言语行为理论论文

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浅谈简述塞尔的言语行为理论

浅谈简述塞尔的言语行为理论

浅谈简述塞尔的言语行为理论论文关键词:言语行为意义理论间接行为论文摘要:言语行为理论是由英国哲学家奥斯汀于20世纪50年代末所提出的,美国语言哲学家塞尔在批判奥斯汀理论的基拙上发展了言语行为理论,并提出了间接言语行为理论。

本文主要从三个方面看塞尔言语行为理论的发展:对奥斯汀行为理论的继承和发展,对意义理论的发展,间接行为理论的提出。

一、引言奥斯汀的言语行为理论引起了广泛的注意,并产生了大量的哲学著述,其中尤以塞尔的著作影响最大。

他同意奥斯汀的观点,即认为语言交流的最小单位不是符号、词或句子,而是被完成了的某种言语行为。

不过他又进一步指出,说话者通过说一句话或若干句话来执行一个或若干个言语行为,可是言语行为本身与用以完成言语行为而说出的话语不能混为一谈。

塞尔系统地发展了奥斯汀的言语行为思想,揭示了实现言语行为的各种有效条件,阐明了言语行为的分类和标准,提出了间接言语行为问题,并探讨了言语行为的形式化。

二、塞尔对言语理论的发展如果说奥斯汀把言语行为理论看作是孤立的话语的意义的研究,那么塞尔则把这一理论提高为一种解释人类语言交际的理论。

正如塞尔在“什么是语言”一文中所说:“言语行为也被称为语言行为或语言性的行为,通过这个引言,我也许能够说明为什么我认为言语行为在语言哲学中具有重大意义。

我认为在任何语言交际的模式中都必须包含一个语言行为。

语言交际的单位不是通常人们认为的符号、词语或语句,甚至也不是符号、语词或语句的标记,构成语言交际的单位是在完成言语行为中给出标记。

更确切地说,在一定条件下给出语句标记就是以言行事的行为,以言行事的行为是语言交际的最小单位。

”在塞尔看来,讲一种语言就是完成一系列的语言活动,如陈述、命令、询问、允诺等。

语言理论实际上就是一种行为理论,说话是一种受规则约束的实施行为方式。

奥斯汀曾提出过实施言语行为的三个恰当条件,即(1)说话人必须是具备实施某一行为条件的人;共3页: 上一页123下一页三、塞尔对意义理论的发展塞尔认为要把意义理论和言语行为理论结合起来考察。

言语行为理论

言语行为理论

论文关键词:言语行为理论;间接言语行为;合作原则;礼貌原则论文摘要:本文论述了奥斯丁(Austin)的言语行为理论的产生、理论框架和发展,同时也阐述了赛尔(Searle)的间接言语行为理论、格莱斯(trice)的合作原则以及Leech的礼貌原则,并举例说明了作者对言语行为理论的理解。

1、言语行为理论早在19世纪末20世纪初,瑞士语言学家索绪尔就把人类语言区分为“语言”(langue)和“言语”( parole )。

到20世纪50年代,美国语言学家乔姆斯基又进一步把人类语言区分为“语言能力”(competence)和“语言运用”(performance)。

二者的理论所涉及的内容虽然有所不同,但无论是索绪尔还是乔姆斯基实际上都认为人类的语言活动涉及语言的体系和语言的使用两个方面。

但真正对语言使用进行认真研究并将其上升到理论高度、提出言语行为理论的是牛津大学哲学家J. L Austino Austin。

其关于言语理论的观点是1955年在哈佛大学讲座时提出来的。

此后他在1957年发表了著名的(论言有所为》(《How to do things with words》)一书。

书中不仅探讨了语言的使用问题,而且系统、具体地对为何说话本身就是一种行为这一观点进行了详细论述。

美国哲学家Searle进一步发展了这一理论。

言语行为理论认为语言是传达信息的手段,人们是在以言行事,一切语言交流都包括言语行为。

语言是人类交际的手段,但人类交际的基本单位不仅仅是符号、词、句子或者这些符号、词、句子的标型,而是完成一定的行为,比如:陈述、请求、命令、提问、道歉、祝贺等。

不同的行为可以通过同一种言语来表达,同一行为也可以通过不同的言语得以实现。

言语行为理论强调说话人所表达的是话语的意思而不是语言本身的意思;对于一种结构的研究往往是对意义、语言的使用以及言外之意功能的预设。

在《How to do things with words》一书中,Austin开始明确地把话语分成述谓句或指陈性的语句以及施为句或有施事能力的语句。

关于奥斯汀与塞尔的言语行为理论

关于奥斯汀与塞尔的言语行为理论

关于奥斯汀与塞尔的言语行为理论在人类的交际活动中,言语行为是最常见的一种交流方式,言语行为是指人们为了实现交际目的而在具体的语境中使用语言的行为。

下面是店铺带来的关于奥斯汀与塞尔的言语行为理论的内容,欢迎阅读参考!奥斯汀与塞尔的言语行为理论范文篇1:《试谈奥斯汀与塞尔的言语行为理论》马林诺夫斯基从人类学的角度,通过观察一个民族的文化生活和风俗习惯来研究语言的功能,认为与其把语言看成“思想的信号”,不如说它是“行为的方式”。

