Cultural Studies (西方文论——文化研究)完整版
文化研究的学术谱系与理论建构
一开创“文化与文明”对立的文化批评传统 二率先以历史主义的眼光诊治英国近代文化病灶 三首创“以文化代宗教”之说，树立文化的权威 四最早表现出跨学科视野、大文学观念与文化批评意识 五简要的结语
一 “文化”释义：论作为社会生活整体的文化（或复合的文化观） 二艾略特文化诗学批评的语言向度 三艾略特文化诗学批评的古典学传统与基督教向度 四艾略特文化诗学批评的文化向度 五简要的结语
一生平与思想：从“奖学金男孩”到大学英文教授 二 《识字的用途》：语境与结构 三 “传统的秩序”：二战前20世纪30年代的英国工人阶级文化 四 “让位于新时代”：二战后大众文化对英国工人阶级文化的影响 五 《识字的用途》对英国当代文化研究的学术构型
一从“铁路信号员之子”到剑桥大学英文系教授 二 《文化与社会：1780—1950》与《文化是日常的》：打开文化，揭示文化 的社会日常性 三对1780～1950年英国文化观念变迁史的图绘与重构 四 《漫长的革命》：“漫长的文化革命”与文化的民主和扩展 五 《传播》：传播机制的民主化改造与文化的扩张 六 《马克思主义与文学》及其之后：“文化唯物主义”的理论建构
第十一章文化研究的 “葛兰西转向”和文 化霸权理论范式
第十二章文化研究的 后马克思主义理论范 式
第十三章文化 研究的全球播 撒与后现代转
向
结语文化研究 的跨学科属性 与学术前瞻
一 “文化主义”术语的提出及辨析 二英国文化主义范式的知识母体：近代“文化与文明”对立的思想传统 三伯明翰学派创立与文化主义理论范式的彰显（研究方法的开启） 四文化唯物主义：欧陆马克思主义的挪用与文化主义的更新 五文化主义理论范式的学术特色 六文化主义理论范式的运用或批评实践
一文化研究与拉墨后马克思主义思潮 二解构与建构：拉墨后马克思主义的双层理论结构 三拉墨后马克思主义本质上是一种文化政治学 四拉墨后马克思主义理论的社会基础（对新社会运动思潮的理论化） 五拉墨后马克思主义文化政治学的主题转向 六话语接合论是拉墨后马克思主义文化政治学的基本方法 七霍尔对拉墨后马克思主义话语接合论的改造 八拉墨后马克思主义文化政治学在文化研究中的运用及批评实践
第六章 文化研究理论与媒介研究
（三）文化霸权理论阶段。讨论种族、性 别和阶级，身份认同成为关键词。 （四）消费社会和后现代主义阶段，八十 年代后开始对读者和受众理论的强调，从 强调文本的意识形态，转向强调个体的快 感和受众的解读自由。
3、文化研究的议题：文化与认同 文化研究的议题是相当广泛的，其实文化研究从一开始就 流露出了跨文化研究取向，雷蒙· 威廉斯、霍格特的研究 对象和基础都是文学领域，但是他们并不满足，把视野投 向了社会文化研究，研究方法里面也不纯粹是文学批评， 而是融合了社会学、人类学和心理学的知识。这些议题包 括：1、人们怎样才成为文化的一个部分？2、文化研究如 何理解事物意义？3、文化研究如何理解过去？4、其他文 化能被理解吗？5、我们如何理解不同文化间的关系？6、 为什么有的文化和文化形式比其他文化得到更高的评价？ 7、文化与权力存在什么样的关系？8、“作为权力的文化” 是如何被谈判和被抵制？9、文化如何塑造我们的身份等。
第六章 文化研究理 论与媒介研究（二）
Байду номын сангаас
第一节 文化研究
1、文化研究（Cultural Studies） 20世纪60年代英国就兴起了一股新兴的 文化革新流派，这个流派通常被称“文化 研究”（cultural studies）学派，最初得 名于1964年霍加特（Hoggart，Richard） 在伯明翰大学成立的英国当代文化研究中 心（Centre For Contemporary Cultural Studies ），因此，这个学派也 经常被称为“伯明翰学派”
（3）意识形态和意识形态国家机器 法国哲学家阿尔杜塞（1918-1990年）在“意识形态” 理论史上具有重要地位。 首先，根据阿尔多塞的观点，马克思所提出的“经济决定 论”并不能解决所有资本主义问题，要解决资本主义问题， 必须认识到“意识形态”，也就是政治、文化等上层建筑 的重要性。 其次，阿尔杜塞最著名的一篇文章叫《意识形态与意识形 态国家机器》（Ideology and the ideological state apparatuses）。在这里阿尔杜塞把意识形态分 为强制性的、非强制性的. 再次，意识形态通过“召唤机制”实现对主体控制。
文化研究学派
第一节“文化研究”的概念、特点、历史与动因一、什么是“文化研究”所谓“文化研究”（Cultural Studies），在西方学术界有特定的含义，不能顾名思义地简单理解为对于文化的研究（the study of culture）；它与一般所说的（更宽泛意义上的）文化的研究（cultural research），以及文化理论、文化批评也不同，更不等同于传统的文学、社会学和人类学的“文化分析”。
更重要的是，它的研究对象不仅仅限于文化。
这里所介绍的“文化研究”，是特指从20世纪60年代起由英国伯明翰大学（University of Birmingham）当代文化研究中心（Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies，简称CCCS）生发出来，20世纪80年代开始风靡英语世界，然后逐步影响到全世界的一种学术思潮或一个知识流派，所以又称文化研究学派。
在西方，有些文章为了区别这个特定意义上的“文化研究”与一般意义上的文化研究，常常把前者的第一个字母大写，即写作Cultural Studies。
“文化研究”是由1964年成立的英国伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心的学术研究方向和学术成果发展而来的，其理论基础由伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心的几位奠基人的研究及其成果，如理查·霍加特（Richard Hoggart）的《识字的用途》、雷蒙·威廉斯（Raymond Williams）的《文化与社会》和《漫长的革命》、爱德华·汤普森（E.P.Thompson）的《英国工人阶级的形成》，以及斯图亚特·霍尔（Stuart Hall）的《电视话语中的编码/解码》等著作所奠定。
“文化研究”涉足的领域非常广，几乎横跨全部人文学科和社会学科，但与“文化研究”联系特别紧密的，一般认为有四大学科，它们是文学、人类学、社会学和大众传播学。
因为“文化研究”为研究工业资本主义社会的大众传媒及其它大众文化现象提供了新的理论思路，也为世界范围的大众传播研究、大众文化研究提供了新的研究模式，因此，它被公认为传播学批判学派的一大重要流派。
关于文化研究的英语作文
