自考英语笔记
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（12）
Unit6（第17讲—第19讲） 4. Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds. extreme在句中做形容词⽤，意思是“极度的”，如： 1） Extreme cold can wake a hibernating animal. （极度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的动物苏醒。
） 2） They will have to endure extreme discomfort in winter. （冬天时，他们将不得不忍受极度的不适。
） change…into意思是“把…转变为…”，如： 1） Water changes into vapour when heated. （⽔加热后转变为蒸⽓。
） 2） Go to the bank and you can easily change these dollars into RMB. （你去银⾏就能很容易地把这些美元换成⼈民币。
） 5. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot， liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth. 请注意such与so之间的不同⽤法。
such后⾯接名词，⽽so后⾯接形容词或副词。
如： 1） I don't believe he could make such a mistake. （我相信他不会犯这样的错误的。
） 2） How can you go out on such a rainy day？（在这样的⾬天⾥，你怎么能出门？） 3） He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow. （他说话太快，我听不懂。
） 4） I'm so glad you could come. （你能来我真⾼兴。
自考“英语（一）”笔记（3）
4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice， and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 注意句中hundreds of hours的⽤法，阅读课本第六页注解2. 请翻译下⾯的词组： 1）⼗个学⽣ ten students 数⼗个学⽣ tens of students 2）五百年 five hundred years 数百年 hundreds of years 3）两千年 two thousand years 数千年 thousands of years 4）三百万美元 three million dollars 数百万美元 millions of dollars 5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 句中be different from 意为“与…不同”，如：My opinion is different from yours.（我的观点与你的观点不同。
） 请注意下⾯三个句⼦中所⽤的词组： Man is different from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language. Man differs from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language. The greatest difference between man and all the other animals is his ability to learn and use a language. 从上⾯的句⼦中可以看出differ是动词，different 是形容词，difference是名词。
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（33）
Unit17（第50讲—第52讲） Text A Panic and Its Effects 本课主要单词 1.panic vi. 恐慌，惊慌 n. 恐慌，惊慌 panic-stricken adj. 惊慌失措的 1）The crowd panicked at the ringing of the siren.（听到警报器响，⼈群惊慌失措。
） 2）Don't panic， Sit still keep calm.（不要惊慌，安静地坐着保持冷静。
） 3）The little boy panicked when thinking about the punishment he might get from his master.（想到主⼈可能会给他的惩罚，那个⼩男孩惊恐不安。
） 4）We didn't want to start a panic on the stock exchange.（我们不想引起证券交易恐慌。
） 5）The panic-stricken mother is looking for her child.（那位惊恐万状的母亲在寻找她的孩⼦。
） 6）The panic-stricken crowd rushed to the emergency exit.（惊恐万状的⼈群朝紧急出处⼝跑去。
） （请注意，当panic⽤做动词时，其过去式是panicked，进⾏式是panicking.） 2.severe adj. serious（严重的）；strict（严厉的）；艰难的 1）He felt a severe pain in his left leg.（他感到左腿⼀阵剧痛。
） 2）They had a severe shortage of food.（他们的⾷品严重短缺。
） 3）He is very severe with his children.（他对孩⼦们很严厉。
自考英语笔记一
Text A You Can't DO It Because It Hurts Nobody本课主要单词1. tough adj. 强壮的；粗暴的；老的；艰苦的1）The tough mountaineer succeeded in getting to the top of the mountain.（那位强壮的登山运动员成功地登上了山顶。
）2）Camels are tough and hardy creatures. （骆驼是能吃苦耐劳的动物。
）3）Those tough law-breaking youngsters should be dealt with seriously. （应该严肃对待那些无法无天的青少年。
）4）She complained about the tough steak.（她抱怨牛排太老。
）5）They had a tough time during the war. （战争期间她们苦熬度日。
）6）He'll be tough on you if you bother him. （如果你麻烦他，他会对你不客气。
）7）It was tough to get a satisfactory job.（找一份令人满意的工作很不容易。
）2. crime n. 罪；罪行criminal n. 罪犯adj. 犯罪的；刑事的1）He committed a crime against the security of the state. （他犯了危害国家安全罪。
