药学英语课后翻译
药学英语(化学工业出版社)课文翻译
药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品依据他们的产品或来源药物能够被分为三种：Ⅰ、全合成Ⅱ、天然产物和Ⅲ、由局部合成产物〔半合成产物〕本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物合成。
然而，这并不意味天然产物和其他的药物就不重要。
它们能够被用作有价值的先导化合物，同时它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要合成产物的中间体。
而更加经济的。
在过往的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，差不多变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和基因的选择结果，导致了微生物高突变体演变的产生，发酵差不多变成了对物质广泛围的选择方式。
真核细胞〔酵母和霉菌〕和原核细胞〔单细菌细胞和放线菌〕都被用作微生物。
以下为可获得的生产形式:1.细胞原料〔单细胞蛋白质〕2.酶3.初级的落解产物〔初级酶代谢物〕4.次级的落解产物〔次级的代谢物〕在次级代谢物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界范围内价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。
大约有5000种抗生素差不多从微生物中不离出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗使用。
然而，一定明白，那些衍生物通过局部合成被先进用于治疗。
在过往十年中，单单从β-内酰胺半合成的就有五万种药物。
发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中进行，防止了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个过程必须在无菌条件下进行。
〔倒数第五段开始〕大量使用的试剂不仅仅是酸〔盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸〕，还有无机和有机碱〔氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶〕。
还有辅助化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。
所有这些补充的化学物质〔比方中间体〕在最终产物中可能是杂志的来源。
在1969年，世界卫生组织出版了关于“药品平安质量保卫〞的论述。
名目2是有关“药品赔偿和平安保卫质量的规定〞〔世界卫生组织，1969年第418号技术报告，名目2；1975年第567号名目1A〕这同时变为众所周知的“药品质量治理标准〞或GMP标准，同时这些规定在现在药品生产中也应遵守。
药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
药学英语第三版上册胡延熹课后翻译
Vitamins ---- Translation1.Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with a common cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2.Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occur when the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3.Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into the body to maintain health.4.Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energy and in the regulation of metabolism.5.Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B-complex.6.Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities, as compared with the other nutrients.7.The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamin deficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; a deficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8.Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are, therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9.In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins and inorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10.Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all the nutrients in the amounts you need.食物抗癌1.Overwhelming statistical evidence shows that smokers are more likely to develop cancer of the lung, throat, and tongue than are non-smokers.2.Fruits and vegetables are chock-full of a variety of antioxidants which can snuff out oxygen free radicals, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer.3.A well-balanced diet will give your body various nutrients of vitamins, minerals, proteins, starches, and sugars that it needs to operate smoothly.4.The risk of lung cancer is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked each day--the higher the number, the higher the risk.5.Even smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetables and fruits.6.Some studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.7.Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established.8.Animal studies show that garlic blocks carcinogens that have been linked to colon and stomach cancer.9.A diet of more fruits and vegetables will undoubtedly play a major role in reducing cancer incidence as well as the number of deaths caused by the disease.10.Beta-carotene not only has a direct toxic effect on tumor cells, but also reduces the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered the proteins needed for tumors to grow.化学与物质----Translation1.Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not only interprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2.Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplained phenomena in nature.3.The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things are its chemical properties.4.The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5.It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slight pain.6.The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible without anesthetics.7.Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in which countless complex chemical and physicalchanges are constantly taking place.8.The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, but its chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9.Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substances which kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10.Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relieving drugs.麻醉药Translation1.It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2.It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kinds of operations without causing pain.3.Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance of many operations on the lower parts of the body.4.The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on the brain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5.The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate and lengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6.Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body but which also produce insensibility to pain.7.Contrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, the antibiotic once regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8.Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on the nerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9.An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, while those which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do not have to be volatile.10.In spite of the danger of a patient’s contracting pneumonia after the use of ether as an anesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one of deep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1.The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2.Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in many pills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in the plant kingdom.3.Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that are extremely valuable to us as medicines.4.During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been trying out various plants that grew around him.5.There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodox and the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good working relationship.6.When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debt of medicine to plant-derived drugs.7.However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number of plant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8.The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustible supply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of new approaches.9.Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vinca rosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10.Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.Natural Products1. One of the oldest of human activities is the study of plants and animals, particularly as sources of food.2.From the earliest times man had to distinguish between those plants which were poisonous and those which were not and there graduall y developed a knowledge of natural drugs.3. As late as the beginning of the present century pharmacognosy had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs.4.Undoubtedly the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medical value which have yet to be discover ed.5. As a result of modern isolation and pharmacological testing procedures, new plant drugs usually find their way into medicine as purified substances.6. Many of the botanical, chemical and physical techniques employed in pharmacognosy are also applicable to the analysis of other comm odities, such as foods, spices and cosmetics.7. While pharmacognosy has been generally studied for practical purposes and may thus be called an applied science it has played an imp ortant role in the development of the pure sciences.8. Recent phytochemical examination of plants which have a suitable history of use in folklore for the treatment of cancer has, indeed, oft en resulted in the isolation of principles with antitumour activity.9. The growth of knowledge of biochemistry and physiology, which led to the concept of the chemical control of biological processes, has been of particular importance for pharmacology.10. Primitive man depended on preventive use of nature’s stock of plants and herbs to avoid disease and to maintain health and vigor.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10.From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1Translation1.Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeutic use was based on traditional experience.2.Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3.Though it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4.When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.5.Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expected to occur.6.Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accident by Alexander Fleming.7.Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile of action in model system.8.The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rational approach to the development of new drugs.9.Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used on patients.10.Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemicalpharmacology.新药研制 2 Translation1.The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2.The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained to promote his particular new product.3.Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs be undertaken.4.New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should be conducted under strict supervision.5.A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6.Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there exist some possible risks during the test.rge scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8.The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer, which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.rmation about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliable than that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the ability to promote the product.10.Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished new drugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1.The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists.2.Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science.3.Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4.Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy the race.5.During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in the field of pharmacology.6.Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7.With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly the elderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8.The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.9.Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10.As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..良药滥用-----Translation1.Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, it has also given rise to serious complications.2.The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains of disease germs which are resistant to such medications.3.A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes serious infections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4.Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are, therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5.Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons do become habituated to their use.6.Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individual user or to society.7.Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for a dose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8.Addiction is the body’s continued need for drugs because of their physiological effects after they are first taken.9.In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much less widely known.10.Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new health threat to mankind.抗癌的食物（全文翻译）现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。
药学专业英语完整翻译
●symptomolytic 消除症状的●neurotransmitter神经递质●Oosperm 受精卵●prostaglandin 前列腺素●polyethylene 聚乙烯●octadecyl 十八(烷)基●osteoarthritis骨关节炎●dyspepsia 消化不良●pathophysiology 病理生理学●osteoporosis 骨质疏松症●hydrophilic 亲水的●urokinase尿激酶●trachoma沙眼●dysfunction功能紊乱●mucopolysaccharide 粘多糖(类) streptomycin 链霉素●pathophysiology 病理生理学●otorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科学●phlebostenosis 静脉狭窄●nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油●pyrogen 热原,致热物●pseudocholinesterase拟(或假)胆碱酯酶●thioether 硫醚●somatotype体型●uricemia 尿酸血症●hysteroscopy子宫镜检查●chemoprophylaxis 化学预防●antipsychotic抗精神病的（药）●nephroangiosclerosis 肾血管硬化●bacteriostatic 抑菌的●parasympathomimetic拟副交感神经的(药)●adrenocorticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素●diuretic 利尿的(药)●vagosympathetic迷走交感神经的●alkaloid生物碱●teratogenesis 致畸作用●polioencephalitis 脑灰质炎●tetanotoxin 破伤风毒素●myotonia肌强直●hyperlipemia高脂血症●bronchiectasis支气管扩张●oxidoreductase氧化还原酶●oncology 肿瘤学●euthanasia 安乐死●Myocardial 