在语用学兴起后,这一术语得到了广泛的运用,言语行为被理解为人类实现目的的一种活动,构成人类总活动的有机组成部分。

人们的行为总要受到社会规约的支配,言语行为也就被看成受各种社会规约支配的一种行为。

英国哲学家奥斯汀(J.L.Aus一曲)于20世纪50年代提出“言语行为理论”(speechacttheory),后经塞尔(J.R.Searle)的完善和发展,成为哲学、语言学的重要研究课题,也成为现代语用学核心内容之一。

一、奥斯汀的言语行为理论言语行为理论是英国哲学家奥斯汀首先提出的。

1957年,他到美国哈佛大学去做讲座,以《以言行事》为书名发表了讲座的全部内容,在其论述中,贯穿了一个思想:人们说话的目的不仅仅是为说话,当他说一句话的同时可以实施一个行为。

言语行为理论的基本出发点是:人类语言交际的基本单位不应是词、句子或其他语言形式,而应是人们用词或句子所完成的行为。

奥斯汀认为,传统语法把句子按其功能分成陈述句、疑问句、祈使句等类型,这不利于人们对言语的理解和使用,因为同一句子在不同的语境中具有不同的功能。

他认为不少话语不仅是提供信息,而且是完成或帮助完成许多行为。

奥斯汀在此基础上提出了言语行为理论。

(一)表述句与施为句在《以言行事》中,奥斯汀首先区分了表述句(constative)和施为句(performative)。

很久以来,哲学家所持的一种假设是:陈述之言的作用或是描述事物的状态,或是陈述某一事实,两者必居其一,别无他用,而陈述之言所作的描述或陈述只能是真实或者是谬误。

论奥斯丁的言语行为理论

论奥斯丁的言语行为理论

论奥斯丁的言语行为理论论奥斯丁的言语行为理论关于言语行为的理论先驱者之一,是英国语言哲学家约翰·奥斯汀。

他在20世纪50年代发表的《言语行为论》一书中对言语行为进行了分析和描述,并提出了言语行为的三个基本层面:语言形式、言外之意和言语行为。

奥斯汀的言语行为理论旨在揭示人们如何表达意图、规定真假、制造社会关系等基本的人际交往方式。

此理论强调,语言并非只是传达信息的工具,而是构建社会关系、营造社会环境的基石。

在奥斯汀看来,每一次言语行为都具有明确的目的和方式,并由于此而称之为“言语行为”。

形成言语行为的三个层次如下:第一层次为“语言形式”,也就是人们使用的单词、语句、句法结构等方面的语言。

第二层次为“言外之意”,在这个层次中,对语言的运用可以产生隐含的意义。

例如,人们会利用语言的音调,语气,语言组织形式等要素清楚地表达他们的情感,甚至不用说出来。

第三层次是“言语行为”,作者认为语言的这个层次是由某个目标或意图来驱动的。

换句话说,人们说话可能不是简单地在表达直接意义的话语,而是通过这些话语来創造相应的效果,并达到他们的目标。

奥斯汀的言语行为理论强调了言语行为的说话者与受话者之间的互动和合作,并揭示了言语行为在我们日常生活中的重要性。

以下是5个例子,来解释奥斯汀言语行为的三个层次。

例子1:一个人说:“我房间里正堆着衣服,如此整洁的事情我还是第一次见。

”语言形式:这个句子的字面含义就是所说的事实。

言外之意:说话者的语气表明了他是在讽刺自己,这个句子的隐含意义是,他房间很乱,但是他意识到这一点,所以他是带着幽默的口吻说这个句子,表明他的自我认知。

言语行为:该人的言语行为旨在表达他的自我认知,并希望与听众建立共鸣。

另一个可能的目标就是引起听众的注意,让他们共同分享这个人的幽默。

例子2:一个人对他的同事说:“我觉得我们应该更加努力工作。

”语言形式:这句话是字面意义,是表示这个人的想法。

言外之意:它可能含有这样的隐含意义,即这个人认为自己比同事更努力或者他感到工作不够高效。

试论言语行为理论与翻译教学

试论言语行为理论与翻译教学

试论言语行为理论与翻译教学【论文摘要】言语行为理论是语用学研究中的重要领域。

本文从言语行为理论出发,讨论了该理论对外语教学的启示,发现其对翻译教学有重要的指导意义。

该理论框架运用于外语教学,将会产生重要的影响。

【论文关键词】言语行为间接言语行为翻译教学一、引言言语行为理论作为当今语用学研究的核心内容之一,它告诉我们人们使用语言不仅仅是为了指称世界,更重要的是用语言做事情,也就是说,人们在用语言进行交际的时候是在以言行事。