）2）It is a crime to waste so much food. （浪费那么多食物是一种罪过。
）3）The president is determined to bring down the crime rate. （总统下决心使犯罪率下降。
）4）The wanted criminal had no place to hide. （被通缉的罪犯无处可藏。
自考英语重点笔记
自考英语重点笔记When preparing for a self-study English exam, it's crucial to have a set of comprehensive notes that cover all the key points. Here's a structured approach to creating effective self-study English notes:1. Grammar Focus:- Tenses: Past, present, and future tenses with examples.- Verb forms: Gerunds, infinitives, participles, and their correct usage.- Sentence structure: Simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.2. Vocabulary Building:- Word families: List words by their root to expand vocabulary.- Phrasal verbs: Common combinations and their meanings.- Idiomatic expressions: Phrases that don't translate literally but are commonly used.3. Reading Comprehension:- Skimming: Techniques for quickly identifying the main idea.- Scanning: How to find specific information within a text.- Critical reading: Analyzing the text for deeper understanding and inference.4. Writing Skills:- Essay structure: Introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.- Formal and informal language: When and how to use each.- Common writing errors: Subject-verb agreement, articles, and prepositions.5. Listening Practice:- Active listening: Strategies for better comprehension.- Note-taking: How to jot down key points while listening.- Distinguishing between similar sounds: Practice withminimal pairs.6. Speaking Proficiency:- Pronunciation: Correct articulation of difficult sounds.- Fluency: Building sentences without long pauses.- Conversational skills: Questions, responses, andturn-taking.7. Cultural Notes:- Social norms: Understanding cultural references and etiquette.- Slang and colloquialisms: Usage in different regions.8. Exam Strategies:- Time management: Allocating time for each section of the exam.- Stress management: Techniques to stay calm duringthe exam.- Multiple-choice questions: Tips for eliminatingwrong answers.9. Practice Exercises:- Sample questions: Types of questions that could appear on the exam.- Answer key: Solutions with explanations.10. Resources:- Recommended reading: Books, articles, and websites for further study.- Online tools: Language learning apps and websites.- Study groups: Benefits and how to find or form one.Remember, consistency is key in language learning. Regularly review your notes, practice speaking, and immerse yourself in the language as much as possible. Good luck with your self-study journey!。
自考英语(二)精华复习笔记(4)
自考英语(二)精华复习笔记(4)2.1 强化练习1.动词时态强化练习1. I was hired(hire) by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.解析：过去时的被动语态，标记语：1989.2. However，many people doubt whether this will reduce (reduce) the incidence of abuse.解析：一般将来时，表示“会减少”的意思。
3. Up to that time，the blues had been(be) an essentially black medium.解析：过去完成时，标记语：up to that time，表示“过去的过去”。
4. Of these 20，000，just under 2000 are being physically，sexually and psychologically abused(abuse)。
解析：现在进行时的被动。
5. If you do not(not，control) it，it will control you.解析：一般现在时。
主讲从现：主句用将来时，但是时间状语、条件状语和让步状语从句中用现在时。
6. You will enjoy your fun time more after you have completed(complete) your study responsibilities.解析：现在完成时，表示“已经完成”。
7. Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is(be) a challenge that continues throughout life.解析：一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。
8. The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed(witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.解析：一般过去时，标记语：the second half of the nineteenth century.9. All the worries they might have felt for him were driven(drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.解析：一般过去时的被动10. Attempts to break up this old system have been made (make) in every presidential election in the past one hundred years.解析：现在完成时的被动，标记语：in the past one hundred years.2.非谓语动词强化练习1. The mother didn’t know who to blame(blame) for the broken glass.解析：who+动词不定式做know的宾语2. The children brought(bring) up in this way tend to be healthier.解析：过去分词作定语，表被动。
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（34）
Unit17（第50讲—第52讲） 19.eventually adv. 终于，最终 eventual adj. 最后的，结果的 1）He eventually realized that he was wrong.（他终于意识到⾃⼰错了。
） 2）They eventually took over the company.（他们终于接管了那家公司。
） 3）His mistake led to his eventual dismissal.（他的错误致使他最终被解雇。
） 4）He is sure about his eventual success.（他肯定⾃⼰最终会成功。
） 20.confirm v. 证实，肯定；批准，确认 1）You need to confirm your reservations 48 hours in advance.（你需要提前48⼩时确定预订。
） 2）The rumor is confirmed.（谣传被证实了。
） 3）Her remarks confirmed me in my belief that the young man was innocent. （她的话使我进⼀步认定那个年轻男⼦是清⽩的。
） 4）The United Nations has confirmed the treaty.（联合国已批准了这项条约。
） 本课简介 越来越多的美国⼈会在⼀⽣中⼀次或多次地经历惊吓症。
惊吓症的症状与⼼脏病的症状极其相似，于是得了惊吓症的⼈往往误认为⾃⼰得了⼼脏病。
那么惊吓症与⼼脏病如何区别？⼼脏病的症状只是⽓急和疼痛，⽽惊吓症则会有如下的表现：1）对⼀些极寻常的情况惊恐不安；2）⽓急、胸痛。
⼼跳加快，突然发抖，周围的⼈或物变得虚幻；3）恐惧死亡或疯狂；4）发病年龄在20-30岁；5）⼥性多于男性； 6）症状多样化；7）⼤量饮酒和使⽤药物的⼈多发。
惊吓症虽然不会对⼈的⽣命产⽣直接危害，但是专家们建议向医⽣咨询，如果确实患有惊吓症，则需要⼼理和药物治疗。
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（50）
Unit25（第74讲—第76讲） 本课主要语⾔点 1. American men don't cry because it is considered not characteristic of men to do so. 动词consider的⽤法如下： ① Consider ＋宾语＋宾补 They considered the attack a mistake. （他们认为这次进攻是错误。
） ② Consider ＋宾语＋动词不定式 They considered themselves to be very lucking.（他们认为⾃⼰很幸运。
） ③ Consider ＋宾语＋ as They don't consider it as important.（他们认为那个不重要。
） ④ Consider ＋宾语＋形容词 They consider it wise not to criticize him.（他们认为不批评他是明智的。
） ⑤ Consider ＋宾语 He had no time to consider the matter.（他没有时间考虑这个事情。
） ⑥ Consider ＋V-ing He is considering changing his job.（他在考虑换⼀份⼯作。
） “be considered not characteristic of ……，” consider 在此处的⽤法当归于④。
be characteristic of 意思是 be typical of.如： 1）Carelessness and impatience are characteristic of him.（粗⼼、⽆耐⼼是他的特点。
） 2）Long winter and short spring are characteristic of the climate here.（冬天漫长，春天短暂是这⼉的⽓候特点。
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（31）
Unit16（第47讲—第49讲） Text A Heart Disease：Treat or Prevent？ 本课主要词组 1.western adj. 西⽅的；西部的 Westerner n. 西⽅⼈ 1） The sun began to turn red on the western horizon. （太阳在西⽅地平线上开始变成红⾊。
） 2） I've just had four years in Western Nigeria.（我刚在西尼⽇利亚呆了四年。
） 3） The impact of western technology on that country was incredible.（西⽅技术对那个国家的影响是难以置信的。
） 4） Many Westerners eat too much food rich in sugar and fat， they may die of heart illnesses at an early age.（许多西⽅⼈吃太多⾼糖、⾼脂的⾷品，他们可能在年轻时就会死于⼼脏疾病。
） 5） Westerners eat with forks and knives， while we Chinese eat with chopsticks.（西⽅⼈⽤⼑叉吃饭，⽽我们中国⼈⽤筷⼦吃饭。
