英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料.doc
Materials for term examination.I.名词解释：i. Magna CartaThis is a medieval Latin name meaning "Great Charter". In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal barons and the Church to grant then a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.2.The Great CouncilIn medieval times, this referred to a group of leading, wealthy barons who were summoned by the king several times a year to give the king some extra money. By the 13th century, representatives of counties, towns and cities were also included in order to raise more money. This was the beginning of what we know as Parliament today.3.the Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688, King James Il's daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect therights of Parliament. After this Glorious Revolution, the Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.the House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.5.the House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.6.Margaret ThatcherShe came into power as Britain's first woman Prime Minister in 1979 when her Conservative party won the general election. She advocated the idea of small governmentand free-market economics. During her term as the Prime Minister, she carried out policies to privatize the nationalized industry and to cut tax rates. As a result, many businesses boomed but unemployment rate increased. She was later replaced by John Major in 1990.7.William ShakespeareHe was an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. He worte 37 plays. His plays fall into three categories: (1) Historical plays like Charles II; (2) Comedies such as Merchant of Venice and (3) Tragedies such as Romeo and Juliet. Macbeth, Hamlet, King Lear, and Othello are his four most famous tragedies.,8.The Romantic MovementThe Romantic Movement started at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The spirit of Romanticism places emphasis on nature, originality, the emotional and personal. The great poets of this movement are Keats, Shelley and Wordsworth. Jane Austen and the Bronte sisters are among the famous Romantic novelists. Theirwritings are characterized by rich imaginations and strong feelings.9.ModernismModernism in literature began before the Second World War (1939-1945). Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century form, which can be considered as assuming understanding between writer and reader. This approach to writing is called ''realism". However, modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Modernist writing seems disorganized and hard to understand. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf10.grammar schoolsIt is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schools select children at the age 11, through an examination called "the 11-plus". Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.11.NATOThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization was set up in 1949. The Berilin blockade by former Soviet Union made the Western European countries feel the need for closer relations and cooperation with the United States. Then on April 4, 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty was signed , provided that an attack on any of the parties to the treaty would be regarded as an attack on all, and force, if necessary, would be used to restore and maintain peace and security. It marked the beginning of US efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.12.OxbridgeOxbridge refers to the two top universities in Britain: Oxford and Cambridge. These two universities not only offer good education, but also offer a network of connections. Graduates from these universities occupy a high proportion of the top level of many aspects of British society.You should summarize the explanation for the following terms, (refer to the book and my ppt)13.The Boston Tea Party14.the Declaration of Independence is. the Emancipation ProclamationDuring the Civil war, Lincoln issued the EmancipationProclamation to get more support for the Union at home andabroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.16.The Great Depression17.the isolationistis. the Cold War19.the Truman DoctrineOn March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward theTruman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress.The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. governmentwould support any country which said it was fighting againstCommunism.20.McCarthyism21.the New Deal-It was put forward by American President Roosevelt whowanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression atthat time. It passed a lot of New deal laws and set up some efficial social security systems. The New Deal helped to "save American democreacy,, and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of thecapitalist system up to that time.22.the American Constitution23.the Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.24.Checks and balancesThe government is divided into three branches, th e legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And eac h branch of government can check, or block, the act ions of the otherbranches. The three branches are t hus in balance. This called "checks and balances".25.Montgomery bus boycottII.Short-answer Questions:1.What are the foundations of British foreign policy? How about its relationship with the US since the Second World War?2.How did the US become a country with a territory of about 9,32million square kilometers from the initial period about 900 thousand square kilometers?3.Give a brief account of the American foreign policy in the post-war period, and the relations between China and the US at that period.4.what are the functions of the queen一the symbolic head of the state of the UK?5.What is the general view of Americans on education?6.What are some of the characteristics of American education?------ (1) Formal education in the United States consists ofelementary, secondary and higher education.(2)Public educations is free and compulsory.(3)Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.(4)Education is a function of the states, not the federal government.7.What do you know about the English Renaissance?----- Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression_r in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.8. Tell briefly the history of the two-party system in the United States.9.What is the Congress composed of? What are the functions of the Congress?10.What role does the community college paly? Why is it important in American higher education?11.What are some of the problems associated with American education today?12.What is the "Lost Generation"? Why is Hemingway considered an important writer in the 20th century?13.Why did the Civil War break out? How did the war end?----- In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon disappeared in the North. But things were different in the South. The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery. The problem of slavery became a serous political issue. The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern statesbroke away and formed a new nation. Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued Emancipation Proclamation. Thus England and France stood by the Union's side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army.After a series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond. He surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War ended.14.What is the significance of the War of 1812?15.What was the UK's colonial expansion like during the 19th century?16.Why did the early settlers come to America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?------ T he early settlers came to America either for the opportunity to realize their dreams and better their lives or for the freedom from religious and governmental persecution. The Pilgrims were persons who suffered religious persecution in England and went to Holland and later moved to Americain 1620. The Puritans were the members of a Protestant group in England who wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied and threatened in England, they saw America as a refuge and migrated to America since 1630. There were a number of features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development. They were: representative form, of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.17.What was the impact of the Vietnam War-on American society?----- T he Vietnam War had a great impact on American society.(1)The United States was weakened as a result of the long war.(2)American society had never been so divided since the Civil War.(3)There was serious disagreement with in the ruling circle.(4)The image of the United States, especially the image of the American armed forces, was discredited.18.What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest? ----- T he Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about manyconsequences.William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.19.What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?----- A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty's Government ----- a body of Ministers who are the leadingmembers of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the Houseof Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.20.How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed? ----- The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It's characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as John Ray's flying shuttle, James Hargreaves5 spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright's waterframe, and Samuel Cropton5s mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transporation ran parallel with production.As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the 4"workshop of the world,,; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.。
大学英语国家概况复习(名词解释+问答题)
名词解释Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅠ第一章英国简介1✧ 1. LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies. It is not only the financial centre of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centres in the world.伦敦位于该国南部最大的城市。
从各方面来看，它是英国主导。
它是文化和商业中心，绝大多数英国大公司总部。
它不仅是国家的金融中心，而且在世界三大国际金融中心之一。
2.Robin HoodRobin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and bid himself with his band of "merry men" in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.罗宾汉是一个撒克逊的贵族。
因为他再也无法容忍诺曼人的压迫，他成为逃犯并且让自己和他的"快活人" 帮派呆在森林里。
英语国家概况考试复习要点