回顾近几十年来国内外对言语行为的研究,可谓多视角,多层面,取得了重大的进展。

国际上,近几十年来不少专家、学者在关注言语行为的讨论和研究。

自austin 之后最为关注言语行为理论并取得重大进展的首推j.r.searle。

70年代的ross(1970)注意到言语行为句中的简单陈述句和显性施为句有着共同的句法特性,并加以讨论。

80年代对言语行为理论中言语行为类型中的施为动词作调查分析并取得重大进展的是澳大利亚的语言学家wierzbicka(1987),她调查了约250个英语言语行为动词并加以分类,进而从语义场结构方面进行分析,试图找到这些言语行为动词语义结构模式。

90年代以来国际语言学家更多地关注语势、实际意图、言语行为目的、言语行为具体类别、间接言语行为等方面的讨论以及交叉学科如与认知、语义等方面的综合研究和两种语言的比较研究。

与此同时,国内的语言学专家、学者也在不断地关注并加以讨论和研究言语行为理论。

主要从言语行为的基本理论进行诠释或评论;从交际意图角度对言语行为进行讨论;从两种以上语言文化的对比方面进行言语行为具体类别研究;从语篇分析方面讨论;结合认知理论和语义、语用学来讨论言语行为。

同时开辟了多条未来言语行为发展的道路。

如:认知分析的方向;多学科交叉研究的方向;以动词为研究中心的方向;结构描写转向结构解释;单语研究转向双语或多语综合比较研究。

本文将侧重言语行为理论在外语教学中的运用,因为该理论与外语教学中对外语学习者的翻译技能的培养有重要的指导意义。

试论通过言语行为理论透析奥斯汀和塞尔的语言哲学观

试论通过言语行为理论透析奥斯汀和塞尔的语言哲学观

试论通过言语行为理论透析奥斯汀和塞尔的语言哲学观〔论文关键词」言语行为理论间接言语行为理论语言哲学〔论文摘要」20世纪初,西方传统哲学发生了一次根本性的“语言转向”,语言取代认识论成为哲学研究的中心课题。

1962年英国哲学家奥斯汀提出了“言语行为理论”这一概念,此后,美国哲学家塞尔提出了着名的“间接言语行为理论”,修正和完善了奥斯汀的言语行为理论,为我们在新时期全面理解语言的现象和本质提供了一个全新的视域。

言语行为理论(speech act theory)首先是由英国牛津大学的哲学家奥斯汀((j. l. austin)1962年在他的着名哲学着作《论如何以言行事》里提出来的。

言语行为理论的基本出发点是:人类语言交际的基本单位不应是词、句子或其他语言形式,而应是人们用词或句子所完成的行为(austin, 1962)。

奥斯汀把注意力集中在语言的使用上,把语言的使用视为一种行为,抓住了语言的动态特征,开拓了从行为的角度来研究语言的使用这条道路。

塞尔((j. r. searle)是奥斯汀的学生,他同意奥斯汀的观点,即语言交流的最小单位不是符号、词或句子,而是被完成了的某种言语行为。

不过,他对“言语行为本身夕,与“用以完成言语行为而说出的话语”这两个概念进行了区分,认为两者不是完全对等的关系,不能混为一谈。

塞尔系统地发展了奥斯汀的言语行为思想,阐述了言语行为的原则和分类标准,提出了间接言语行为理论这一特殊的言语行为类型。

奥斯汀和塞尔都是语言哲学家,他们对语言的研究都是在哲学轨道上进行的。

“言语行为理论”的提出改变了人们对语言本质的认识,为我们全面理解语言的现象和本质提供了一条新的思路口一、奥斯汀对言语行为理论的贡献言语行为理论认为,从根本意义上来说,话语是一种行为,它不仅包含“言有所述”,而且包含“言有所为”,甚至涉及“言后之果”(austin, 1962) o言语行为理论的创始人是英国的语言哲学家奥斯汀。