） 2.alarm n. 惊恐；担⼼；闹铃 v. frighten （使惊恐；向…报警） alarming adj. worrying， disquieting （使⼈惊恐的、令⼈担⼼的） 1）There is no cause for alarm. （不必恐慌。
） 2）It is necessary that you install a burglar alarm.（你有必要装防盗警报器。
） 3）They were alarmed to find the old lady dead.（他们发现⽼太太死了，⼤惊失⾊。
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（8）
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（8）Unit4（第11讲—第13讲）3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.affect 是动词，意思是“影响”。
常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆，请注意下面的句子：1）The drought would surely affect the harvest.（这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。
）2）Excessive smoking affected his health，bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.（过度吸烟影响了他的健康，严重的咳嗽使他难以呼吸。
）3）Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.（心理学家认为颜色对人肯定有影响。
）4）We could all see the effects of the illness on him.（我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。
）5）职务的变化使他的收入大受影响。
（The change in position greatly affected his income.）6）他的话对听众没有任何影响作用。
（What he said had little effect on the audience.）4. Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember.that引导的定语从句修饰information；主句是Information is difficult to remember.不定式to remember 用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。
请看下面的句子：1）Einstein was easy to get along with.（爱因斯坦很容易相处。
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（44）
Unit22（第65讲—第67讲） 19. positive adj. 确定的；积极地，肯定地 positively adv. 确定地，明确地；积极地，肯定地 1） He was frightened by the results of his blood test， for all tested items show positive reactions.（验⾎结果把他吓坏了，每⼀个项⽬都显⽰阳性反应。
） 2） I'm positive about it.（对这点我有绝对把握。
） 3） They longed for a positive answer.（他们渴望得到肯定的答复。
） 4） You should adopt a more positive attitude toward life.（对⽣活你应该采取更积极的态度。
） 5） He never answered my questions positively.（他从不肯定地回答我的问题。
） 20. aspect n. ⽅向；外表 1） They considered the plan in all its aspects.（他们全⾯地考虑了这⼀计划。
） 2） His face had a frightening aspect.（他的脸⾊很吓⼈。
） 21. emerge v. 出现 1） The sun emerged from behind a cloud.（太阳从云朵后⾯出来了。
） 2） Different ideas have emerged.（不同意见出现了。
） 3） A modern industrial city is now emerging.（⼀个现代化的⼯业城市正在兴起。
） 本课简介 ⼈⼈都知道健康的重要，但⼈们对于参加健⾝活动的态度如何呢？本⽂作者通过许多具体的事例告诉我们，⼈们对于参加健⾝活动有许多认识上的误区，因⽽有必要重新审视⾃⼰在这⼀问题上的态度和做法。
自考英语二(课堂笔记_课文部分)
综合英语二（课堂笔记）Unit11、主语＋find/think＋it＋形容词＋to do（it为形式宾语，to do是真正的主语）We find it no easy to master two foreign language in the same time.2、in、at不译为“上、里”时，译为“用、以”3、下列动词要用动名词做宾语。
practice/finish/stop/delay/suggest/consider/can’t help（禁不住）4、It is＋形容词＋to do（for…to）1）、It is very important to do more exercise.1）、It is very important for us to study English well.5、抽象名词（may、chance、power、decision）＋ to do 不定式做抽象名词的定语。
6、无生命名词很有可能后面加上过去分词，有生命名词很有可能加上现在分词。
7、不定式放在句尾，译为“以便”，目的状语。
8、主语＋系动＋to do（将要）主语＋系动＋about to do（即将）主语＋系动＋going to do（打算做某事）课后练习翻译答案：P101、Research shows the successful language learners are similar in manyways.2、Language learning is active learning learners should look for everychance to use the language.3、Learning language should be independent active and purposeful.4、Learning a language is different from learning math.5、Teachers often communicate the successful experience in language. P121、They find it hard to master a foreign language.2、The research shows that the successful language learners are similarin many ways.4、We are willing to help our friends.Unit21、lead…with 以…领先The company leads the city with the best services.2、形容词本身有其他词修饰时，常放在名词后做后置定语。