心肌的●ophthalmoxerosis 干眼病●Vaginomycosis 阴道霉菌病●encephalorrhagia 脑出血●electrophilicity 亲电性●Mitochondria 线粒体●Stereochemistry 立体化学●Pancytopenia 全血细胞减少●streptokinase 链激酶●superinfection 二重感染，重复感染●osteomyelitis 骨髓炎●macromolecular 大分子的●Menopause 更年期; 绝经●Vasodilation 血管舒张●Thromboembolism 血栓栓塞●phytopharmacology 植物药理学●protoplasm 原生质●schizophrenia 精神分裂症●Hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂●Fluorospectrophotometry荧光分光光度法●bradypnea 呼吸缓慢●Diarrhea 腹泻，痢疾●Pharmacodynamics药效学and pharmacokinetics药动学is the twomain areas of pharmacology药理学. The former studies the the effects of the drugs on biological systems, and the latter studies the effects of biological systems on the drugs. When describing the pharmacokinetics properties of a drug, pharmacologists药理学家are often interested in LADME:●Liberation●Absorption●Distribution●Metabolism●Excretion●药效学和药代动力学是药理学的两个主要领域。
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）药学英语课后翻译Organic Chemistry Translation1. 没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。
The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. 既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。
Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. 通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。
The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. 幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。
Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. 迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。
So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. 人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. 煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新物质。
药学英语第四版课后翻译
Unit One1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a soundknowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs.2.Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balanceto be maintained.3.The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essentialif the cells of the body are to function normally.4.Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberatesufficient energy for their activities.5.As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the bodycontinue to live and function properly.Unit Two1.Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other toconfer the remarkable properties of living organisms.2.Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is veryspecific in its foundation and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.3.One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify anindividual chemical component, such as protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity.4.The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include thecovalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc.5.The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence.Unit Four1.The science of the effects on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study itare pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand he normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.2.For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as itscommon definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy.3.All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problemscaused by the abuse of drugs. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particular the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur.4.At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, becausethey had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his owncrude medicinal preparation.5.The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action istermed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology.Unit Five1.To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bindto invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2.In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of relatedcompounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3.In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all theproducts separately in their own reaction vessels.4. A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis,all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of container required.5.At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are foundto be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit Six1.Plant natural products has had, and continued to have, an important role as medicinal andpharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2.Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has beendefined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells.”3.Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not beenevaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4.Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples forhigh-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5.Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes: (1)bio-activity or mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2) rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3) mechanism of action studies.Unit Seven1.Absorption is the process of a drug entering（现在分词作后置定语）systemic circulationfrom its site of administration. Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routs of administration involve the transport of cell membrane.2.Drug absorption, especially those orally administered drugs, depends on many factors, such asthe intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food, patient age and the like.3.The distribution of a drug in the body is even and is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, that is,it changes constantly with the absorption and elimination of the drug.4.After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma protein, but this binding isloose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium.5.Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage forms which areabsorbed and reach the systemic circulation; it is concerned with the intensity and speed of drug action.Unit Eight1.Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions: what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2.Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many haveadvocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3.Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet thedemands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4.Qualitative test may be performed by selective chemical reaction or with the use ofinstrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5.The first phase in the testing of banned substance is called fast-screening phase, in whichqualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is adopted for accurate quantification.Unit Nine1. The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2. The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3. Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routes of administering systemically acting drugs involve theabsorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood.4. Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco) proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5. In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit Eleven1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceutical firm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must be prepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot require pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of food s, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit Twelve1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was based on traditional experiences.2) Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc.3) When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.4) The pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile in model system.5) Chemists and biologists have now attached importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.。
药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案
1.much of our present physiological knowledge has been found from theexperiments and studies on human beings. 我们目前的生理知识已经发现从实验和研究人类。
F2.the cell are grouped together to form tissues which,thus,consist of a lot of cells.细胞被组合在一起形成的组织，因此，包括大量的细胞。
F3.living cells break down glucose and fats to provide energy for otheractivities,which are called catabolism. 活细胞分解葡萄糖和脂肪提供能量等活动，被称为分解代谢。
F4.the white cells play an important role in defense against infection. 白细胞在抗感染防御中起重要作用。
Y5.the right atria pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygenfrom the air. 右心房缺氧血液泵至肺部，它吸收空气中的氧气。
F6.the nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly tospecific cells. 神经系统利用电信号将信息传送到特定的细胞。
T7.the level of sodium increases in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cellsbecome too excitable and may contract. 细胞外液中的钠水平升高，心肌细胞的兴奋性，可能成为合同。
药学英语Unit4 Text A注释及译文