[浅析,言语,行为,其他论文文档]浅析用言语行为理论分析教师语言的语用功能

[浅析,言语,行为,其他论文文档]浅析用言语行为理论分析教师语言的语用功能

浅析用言语行为理论分析教师语言的语用功能【论文关键词】教师教学语言言语行为理论语用功能【论文摘要】:文章先借助语料库研究教师语言的形式和特征,再以言语行为等理论为,分析教师语言的语言形式和语用功能,然后提出其对教学的启示,帮助教师调节和规范自己的语言,使教学事半功倍,收到更好的效果。

一、引言所谓教师语言,是指教师职业的语言,是指教师在育人过程中所使用的语言的总称,包括教师所使用的口头语和书面语,课堂上语言和课堂下语言,以及在其他育人活动过程中使用的语言,可以说教师语言是指教师对学生实施素质整个过程中所使用的语言的总称。

正如Nunan(1991)所说的那样,在外语和第二语言习得过程中,教师话语对课堂教学的组织及学生的语言习得两者都至为关键,这不仅因为教学内容要通过完美的教师话语才能得到有效和达到理想的教学效果,还因为教师语言本身起着对目的语的使用的示范作用,是学生语言输人的一个重要途径。

而且,教师语言的功能是多方面的。

比如,除了Ntman所说的示范性功能外,教师还使用语言组织教学、实施教学、教学,从而激发师生互动,体现了教师语言的交际功能;作为教师语言一部分的教学语言,所负载的知识信息、信息以及其使用方式都对学生的思想观念、行为、品格形成具有巨大的影响,这里体现了教师语言的教育功能。

fz)因此,本文侧重研究教师语言中的教学语言,借助语料库揭示其形式特征与规律,再以言语行为理论分析其语用功能,希望可以帮助教师规范自己的语言行为,更好地服务外语教学。

二、关于教学语言的类型教师课堂上的教学语言是指教师在课堂上为组织和从事教学所使用的语言。

可以粗略地分为两大类:一类是跟教学内容直接相关的教学话语;另一类是跟教学内容无关,但起着组织与引导教学作用的英语课堂用语。

本文根据教学语言所起的功能与作用,再具体分为:课堂组织用语、讲授用语以及反馈用语三种。

课堂组织用语是教学语言中最基本的一类,因为无论课堂教学成功与否都必须有组织课堂活动的语言输人形式,如:问候、分小组、布置任务等,包括问候语和指令语。

关于浅论Austin言语行为理论与动态语境观

关于浅论Austin言语行为理论与动态语境观

关于浅论Austin言语行为理论与动态语境观论文关健词:言内行为言外行为言后行为语境推理论文摘要:语言的使用与理解离不开语境。

笔者认为语境是动态的,是由听话人大脑中的一系列假设构成的,听话人依据动态语境因素对所听到的话语进行推理,寻求话语字面意义所传达的言语行为,最终保证交际的成功。

文章试图探讨Austin言语行为理论对大学英语听力教学的指导意义。

一、Austin官语行为理论言语行为理论是语用学的核心理论之一,它所关注的问题是语言是怎样被用之以“行”,而不是用之以“指”的。

言语行为理论的创始人是英国哲学家J・Austin。

在此之前哲学界历来所持的一种假设是陈述之言(statement)的作用或是描述事物的状态,或是陈述某一事实,而陈述之言所作的描述或陈述要么是事实要么是谬论。

哲学家们历来所关心的也只限于陈述之言的可验证性(verifiability)以及如何规定一个真实的陈述之言所必须满足的条件。

Austin对哲学界语言研究中的这种传统的观点提出了怀疑。

他认为“许多陈叙之言只不过是伪陈伪叙(Pseudo-statement ),人们所说的许多话语貌似陈叙、但它们根本不以坦直地记叙或传递有关事实的信息为目的,或是仅是部分地以此为目的”。

Austin区分了两大类话语:言有所述( constative)和言有所为(performative)。

言有所述的话语或为真,或为假,是有可验证性(verifiability)的。

言有所为的话语是不能验证的,这些话语“大概不可能为真或为假。

此外,如果一个人作了这样一个表述,我们应该说他做了些什么,而不仅仅是说了些什么。

" Austin举了四个著名的例子来说明这类话语。

1) I do.(用于结婚仪式)2 ) I apologize to you,(用于过救)3 ) I name this ship Elizabeth,(用于拓的命名仪式)4 ) I bet you six pence it will rain tomorrow,(用于打赌)在特定的情况下“当我说出我的所做时,我实际上就完成了那个行为。