Cultural studies is an interdisciplinary field of research that focuses on the analysis of cultural practices and their social significance.The following essay explores the importance of cultural studies,its methodologies,and its impact on society.Title:The Significance of Cultural Studies in Modern SocietyIntroductionIn an increasingly globalized world,understanding cultural practices and their implications is more important than ever.Cultural studies as a field of academic inquiry has emerged to address the complex interplay between culture,society,and power.This essay delves into the significance of cultural studies,its methodologies,and its role in shaping contemporary society.The Importance of Cultural StudiesCultural studies is crucial for several reasons.Firstly,it provides a framework for understanding the cultural dimensions of social issues,such as identity,race,gender,and class.By examining these aspects,cultural studies offers insights into the ways in which cultural practices are constructed and maintained,and how they influence social structures and individual experiences.Secondly,cultural studies promotes critical thinking about the dominant narratives and ideologies that shape our understanding of the world.It challenges the status quo by questioning the power dynamics inherent in cultural representations and practices.Methodologies of Cultural StudiesThe methodologies of cultural studies are diverse and eclectic,reflecting the fields interdisciplinary nature.Some of the key approaches include:1.Textual Analysis:Examining written,visual,and auditory texts to uncover the underlying messages and ideologies they convey.2.Historical Contextualization:Placing cultural practices within their historical context to understand the development and evolution of cultural norms and values.3.Ethnography:Conducting fieldwork to observe and participate in cultural practices, providing a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of individuals within a culture.4.Discourse Analysis:Analyzing language use in various contexts to reveal the power relations and social structures that are reinforced or challenged through communication.Impact on SocietyThe impact of cultural studies on society is profound.It has led to a greater awareness of cultural diversity and the need for inclusivity and tolerance.Cultural studies has also influenced educational curricula,policymaking,and media representation,promoting a more nuanced and critical understanding of cultural phenomena.Moreover,cultural studies has empowered marginalized groups by providing them with the tools to articulate their experiences and challenge dominant narratives.This has led to social movements that advocate for social justice and equality,shaping the cultural landscape in significant ways.ConclusionCultural studies is a vital field of research that enriches our understanding of the world by examining the cultural dimensions of social life.Its methodologies offer a multifaceted approach to analyzing culture,and its impact on society is evident in the increased awareness and advocacy for cultural diversity and social justice.As we continue to navigate a globalized and interconnected world,the insights provided by cultural studies will remain indispensable for fostering a more inclusive and equitable society.。
文化研究(一)
文化研究：概念与特点一、文化研究兴起的背景1、伯明翰学派的起源文化研究是伯明翰当代文化研究中心的传统。
它上承法兰克福学派的文化批判理论，往下则蓬勃发展，穿过现代性与后现代性的一路纷争，成为当代学术的显学。
进入二十一世纪，文化研究继续成为学术圈内外的热门话题。
不仅大学的院系各部门重组设文化研究专业，聘请导师，培养研究生，对出版界来说，文化研究也是个很活跃的领域。
有关著作和刊物如雨后春笋，迭出不穷。
“文化研究”（Cultural Studies）在西方学术界有特定内涵。
它不同于“文化理论”和“文化批评”，一在英文里与“文化的研究”（the study of culture）也不是同一个概念，更不同于传统的文学、社会学和人类学的“文化分析”。