Unit FourText A The Scope of PharmacologyIn its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.1.entirety [en'taɪərɪti:] n.整体,全面in its entirety作为一个整体2. compounding ['kɑmpaundiŋ] n.配料；组合；复合3. Mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械装置；构造, 机制；办法, 技巧, 途径4. absorption [əb'sɔrpʃən] n.吸收；吸收过程；吸收作用；专注，专心致志；合并；同化5. distribution [,distri'bju:ʃən] n.分发, 分配；散布, 分布6. biotransformation [,baiəu,trænsfə'meiʃən] n.生物转化metabolism [mɪ'tæbə,lɪzəm] n.新陈代谢7. excretion [eks'kri:ʃən] n.(动植物的)排泄,排泄物8. therapeutic [,θerə'pju:tik] adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的9. living ['liviŋ]adj.活(着)的；现存的, 在使用中的；逼真的, 生动的n.生计, 生存之道；生活方式整体而言，药理学包括药学发展的历史，药物的来源、理化性质、配伍，药物对机体的生化过程和生理功能的影响，药物的作用机制，药物的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，药物的治疗作用和其他作用。
药学英语课文翻译课后翻译节选中英双语对照第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
药学英语Unit 14Text B 注释及译文
Text B How Does FDA Approve New Drugs?Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well as safe, before they can be approved for marketing. But it’s important to realize that no drug is absolutely safe. There is always some risk of an adverse reaction. It’s when the benefits outweigh the risks that FDA considers a drug safe enough to approve.1.outweigh [a u tˊweɪ] vt. 在重量上超过；在重要性或价值方面超过根据现行法规，对于所有新药，只有经确认安全、有效，才会被批准上市。
但是，我们应该意识到没有所谓绝对安全的药物，认识到这一点是很重要的。
任何药物都可能有不良反应。
因此，只有认定某种药物的益处大于其风险时，FDA 才会认为某种药物足够安全，可批准其上市。
In fact, it was only 25 years ago that U.S. drug law first embraced the idea of risk vs. benefit that now the key to new drugs approval. Providing evidence of safety before marketing was first required by Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in 1938, but not until the Drug Amendments of 1962 did firms also have to show a drug’s effectiveness before marketing. Before any drug gets on the market today, FDA decides—as quickly as a thorough evaluation allows—whether the studies submitted by the drug’s sponsor(usually the manufacturer) show it to be safe and effective for its intend use.1.embrace [im'breis] vt. 包括; 包含；接受；信奉, 皈依vt. & vi.拥抱n.拥抱, 怀抱2.cosmetic [kɔz'metik]n.化妆品adj.化妆用的; 美容的；装点门面的Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act联邦食品、药品和化妆法案3.Drug Amendments [ə'mendmənts] 药品法修正案4.thorough ['θʌrəu] adj.彻底的；十足的；考虑周到的5.sponsor ['spɔnsə] vt.赞助, 发起, 主办n. 申办者事实上，直到25年前美国药品管理法才刚刚引入“风险-益处评估”的概念。
药学英语,课后翻译
药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。
【免费下载】 药学英语,课后翻译
药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。
药学英语课文翻译 课后翻译节选 中英双语对照 第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
药学英语课文翻译
药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品依据他们的产品或来源药物可以被分为三种：Ⅰ、全分解Ⅱ、自然产物和Ⅲ、由局部分解产物〔半分解产物〕本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物分解。
但是，这并不意味自然产物和其他的药物就不重要。
它们可以被用作有价值的先导化合物，并且它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要分解产物的中间体。
分解而愈加经济的。
在过去的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，曾经变得极端重要。
经过现代技术和基因的选择结果，招致了微生物高突变体演化的发生，发酵曾经变成了对物质普遍围的选择方式。
真核细胞〔酵母和霉菌〕和原核细胞〔单细菌细胞和放线菌〕都被用作微生物。
以下为可取得的消费方式:1.细胞原料〔单细胞蛋白质〕2.酶3.初级的降解产物〔初级酶代谢物〕4.次级的降解产物〔次级的代谢物〕在次级代谢物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界范围内价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。
大约有5000种抗生素曾经从微生物中分别出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗运用。
但是，一定知道，那些衍生物经过局部分解被改良用于治疗。
在过去十年中，单单从β-内酰胺半分解的就有五万种药物。
发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中停止，防止了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个进程必需在无菌条件下停止。
〔倒数第五段末尾〕少量运用的试剂不只仅是酸〔盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸〕，还有无机和无机碱〔氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶〕。
还有辅佐化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。
一切这些补充的化学物质〔比如中间体〕在最终产物中能够是杂志的来源。
在1969年，世界卫生组织出版了关于〝药品平安质量维护〞的论述。
目录2是有关〝药品赔偿和平安维护质量的规则〞〔世界卫生组织，1969年第418号技术报告，目录2；1975年第567号目录1A〕这同时变为众所周知的〝药质量量管理规范〞或GMP规范，并且这些规则在如今药品消费中也应遵守。
药学英语Unit 6 Text A 注释及译文
Drug Discovery and Natural Products It may be argued that drug discovery is a recent concept that evolved from modern science during the 20th century, but this concept in reality dates back many centuries, and has its origins in nature. On many occasions, humans have turned to Mother Nature for cures, and discovered unique drug molecules. Thus, the term natural product has become almost synonymous with the concept of drug discovery. In modem drug discovery and development processes, natural products play an important role at the early stage of "lead" discovery, i.e. discovery of the active (determined by various bioassays) natural molecule, which itself or its structural analogues could be an ideal drug candidate.1.origin ['ɔridʒin] n.起点，端点; 来源；出身, 血统.2.Synonymous [sɪ'nɔnəməs]adj.同义的，类义的.3.i.e. [,aɪ'i:] <拉> abbr. (=id est) 即，换言之.4.candidate ['kændidit] n.申请求职者, 候选人；报考者；候选物.有人可能认为药物发现是一个20世纪才出现的、来源于现代科学的新概念，但是事实上这个概念是源于自然界的，可以追溯到许多个世纪以前。