研究论文:言语行为理论在大学英语词汇教学中的应用与研究

研究论文:言语行为理论在大学英语词汇教学中的应用与研究

67423 学科教育论文言语行为理论在大学英语词汇教学中的应用与研究词汇是语言学习的基础,是影响理解和应用语言知识的最重要因素。

在大学英语教学中,词汇教学一直受到英语教师的特殊重视。

但是,传统的词汇教学只是将重点放在如何扩充学生的词汇量上,过于强调词汇的字面意思,而对英语本身的文化背景知识及其交际功能产生漏洞。

这种把单词脱离语境的强记会使学生逐渐对词汇的积累失去信心,甚至产生厌倦心理,从而增加了学生的英语学习难度和负担。

因此,如何在使学生掌握语言知识的同时真正培养并提高学生的交际能力成为大学英语词汇教学的重点和难点所在。

一、言语行为理论言语行为理论是语用学的三大核心理论之一,是英国哲学家及语言学家J. Austin于1962年提出的,是研究语言使用的第一个重要理论。

他认为语言除了用来传达信息或描述事物以外,还常用来履行一定的行为,即“说话就是做事”。

人类所有的话语都同时包含了三种行为:言中行为、言外行为和言后行为。

言中行为即有明确意义的句子的表达;言外行为即说话者的交际意图;言后行为即话语对听者所产生的效果。

以下句为例:There comes the bus. 言者对听者说出这句话时,其言中行为是说出“车来了”这句话;其言外行为是让听者上车或避让或其他;其言后行为是听者上车或避让或其他。

可见,无论一个人说出一个什么样的句子,他都是在完成以其交际意图为目的的言语行为。

因此,这一学说的提出有助于研究说话在社会领域的沟通功能及其具体的“意义”和“用法”。

美国哲学家J.R. Searle系统地发展了奥斯汀的言语行为学说,阐明了言语行为的分类和标准,提出了间接言语行为问题。

间接言语行为是一种以言行事(言外之力)通过另一种以言行事(字面之力)的表达方式间接地实现的。

间接言语行为理论所要解决的问题是,说话者如何通过以言指事来表达说话者的意图,以及听话人如何通过以言指事理解以言指事或者说话人的意图,即强调语境因素在交际中的重要性。

言语行为理论论文

言语行为理论论文

语用学中言语行为理论研究综述摘要:20世纪初,西方传统哲学开始向语言学转向,形成了语言哲学研究的热潮。

日常分析哲学家奥斯汀提出了言语行为说,他的学生同为哲学家的塞尔对该理论进行了修正和补充,并进一步提出了间接言语行为理论,引起了语言学界、哲学界的普遮关注.言语行为理论因此也得到了很好的应用与发展。

但在发展过程中,言语行为理论也暴露了其不足与缺陷.为了进一步完善言语行为理论,这些问题还亟待语言学家、哲学家共同解决。

一、引言很久以来,哲学家(或逻辑实证主义者)所持的一种假设是:陈述之言的作用或是描述事物的状态,或是陈述某一事实,两者必居其一,别无他用,而陈述之言所作的描述或陈述只能是真实或者是谬误。

哲学家历来关心的只限于陈述的可验证性,即如何验证某一陈述是真实的或是谬误的,以及如何规定某一个真实的陈述必须满足的条件等。

语言学家奥斯汀则认为有时没有必要也无从区分语句的“真"或“假”,因为有些句子一说出来就是一种行为,而行为只有适当不适当之分,没有真假之分。

由此他提出了言语行为理论。

奥斯汀的理论第一次在西方学术界把言外之意正式提上了议事日程,在学术界引起了较大的反应。

二、言语行为理论早在19世纪末20世纪初,瑞士语言学家索绪尔就把人类语言区分为“语言”和“言语"。

到20世纪50年代,美国语言学家乔姆斯基又进一步把人类语言区分为“语言能力”和“语言运用"。

二者的理论所涉及的内容虽然有所不同,但无论是索绪尔还是乔姆斯基实际上都认为人类的语言活动涉及语言的体系和语言的使用两个方面.但真正对语言使用进行认真研究并将其上升到理论高度、提出言语行为理论的是英国牛津大学教授约翰·兰索·奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论是语用学的重要理论之一。