更重要的是，它的研究对象还不仅仅限于文化。
有关文化的研究在十九世纪就开始了。
英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒1871年的文化定义被认为是最早文化的现代定义。
但这不是如今风靡一时的“文化研究”。
“文化研究”是英国伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心建树的传统。
伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心1964年成立，1972年中心发表第一期《文化研究工作报告》，宣布“将文化研究纳入理性的地图”，从此拉开了文化研究的序幕。
其研究方向和学术成果被后人称为“伯明翰学派”或曰“英国学派”。
伯明翰中心的影响后来从英国扩展到北美、澳大利亚以及其他国家，在世界范围的学界掀起了一股研习风潮。
一批人打破学科界限，集合在“文化研究”的大旗下，使文化研究渐渐成为“合法的”学术研究领域。
我们今天所说的文化研究，指的就是这一领域的研究方向和成果。
伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心的第一任主任是理查·霍特。
雷蒙·威廉斯更是中心的灵魂人物。
霍加特和威廉斯都是工人阶级出身，与中心长期从事成人教育的其他研究人员相似，对社会中下层阶级的熟悉程度，非一般知识分子可以比肩。
伯明翰中心公认是秉承了英国式的马克思主义传统，致力于沟通英国知识分子与工人阶级隔膜，故研究工人阶级的生活，就是首当其冲的使命。
Lecture 7.Cultural studies
理论背景 1. 俄国形式主义：什克洛夫斯基（Victor Shklovsky）；蒂尼亚 诺夫（Yury Tynjanov） 什克洛夫斯基认为，文学作品并非是要体现作者的气质或时代精神， 而是文学手段的聚合（amalgam），运用这些文学手段或手法是为 了让语言或观点显得新颖、独特和陌生。
Translation and Culture
Lecture 7
Cultural or cultural studies approaches are largely based on a mixture of cultural studies and literary theory (Baker 1996b) C-L Paradigms (范式):Contradictory and Complementary? If linguistic and cultural approaches to translation were to be understood as differentiated purely on the basis of the disciplines that inform them, they should logically be seen as complementary rather than opposing paradigms.
Even-Zohar gives three major cases when translated literature occupies the primary position: 1) When a 'young' literature is being established and looks initially to 'older' literatures for ready-made models;以色列 2) When a literature is 'peripheral' or 'weak' and imports those literary types which it is lacking. 低地国家 3) When there is a critical turning point in literary history at which established models are no longer considered sufficient, or when there is a vacuum in the literature of the country. Where no type holds sway, it is easier for foreign models to assume primacy.
Cultural Studies (西方文论文化研究)完整版
Culture or civilization, taken in its widest
ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man
Origin
After WWⅡ, the New Left no longer analysis the circumstances of the UK from economic perspective, but cultural perspective.
The term was coined by Richard Hoggart in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS.
From its narrow sense, culture belongs to ideology, which is consisted by the regulations and organizations corresponding to it. In addition to that, culture is a historic event, which represents the benefit of certain class or ethnic groups.
文化研究介绍
Saussure’s Structuralism and Semiotics
Structuralism is an intellectual movement that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s, in which human culture is analyzed semiotically. (i.e., as a system of sign) Semiotics arose as a method that would allow culture to be “read” with the same kind of critical acumen that it takes to read literature. English critics were led to “read” the “sigh” as ideological or hegemonic and uncover “maps of meaning” within their codes. In some countries, its role is limited to literary criticism and an appreciation of audio and visual media, but this narrow focus can inhibit a more general study of the social and political forces shaping how different media are used and their dynamic status within modern culture.