自考00015英语二重点语法复习笔记
自考00015英语二重点语法复习笔记1. 一般现在时（Simple Present Tense）1.1 定义与用法：一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
常用时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day/week/month/year, on weekends等。
1.2 谓语动词的构成：一般现在时的谓语动词构成：（1）一般动词：原形（2）第三人称单数（he/she/it）：动词原形 + "s" / "es"（3）不可数名词或复数名词：动词原形1.3 示例：（1）I always go to bed early.（我总是早睡。
）（2）She watches TV every evening.（她每天晚上都看电视。
）（3）They eat breakfast at home.（他们在家吃早餐。
）2. 进行时态（Present Continuous Tense）2.1 定义与用法：进行时态表示现在正在进行的动作。
它一般用于表示现阶段的动作，常用时间状语有：now, at the moment, at present等。
2.2 谓语动词的构成：进行时态的谓语动词构成：be动词（am/is/are） + 现在分词（-ing形式）2.3 示例：（1）She is studying in the library now.（她现在正在图书馆学习。
）（2）We are watching a movie at the moment.（我们现在正在看电影。
）（3）He is eating dinner with his family.（他正在和家人一起吃晚饭。
）3. 一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）3.1 定义与用法：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常用时间状语有：yesterday, last week/month/year, in 1999等。
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阅读判断1.题目要求：读懂一篇350字左右短文的基础上，对给出10个句子所表达的信息做出判断。
2.作答方式：正确的选A （True）错误的选B（False）文中没有提到的选C（Not Given）3.题目展现：True Array第一种情况：题目是原文的同义改写Eg: 1【题目】：Most are less than five years old.大多数都小于五年。
【原文】：Few are more than five years old.很少有超过五年的。
第二种情况：根据原文中的几句话推断或归纳而成Eg：2【题目】Generally speaking, dyslexia is more common in left-handed males than in right-handed females.通常来讲，患读写困难症的左撇子男性要比右撇子女性更为常见。
【原文】However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed.但是研究表明，男性患读写困难症者多于女性，而且在左撇子中尤为常见。
False第一种情况：题目与原文直接相反（反义词，not+同义词，反义结构）Eg: 1【题目】Our direct contact with plants grows with the process of industrialization.随着工业化进程的发展，我们与植物的联系越来越大。
【原文】Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants.不幸的是，我们的工业化程度越高，人类与植物间的直接联系就越少。
第二种情况：原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的词（如：all, only, many, sometimes, usually, unlikely, mostly, impossible等) generally 通常地，一般地Eg: 2【题目】Snakes are usually poisonous.蛇通常是有毒的。
【原文】Snakes are sometimes poisonous.蛇有时是有毒的。
第三种情况：过于绝对的说法，如含有only, all, any, must, always, completely, entirely等的句子Eg: 3【题目】Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent.票必须提前从一个认证的代理处购买。
【原文】Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subject to demand. Subject to availability, stand-by tickets can be purchased from the driver.我们强烈建议提前预定，因为所有的Daybreak旅行都是由需求决定的。
如果还有票的话，可直接向司机购买。
第四种情况：原文强调是人们对某事物的一种“理论”或“感觉” ,常有feel, consider及theory等词。
题目强调是一种“事实”或“已被证明”，常有fact及prove等Eg: 4【题目】It is fact that frogs' breeding cycles are upset by worldwide increases in temperature.一个事实是青蛙的生长周期被世界范围温度的升高所破坏。
【原文】Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs.另一种理论是世界范围温度的升高破坏了青蛙的生长周期。
第五种情况:原文中包含条件状语，题目中去掉条件成分。
(如：if, unless, but for, with等) Eg：5【题目】The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous.媒体经常指责Internet，因为它是危险的。
【原文】The Internet has often been criticized by the media as a dangerous tool in the hands of young computer users.Internet通常被媒体指责为是年轻的计算机用户手中的危险工具。
Not given题目中的某些内容在原文中找不到具体依据(不完全对，也不完全错；有不同的可能性)第一种情况:题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围Eg: 1【题目】Our factory club provides color printer.我们工厂提供彩色打印机。
【原文】Our factory club provides printer.我们工厂提供打印机。
第二种情况：主观臆断Eg: 2【题目】The amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。