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain GB/G.B. British Isles British Empire The Commonwealth The United KingdomThe UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically; the British Isles includes Great Britain; the whole of Ireland; and all the offshore islandsPolitically; the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis本尼维斯山the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians格兰扁山脉4.the longest river：The Severn River 塞文河The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames泰晤士河5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh内伊湖 Northern Ireland6. Backbone of England：the Pennies奔宁山脉The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人..8.Basis of Modern English raceThe earlist people known in Britain were nomads游牧者from mainland Europein the Old Stone Age旧石器时代;followed by Neolithic新石器时代 Iberians伊比利亚人 and the Beaker Folk比克人in the Bronze Age青铜器时代9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state①.established 'Old English'②.laid the foundations of the English state③. divided the country into shires④. created the 'Witan' to advise the Kingthe basis of the Cabinet10.different invadersFirst invasion—In 55 BC; Julius CaesarSecond—Caesar's second raid in 54 BCThird and final—In 43 AD; Emperor Claudius; final and successful Roman invasion of Britain recordedLeft—In 410; Germanic barbarian attack Rome; forcing Roman troops to leave Britain; and thus ending its occupation of the island History9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” Sir Francis Drake10. The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest 1066-1071Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January; 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William; Duke of Normandy; heard the news of Harold’s coronation; he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Consequences：It increased the process of feudalism.William established a strong monarchy in England.He introduced new ideas in laws.It brought changes in the church.The French language came along with the Normans.11.When was the feudal system established in England 封建制度Under William; the feudal system was completely established. Medieval Britain 1066-148512. Who signed Great Charter King John 签署大宪章13. Great Charter time; contents; natureTime: Magna Carta 1215Contents:内容A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals withouttheir consent;B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;C. should the king attempt to free himself from law; the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it; by civil war or by otherwise.Nature: a feudal document14.The Hundred Years’ War①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453②. Countries: France and Britain③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economicThe English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France.The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.New national consciousness of England④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.⑤.Three outstanding stages of the warA. At first the English were brilliantly successful.B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.C. After Henry V’s death in 1422; the French; encouraged by Joan of Arc; their national heroine; drove the English out of France.⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win:effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc”⑦.Significance:The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death; wealth and property; thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.⑧.Effects of the war: After this war; the ruling Normans began to:A. regard England as their home.B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation.C. reestablish English language as their official language.D. make effort to try to develop their industryThe expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity; while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.15.The War of Roses 1455--1485①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose; so the war got such a name.③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war; for power and wealth; for the possession of the Crown④.Reason：In the Hundred Years’ War; the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss; thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups; in such a situation; the war broke out. At that time; the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI1422-1461 was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster.⑤.Result:The Yorkist got complete victory; House of York 约克王朝1461-1485 but a third House; the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won descendant of Duke of Lancaster Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years; ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden; so it paved way for the development of capitalism.16. The English Reformation①. ReasonsA. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body; but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and lazinessof the church hindered the social and political progress of England.B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped.②. CourseA. By a special act by parliament ; Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.B. In 1534; Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.③.EffectsA.English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international; the English Church was strictly national.B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility.C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly.④.NatureThe struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other.⑤.People involvedA. Edward VI1547-1553: king after Henry Ⅷ’s deathB. “Bloody” Mary1553-1558:daughter of Catherine; reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.C. Elizabeth I 1558-1603: Queen after Mary; restored Anglican Church.17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentativesDistinguished Representatives：A. Sir Thomas More; the greatest English humanist; “Utopia”B.William Shakespeare1564-1616greatest dramatist ; 37 comedies; tragedies and historiesC. poetry----Spenser; Sidney; Shakespeare & DonneD. John Milton’s Paradise Lost; 1667E. English materialism---Francis Bacon1561-1626also a statesman& an essayist18.Civil War 1642-1649内战①.Background of the war战争的背景The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie; Charles took counteraction; the war broke out.②. Groups of the warA. Roundheads--supporters of Parliamentfree farmers; tradesmen; craftsmenB. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supportersCatholics; feudal lord <West & North of England>③.Consequence1649; Charles’ army was defeated; he was beheaded; in May 1649; England was declared a Commonwealth共和政府时期.In 1653; Cromwell was made Lord Protector护国公 for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate摄政时期 and Parliament was dissolved. He became a “king”in all but name.19.The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年的光荣革命After thre e years’ struggle; the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution; the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688; the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.20. Whigs and Tories辉格党和保守党The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal PartyThe Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party21. The Industrial Revolution 1780-1830工业革命①.Definition 定义During the latter half of the eighteenth century; a rapid series of extensive changes began; especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changesis often described as the “Industrial Revolution”.②. Inventions发明A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.B. In 1769; the steam engine was created by James Watt.C. In 1785; the power loom the application of power to machineryD. The use of iron and coalE. In 1764; the Spinning Jenny was inventedG. In 1814; the first successful steam locomotive③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution工业革命的后果A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world.B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner.C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged.D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”.E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.F. Two conflicting classes were born .G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry markedthe beginning of Industrial Revolution: 工业革命Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机Spinning mule 走锭细纱机Power loom 动力纺纱机Steam engine 蒸汽机H．Means of transportation交通方式canals were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetI．By the middle of 19th century; the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in BritainJ．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways1dramatically increased industrial productivity2the process of urbanization3changes in class structure4The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.Government and Politics23. constitutional monarchy; the head of state is a king or a queen.君主立宪制国家;国家的首脑是国王或女王..24.the monarch is supposed to reigns but not rule.To reign but not to rule: perform ceremonial duties; symbolic 25.three elements of parliament议会组成The Crown The House of Lords The House of Commons26.The main functions of Parliament议会的主要作用To legislateTo vote the taxation and expenditures of the governmentTo examine government policies and administrationTo debate major current political issues27.Where does the real power lie Cabinet内阁Cabinet：The major decision-making body in the government28.two parties in the UK政党The Labour Party: believe in the supervision of industry by the government; distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyoneThe Conservative Party: support private enterprise and minimal state regulation; accept the mixed economy; believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privilegesJudiciary司法29. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary andthe Attorney General.30. The jury composed of 12 members. 陪审团有12个成员..31. Scotland Yard伦敦警察厅: headquarter of the Metropolitan PoliceEducation32.the compulsory education义务教育Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school.33.two education systemprivate schools 私立学校 public schools公学34. the oldest university：OxfordOthers35.The largest religious festival：Christmas36. The oldest newspaper：The Times37. most famous broadcasting company：the British Broadcasting Corporationthe BBCThe most desirable home: a detached house 最理想的家:独立式住宅Part Two USAThe country1. 50 states the largest; the smallest; the purchased ones50个州 Alaska—the largest 阿拉斯加州Rhode Island—the smallest 罗德岛州Texas—the largest on the mainland德克萨斯州Alaska—the purchased ones购买2. 13 colonies13个殖民地Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North AmericaDelaware 特拉华 Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚 New Jersey 新泽西Georgia 乔治亚 Connecticut康涅狄格 Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞Maryland 马里兰 South Carolina 南卡罗来纳New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚 New York 纽约North Carolina 北卡罗来纳 Rhode Island 罗德岛3. 5 great lakes; the longest riverLake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Ontario the longest river：the Mississippi River密西西比河4.who discovered the new continentIn 1492; Christopher Columbus; found America; a new continent instead of India.History4.Independence war1775; 13 colonies began rebellion1776; proclamation of independence1777; victory at Saratoga; the turning point of American revolution1781; surrender of Britain1783; Treaty of Paris represented the formal acknowledgement of the US as an independent nationCauses:growing intense conflicts between the British government and the American people:The British government:•to bring the development of the colonies under control•to collect more taxes.•practiced unfair price policies•put into effect many taxes:The Stamp Act: 印花税法令an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercialdocuments opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766the Townshend Acts唐森德条令All goods imported into the colonies must be taxed. They were appealed in 1770.The 13 colonies:•wanted more power to determine their own business•opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies.•The Boston Massacre波士顿大屠杀 1770•Some British solders fired at the people; killed four and wounded many. The event made the people indignant.•The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件•demonstration 1773 by citizens of Boston who disguised as Indians raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumpedhundreds of chests of tea into the harbor organized as a protest against taxes on tea•an example of the conflicts between the British•government and the American people. 5.Continental congressThe First Continental Congress1774 第一次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in September; 1774 before the war.•encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.•Colonial militia units were organized and weapons and ammunition were collected and stored since then.Beginning of the War•The shots at Lexington started the Independence War on April 19; 1775.The Second Continental Congress 第二次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in May; 1775 three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord.•The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington; a Virginia militia commander. The Declaration of Independence July4; 1776 独立宣言• drafted by Thomas Jefferson• adopted by the Congress on July4; 1776• declared the independence of the 13 colonies6. Civil war内战1861-1865The Situation Before the War:Two economic systems in the North and the SouthNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationThe Growth of the working classUncle Tom’s Cabinfree and slave states 1860Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.a war to abolish slaveryUnion army Vs. Confederate armySurpasses all other wars for the tragedy and destructiveness.Effect: put an end to the salve system in AmericaAftermath of the war:In south: KKKKu Klux KlanIn north: building an enterprising way of lifeIn west: cowboy7.Great depression 1930’s经济危机The stock market crash in 1929Massive unemployment; factory and mill closings; and mortgage foreclosuresA breakdown of the nati on’s entire economy8.New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt: “New Deal” 罗斯福新政The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformAmerican Identity9.melting pot/ “a nation of immigrants”熔炉/“移民国家”Reasons:①.Country was settled; built; and developed by generations of immigrants②. America continues to take in more immigrants than any other country.③. The most heterogeneous多种多样的 societiesInfluence:America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.10.Indian Reservations印第安保留地Indians’struggle and sufferings:①. first driven out of their familiar land②. either wholly or partially destroyed③. lose their land to white invaders④. lose their peaceful family & community life⑤.“Indian Reservations”Today’s Indians:①. the poorest②. lower incomes③. the highest unemployment; school dropout; and suicide rates④. malnutrition & mental illness & short life expectancy⑤. call of pan-IndianismPolitical Institutions11.Checks and balances 分权制衡12.Congress国会The legislative branch of the federal government.Congress：Senate 参议院:2年选1/3;6年House of Representatives 众议院:2年全选;2年表格对比：Congress Members Be elected Terms of office represent Senators 100 1/3 every 2 years 6 years All of the people in a state & their interestsRepresentatives 435 every 2 years 2 years Population of “congressional districts”Congress makes all laws.Each state has two Senators; regardless of population; and; since there are 50 states; then there are 100 senators.13.General election大选Is elected every 4 years4-year term of officeNo more than 2 full terms allowedHe must convince Congressmen; the Representatives & theSenators.14.two parties两党the American political system is dominated by two political parties:the Democratic Party民主党donkeythe Republican Party共和党elephantThe Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey; whilethe Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.15.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the onlyorgan which has the power to interpret the Constitution最高法院唯一有权解释宪法Educationpulsory education义务教育Elementary初等 and secondary中等 education—the basis of publiceducation; free and compulsory; 12 gradesOne academic year—from September through JuneDifferent divisions of school systems:elementary school—one through eighthigh school—next four yearselementary school—one through sixjunior high school—seven through ninesenior high school—ten through twelveHigher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. 高等教育始于哈佛学院的建立The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 163617.list some famous universites in America; are they public or private The oldest one isIvy League—including eight universities Brown; Columbia; Cornell; Dartmouth;Harvard; Pennsylvania; Princeton; and Yale MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院Harvard is the oldest one.Others18.the typical American festival isNew Year’s Day新年 Epiphany显现节;主显节Lent四旬斋 Candlemas Day圣烛节、土拨鼠日St. Valentine's Day情人节 Easter复活节 Thanksgiving Halloween万圣节 Washington's Birthday华盛顿诞辰日Lincoln's Birthday林肯纪念日 President's Day总统纪念日19.Independence Day 美国独立纪念日Independence Day is the most important patriotic holiday.The national day—the 4th of July On this day in 1776; the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence.4th July: The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S.We celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies.On July 4; 1776; John Hancock; Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin; well-known patriots; declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. We celebrate this day with fireworks and parades.。
英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料
Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料全
The United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern IrelandChapter 1 Geography, People and Language全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国）and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）.由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）.两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠）and Ireland（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important),originates（起源于）in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh爱丁堡) important river:Clyde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口).The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府)Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅),St. Paul’s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况复习内容
III. Term Explanation1、Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is preferred by the educated and is widely used in the media and taught at schools. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.2、Bill of Rights (in U.S.)When the Constitution was first drawn up in 1787, nothing was mentioned about the rights of individuals. Then , in 1791, the first 10 amendments were created. This is the well-known Bill of Rights, which guarantees freedom of religion, speech and the press, the right of peaceful assembly and petition, the right to keep and bear arms, and freedom against unreasonable search and seizure, among others. Altogether, 27 amendments have been added to the Constitution since 1789.3、Thanksgiving DayThanksgiving is celebrated in the U.S. on the fourth Thursday in November and became an official holiday in 1863. In 1620, when the Pilgrims first arrived, they had met a very cold winter and many of them died. Native Americans showed them how to plant crops, so next year they had a good harvest. They held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans for helping them survive the harsh winter. Today people celebrate Thanksgiving to remember the early days. The most important part of the celebration is a traditional dinner with foods that come from North American. 4、Norman ConquestOn September 27, 1066, William crossed the English Channel with a formidable army. On October 14, 1066, William and his army defeated the English army, killing Harold at the battle of Hastings. On Christmas Day, 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey. It is believed that the Norman Conquest of England marked the establishment of feudalism in England.5.British ParliamentIt includes three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It is the Supreme law-making authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its functions include: to draft new laws; to scrutinize the actions of the goverment;to influence future government policy.6. Lost generationAfter World War I，many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. F.scott Fitzgerald and Erbest Hemingway are the spokensmen for the Lost Generation,whichrefers to the yong American writers caught up in the war and cut off from the old values, yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilzation has gone mad.7. Melting potItIt meant that as immigrants from different regions and cultures came to live in the United States, their old ways of life melt away and they became part of the American culture.However,the melting pot metaphor was doomed to lose its credibility because its anglophilic values no longer held for the majority of the American people.8.RenaissanceThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama.9.the Commonwealth of NationsThe Commonwealth of Nations is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements, It has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth(1991)10.A-levelA-level means General Certificate of Education Advanced Level.the A Level—is an academic qualification offered by educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education.The qualification is generally studied for over two years and split into two parts, with one part studied in each year.IV. Questions and discussions.1.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?In the early days of World War II, the U.S. government adopted a sit-on-the-fence policy. The American capitalists wanted to continue their profitable trade with the warring countries, including the aggressors. Therefore, they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When American entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, American greatly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.2.How is the American President voted into office?Each party holds its national convention every four year to choose a candidate for the presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided in two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over.3.How does an American university choose its applicants?In American, there is no annual college entrance examination. College applicants are chosen on the basis of :a) their high school records. Once a student has reached high school, they are very conscious of the need to obtain good marks on their schoolwork if they wish to go on to a competitive university. b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) the impression they make during interview at the university; d) their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). Of all the high school graduates, more than 60% continue college after graduation.4.What were the major causes of Britain’s relative economic decline in the postwar period?for several reasons:first,britain suffered great losses in the two world war and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. second, the era of the british empire was over. india and other british colonies, which provided raw material and large market fot british goods, gained their independence. third, britain was forced to mainrain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s.fourth,britain had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN security council. finally,britain failed to invest in industry after world war II whereas ote competitors like germany and japan caught up with britain by investing in the most modern equipment and means of priduction.5.Elaborate the rise and fall of the British Empire.Colonization of Newfoundland in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, Britain had been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, India and many small states in the West Indies. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included about a quarter of the global popu lation and a quarter of the world’s landmass. Before World War I, Britain was the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered a great loss of its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas in vestment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence as a resultof World War II, which inevitably led to the fall of the British Empire.6. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s more, the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.。
