep. 美貌是肤浅的。

9. Spare the rod and spoil the child. 玉不琢,不成器。

10. Give a person a dose of his own medicine. 以其人之道还治其人之身。

11. Frank’s advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take, but ultimately beneficial. 良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。

12. Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor. 一人得道,鸡犬升天。

13. You can’t have your cake and eat it too. 鱼与熊掌不可兼得。

14. Speak the devil (and he will appear). 说曹操,曹操到。

15. The same knife cuts bread and fingers. 水能载舟,亦能覆舟。

16. Teach fish to swim. 班门弄斧。

跨文化交际期末复习

跨文化交际期末复习

判断1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。

(T )2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born一个人出生就有文化(F )3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。

(T )4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾向于亚文化到共同文化。

(F )5 a person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time一个人可以同时成为几个不同的子组的成员。

(T )6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages文化的交流是发生在不同种族交换消息的发送者和接收者(F )7 communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected沟通与文化密不可分,紧密相连。

(T )8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to send an intentional message.this activity is called decoding发送者必须选择言语或非言语的发出故意这活动被称为解码(F )9 The process of communication has nine components :sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,decoding,feedback,and context通信过程由九部分组成:发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。

跨文化交际复习题

跨文化交际复习题

跨文化交际复习题
论述题:
一、请结合自己的理解论述非语言交际的功能。

二、跨文化敏觉力是跨文化交际能力第一个要素。

有学者指出,跨文化敏觉力(intercultural sensitivity)代表跨文化沟通能力的情感面向,代表一个人在特殊情境或与不同文化的人们互动时个人情绪或情感的变化(Triandis, 1 977 )。

请阐述你自己的理解。

三、请论述全球化背景下的跨文化交际能力的形成。

四、心理学家得出一个有趣的公式:一条信息的表达=7%的语言+38%的声音+55%的人体动作。

人们获得的信息大部分来自视觉印象。

美国心理学家艾德华·霍尔曾十分肯定地说:“无声语言所显示的意义要比有声语言多得多。

”。

请分析以上理论对跨文化交际的启示。

五、请举例说明跨文化交际能力的培养。

六、请举例论述全球化背景下的跨文化媒介沟通的方式和手段。

(完整版)跨文化交际复习题和答案解析

(完整版)跨文化交际复习题和答案解析

判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象,跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。

然而,作为一门学科,它的历史只有大约五十年。

F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识,人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a perso n’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性,但仍有助于人的文化认知。

T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中,我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

1、A new broom sweeps clean、新官上任三把火。

2、Many hands make light work、人多好办事。

3、Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today、今日事,今日毕。

4、Kill two birds with one stone、一箭双雕/一石二鸟。

5、Haste makes waste、欲速则不达。

6、Where there’s smoke there’s fire、无风不起浪。

7、The grass is always greener on the other side of the stone、这山望着那山高。

8、Beauty is only skin deep、美貌就是肤浅得。

9、Spare the rod and spoil the child、玉不琢,不成器。

10、Give a person a dose of his own medicine、以其人之道还治其人之身。

11、Frank’s advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take, but ultimately beneficial、良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。