(整理)药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1. 研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c 水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2. 虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c 缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
药学英语课文翻译 课后翻译节选 中英双语对照 第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
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.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
6.对动物和人的一些研究表明，维生素A对肺癌有预防作用。
7.仍需进一步研究才能确立肺癌与胡萝卜素之间的关联。
8.动物实验表明，大蒜有抑制结肠癌、胃癌等癌症的作用。
9.毫无疑问，多吃水果蔬菜将在降低癌症发病率和癌症死亡率方面发挥重要作用。
10.胡萝卜素不仅对肿瘤细胞有直接的毒杀作用，还可减缓肺癌细胞的生长，改变肿瘤赖以生存的蛋白质性质。
Chemistry and Matter1.简而言之，科学家有别于艺术家主要在于其不仅解释外部世界，同时还试图使其变得更美好。
2.科学起始于需求、好奇以及对自然无法解释的现象所提出的疑问。
3.一种元素或化合物与其他东西相结合或起反应的方式就是该元素或化合物的化学性质。
4.化学家感兴趣的是物质的成分和性质，以及它们在化学反应中所发生的变化。
5.只要有轻微的疼痛便服用镇痛药的习惯是很容易形成的。
6.如果没有麻醉，今天外科大夫所施行的精细手术是不可能的。
7.今天，人们普遍认为，人体是一间化工厂，在其内部始终都在进行着不计其数的复杂的化学变化和物理变化。
8.盐是由钠元素和氯元素组成的，但是它的化学性质却与金属钠和腐蚀性气体氯气截然不同。
9.化疗是通过施用化学物质来杀灭体内病原体或阻止其生长的治病方法。
10.能减轻痛觉而又不影响其他感觉的物质叫做去痛药。
Anesthetics1.不得不经受手术的人们得忍受着全部疼痛，这种情况距今并没有多少年。
2.外科大夫现在能施行各种手术而不引起病人痛苦要归功于麻醉药的发现。
4.尽管人们也提出了许多理论，但全身麻醉药对大脑作用的确切机理尚不得而知。
5.外科手术引进了麻醉药使得更为精细、耗时更长的手术成为可能，进而大大拓展了科学领域，6.麻醉药是指那些对身体有镇静作用且使痛觉消失的药物。
7.与人们的想象相反，青霉素这个曾被视为特效药的抗生素问世至今也只有五十来年。
8.科学家指出任何药物的镇静作用都是通过其对神经的影响而产生的，故该药必须具备溶解于神经周围的体液的能力。
9.麻醉药如果通过口腔吸入给药则必须是挥发性的，而可以通过直肠或脊椎给药的麻醉剂则不一定非得是挥发性的。
10.尽管乙醚麻醉具有感染肺炎的危险性，但由于其产生的麻醉是深度镇痛而仍被广泛使用。
Green Pharmacy Herbal Medicine1.植物王国曾是人类唯一的药剂师，但你今天走进现代药店，植物用药已是踪影难寻。
2.今天，植物用作药品的数量虽然减少了，但许多片剂、胶囊、瓶装药之中的有效化学物质却是源于植物王国。
3.植物所含有的化学物质有些可能有毒，有些可能是对我们极其有用的药物。
4.自从人类来到这个地球的数千年岁月中，便一直在试验着生长在其周围的各种植物。
5.正统医学与草药施用者之间多年来存在着不信任、猜疑或敌意，这些正威胁着相互间建立良好工作关系的可能性。
6.一想到奎宁的疗效，植物药对医学所做出的巨大贡献便是再清楚不过了。
7.然而在过去几十年中，引入新的植物药的数量却明显地减少了。
8.祖国医药学遗产是一个取之不竭的新药宝库，它有待于我们用新的方法加以发掘。
9.如果对长春花的研究不是引进药理学方法的话，长春新碱的发展恐怕要推迟好多年。
10.西医很难相信一个对疾病机理一无所知的人却能治愈疾病。
Introduction of Organic Chemistry1.没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。
2.既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有关人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。
3.通过植物和动物生产食品涉及分子中原子的重新排列问题。
4.幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。
5.迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。
6.人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学。
7.煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新性质。
8.许多特定的化学反应之所以重要，是由于它们耗时或提供能量。
9.在有机化学学习中，希望学生们用他们熟悉的符号构成二维或三维空间的分子结构式。
10.从我们吃的食品、穿的衣服，到住的楼房，所有这些都在很大程度上被有机化学更新了。
Development of New Drugs (1)1.以前，药物都是从天然植物和动物那儿提取的，治疗方法也是以传统经验为基础的。
2.药物研制策略包括偶然发现、分子随机组合、有计划的研究某一特定化学成分的合成等方法。
3.尽管这是新药研制的理想方法，但费用较高，而且不能保证一定成功。
4.当某种药物被数百万人使用时，肯定会有不良反应出现，尽管具体到个人这种危险性并不大。
5.大多数药物都有一个安全剂量上限，超过这一限度，便可能产生毒副作用。
6.青霉素这个世界上最强大的细菌杀手之一便是由佛莱明偶然发现的。
7.新药的药理学实验将确定该药在模型系统中是否具备人们期待的药物功能。
8.增加对生化机制知识的了解将使得对新药的研制更为理性。
9.新药只有在经过广泛的正规毒性试验之后才可用于患者。
Development of New Drugs（2）1.新药研制的根本依据应该是提供更好的药物，及更有效、更安全或更便宜。
2.药品生产商的销售代表为促销某一新产品而接受过专门培训。
3.新药的临床评价必须在动物研究证明有效之后方可进行。
4.新药的人体评价可分为四个阶段，每个阶段都应在严格的监管下进行。
5.剂量范围的研究只能在自愿者身上进行，他们应了解试验的含义，并自觉自愿的接受试验。
6.由于剂量范围研究可能具有一定的危险性，故只能在医疗监护下进行。
7.第三阶段的大规模临床试验将确立新药的功用以及毒副作用的频率。
8.药品研发的可观费用是由制药商承担的，他当然希望在产品最终投放市场时得到补偿。
9.发表于著名杂志的有关新药的信息比以促销为生的医药代表的介绍更为可信。
10.用于新药促销方面的巨额投资不仅导致了不加区别的使用新药，同时也提高了药品的成本。
The Scope of Pharmacology1.药物作用于人体的科学叫药理学，研究这门学问的科学家便是药理学家。
2.药理学不是一门能够独立研究的科学，而是与其他学科紧密相关的。
3.药理学家不仅要了解人体内进行的正常反应过程，还应懂得机体功能是怎样受疾病影响的。
4.药物用得恰当，将是人类的一大福音，用的不当，则可能毁了人类。
5.二十世纪上半叶，在药理学领域取得了突飞猛进的发展。
6.人类不断努力，不仅为了增寿，而且为了生活得更健康。
7.病人（特别是老年病人）经常性使用一种以上的治疗药物的话，往往会发生导致毒性的药物相互作用。
8.临床医生感兴趣的主要是那些对预防、诊断和治疗人类疾病有效的药物。
9.现在，由于大多数天然药物被高度提纯，且与合成的化学药物无其区别，所以临床医生对生药学的兴趣也相应减弱。
10.药效学作为一门边缘学科，大量借鉴了生理学、生物化学、免疫学、病理学等学科的理论和实验技术。
Biopharmaceutics吸收是药物自用药部位进入血液循环的过程。
除直接注入血管者外，一般的给药方法都要经过细胞膜的转运。
很多因素都可以影响药物的吸收，特别是口服药物的吸收，如药物本身的性质、剂型、食物、患者年龄等。
药物在体内的分布多数是不均匀的，且处于动态平衡中，即随药物的吸收与排泄不断地变化着。
药物进入血液后或多或少地将与血浆蛋白结合，但这种结合是疏松的、可逆的，经常处于动态平衡。
药物的起效取决于药物的吸收与分布，作用的终止则取决于药物的消除。
生物利用度是指不同剂型的药物能吸收进入体循环的相对分量及速度。
它与药物作用的强度与速度有关。
Drugs Abuse1.当个人的用药量足以使本人健康或社会安全受到危害时，我们便可界定这种状况为药物滥用。
2.确定某种药物的使用是否应被标定为药物滥用，社会认可并非是有效标准。
3.经常性使用一种药物的人容易形成药物依赖。
4.为使感觉正常，身体上的依赖便会产生对药物的需求，而为了感觉正常，心理上的依赖则也会产生对药物的需求。
5.在医院中濒临死亡的癌症患者可能被施以大剂量的麻醉药品以缓解病痛。
6.一般来说，麻醉药和酒精导致身体依赖，而镇定药和大麻则更可能导致心理依赖。
7.大多数受法律管制药物时常在未经医制的情况下被人们用于治疗一些小毛病，这往往都是不必要的。
8.有些“精神药物”以不同方式影响着神经系统，常常产生各种快感。
9.控制药物滥用作为世界范围内的公共健康问题已经引起了世界卫生组织的高度重视。
10.控制药物滥用的当务之急就是降低与非治疗性使用药物导致药物依赖的有关问题的发生率。