英语国家概况考试复习资料
一、单选题1._______ realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war ajust war against slavery.A、Frederick DouglassB、George WashingtonC、John AdamsD、Abraham Lincoln答案： D2.The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher _____.A、Paul RevereB、John LockeC、CornwallisD、Frederick Douglass答案： B3.The United States grows nearly _____ of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports ofgrain in the worlD.A、one thirdB、one fourthC、one sixthD、one seventh答案： B4.In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.A、1957B、1967C、1973D、1979答案： C5.The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.A、30, Richard III, Henry TudorB、50, Richard III, Henry TudorC、30, Richard I, Henry TudorD、50, Richard I, Henry Tudor答案： A6.About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend _____.A、independent schoolsB、junior schoolsC、independent schoolsD、primary schools答案： D二、 判断题7.The exploratory voyage made by ______ brought to a close to an era of European discovery ofAustralia that had lasted nearly two hundred years.A 、Arthur PhilipB 、Mathew FlindersC 、Port JacksonD 、Peter Lalor答案： B8.In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers inthe New LanD.A 、1620, LondonB 、1620, PlymouthC 、1720, LondonD 、1720, Plymouth答案： B9.After the outbreak of the First World War, Australia followed Britain's lead and declared war on________.A 、JapanB 、TurkeyC 、ItalyD 、Germany答案： D10.In New Zealand, hydroelectricity from rivers and dams supplies ________ of total energy.A 、15%B 、16%C 、17%D 、18%答案： C1.In 1215, King Egbert united England under his rule.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误2.By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确3.In Britain, "Football hooligans" sometimes have violent clashes.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确三、 名词解释4.The UK economy is thought of as one of decline because Britain is poorer and producing less thanit was in 1945.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误5.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by KingHarold.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误6.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确7.London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误8.British government offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误9.Britain has no written form of Constitution.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确10.British government is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确1.Puritans答案： After the establishment of the Church of England in England, the people who believe in the Church of England are called Puritans,who think they are the devoted worshipers of divine God, and they are purified.2.Louisiana Purchase答案： In 1803, President Jefferson, by taking advantage of the war in Europe, made Napoleon I agree to sell Louisiana Territory for $15million. This was a vast region of more than 2.6 million square kilometers. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the territory of the new nation.四、问答题1.What kind of economic system does the United States have?答案： The U.S. has a free market economy with a dominant private sector.。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英语国家概况期末复习资料.doc
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Geography, People and LanguageI・ The full name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland •It is made up of many islands collectively known as the British Isles. Great Britain and Ireland are two main islands of the British Isles.2.The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates in southwesternEngland .......... N orth Sea.3.Scotland ( Edinburgh ) important river:Clyde River kilts4.Wales( Cardiff ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain ---------------------------- f low through western England・5.Northern Ireland (Belfast) Lough Neagh——the largest lake in the British Isles.6.Climate: temperate5jwith warm summers, cool winters and plentjful_pFecipitMion(降雨量) Three majorfeatures: winter fog、rainy day, instability7.London…Buckingham Palace, Guildhall (市政厅)，St. Paul's Cathedral, The Tower Bridge of London8.The majority people of te population is descendants of the An0o・Saxons9 a Germanic people from Europe ・Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic DeoDle. including the Irish people9.English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group・10.Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic・English evolved from the West Germanic group・II•①Old English, influenced by Old Norse spoken by the Vikings and was related to the German and Dutch languages and ended with the Norman Conquest, when the language was influence by lhe French-speaking Normans.©Middle English: William the Conqueror invaded and conquered and the Anglo-Saxons (Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary)®Modern English(15 century):William Caxton brought standardization to English, and spelling and grammar became fixed. The 行rs( dictionary published in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.12・ Standard English is based on the speech of the lipper class of southeastern England・ It is also called "the Queen's English" or "BBC English". A third of world's population use English.Chapter 2 History1. Recorded history in Britain began in the year 55BC, when Julius Caesarisland・ In 410, Germanic barbarian attack Rome, ending the Roman occupation.Basic Structure of UK Central GovernmentMonarch(non-political)Legislature—Parliament |ExGcut,ve | 就需qHouse of Commons (political) House of Lords(semi-political)Parliament:❖The law-making body❖One of the oldestrepresentative assemblies inthe word♦ Consist of the King or Queen,the House of Lords and theHouse of Commons.2.Celtic—>Spain and France Anglo・Saxon—>Geimanic Tribes3.It is believed hat the Norman Conquest of England marked the establishment of feudalism4.Henry II began the rule of the House of Anjou(安茹王朝)in England, also known as the House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝)・He improved the courts of justice, introduce the jury system and institutionalized common law.5.The Manila Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism6.Heniy III wages wars. The outraged nobles, led by Simon de Montfort, drafted the Provision of Oxford(牛津条约)to limit the King's power by calling regular meetings of 15-member Privy Council(枢密院).Simon de Montfort facilitated the modem idea of a representative parliamen匸7.The Wars of the Roses: the House of York( white rose) and the House of Lancaster red rose)—>winnen Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudon8.In 1584, King Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy《至尊法案》.In 1651, Cromwell destroyed Charles IPs army, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne which put an end to the Commonwealth.9.In 168& Glorious Revolution happened .In 1689, parliament passed the Bill of Rights ・10.19世纪中期，工业革命完成。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料1. The highest mountain peak in Britain is in Scotland.2. British climate has more rainy days and more fogs with changeability.3. British has a temperate, maritime climate4. Britain's most important natural resources are coal and petroleum.5. The English people are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.6. The established church of Britain is the Church of England.7. The major languages spoken in Britain are English, Gaelic, and Welsh.8. The Roman Catholic Church was much persecuted in England for a long time after the Reformation.9. By the 1890s', Britain had been overtaken by the US and Germany in economy.10. Under Mrs. Thatcher, British economy in the 1980s' gradually recovered.11. The negative aspect of Thatcher's reform was a rapid increase in taxation.12. The Bank of England advises government on the formulation of monetary policy andplays an important part in making agreed policy effective and acts as a clearinghouse.13. Britain has no written constitution, and still keeps an old-fashioned government.British government is established on the basis of constitutional monarchy.14. The British government ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.15. The present sovereign of Britain is Queen Elisabeth Ⅱ, and Prince Charles is the heir to the throne.16. Theoretically, the Queen has all the power, but in reality, she must act on the advice of the ministers.17. The Liberal Democratic is seen as the party of the "middle", occupying theideological ground between the two main parties.18. The general election in Britain is held every 5 years.19. The Conservative Party developed out of the Tory Party, while the Liberal Party developed outof the Whig Party.20. Punishment in Britain is in the form of fine and imprisonment. The death penalty formurder was completely abolished in the year of 1969.21. The earliest settlers on the British Isles were the Iberians.22. Kent, one of the British early kingdoms, was set up by the Jutes.23. The Romans under Claudius conquered Britain in A.D. 43.24. Henry Ⅱis best remembered for his reform of laws and courts.25. Edward Ⅲlaunched the Hundred Years' War.26. Wars of Roses were fought intermittently between the Lancastrians and the Yorkistsfrom 1455 to 1465.27. The Enclosure of land turned a large number of peasants into landless.28. The Restoration of Charles Ⅱtook place in the year of 1660.29. The British Industrial Revolution first began in the textile industry.30. James Hargreaves invented the "spinning Jenny".31. After the Seven Years’ War England became the strongest sea power and dominated world trade.32. Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens.33. The British Empire reached the peak of its colonial expansion after the Anglo-BoerWar.34. China and Britain established the diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial rank in the year of 1972.35. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583, and fell afterthe end of the Second World War.36. The two imperialist blocks that had been formed just before the outbreak of WorldWar Ⅰwere Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.37. Universities that were founded between 1850 and 1930 are called Redbrick universities.38. All universities in Britain are private institutions.39. Independent schools in Britain are private educational institutions.40. Any child may attend, without paying fees, a state school in Britain.41. The continental United States is situated in the southern part of North America.42. Alaska was bought by the United States from Russia after the end of the America n Civil War.43. The State of Alaska is the largest in the area of all the 50 states.44. The famous Niagara Falls are located on the US-Canadian boundary between LakeErie and Lake Ontario.45. The State of California is the largest in population today.46. People in the US have kept moving westward for reasons except religious freedom.47. Black people in the US are descended from Negro slaves imported from Africa.48. In the 19th century a large number of Chinese were shipped to America as "coolies".49. In the industrial capitalism stage American economy developed rapidly.50. The West of the United States is an important mining area.51. The automobile is the most popular means of transportation in the United States.52. The United States government began to pursue a protectionist policy in trade in the 1970s'.53. The President of the United States exercises the executive power.54. President has the veto power in legislation in the United States.55. The number of Representatives is fixed at 435.56. The Judicial branch of the US government is headed by the Supreme Court.57. Two political parties emerged in the middle of the 19th century United States over the issue of slavery.58. The General Election in the United States is held every four years.59. The two parties in the US depend on monopolists for their election money.60. If a President dies or resigns or is removed from office, the Vice President succeeds him.61. Christopher Columbus was an Italian navigator.62. The Puritans' first settlement on North America was Plymouth.63. Influenced by Marco Polo's famous travel book, kings, lords and merchants inWestern Europe were eager to find sea routes to the Far East.64. In the 18th century, people in Europe began to believe that natural laws guided the universe.65. James Madison was known as the "Father of the Constitution".66. The motto of the colonies was "No taxation without representation".67. The United States purchased Louisiana Territory from France in 1803.68. The American Industrial Revolution began in 1807 with its textile industry.69. In 1819, the United States "purchased" Florida from Spain after having occupied it for several years.70. The US Imperialism was not marked by free business competition.71. The United States and China established diplomatic relations in the year of 1979.72. The Jungle was a story about the meat-packing plants in Chicago.73. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941.74. In the United States, education is a state responsibility.75. The most popular elementary and secondary education pattern in the US is 8-4.76. American education is mainly classified into elementary, secondary, and higher.77. the Declaration of Independence78. Christopher Columbus79. Separation of Powers80. Hawaii81. Black Death82. Glorious Revolution83. Wars of Roses84. Charles ⅡRestoration85. Melting Pot86. Westernization。
英语国家概况知识点
英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）3投一票第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料1 . QueenShe reigns but does not rule!Theoretically, she is the source of all government powers:an integral part of the legislaturehead of the executive, executive and judiciary branchesthe commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Crown“supreme governor” of the Church of England2.Parliamentthe law-making body of Britainone of the oldest representative assemblies in the worldStrictly speaking, the parliament consists of the King or Queen, the House of Lords (上议院), the House of Commons (下议院)3.British comprehensive schoolsComprehensive schoolsintroduced in the 1960s.The purpose of the comprehensive school is to democratize education and provide equal opportunity for all children.4.The House of CommonsIt is often referred to as “the Lower House”(center of parliamentary power) Three major functionsto pass laws, bills and acts of Parliamentto scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the governmentto influence the future government policy5.Critical RealismA trend, or method, in realistic literature and art in the 19th and 20th centuries. (The early 30s of the 19th to the beginningyears of the 20th century)The features: The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.Representatives: Charles Dickens, Jane Austen, Bronte Sisters6. Stream of ConsciousnessStream of consciousness makes it first appearance in the late 19th century. It is a kind of literary technique which depicts the characters’ mental and emotional reactions in an unpunctuated or disjointed form.7.The Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially known as "SCOTUS"[1]) is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article III of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of federal law, plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the final interpreter of federal constitutional law, although it may only act within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction.The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.8.The Senate100 voting members, two from each state;They may be reelected for an unlimited number of six-year terms, chosen by a direct election;Qualifications for being a senator:over 30 years old; a US citizen for at least 9 years; resident in the state from which he iselected.9.Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)a standardized test for most college admissions in the United States.intended to assess a student's readiness for college.first introduced in 1926.seven times a year in the United States.Possible scores range from 600 to 2400, combining test results from three 800-point sections (Mathematics, Critical Reading, and Writing).10;The Federal GovernmentThe Federal Government—the central governmentThree equal and separate branches：The Executive branchThe Legislative branchThe Judicial branchThey are checked and balanced by one another.11.Lost GenerationLost Generation is a literature school original in American in the twentieth century. Lost Generation refers to the generation after the World War I. Meanwhile, it also refers to the young writers who lived as expatriates in Western Europe for a short time. Besides Hemingway, there is Lewis Mumford, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Matthew, Sherwood Anderson, and many other novelists. The Lost Generation is also called the Sad Young Man by F. Scott Fitzgerald in his book which describes the disillusioned younger generation after the First World War.12. Free enterprise systemCapitalism is also called free enterprise system.Dominant inthe Western world since the breakup of feudalism, in which most of the means of production are privately owned and production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets.考试说明：1，试题一共为4部分，一、Multiple Choices单项选择题（本大题共 30 小题，每小题 1分，共 30 分）二、Filling the blanks填空题（本大题共10 小空，每空2分，共 20 分)三、Definitions名词解释（本大题共6小题，每小题 5分，共 30 分）四、Short Answers分析题（本大题共3小题，第一小题6分，第二、三小题各7分,共20分）其中选择题来自课后习题，请大家认真复习。
英语国家概况完整篇复习重点
英语国家概况Chapter1LandandPeople第一章英国的国土与人民I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts?英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。
III.RiversandLakes河流与湖泊BenNevisisthehighestmountaininBritain(1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。
SevernRiveristhelongestriverinBritain(338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。
全长338公里。
ThamesRiveristhesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain.(336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。
全长336公里。
LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritainwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.(396squarekilometres).讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。
面积为396平方公里。
RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
SnowdoniaisthehighestmountaininWales.（1,085m）斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。
IV.Climate气候1.Britain'sfavorableclimate英国有利的气候条件：Britainhasamaritimeclimate-wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Thetemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange.?英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。
自考英语国家概况-复习资料-课文要点课文要点
自考英语国家概况-复习资料-课文要点课文要点Chapter 61.Soon after the Seconder World War, Brtain not only gave up its economic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership. Its per capita GDP had been overtaken by the United States in 1900, by France and West Germany in 1950 and by Italy in 1960.2.Britain has been running balance of payments deficits for many decades. Britain is no longer able to match the growth rates of other industrialized countries. The term "British disease" is now often used to characterise Britain's economic decline.3.Steady development in the 50s and 60s. With help from the United States the British economy quickly recovered. By the end of 1947 the British economy had returned to its pre-war levels. The British economy in this period : slow but steady growth, low unemployment, great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption. The theory fo John M. Keynes. High consumption and low investment.4.Economic recession in the 70s. The end of 1973 witnessed the first oil shock. In some years of the period Britain even had minus growth and the trade deficits were the highest among the Western countries.5.Economic recovery in the 80s. Privatization, deregulation, market liberalization. By 1988 the recovery had lasted seven years. In 1980s Britain became a net exporter of oil.6.Just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization, the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization, During the past decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.7.The Thatcher programme was successful to some extent. Mrs Thatcher tried to cure the "British disease" by applying monetarism and encouraging the market-directed economy but she failed.8.Almost all the industrial areas in Britain except London and Belfast are based on coalfields. The output of coal reached its peak just before the First World War when 286 million tons were mined, since then the number of miners, collieries and the total output have fallen.9.Most of which are thought to be under the North Sea. Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export.10.