阿尔都塞的意识形态理论： Althusser's best-known
第六章 文化研究理论与媒介研2
第6章 文化研究理论与媒介研究（二）课时：1周，共2课时教学目的：熟悉英国文化研究学派和意识形态理论教学过程：第1节文化研究1、文化研究（Cultural Studies）（1）名称来源：日本学者佐藤卓指出，英国没有美国式的新闻学院和德国式的新闻系，传媒研究在制度上因此享有很大的自由性，英国传媒研究在很大程度上继承了马克思主义和法兰克福学派的批判传统。
120世纪60年代英国就兴起了一股新兴的文化革新流派，这个流派通常被称“文化研究”（cultural studies）学派，最初得名于1964年霍加特（Hoggart，Richard）在伯明翰大学成立的英国当代文化研究中心（Centre For Contemporary Cultural Studies ），因此，这个学派也经常被称为“伯明翰学派”。
不过，文化研究学派的成员均来自不同的学科背景，并没有一个固定的组织，学派也没有发表什么共同纲领，是一个比较松散的学派。
但是这个松散的文化团体所产生的影响却非常深远，在20世纪70年代之后，波及到了世界各地，北美、澳洲和亚洲地区都有数量不菲的学者从事文化研究，影响一直持续到今天，成了唯一可以和美国经验主义媒体研究相抗衡的学术思潮。
（2）代表人物：文化研究的早期主要代表是英国的两位学者：理查德·霍加特、雷蒙·威廉斯，两个人奠定了文化研究跨学科的研究取向。
50年代后期霍加特的著作《文化的用途》（The Uses of Literacy，1957年）和雷蒙·威廉斯的《文化与社会》（Culture and Sociaty，1958年）被看作是文化研究的奠基之作，霍加特和雷蒙·威廉斯均有工人阶级和文学研究的文化背景，但是两个人都不满足于仅仅研究文学作品，他们涉足了文学以外的其它文化领域，他们的著作虽然从文学出发，但是更侧重于思考整个英国文化在巨大社会变迁中所遇到的一些共同问题。
文化研究 cultural studies
The Use of Literary and Culture and Society
Other European countries and the US
• The New Left is a term used mainly in the UK and US in reference to activists, educators, agitators and others in the 1960 and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms. Against the inhumanity of both Stalinism and Western capitalism, the New Left embraced the idea of „socialist humanism ‟.
What is cultural studies?
• Cultural studies is the practice of which what we call ‗theory‘ for short is the theory. • If you had to say what ‗theory‘ is the theory of, the answer would be something like ‗signifying practice‘, the production and representation of experience, and the constitution of human subjects.
Origin
After WWⅡ, the New Left no longer analysis the circumstances of the UK from economic perspective, but cultural perspective.
文化研究 英语作文
文化研究英语作文Cultural Studies。
Cultural studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the ways in which culture shapes and is shaped by social, political, and economic forces. It is a broad and diverse field that encompasses a wide range of topics, including art, literature, music, film, television, popular culture, and more. Cultural studies scholars use a variety of methods and approaches to study culture, including textual analysis, ethnography, and historical research.One of the key goals of cultural studies is to understand the complex ways in which culture influences our lives and the world around us. For example, cultural studies scholars might examine how representations of race, gender, and sexuality in popular media shape our perceptions and attitudes towards these issues. They might also study how cultural practices and traditions are used to create and maintain social hierarchies and powerdynamics.Cultural studies is also concerned with the ways in which culture is produced, consumed, and circulated. Scholars in this field might investigate the ways in which cultural products are created and distributed, as well as the ways in which audiences interpret and engage with these products. They might also examine the ways in whichcultural industries and institutions shape the production and consumption of culture.In addition to these topics, cultural studies also explores the ways in which culture intersects with other social and political issues. For example, scholars in this field might study the ways in which culture is used to construct and maintain national and ethnic identities, or the ways in which culture is used to resist and challenge dominant power structures.Cultural studies is a dynamic and evolving field that continues to grow and change as new cultural practices and forms of expression emerge. It is an important and valuablefield of study that helps us to better understand the world in which we live, and the ways in which culture shapes our lives and experiences.In conclusion, cultural studies is a diverse and interdisciplinary field that examines the ways in which culture shapes and is shaped by social, political, and economic forces. It is concerned with understanding the complex ways in which culture influences our lives and the world around us, as well as the ways in which culture is produced, consumed, and circulated. Cultural studies also explores the ways in which culture intersects with other social and political issues, and it is a dynamic and evolving field that continues to grow and change as new cultural practices and forms of expression emerge. Cultural studies is an important and valuable field of study that helps us to better understand the world in which we live, and the ways in which culture shapes our lives and experiences.。
文化研究英语作文
文化研究英语作文Cultural Studies: A Diverse Perspective。
Culture is like a big, colorful mosaic, with each piece representing a unique aspect of human life. Studyingculture is like piecing together this mosaic, trying to understand how all these different parts fit together.For me, culture is not just about traditions and festivals. It's about the way we think, the way we communicate, and the way we see the world. And it's constantly changing and evolving, influenced by everything from technology to globalization.One thing that fascinates me about cultural studies is how different cultures approach the same issues in completely different ways. Take family, for instance. In some cultures, family is the center of everything, while in others, it's more of a loose network of individuals.There's no right or wrong way, it's just interesting to seehow these differences shape people's lives.Another aspect of cultural studies that I find intriguing is the role of media in shaping our cultural understanding. Movies, TV shows, and even social media can influence our perceptions of other cultures, often in ways that are not entirely accurate. It's important to be aware of this and to seek out diverse perspectives when learning about other cultures.Finally, I think cultural studies are important because they help us understand our own culture better.。