【原文】His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport.他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上。
Tips1. 谨遵原文内容，不能凭借自己的知识2.根据原文来做推断，不能做毫无根据的推理。
3. 题目中若出现must, only, all及always等时，答案一般不会是True阅读选择阅读长度为350字左右的短文，题材包括人文、科技、经济、环境、卫生等话题。
短文后有5个题目，要求考生从每个题目后四个选项中选出最佳答案阅读选择重点问题所在遇到不认识的单词就慌——积累/找关键词句型结构不会分析——积累不知何从下手，草草作答——技巧时间不够用——练习解题方法1.解题3步走STEP1: 浏览题干和选项抓关键词和出题类型STEP2: 按照一致性规律根据关键词在原文查找定位STEP3: 将原文与选项比对切记：题干+正确选项=原文信息值2.五大题型（1）主旨题1. The best title for this text is .2. The main idea of the text is .3. The text mainly deals with .4. The title that best expresses（表达） the main idea is .5. The central idea conveyed（传达） in the above text is .6. The author’s purpose in writing this text is .7. The main idea of this text may be best expressed as .8. Which of the following is the best title for this text？主旨题的答案什么样子正确答案一定具有概括性和结论性细节性的选项肯定是错的。
答案在结尾或开头句的概率很高（可以先跳过，做细节题再做主旨题）（2）细节题1．特殊疑问句以what，who，when，how，where等引导的问题。
1)What do we know about...？2)Why is ...？3)How many ... in this text ？4)In what year...？5)In what way...？6)according to the text，who ...？2．正误判断题通常询问文章中所述的事情是否真实，某种提法是否正确或文章是否提及某事。
A. Which of the following statements（陈述） is true？B. Which of the following is mentioned in the text？C. Which of the following does not explain（解释）...？D. Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author？E. Which of the following in NOT listed（列出） as...？F. all of the following are true except...G. The author mentions all of the items listed below except...H. The author does not tell us ...3．填空题通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节A. The real cause is .B. according to the author，the techniques（技术；方法；技巧） can be used to .C. The author states（陈述） that .D. The experiment shows that .E. Mr. X expects（期望；认为；预料） .（3）推断题1. The text is intended（目的） to…2. The text implies（暗示） that…3. It can be inferred（推断） from the text that…4. It can be concluded（结论） from the text that…5. We can conclude from the text that…6. The writer implies that…7. The author suggests（建议） that…8. an inference（推断） which maybe made from the text is …（4）词义句义猜测题1. What is the possible meaning of the word "…" in line...？2. Which is the probable definition（定义） of the word "…" ？3. The italicized（在字下划横线；强调） word in line ... means .4. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to "…" ？5. By "…" ，the author means .6. In line…，the word “this”stands for .7. The word“…”probably means .8. The word"…" is closest to .词义题怎么做？回原文3句话猜构词法猜选项代入（5）观点态度题1. Which of the following the author is most likely to agree with?2. The author seems to be in favor of（支持） the idea of .3. What’s the author’s opinion ?4. What does the writer think of...?5. The author’s attitude towards ... might be best summarized（总结；概述） as .6. In the writer’s opinion, .7. The author of the passage seems to be .8. The tone（语气，语调） of the author is .9. The author’s purpose of writing this text is .态度题注意什么positive（积极）, negative（消极）optimistic（乐观）, pessimistic（悲观）approving（支持）, opposing（反对），neutral（中立）subjective（主观）, objective（客观）concerned（关心）, indifferent（漠视）区别作者的态度与其他人的态度绝对化或过于强烈的态度词必错他人观点及举例反映作者观点观点一般与文章主旨3.错误选项的特点①无中生有（未提及选项）②正反混淆（相反选项, not, seldom, little）③答非所问（问答无关选项，张冠李戴选项）④部分修改（偷梁换柱或偷换概念或望文生义选项）⑤过分绝对（绝对选项：only, always, all, impossible,must, never）⑥扩大范围（超越性选项；注意隐蔽型扩大范围mostly）⑦缩小范围（具体化选项；以偏概全选项）⑧断章取义（自行推断；偏离主题；字面解析；含义不深刻）⑨主观性选项。