他在1962年发表的How to Do Things With Words (《论言有所为》)被认为是言语行为理论的奠基著作和核论。

奥斯汀在探讨语言与行为之间的关系时,首先注意到这样一个事实:人说出话语不仅是提供信息,而且是完成许多其他行为。

言语行为理论 论文 第一稿

言语行为理论 论文 第一稿

IntroductionIn the 1950s, Austin, an English linguistic, put forward Speech act theory. His publication “How to Do Things with Words” gave a systematic elaboration. Speech act theory is can be seen as acts of speech, emphasizing theoretical context of talking and other pragmatic factors. In this theory, the function of speech is used to complete firstly. Acts of speech embodies the relationship and meanings between language and actual world, but also reflects a range of activities of the understanding. This kind of theory immediately arouse much attention and generated a lot of philosophical viewpoints, the biggest figure of the American philosopher is Purcell. He put forward indirect speech act theory. Searle summarized speech act as "the smallest unit of verbal communication”. If English teachers use speech act theory in daily English practice and study future which certainly has great significance for the future of English teaching, it will enable students to understand the language of expression accurately. Since the processes of language understanding of indicative meaning are two most important levels, semantic reasoning and pragmatic reasoning plays a role in varying degrees. It has shaken the dominance of structuralism in language teaching and has changed the traditional teaching theories and methods what’s more, this theory provide footstone to communicative methods based on speech act theory or language functions. The whole thesis includes three parts:literature review、application of speech act theory in middle school English teaching、enlightenmentChapter One Literature Review1.1Origin of Speech Act TheoryIn the 1950s, English language philosopher Austin proposed speech act theory, and his publication “How to Do Things with Words” gave a systematic elaboration. Speech act theory is can be seen as acts of speech, emphasizing the theoretical context of talking、the speaker's intentions and other pragmatic factors.(涂纪亮,1988:25) Speech act behavior not only embodies the relationship and meanings between language and actual world, but also reflects a range of activities of the understanding.(AUSTIN J L, 1962: 52) In fact, with regard to the origin of speech act theory and history of the development of Chinese culture, we will be more or less captures some of the initial figure from the history of Western philosophy. We present the development of the main line of the speech act theory and discuss their enormous contribution to linguistics, philosophy, sociology, computer science.In the China, the idea of “illocutionary" has been reflected for two thousand years, the " the Book of rites" record: "Yellow Emperor name the all thing to notice people and share total wealth," which facilitated the exchange and dissemination of culture, and how to use these names to people, to get people together Use these civilized wealth, so China's ancestors already know words to get Peace and Prosperity, and create regime. “The Book of rite" also wrote, "鼓天下之动者,存乎辞也", the main idea is the fact that words are driving force behind the truth, but they illustrate that an important role in people's speech and social life is already comprehend by knowledgeable leaders in the history of china . In addition, Confucius put the "name" idea on the moral high ground which appropriately reflects the Confucius thought about speech acts in reforming the system of feudal society that has played a major role in governing the country. "The Analects • Zi Lu chapter" recorded such dialogues: Zi Lu asked Confucius about governance affairs which things need to be advanced? Confucius answer "name", and so explained, if the "Name is not right, then the speech will not be in order, if the speech is not in order, then nothing will be achieved. If there is nothing accomplished, rite and music will be not fashion. If the rite and music will be not fashion, the criminal law will not work, if the criminal law will not work, the people will don’t know the criterion of the right thing. ( 孔子,2005) “Obviously Confucius gave a dialectical elaborate in this matte with words and deeds emphasizerectification of names is a priority for the government and is the only way to maintain the traditional Chinese social order. Xuncius said, "King rules names, so that all things has their own names which is easy to pick up .it also clearly illustrates the tremendous impetus of the language in the community as well as to maintain the rule of the system.(荀况,2009)The famous Italian philosopher Giovanni Battista Vico once formulate huge role of language in the process of human development in 17th century. In the "new science”, the sociological writings, Vico sharply said: the people who has mastered the initiative language grasp the fate of people.( 朱光潜译,1986) In the 20th century, the development direction of western philosophy studies has obvious linguistic turn, these linguists declared that philosophy is no longer abstract and speculative theory system, but is specific language analyzing activities. Since then the philosophy of language development will be along two routes, one is logical positivism represented by Russell, the Vienna Circle and early Wittgenstein; the other is ordinary language philosophy Schools represented by the later Wittgenstein and Austin, we should start with the late Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein was the first person to use language to think the system of the world, but he has changed a lot in the field of philosophy studies in different period. Early Wittgenstein strives to expand awareness of the world in a purely logical and conceptual point of view, in "tractatus logico-philosophicus" the reflections of the main verbal nature are summarized as image theory, and the basic idea is: the language correspond to the world correspondence. He has decidedly abandoned logic and cumbersome formulas in the late period and demonstrates seemingly no philosophical basis topic from a new perspective. In his "philosophische untersuchungen", he proposed the concept of language games that first language and foremost first, language with behavior: language and reality is difficult to distinguish from each other, a large area of them intertwined; the language is growing up, and will continue to grow and change. There