culturalstudies
Cultural StudiesIntroductionOur modern society is marked by the globalization phenomenon that is characterized by a rapid exchange of information, resources and people resulting to conflicts, modifications and amalgamation of diverse cultural ideologies. Glocalization is a cultural phenomenon that emphasizes and promotes the distinctiveness and uniqueness of local cultures as a competitive advantage in global integration.Cultural diversity is a pressing issue in cosmopolitan societies such as America, which is currently constituted by different people of various races, ethnicity, origin, color, beliefs and even languages. Understanding culture is vital in addressing issues about social oppressions i.e. discrimination, international business expansion i.e. off shoring and outsourcing, and social and political development of humanity and civilization in general.Culture has diverse meanings and roles to different people. While cultural studies before simply pertains to understanding its meaning and roles, today, it refers to studying how culture contributes,influence and shape society.Theodoro AdornoAmong the most important philosophers that placed emphasis to the importance and study of culture in society is Theodoro Adorno. His interest on culture is also reflected tohis fondness to his critiques on music. Born on September 11, 1903, is a member of the prominent Frankfurt School in Germany that developed and practiced the critical theory approach which has apparent influences from Karl Marx, Hegel and Kant.The Critical theory approach assumes that society is a dialectical entity in which the ideology of every person is shaped with its mediation and interaction. Placing emphasis on the social learning theory, ideologies are immersed into individuals by the society. Thus, an empirical observation of people will only reflect the ideologies that society impresses upon the people. Instead, society should be studied holistically by an integrated approach in the areas of economics, psychology, history and philosophy. The critical approach is reflected in Adorno’s Negative Dialectics in which he argued that concepts (i.e. people’s insights) cannot identify its true object(i.e. society). Instead, a particular object (e.g. society) can be grasped or identified with universal concepts (i.e. the integration of the study disciplines enumerated).Since Adorno's writings reflected the conflict theories of Marx, student activists during the 1960’s were immediately inclined to adopt his works. Adorno explained later that his indifference to the activists’ cause however is because his theory is incompatible with the political praxis.Adorno’s emphasis on cultural studies inevitably drove him to touch on Aesthetics, in which he introduced Materialist Aesthetics, a theory that highlights the importance of the object in art. In contrast to Kant’s idealistic Aesthetics, he argued that both the piece ofart and its aesthetic value i.e. beauty are cognitive truths. His umbrage on popular culture or new media and technologies during his time led him to delineate between high and low culture. High culture is represented by classical music and literature while low culture is signified by the popular music i.e. jazz and dance music especially so because during that time popular culture is evolving to incorporate socio-political issues.Max HorkheimerAnother famed member of the Frankfurt School and a close colleague of Adorno, Max Horkheimer was a German philosopher and sociologist, who at first formulated positive utopianism and optimism in order to create the framework for his adherence to a socio-cultural revolution, which is the deterministic goal of Karl Marx. In collaboration with Adorno, however, he shifted from Orthodox Marxism in recognition of the autonomy of consciousness and culture from economics then shared the negative utopianism of Adorno. Accordingly, Horkheimer’s desertion of the revolution and the Marxian utopia emanated from his understanding that the revolutionary in essence tends to become the oppressor. This idea is quite apparent in modern societies in which communist movements are considered as insurgencies that create terror to the civilian populace. Horkheimer recognized the strength and rigidity of the capitalistic system as it has developed its position where it perfectly penetrated the consciousness of the collective people and have controlled their personal nature in accordance with the requirements and necessity of capitalism. This reality has altered Horkheimer’s pursuit for social revolution to a more