12、Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor、一人得道,鸡犬升天。

13、You can’t have your cake and eat it too、鱼与熊掌不可兼得。

14、Speak the devil (and he will appear)、说曹操,曹操到。

15、The same knife cuts bread and fingers、水能载舟,亦能覆舟。

16、Teach fish to swim、班门弄斧。

17、Beat the dog before the lion、杀鸡儆猴。

18、Man proposes, God disposes、谋事在人,成事在天。

19、Everybody’s business is nobody’s business、三个与尚无水喝。

20、Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake、醉翁之意不在酒。

21、Don’t count the chicken before they are hatched、不要盲目乐观。

22、A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit、吃一堑,长一智。

23、Love me, love my dog、爱屋及乌。

24、Facts speak louder than words、事实胜于雄辩。

25、Misfortunes never come alone、祸不单行。

Case study oneIf in the dining hall, a fly was seen in a glass of beer, an Englishman would say, “May I have another, please?”; a Frenchman would pour a beer out; a Spanish man would put the money on the table and leave without a word; a Japanese would summon the manager and criticize, “Do you do all your business like this?”; an Arab would give the beer to the waiter and say, “I’ll buy you a drink、”; and the more humorous American would say to the waiter, “Please serve the fly and beer separately、”Question: What do their different reactions toward a fly in a beer reflect? Answer: The case above shows that social interactions may vary greatly owing to different cultural backgrounds、In this case, people’s different reactions toward a fly in a beer reveal not only their individual personality but also the orientation of their nation’s mainstream culture, e、g、the English’s seriousness, the French’s arrogance, the Spanish’s generosity, the Japanese’s critical approach, the Arab’s sarcasm and the American’s humor、Case study twoBart Rapson had brought his family to the Philippines on a job assignment for a multinational corporation、Since the Philippines is largely Catholic, it was easy for Bart to place his 7-year-old daughter in a Sunday school class that would prepare herfor her First Communion(首次领圣餐仪式)、As the day approached, Bart planned for an after-church party, inviting colleagues and their families from work、Manuel, one Filipino colleague, to whom Bart felt especially close, kept putting off an answer to Bart’s invitation, saying neither “yes” or “no”、Finally Bart said, “My wife needs to know how many people to cook for、” Still not giving a yes or no answer, Manuel later called and said that he would be attending a different party that would be attended by other Filipinos、Bart was quite upset、He complained, “If this is supposedly a Catholic country, why would they not place a value on this? Why would he turn down a once-in-lifetime gathering, my daughter’s First Communion, to go to a party with friends he admits to seeing all the time?” After the party, Bart was merely cordial to Manuel---there were no longer any indications of friendliness、Manuel was puzzled, and had no idea what the problem was、Question: If you were the director and chosen to mediate (调解) this situation, what would you do to ensure not to offend either party? How would you explain Bart’s behavior to Manuel? How would you explain Manuel’s to Bart?Answer: For Americans, knowing how many people will attend a gathering is one of the key priorities, as it helps the host to prepare properly、However, to Filipinos, the number of guests is not very important, they usually prepare more food than enough and would not mind if there were leftovers、As well, Filipinos prefer to be together with people they know well、In addition, in the Philippines, the First Communion is not as important as the party that follows、The main problem in this case is Manuel’s ignorance of American customs、He did not realize that Americans pay great attention to important social gatherings, especially when their children are involved、Case threeIt is said that in Rome, in front of a shoe store, there was such a sign to attract English-speaking customers: Shoes for street walking、Come in and have a fit、The sign caught the attention of many English-speaking tourists, but not to look at the shoes displayed in the windows, but to read the sign and then break out into laughter、Question: Why did the Italian shop owner make such a blunder?Case analysis: The problem resulted from the misunderstanding of the idioms “a street walker” and “to have a fit”、They are almost impossible to understand from the meanings of the individual word、In this case, the Italian shop owner did not realize that “a street walker” means a prostitute, while “to have a fit” does not mean to have a try, but to become suddenly and violently angry or upset、No wonder the amusement and laughter!Case fourMark had recently moved from Denmark to Sydney to work as a salesperson for a large Australian company、After three weeks, he was invited to join a local club、During the first few weeks at the club, Mark would either stand in the corner talking with someone or sit on a sofa listening to other people talk and chat、As time went by, he came to know most of the club members and seemed to enjoy talking withthem、One day, at an evening party, one of the female members approached him、Mark immediately showed his interest by talking about the atmosphere of the party、At first, the conversation between them seemed to go quite smoothly, but as it progressed, the lady seemed to step further and further away from Mark as he had been gradually moving closer to her、The lady obviously seemed uncomfortable、As Mark was about to ask her questions regarding Australian social customs, another man standing nearby directed a glance toward the lady、She excused herself and went to talk with that man, leaving Mark standing alone and wondering why their conversation had come to such a sudden stop、Question: Why did that woman suddenly stop talking with Mark and turned to another man?Case analysis: This is a typical case of misunderstanding caused by different perceptions about body distance、There is a lot of evidence to show that body distance varies with different people, different circumstances, and different cultures、In Denmark, at a formal event, the intimate space is usually between 20 to 30 centimeters; while in Australia, such an occasion requires a body distance of 40 to 50 centimeters、Therefore, when a Dane talks with an Australian, the problem arises: the Dane is accustomed to a close distance while the Australian is comfortable with a great distance、In this case, Mark, by trying to establish his normal intimate space, infringed on the Australian lady’s space、Because of this, she felt