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England. Today the original advantages of the locations of many steelworks in Britain have gone. Local supplies have become exhausted and although new discoveries of ore have been found in Britain. Ore must be imported from Spain, Sweden and elsewhere.11.Britain's steelworks are not efficient.12.The main textile producing regions of Britain are now the East Midlands, Yorkshire and Humberside, and Northern Ireland. The cotton textile industry lies in Lancashire west of the wool-weaving cities, because on the west side of the Pennine Mountains, the climate is humid and the damp air makes it possible to spin cotton without breaking it.13.The reasons behind the decline can be summarized generally as follows(以下5点）14.There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth: thearea between London and South Wales, the Cambridge areaof East Anglia and the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. Scotland has Europe's largest collection of foreign-woned chip factories.15.Farming is one of Britain's most important industries. It is the source of most of the food and many of the raw materials of the country. It is highly mechanized. In Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of th land area.16.Very modern farmers use computers today. They talk about technological farming. The new farming has been called "agribusiness", because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designed to give the maximum output of crops and animals.17.There are mainly six farming types in Britain. They are arable farming, dairy farming, stock farming, mixed farming, hill farming and market gardening.18.Arable farming: The chief areas are in the East and South-East. The chief crops are wheat, barley, oats, sugar beet and potatoes. Wheat in the form of bread is the staple food of the British. Potatoes are another staple food of the British.19.Dairy farming: andy area with important transport near a large town may become a dairy region20. Stock farming: It is the chief kind of farming in the North and West of Britain where the climate and physical features are not fit for crops.21.Mixed farming:has elements of cattle-rearing nd cropgrowing. It is in most areas of rural Britain where local physical conditions are suitable for it.22.Hill farming: is found in reas with poorer soils and rougher pstures23.Market gardening: it is often found near large urban areas which provide the market for such goods. The fishing industry is an additional source of food.24.Britain is the fifth largest trading nation in the world. It has remained one even after the end of empire and the loss of its political and economic hegemony.25.Britain has traditionally been an exporter of manufactured goods and an importer of food and basic materials. More recently this pattern has changed, with the share of manufactures falling and that of fuels rising.26.North Sea oil has made a significant contribution to British foreign trade in terms of both exports and import substitution.考试前注意事项考前准备：一、欲善其事，必先利其器。
英语国家概况复习超级详细
英语国家概况复习超级详细Chapter 1Land and People一、本章知识点1.重点：① Different names for Britain and its parts2.难点、考点：① Britain‘s official name② British Commonwealth三、课本内容（一）Different names for Britain and its partsStrictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain and England are all geographical names.1. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small islands.（see map of UK）The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands.2. ★The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K.（UK）capital: LondonThe Republic of Ireland爱尔兰共和国has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.3. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales. England is the largest, most populous and richest, so people tend to use ―England‖ and ―English‖ when they mean ―Britain‖ and ―British‖.4. The British Empire大英帝国: one fourth of th e world‘s people and one fourth of the world‘s land area.5. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it wasreplaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. ★The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.（二）OthersGeographical Features1. The United Kingdom is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel lies between Britain and France. （p.4）Taiwan Strait：台湾海峡2. ―Chunnel‖: channel + tunnel, opened to traffic in 1994. （p.5）Smog: smoke +fog Mortel: motor +hotel Kidult: kid +adult3. The highest mountain in Britain: Ben Nevis, 1,343m in Scotland. （p.6）The longest river: the Severn River（338 km）The second largest and most important river: the Thames River（336 km）（p.7）4. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. （p.11）5. The English are Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁撒克逊人, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts凯尔特人. （p.12）四、总结① Britain‘s official nam e② British CommonwealthChapter 2The Origins of a Nation （5000 BC – AD 1066）一、本章知识点1.重点：① Arrival and settlement of the Celts② Basis ofmodern English race: the Anglo-Saxons③ The Viking and Danish invasions④King Alfred and his contributions⑤The Norman Conquest and its consequences2.难点、考点：① the Anglo-Saxons: Heptarchy七王国; foundation of the Engl ish state② King Alfred③Norman Conquest三、课本内容（一）Arrival and settlement of the Celts （p.17）1. began to arrive about 700 BC2. originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany3. three main waves——1st. Gaels盖尔人, about 600 BC; 2nd. Brythons布列吞人, 400 BC, （Britain）; 3rd. Belgae比利其人, 150 BC, （Belgium）.Gaelic：盖尔语4. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.5. Religion: Drui dism: The Celts‘ religion was Druidism. The Druids worshipped and performed their rites in woods by the light of the moon.6. Roman Britain （55 BC – AD 410）p.18: British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400years Britain was under the Roman occupation. The Roman capital was London（Londinium）.（二）Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons （p.20-23）1. mid-5th century, three Teutonic tribes: Jutes朱特人（from southern Denmark）, Saxons, and Angles（both from northern Germany）; Angles were to give their name to the English people.2. ★Heptarchy七王国——seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia,Marcia and Northumbria. （英国版的战国七雄）Monarchy：君主制The Anglo-Saxon tribes 部落were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again.3. In 829, Egbert伯特became an overlord of all the English.4. Teutonic日耳曼人的religion: Tiu—war, Woden—heaven, Thor—Storms, Freya—Peace5. St. Augustine奥古斯丁——the first Archbishop of Canterbury.坎特伯雷大教主6. ★Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state: divide the country into shires（郡）, later counties; the narrow-strip, three-field farming system（三田轮作）; manorial庄园system; Witan（议会）（council or meeting of the wisemen, 贤人会议）, the basis of the Privy Council枢密院which still exists today.（三）The Viking and Danish invasions （p.23-24）1. from the end of 8th century, Norwegian Vikings and Danes from Denmark 挪威海盗和丹麦人2. The Danes gained the ―Danelaw‖（丹麦法区）, the north and east of England.3. The Witan chose Canute, the Danish Leader, as king in 1016. Canute made England part of a Scandinavian empire.（四）King Alfred and his contributions1. King of Wessex （871-899）（抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）2. ★his contributions: ―the father of the British navy‖; reorganized the fyrd英国民兵（the Saxon army）; translated into En glish Bede‘s Ecclesiastical History of the English People; established schools and formulated a legal system.3. ―Alfred the Great‖（五）The Norman Conquest and its consequences （p.24-25）1. King Edward, known as ―the Confessor‖, was far more Norman than Sax on心向着诺曼第人(法国),而不是撒克逊人(英国).2. 4 men laid claim to the English throne: the King of Norway, the Duke of Normandy, Tostig and Harold （two brothers of Edwa rd‘s Queen）; 4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟3. Oct. 14, 1066, Hastings, Anglo-Saxon England perished with Harold‘s death.因为Harold的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败4. William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day.5. William the Conqueror: the best-known event in English history;the feudal system was completely established.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度.四、总结:历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族：Celts, （Romans）Anglo-Saxons, Viking/Dales, and Normans Chapter 3 the shaping of the nation1066-1381本章知识点1重点: 1 England‘s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror; 2 Contents and the significance of the Great Charter;3 Origins of the English Parliament;4 The Hundred Y ears‘ War with France and its consequences;5 Consequences of the Black Death;2 难点\考点: English feudalism: Domesday book <土地清帐册>; Great Charter; English Parliament;3课本内容i. England‘s feudalism under t he rule of William the Conqueror1. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the Kingowned the land personally. William gave his barons男爵large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land‘s produce.The barons parceled out分配land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villains of serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.★Class structure 等级结构: the king ; barons-tenants-in-chief; lesser nobles, knights, and freemen; villains\serfs (补充: baron‘s oath of allegiance 誓词for the king: ―we who are as good as you swear to you, who are no better than we, to accept you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.‖国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.)2. Replace the Witan with the Grand Council (大会议)William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief, on which they were required to serve when summoned.3. ★Domesday Book: record of lands, tenants, and their possessions, for taxes. Not unlike the Book of Doom. (末日审判书) In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day.注: William took a deep interest in the development of the church in England. His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. But he took care to maintain his own independence.4. Henry Ⅱ, founder of the Plantagenet dynasty (金雀花王朝), ruled for 35 years.Henry, founder of the Angevin Dynasty, usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king and went on to rule for 35 years.In Henry Ⅱ‘s reign a common law, which over-rode local law and private law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor which had previously varied not only from shire to shire but even from one community to another.The common law is the unwritten law common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only sections of it, and is ―case-made‖, i.e., based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.In Henry‘s day the jury system-whose origins can be traced to primitive trials in which witnesses were called forward to swear to the innocence of the accused-was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle.ii. c ontents and the significance of the Great charter1. Crusades (十字军东征) . The result was confrontation between king John and his barons in 1215.2. Magna Carta, 1215The barons‘ charter, or Magna Carta as it came to be known, was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215 at a conference at Runnymede, an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor.3. contents-63 clauses: No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain theirancient rights and privileges, and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.4. significance: regarded as the foundation of English liberties; the spirit- the limitation of the powers of the king iii. o rigins of the English Parliament1.king John and his son Henry III defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, rebelled.King john defied Magna Carta.The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III‘ s brother-in-law, rebelled.2.provisions of Oxford ----Grand Council of 24 members, half to be nominated by the barons themselves; a permanent body of advisors, without whose authority the king could not act.A civil war broke out between the king‘s support ers, mostly foreign mercenaries, and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort.1264 the king was defeated by De Montfort and taken prisoner.3.