sublime, realistic and effective means of change through education.Horkheimer’s later Critical Theory that emphasized on liberation through education however is highly metaphysical and utopian. It proposes the possibility of carrying out change by transcending from the material reality but attaining the essence of being human. This phenomenological framework creates a new setting for the realization of hope which will be the basis for the struggle against counter-education.Adorno and Horkheimer on the Culture IndustryAdorno and Horkheimer follows the conflict theory of Marx with respect to capitalism but veered from Karl Marx's prediction that capitalism will eventually collapse. They emphasized on the role of culture on how capitalism has become ingrained in society, which ultimately thwarted the revolutionary consciousness of the people. In Adorno’s critique of the mass culture or popular culture, the culture industry, which created and disseminated goods through the mass media i.e. television, controlled and manipulated the people. (Adorno and Horkheimer) He blamed popular culture to be that principal cause why people become adamant to change. Basically, the opportune pleasures generated by the consumption of popular culture engender submissiveness and contentment of people in spite of their despondency or glum economic conditions. The mass production of goods is actually pseudo-individualization, in which the standardization of cultural goods also homogenizes the ideological perspectives and inclinations of the people. Parallel to that of Horkheimer, culture played a crucial role in reinforcing or fortifying capitalism by creating a consciousness among the people that ismeekly compliant to the very components and processes that operates and perpetuates the capitalistic system.Moreover, the culture industry nurtured false needs which is addressed and satisfied through capitalism. Instead of the needs for freedom, intellectual progress and authentic happiness, people are preoccupied with materialistic wants. Adorno then developed a framework that explored the mechanisms that produce mass culture, which has a political nuance because of the state’s role in the adoption and promotion of capitalism, which calls forth less government intervention on the dynamics of market forces i.e. demand and supply as well as strengthening of the private sector as the principal agent for progress. The production and consumption of mass culture is the root cause of society’s moral degeneration and perpetuation of social inequalities because of the apathy it yields.Stuart Hall on Cultural StudiesA leading leftist activist in the 1960’s, Stuart Hall was one of the major founders of cultural studies in England. This discipline transpired in reaction to the political affairs in Britain in the 1950s when the New Leftist movements discarded social revolution but established a new stance of "'politics of intellectual work' .As a pioneer in cultural studies, he derived different notions of culture. Culture is the totality of all the insights and descriptions through which people create meaning and manifest their common experiences. The democratic and participative nature of cultureallows for its objective discussion. This is in reaction to the critical theory approach where empirical study of the experience of people simply reflected the object society. Following the anthropological viewpoint, culture pertains to social practices and the analysis of the relations among components in life. Culture is intertwined in social operations of people and other elements of society as they interact with each other.Under these two premises, Stuart Hall defined Cultural Studies as an applied theory," that includes the interrelation and integration of different critical theories such as post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, Marxism, liberalism, in its different dimensions including social sciences, politics, economics among others. Different theories and integrations result to a variety and complexity of results which is reflective of the nature of culture nevertheless.Thus, Hall proposed an encompassing definition of cultural studies that takes into account both structuralism and culturalism elements including the ramifications of the different approaches of different branches of knowledge e.g. political science, anthropology, psychology, economics, making cultural studies a comprehensive, complex, and dynamic discipline.Equally important in Hall’s definition is the practical application of cultural studies to socio-political and other contemporary issues making the discipline proactive in the development of new culture and society in general. In modern tends, the studies centered on mass media, economic forces of production and consumption and recently,information technology i.e. Internet, in relationship to culture and society, because these are the dominant agents of culture today.Parallelism of Adorno, Horkheimer and StuartUnder the nuance of the Marx’s conflict Theory, Adorno, Horkheimer and Stuart adhere that popular culture played a central role in entrenching capitalism in society which ultimately perpetuates the status quo. Stuart emphasized the role of mass media