somewhat threatened and lost her sense of comfort、At that moment, the nearby man offered her the opportunity to excuse herself from Mark、If Mark had had some knowledge about the expected personal space for Australians, the encounter might have been totally different、Case fiveKatherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute、Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style、Quite a few of them avoided attending her class、She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director, Prof、Wang, for help、Prof、Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten o’clock on Thursday morning、When Thursday came, Katherine arrived at Prof、Wang’s office at the exactly ten o’clock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese、Seeing that she had come, Prof、Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down、Katherine sat down and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher、After five minutes, he finished his conversation, and apologized to Katherine, and began to focus his attention on her situation、Prof、Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was、Just as she was discussing her problem, another Chinese teacher interrupted, with a form that required the Director’s signature、The Director smiled, apologized to Katherine again, and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese、Katherine became impatient, and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment、Also, she was upset and frustrated that they continued to speak Chinese in front of her、Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened、Questions: How would you explain the Director’s behavior toward Katherine? How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry? Case analysis: This is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners、There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures、To Americans, an appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time、If an appointment is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time、For example, if a professor makes an appointment with a student at a certain time, it should not be interrupted by other things or people、In addition, Westerners are good timekeepers; they adhere strictly to schedules、However, Chinese view appointments in a more flexible manner、They are more casual about commitments、This difference in attitudes toward appointment was the root of Katherine’s unhappiness、Since the Director made a ten o’clock appointment, he should have tried to avoid any interruption、However, when Katherine arrived on time, the Director was still talking with another teacher、When their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again、There is no wonder Katherine became frustrated and angry、Case sixIn 1987, a delegation consisting of four Chinese English experts went to Pingyong Foreign Language University to train faculty to be top-level simultaneous interpreters for the 13th International Youth Festival、Of the four experts, two were men and two were women、The two men were dressed in suits with ties and the two women were typically dressed in trousers and their typical business clothes、An authority from Pingyong Foreign Language University and two Korean interpreters greeted them at the Pingyong Railway Station、Surprisingly, while exchanging a few formal remarks, the two interpreters’ eyes constantly observed the two Chinese female teachers’ trousers、The younger teacher, sensed something and repeatedly checked their trousers and shoes to see if they were dirty or marked、About half an hour later, they arrived at the hotel where they would be staying during their mission、The two interpreters showed each of them to their rooms to give them an opportunity to freshen up before the formal introductions、In a couple of minutes, the four Chinese teachers gathered in one of the rooms, where the head of the university and the two interpreters introduced themselves further and briefed them on the training program、While talking, the two interpreters seemed to continue to study the two female teachers’trousers、At first, they thought that the Korean interpreters were too embarrassed to look straight in the eye of a woman、Later this assumption was proved wrong、The four Chinese teachers remained a bit puzzled and didn’t know what was going on…Question: Why did the two Korean interpreters continue to study the Chinese female teachers’ trousers?Case analysis: The conflict of the case involves a misunderstanding of what is and is not appropriate clothing to wear in the situation given、In Korea, a woman with social status will generally wear dress or skirt、Very few women wear trousers、Although people might see some women wearing trousers, they are generally common citizens of low social status、It is rare to find women of high social status,e、g、government officials, wearing trousers、Females in high school or university all wear skirts with few exceptions、The Korean interpreters assumed that the Chinese female college teachers held high social status and should therefore wear skirts、This is why the y continued to look at the two Chinese women’s trousers、•Questions and answers:1、What is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people、2、What is communication?Communication is a process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols、3、What are the functions of communication?To gather information about others, help fulfill interpersonal needs, establish personal identities, and influence others、4、What is intercultural communication?Intercultural communication refers to communication between people from different cultural backgrounds、5、What are the three basic aspects to communication?Our individual personality, the culture we operate in, and the physical environment that surrounds us、6、What are the social functions of compliments?Creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment、7、What is taboo?A cultural or religious custom that does not allow people to do, use or talk about a particular thing, as people find it offensive or embarrassing、8、What does nonverbal communication include?It includes time language, space language, body language and paralanguage、9、What is paralanguage?It refers to the nonverbal voice qualities such as tone, rate, pitch, volume, accents, and laughing, which interrupt or temporarily take the place of the speech and affect the meaning of a message、10、What is body language?Body language is a term for communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language or other communication、。

相关文档
最新文档