was one sentence "worte sind auch tate"(WITTGENSTEINL, 1958:546), these words are translated into English: “Words are also deeds" Mr. .Li bulou gave the translation "words is the action", the latter indicates the behaviors, We can understand Wittgenstein's idea in this way that "word she speaking out is same as behaviors " which should be seen as the predecessor of the theory of speech act theory of Austin.From many philosophers of China to Italy philosopher Vico, and the later Waiters Tanta, so many theories and ideas provide us chance to see a huge role of human speech, in fact, whichalso contributed to the birth of speech act theory in the true sense.In 1957, Austin went to Harvard University to do lectures, and delivered the entire content in the title of "do things with words”. The purposes of those speak something is not only to speak to the people saying something; meanwhile words can implement a behavior.The basic starting point of the speech act theory: the basic unit of human language communication should not be the word, a sentence or any other form of language, but human words or sentences to complete behavior. Austin believes that in the traditional grammar of the sentences were divided into declarative according to their functions. It is not conducive people to understanding and use of language, because the same sentence in different contexts with different functions. He believes that a lot of words not only provide information, but complete or help accomplish many behaviors. He put forward this theory based on this.In the "to do things with words", at the begin Austin distinguishes between indicative and performative discourse. Indicative discourse refers to statement, describing the process or state of things; performative discourse has the function of action, saying it is a kind of behavior which can express promise, apologized, etc. For example: I visit her once a month it does not mean I'm going to visit her, but the fact that I went to visit her once a month .so it is a indicative discourse. However I advise him not to give up trying. This sentence is not to advise or state something but perform this behavior in the process of speaking, so it is the performative discourse. There is a big difference in natures; indicative discourse descripts the process and state of an event, so there is genuine distinction between the real and fake. Performative discourse is used to implement some kind of action, speaking itself refers to doing something, and therefore no distinction between true and false, but there is distinction between the appropriate or not. Austin distinguished performative discourse into two categories, the dominant performative discourse for the sentence that he said originally applied for the sentence (main features of the sentences : first person, present tense, dummy verb), for example, "I order you to close the door". Invisible performative discourse for the sentence refers to many other kinds of statements which do not have these features, for example "please close the door". Most of this type of sentence can add features and changes into the dominant ones, such as "(I order you to) close the door".Based on this kind of theory, Austin divided speech act theory into locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act, which is also known as tripartite model speech act.Locutionary acts refers to everything within behavior with meaningful words spoken with voice; illocutionary acts refers to the intention, such as debt, description, order, apology explanation, blessing and thanks; perlocutionary acts involving speaker In the hearer who have achieved, such as: to make happy, excited, angry, fear, convinced, so as to encourage each other to do something or to abandon the original plan. Each discourse is to complete three acts. For example, A said to B "close the door", which is locutionary act; A intends to make B close the door, which is illocutionary act; after listening then B shut the door to reach the effect of the talk, which is perlocutionary acts.Later, Austin divided speech act: 1) vindictive, as estimate, declaring; 2) representation, as described, certainly; 3) commitment, as promise; 4) action, as thanks welcome; 5) performance classes, such as order prohibit. The illocutionary act theory was distinguished into a new five categories: 1) assert and explain: this kind of act indicate that speaker's position on something and make a genuine judgment. It fits the speaker's words with objective facts; the speaker's mental state is convinced. 2) Instruction: this kind of acts express that speaker directs the hearer to do something in various degrees. The intention of speakers change fact in the words Its objective is to get fit in the direction of real change, to use the words of the hearer; speaker psychological need hopes and needs, the content of discourse always makes the hearer about to make some kind of behaviors. 3) Commitment: These kinds of acts mean that speakers make different levels of commitment. It fit the conditions that reality is to make changes to accommodate the speaker with some certain intention; propositional content of the speaker's words is about to make a move. 4) Expression: kinds of acts refers to the psychological state at the same time expressing the proposition .there is no required ; because the speaker in the expression of such conduct is neither trying to change the objective facts to suit the speaker's words, not wanting to speak with objective facts. However, the premise of the implementation of the act is to speak the truth of the proposition. 