i.e. television, on gaining and winning the willing support of the lower class to the ruling class. (Hall, Morley and Chen)They rejected the rigid Marxian ideology that focus on the economic aspect that determined social behavior. Instead, they adopted a culturalist Marxist stance in which they believed that social behavior,characterized by the conflict of classes, has cultural grounds, which is independent of economics. As Stuart pointed out, this culture is a result of dynamic processes and factors such as class, race, gender, psychological personalities, and cognitive abilities among many others.Adorno and Horkheimer underscored the falsehood of pseudo-individualism,which emanates from the standardization of mass production of goods. (Cook) This is detrimental to the enlightenment of people because it destroys the critical inclinations and potentials of the people. Thus, the culture industry results to the apathy of people to change that status quo. Stuart on the other hand, highlighted that the hegemony or standardization arising from the commanding influence and domination of the rulingclass over the lower class is not enforced nor is it a plot or planned conspiracy by the elite. It is simply based on the widespread acceptance of dominant ideology.In the perspective of logical philosophy, this tendency of the people is similar to the common logical fallacy called the Argumentum ad Populum (also known as appeal to numbers or to the majority). It is a fallacy because the validity or soundness of its line of reasoning and conclusion is based on the popular assent of the majority of multitude.The "Snob Appeal", which is a variation of such fallacy, follows the truth or validity of a conclusion based on what a select group or the elite believes e.g. showbiz personalities, who are apparently not authorities on the topic or matter that they declare. Political endorsements and advertisements of showbiz personalities are the most common examples of this fallacy. This fallacy is a special form of the argumentum ad populum, for it is also an attempt to sway the masses or to sway an audience. (Werkmeister) Because people are gullible, they tend to believe that what a popular actor or actress will declare about a certain product is true.ConclusionThe cultural studies that Stuart defines may be viewed as response to the call for the primacy of education that Horkheimer and Adorno accentuate in order to liberate people from their unconscious apathy and docility that was shaped by popular culture in society. Focusing on mass media, cultural studies shall be used to study how people can transcend from the myriad of messages and information that media bombards and imparts on thepeople to develop critical awareness that could eventually lead to the rejection of the dominant ideology i.e. capitalism. Therefore, cultural studies theory is an approach to a critical and oppositional decoding of these messages or information. Hall believed that even if mass media plays a vital role in maintaining the status quo that ultimately served the interests of the ruling class, it can also be instrumental for critical ideological struggle and understanding which can be achieved through cultural studies.REFERENCESAdorno, Theodor W. and Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, Verso Publications, 1997Arato, Andrew and Eike Gebhardt, The Essential Frankfurt School Reader, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1982Cook, Deborah, The Culture Industry Revisited: Theodor W. Adorno on Mass Culture, Rowman & Littlefield1996, p40-45Hall, Stuart, David Morley, and Kuan-Hsing Chen, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, 1996, pp102-1110Werkmeister, W.H., An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Johnsen Pub. Co, 1949, p59。
20世纪西方文论讲义 第九章文化研究
第九章文化研究文化研究是近一二十年以来在英美批评界日益盛行的一股新思潮，它与女权主义、后结构主义和后殖民主义批评等有着难以割舍的联系。
它还采纳和吸收了社会学、人类学和政治学的研究方法和视角，表现出一种打破文学研究蕃篱、倡导跨学科研究的倾向。
与专门剖析经典著作的纯文学批评不同，文化研究的对象是纷繁复杂的当代文化形式和现象，尤其是处于非主流地位的，以影响为媒质的当代大众文化以及其他同样处于边缘地位的女性文化、工人阶级亚文化和少数族群（minority ethnic）的文化体验和身份。
文化研究中的“文化”已经不再是传统意义上的知识产物和活动，而是林林总总的日常生活方式。
今天，在美国一些大学的课堂里，文学教授津津乐道的是英国小说家伊恩·弗莱明的007通俗小说、肥皂剧和麦当娜，而不是往日奉为经典的弥尔顿和莎士比亚的名著。
这标明一种趋势─突破过去狭隘的文学研究领域，把流行文化纳入研究视野。
美国大学的一些文学教授甚至提出以文化研究取代文学研究。
英国文化研究脱胎于F. R. 利维斯和T. S. 艾略特的文化观念和文学批评。
它萌生于两种反叛，一是反叛文化精英主义，二是反叛经济决定论。
文化研究在反叛中确立了自身的思想特征。
利维斯在《大众文明与少数者文化》和《文化与环境》这两部文化批评著作中，利用细读式文学分析解读了流行小说、广播、电影和广告等所谓的“大众文明”，呼吁文化精英肩负教育大众的重任，以挽颓风。
艾略特在那本著名的小册子《略论文化的定义》（1948）中承认，文化不仅限于学校传播的知识。
他把文化定义为一种生活方式，将文化的含义扩大到了文学和艺术之外。
他们的思想和论述从反方向启发了文化研究，并对文化研究的创始人雷蒙·威廉斯文化思想的形成提供了理论起点。
《文化与社会》和《漫长的革命》几近于对利维斯主义和马克思主义的综合。
威廉斯从利维斯那里继承了整体性的文化观念和细读式分析方法，批判了将“大众文明与少数者文化”对立起来的文化精英主义。
什么是文化研究
从英国扩展到北美和澳大利亚以及其他国家。
文化研究:学术界的暴发户
吸收各种学术传统，没有单一的学科来源。 借助和改造其他领域的术语和概念,如，性别
学派的主要影响是一九八二年创刊的年刊《次要研究：南 亚历史和社会文选》（Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society）。作者来自世界各地。 “次要”（subaltern）一词来自葛兰西一九三四年的一篇 文章：“论历史边缘：次要社会群体历史”(On the Margins of History: history of the subaltern social group)。 葛兰西的“次要群体”原词指各种缺乏阶级意识的被支配 和被剥削的群体。而“次要研究派”用它来指反抗英国殖 民者的印度人民，尤其是农民。 “次要研究派”最有影响的是女性主义者，匹茨堡大学英 文系教授佳亚特里·斯皮瓦克(Gayatri Spivak)。
文化研究的奠基人
理查德·霍加特(Richard Hoggart, 1918 - ） 雷蒙·威廉斯(Raymond Williams, 1921-
1988) 汤普森(E.P. Thompson, 1924-1993) 斯图亚特·霍尔(Stuart Hall, 1932 - )
伯明翰学派的特点
三种相互之间矛盾的文化定义：