★the earliest Parliament ---- in 1265, 2 knights from each county, 2 burgesses (citizens) from each town.The Great Council developed later into the lords and the Commons known as parliament.3.Met only by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice.At this point parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions.4.under Edward I, Wales was conquered. The statute of Wales in 1284; Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne under Edward I, Henry III‘ s son, Wales was conquered (1277-1284) and came under the English Crown. The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law end Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.iv. the hundred years‘ war with France and its consequences1.the intermittent war, 1337-1453; the name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted form 1337 to 1453.2.the causes: partly territorial and partly economic3.Edward III declared war. When Edward III (1327-1377) claimed the French Crown by right of his mother Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last for a hundred years. There were three outstanding stages of the war.4.England was successful at first, but was defeated at last. Joan of Arc(圣女贞德)After his death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France.5.By 1453, only CalaisBy 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.6.a blessing for both countries: good for the development of separate English and French national identity.The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while Frenchnational identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.V. consequences of the Black Death1. deadly bubonic plague(淋巴腺鼠疫), an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-1350.2. It killed between one half and one third of the population, reduced England‘s p opulation from 4 million to 2 million by the end of 14th century.3. Consequences: much land was left untended, and there was a terrible shortage of labor. The government tried to keep down wages.The economic of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.It intervened for the first time to establish rules to keep down wages.IV. 总结: William the Conqueror and feudalism; the limitation of the kings‘ power: Great Charte r and Parliament; the Hundred Years‘ war; Black DeathChapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)I. 本章知识点1.重点: the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses; Henry VIII and the English reformation; Elizabeth I and Parliament; Elizabeth‘ s r eligious reform and her foreign police; Distinctive features of the English renaissance; The Civil Wars and their consequences; The commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell; The restoration and the Glorious Revolution;2.难点\考点: the English reformation; Elizabeth I ; English renaissance; The restoration; The Glorious revolution; III. 课本内容一the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses1.the nature : a revival of baronial activity; the wars of the roses was fought between tow branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster (symbolized by the red rose) and the House of York (the white rose ) between 1455 and 1485.This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.2.the name was coined by 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott.The name wars of the roses was ,in fact ,coined by the great 19th century novelist sir Walter Scott, but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great house of Lancaster ,symbolized by the red rose ,and that of York, symbolized by the white.3.the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged.4.the last battle was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor in 1485. Henry Tudor, after his victory ,married Elizabeth of York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors.On August 22, 1485 at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire the last battle of the wars of the roses was fought between Richard III and another claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor, part-welsh grandson of Owen Tudor and descendant of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth ofYork ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and Y ork and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors.5.Consequences: feudalism received its death blow; the nobility was much weakened and discredited; the king‘s power now became supreme.Although the wars of the roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited.The ki ng‘s power now became supreme.6.parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted.Parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted, if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon.二Henry VIII and the English reformation1. 6wives, divorced 2and executed 2Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually remembered as the English king who had six wives one after anther. He divorced twice and executed two of his wives for supposed adultery. Yet in spite of this rather frivolous image he is regarded as a great king.Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church.2.three causes for the religious reform: a desire for change (Martin Luther); privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; Henry needed money.3.purpose: to get rid of the English church‘s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent church of England.4.two laws: the act of succession of 1534 and the act of supremacy of 1535The power of the mon arch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before.Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.5.real religious change came in his son Edward‘s time. People call this ―the reformation‖ ---the switch to protestant theology.6.Mary Tudor, ―bloody Mary‖: to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. And many people were persecuted for their protestant religious views. She also lost the French port of Calais.7.Elizabeth I, a protestant queenThe reign of Elizabeth I, a protestant Queen , was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been protestant ever since.三Elizabeth I and Parliament1. Reigned for 45 years; remained single.Elizabeth‘s reign wa s a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.2. able to work with the parliament which was mainly protestantGenerally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with parliament. This was because the puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the queen although they demanded further religious reform.3.avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.(在皇宫中厉行节约) besides , Elizabeth avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.4.but often turbulent.(动荡不安)Elizabeth treated 5 questions as personal and private. These were her religion ,her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.四Elizabeth‘s religious reform and her foreign policy1. a compromise of views: broke Mary‘s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England , keeping to catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal co ntrol; ―outward conformity to the established religion ,but opinion should be left free‖. Her rdligious settlement was unacceptable to b oth the extreme Protestants known as puritans and to ardent Catholics.2. played off France and Spain against each other, and prevented England from getting involved in European conflict.For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in and major European conflict.3.the destruction of Spanish Armanda, in 1588 showed England‘s superiority as a naval power, and enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country.五distinctive features of the English renaissance1. renaissance ---the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history; the transitional period between the middle ages and modern times , 1350-1650; it saw the challenge of the supremacy of the roman catholic church by the reformation, the rise of Humanism, the growth of large nation-states, the far-ranging voyages of exploration, and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual.2. in England, beginning with the accession of the house ofTudor in 1485.In England, the renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the house of Tudor to the throne in 1485.3.5 characteristics: English culture was revitalized mainly by contemporary Europeans; insular country; native literature (14th century poet Chaucer) ;English renaissance literature is primarily artistic; coincided with the reformation.4.the English renaissance was largely literary –Elizabethan drama5.William Shakespeare莎士比亚is the greatest writer in the English language.注: (Gunpowder Plot of 1605—Guy Fawkes Day;1620, Pilgrim Fathers, Mayflower, New Plymouth in America Charles I, ―the Divine Right of Kings‖(君权神授)Puritanism清教; simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian平等attitude.1628, petition of Right (<民权请愿书>), the 2nd Magna Carta.六the civil wars and their consequences1. first civil war (1642-1646): Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; the parliament from southeast England and London. Many nobles and gentry gathered around the king , while the parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The king‘s men were called Cavaliers (骑士派), and the supporters of parliament were called Roundheads (圆颅派) because of their short haircuts.2. Oliver Cromwell, ―Ironsides ― cavalry (铁骑军), new Model Army.Prince Rupert, the king‘s young nephew, lost to Oliver Cromwell‘s ―ironsides‖ cavalry regiment at Marston Moor. Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the new model army.3.second civil war, 1648Charles was tried by a high court of justice, found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and the parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windo ws of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649.4.Charles was executed (beheaded) on a scaffold outside the Whitehall (白厅,昔日皇宫)on Jan 30, 1649.5.also called the puritan revolutionthe English civil war is also called the puritan revolution ,because the king‘s opponents were mainly puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and catholic.6.as a conflict between the parliament and the king , but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the crown.7.it not only overthrew feudal system in England , but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.8.as the beginning of modern world history.七the commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell1. Oliver Cromwell and the rump (残余国会) declared Englanda commonwealth. Meanwhile, Oliver Cromwell and the rump –members of the long parliament who had voted for Charles‘s execution declared England a commonwealth.2. crushed without mercy a rebellion in Ireland; suppression of the levelers (平均派)One of Cromwell‘s first acts was to crush without mercy arebellion in Ireland, killing all the inhabitants of the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. Another was the suppression of the levelers.3.1653 lord protector of the commonwealth of England.He became Lord protector of the commonwealth of England.4.direct military rule –tyrant; tough control of the nation‘s morals八the restoration and the Glorious revolution1. the re storation : the parliament asked the late king‘s son to return from his long exile in France as king Charles II(1660-1685).2. Clarendon code: severe laws against the puritans, now known as nonconformists.