文化是一种价值标准即一种文明：包括著名的哲 学家，思想家，诗人，作家和艺术家等。也被称 为高雅文化。这是传统的文化概念。
文化是一种生活方式：包括娱乐休闲，体育比赛， 宗教，民间节日如圣诞节，春节等。这是人类学 和社会学的文化概念。
文化研究
理论家
理论家
雷蒙‧威廉斯（Raymond Williams） 李察‧霍加特（Richard Hoggart） 保罗·吉洛伊（Paul Gilroy） 狄奥多·阿多诺（Theodor Adorno） 米歇尔·福柯（Michel Foucault） 雅各·拉冈（Jacques Lacan） 雅克·德里达（Jacques Derrida） 尤尔根·哈贝马斯（Jürgen Habermas） 罗兰·巴特（Roland Barthes） 瓦尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin） 斯图亚特·霍尔（Stuart Hall）
文化研究时常**某个现象是如何与意识形态、种族、社会阶级或性别等议题产生关连。“文化研究”自诞生 以来在中西文化界产生了巨大的影响，对文化发展、文化传播和文化交流等起到了重大的推动作用。
在另外一个有些微关系但不同的用法里，文化研究这个名词有时会用来当作区域研究（area studies）的同 义词。区域研究这个名词是用来指称针对特别一个文化来进行的学术研究，比如说伊斯兰研究、亚洲研究、非洲 研究等等。
文化研究
学术名词
01基本信息
文化研究（Cultural studies），学术名词。“文化研究”和“文化”是两个完全不同的概念。文化不能再 是精英文化，它应该是普通人的日常生活，它应该是大众的，平民的。文化研究结合了社会学、文学理论、媒体 研究与文化人类学来研究工业社会中的文化现象。
参考书籍
参考书籍
若丁·萨达，《文化研究介绍》（第二版） 若丁·萨达，《文化研究介绍》，乔治亚大学出版社
谢谢观看
起源
起源
“文化研究”和“文化”是两个完全不同的概念。人们一般认定，“文化研究”源于20世纪60、70年代的 英国伯明翰大学当代文化研究所（CCCS）的研究方向和学术成果（此即“伯明翰学派”），其代表人物有理查 德·霍加特、雷蒙德·威廉斯、斯图亚特·霍尔。
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What is culture?
• The English word “culture” “comes from the Latin „colere‟, related to cult or worship”. Culture originated from the most basic human activities at that time, cultivation or tillage. In China, the earliest meaning for “culture” is the way to control the country through education. It is a contrast to “military” force(武功).
Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms
His work centers on the interconnections between ideology, identity, culture and politics. He has argued for “the relevance of a sophisticated Marxism to the understanding of contemporary social formations, as well as a force for social change.”
Herbert Richard Hoggart
• A passing figure in the contemporary cultural studies • The Uses of Literacy a pioneering work
As “a significant intervention into debates about the cultural value of the mass media and emergent forms of popular culture,” the book “portraits northern working-class life with a striking evocativeness, popularity and vividness.”
Cultural hedgemony
Influenced by Western Marxists, like Gramsci, L. Althusser and R. Williams , the 2nd director Marxism
Sociology
Media
Postmodernism and post-colonialism
Stuart Hall
Stuart Hall is credited with playing a role in expanding the scope of cultural studies to deal with race and gender, and with helping to incorporate new ideas derived from the work of French theorists.
Richard Hoggart
Popular culture Materiality of culture
Working-class family & the 1st director of CCCS
Raymond Williams
Stuart Hall
Working-class family; Western Marxist; New Left
What is cultural studies?
Cultural studies is the practice of which what we call „theory‟ for short is the theory. • If you had to say what „theory‟ is the theory of , the answer would be something like „signifying practice‟, the production and representation of experience, and the constitution of human subjects.
laudable ambitiቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱns — the real problem of the project as a whole, which is that people’s questions are not answered by the existing distribution of the education curriculum, can be forgotton.
II Disneyland : A Utopian Urban Space Disneyland (M. Gottdiener)
• Disneyland: — built in the 1950s — a specific place and a theme park — presented as an imaginary —all of Los Angeles and the American surrounding it are no longer real, but of the order of hyperreal and simulation.
Origin
After WWⅡ, the New Left no longer analysis the circumstances of the UK from economic perspective, but cultural perspective. The term was coined by Richard Hoggart in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS.
From its broad sense, culture is the total sum of material and spiritual wealth created by human beings during the historical progress of human society. From its narrow sense, culture belongs to ideology, which is consisted by the regulations and organizations corresponding to it. In addition to that, culture is a historic event, which represents the benefit of certain class or ethnic groups. ——Dictionary of Words
The Use of Literary and Culture and Society
British Cultural Studies
Other European countries and the US
British Cultural Studies
Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) 1964, University of Birmingham
Conclusion
• R. Williams gives these cases as examples
of how in the effort to define a clearer
subject, to establish a discipline, to bring
order into the work — all of which are
Cultural Studies
Feminism Marxism
Post-structuralism Structural semiotics
Elements of cultural studies:
Literature Anthropology
Representatives
• Richard Hoggart • Stuart Hall
Cultural and Society(1963) : charted the nature of the
The Long Revolution (1965) : pointed to the democratic
The question of the future
• The popular cultural institutions have changed so profoundly through the period in which cultural studies has been developed.
——“a founding figure of cultural studies” ——Reputation (two books) formation of culture as a response to the development of industrialism. potential of the “long ” in culture.
Culture or civilization, taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. ——Edward Burnett Tylor Culture is ordinary, which means a whole way of life. ——Raymond Williams