(不信奉英国国教者)3. against Catholics: the test act 1673 <资格审查法> excluded all Catholics from public office of any kind; the disabling act <无资格法> forbade any Catholics to sit in either house of parliament .4. John Bunyan-Pilgrim‘s Progress; john Milton-paradise lost5. the glorious revolution : the English politicians rejected James II, a catholic, and appealed to a protestant king , William of Orange , James‘s Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James‘s d aughter. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed.6. Bill of rights 1689, a compromise: excluding any roman catholic from the succession; confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy; guarantee free speech within both houses.7. the age of constitutional Monarchy- a monarchy with powers limited by parliament8. 1707 , under queen Anne, the act of Union( <联合法>)united England and Scotland ; the name of great Britain came into being.Chapter 5 the rise and fall of the British Empire (1688-1990) 本章前言1重点:Whigs and T ories ; agricultural changes in the 18th century; the English industrial revolution and its impact on the development of Britain ; the chartist movement and its consequences; the building of the British empire; Britain and the first world war; Britain and the second world war; Postwar Britain; Thatcherism2. 难点\考点:1) Whigs and Tories 2) the enclosure act 3) industrial revolution 4) chartist movement 5)colonial expansion 6) effect of the two wars on Britain 7) Thatcherism课本内容一Whigs and Tories1. These two party names originated with the Glorious revolution2. Whigs ---Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers , opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists; earl of Shaftsbury- first leader; care for the interests of merchants and bankers; later, with dissident T ories, became the liberal party.3. Tories –Irish word meaning thugs, supported hereditary monarchy , reluctant to remove kings; traditionalists who want to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of England; the Tories were the forerunners of the conservative party, which still bears the nickname today.4. Radicals: there was another brand of opinion, but with much smaller support in the parliament . They were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham, Utilitarianism功利主义—thegreatest happiness for the greatest number.5. They advocated laissez faire,自由主义a radical idea of free trade; because they believed that the import and export duties interfered with the natural flow of trade.二Agricultural changes in the late 18th century1. Agricultural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were indeed so great that they merit the term revolution. Traditional farming: the open field village, a system that dated back to the 5th century. There were of course drawbacks: 1) it wasted land because of fallow fields and land for paths; 2) it was wasteful of labor and time; 3) livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons. 4) The open field system was a barrier to experiments.2. in the mid-18 century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food.3. the enclosure acts(<圈地法>):during the late 18th and early 19th centuries the open field system ended when the enclosure acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide into enclosed fields.4. a system of crop rotation(轮播耕作)5. artificial fertilizer ,and new agricultural machinery: such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull.6. George III and even George III were so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nickname ―farmer George.‖7. good results: farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed ,and diet became more varied;8. bad results : a disaster for the tenants, enclosure leading。
英语国家概况的复习重点
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较国英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇 [UseMoney=8]一、地理位置,面积: 英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres. 美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. 爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. 加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States. 澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south. 新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.三、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature. 美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian. 3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate. 爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. 加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow. 澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry. 新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries. 英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首[UseMoney=8]英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. 美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is hisofficial residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most) 爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years) 加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State. 澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States. 新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构[UseMoney=8]二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointedby the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.党派,司法机构[UseMoney=8]四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session. 二、农业[UseMoney=8]英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds. 美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291) 爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. 加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia. 澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of foodand natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years. 新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines. 四、对外贸易[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade. 美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia. 爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports. 加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American. 澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports. 新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products. 五、当今面临的问题[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92) 美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that alwaysface the United States. 爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill. 加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs. 二、教育[UseMoney=8]英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries. 美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect of American higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays. 爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591. 加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the Universityfo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students. 节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit) 加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies. 新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties. 二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）[UseMoney=8]1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphiaand the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.) 2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour. 3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States. 4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers. 5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country." 6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool" 7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents. 8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death. 节日(二)。
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Major English- speaking countries: a survey(英语国家概况) Answer the following questions briefly(简要地回答以下的问题) 1. What are the five famous symbols of American culture? Answer: The statue of liberty. Barbie. American Gothic. The buffalo nickel. Uncle Sam
2. Why do we call American agriculture is “agribusiness”? Answer: The term is coined to reflect the large-scale nature of agriculture enterprise in the modern US economy.
3. In American immigration history what caused the first Chinese come to the USA in the nineteenth century? Answer: They came initially in the gold mines and later, in building the transcontinental railroad.
4. In terms of linguistics what is RP in London, the UK? Answer: RP is “received pronunciation”, which is considered to be spoken in the upper sociality of London. It is treated as the Standard English in the UK.
5. Why most Britons are inclined to the system of monarchy instead of an immediate implementation of democracy? Answer: F or many Britons, the queen’s symbolic functions are crucial to th e “Britishness”of Britain, it is believed that the monarchy will not be abolished anytime soon, and will continue to wield important emotional and persuasive powers.
6. British population suffered from drastic drop in the 14th century and the 19th century respectively because of two natural disasters. What are they?
Answer: They were Black Death, and potato famine. In the 14th century and the 19th century respectively.
7. What problems does the American economy have today? Answer: There are two major problems. One is stagnation. The other is the increasing foreign debts and trade deficit.
8. What is “check and balance” in American politics? Answer: The government is divided into three branches the legislative. The executive and the judicial. Each has part of powers but not all the power. And three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balance”.
Noun explanations(名词解释)
1. Lake poets
Answer: English poets at the turn of the 19th century who lived in the lake district of England and was inspired by it to create romantic works. The three poets of the lake school were William Wordsworth. Samuel T aylor Coleridge and Robert Southey.
2. Hung parliament
Answer: Sometimes, the result of a general election may be a “hung parliament”, where no one part y has an overall majority.
Then a minority or coalition government would have to be formed between a numbers of parties.
3. Square mile
Answer: T he bank of England, chartered in 1694, is the country’s central bank. Although previously nationalized, it became independent of government in 1997, being the only bank that now sets interest rates and issues banknotes in England and Wales. 4. SAD
Answer: The frequent drizzles and gloomy skies in winter are so depressing that people tend to suffer the so-called seasonal affective (SAD), characteristics of which include fatigue, low spirits, sluggishness and inability to carry out normal routine.
5. New Deal
Answer: The new deal is a term for the domestic reform programme of the administration of Franklin D Roosevelt. The deal is generally considered to have consisted of two phases. The first phase (1933-1934) attempted to provide recovery and relief from the great depression through programmes of agricultural and business regulation, inflation and price stabilization. The second phase of the new deal (1935-1941), while continuing with relief and recovery measures, provided for social and economic legislation to benefit the mass of working people.。