5) Declares: these kinds of act mean that the consistency between propositional expressed by the consistency and objective realities. It fits fact that gets fit in the direction of the speaker's words in line with reality, while letting discourse comfort to objective facts; it does not require a sincere condition. People talk about the things you can change the status and conditions of behavior by declaring class, so it is different from other illocutionary acts. However, such acts often need to consider declaring class language andexternal factors, namely the right conditions; we will consider his special status, power and other factors.1.2Further Study of Speech Act TheoryThe speech act theory arouses much attention and generated a lot of philosophical viewpoints immediately, and the important figure of the American philosopher is Purcell. He created indirect speech act theory. Searle summarized speech act as "the smallest unit of verbal communication". (李巧兰2004(4)) i.e. the smallest unit of human communication is the implementation of certain acts to do things by words.Purcell noted that in indirect speech acts through non-verbal language background knowledge and information, reasonable inference of hearer, the speaker actually uttered more information than what he spoke. For example, there was cold in the room and the door was open. You want other people to close the door, but due to be courtesy or other reasons, you do not want to directly request or order, that is, the directly use Imperatives "close the door" to express the idea, so you use the implicit argument 'it’s cold. “Such behavior declarative sentence statement of the so-called "indirect speech acts."(戴炜栋,1995) As long as you observe the words of speaker using, we can find language has indirectness.Based on Austin's speech act theory, the John R Searle proposed indirect speech act theory in 1975 that is an implication of the implementation of indirect speech acts indirectly by implementing another to achieve. Later linguists from different point of views to describe, such as cooperative principle, politeness principles. Based on previous researches, using linguistic adaptation theory proposed by Weisuoluner elaborates the following aspects .the selection of indirect speech act is to adapt the language of reality; the selection of indirect speech act is to conform to social conventions; the selection of indirect speech act is to comply with the psychological motivation.Indirectness of language can also be explained by inconsistent between meaning of a sentence and his utterance meaning. For example, literal meaning and utterance meaning of A and B saying inconsistent: A: Do you know the meaning of the word B: Do not you have a dictionary from a literal meaning, A means that you know the meaning of this word which indicative please telling me what the meaning of the words. B said that I do not tell you, you look up the dictionary! Only using utterance meaning, A and B could understand each other, andwhat they said could constitute a coherent conversation period. (何兆熊,1995(5):220~221) Indirect Speech Acts is very common in verbal communication, declarative sentences are not declarative, imperative sentences is not imperative sentences, interrogative sentence is not the question. Sometimes, the speaker says a word, to express the literal sense, but at the same time the expression more than the literal sense, that is, the discourse is not exactly the same meaning with the statement itself. For instance "can you give the book?"( 赵留美,2002) from the literal meaning, it asks whether the hearer have this capability, but the implication is often request. This request is sent out by asking, but wants to express request. As for how to understand, non-conventional indirect speech act, like "it is cold in here", which is more complicated .The speaker may really state a fact, it also possible to ask them to close the door or window, or open the electric heating. In such cases, the hearer based on common context knowledge or pragmatic inference, and so onPurcell thought that in indirect speech act, the hearer need to know indirect intentions of speaker, pragmatic knowledge, relevant contextual factors and then he will speculate that implication, and make the right choices. In listening teaching, teachers should guide students to understand illocutionary through context. The so-called context, it means context which the language used. Context can be divided into three categories background context, situational context and Co-text.Chapter Two Application of Speech Act Theory in Middle SchoolEnglish Teaching3.1 The Application of Illocutionary in Listening Teaching.Actually listening need students to understand the listening materials which are often spoken English materials without too many difficult words and complex grammar, but the reappearance of oral communication fully reflects the characteristics of the English language. The following we will analysis the listening materials reflects speech act theory with hoping to offer help for English Listening Teaching.Mary: Do you like my red dress?Tom: your hat looks very beautiful.In this conversation, Tom seems not to be the answer to the question, but after analyzing the material we found that Tom actually does not like the new dress of Mary, but in order to show more courtesy, he did not directly answer questions, but to praise her hat, so neither Mary hurt her self-esteem also showed his virtue.(杨迎华,2005(3))A: how do you think the basketball in the supermarket?B: if I had lots of money, I would buy it.In fact, this dialogue is to do things with words. In these conversations, the students will fully understood the materials only through understanding the original illocutionary force implied by these words. So, in the usual listening teaching, teachers need to try multimedia teaching methods, such as English TV shows, movies, songs, cartoons, etc., through a more intuitive and vivid way, students learn thinking and lifestyle of people in English country and enhance the cultural awareness and provide adequate knowledge for listening comprehension, so that students have a great interest in listening.The inspiration for listening teaching (1) Emphasize the accumulation of words and phrases.. Traditional courses simply focus on vocabulary expansion and ignore quality of class. Expanding Students vocabulary should starting from listening materials, pay attention to multilingual forms of expression, often used informal expression, slang, proverbs to develop their language through a lot of repeat. At the same time also pay attention to the accumulation of memory pronunciation habits, to avoid embarrassing situation "knowing from without knowing sound ".(丁丽兰,2004)(2) Strengthen the contextual awareness and logical reasoning skills. Role of Context Awareness and reasoning skills in English listening comprehension of dialogue is extremely prominent. Teachers should develop students context awareness which guess the scene involved conservation and present dialogue, so that make a text into a motion picture, the overall benefit to grasp the contents of the conversation. When picking out the listening materials ,teacher need to pay attention to the diversity and appropriateness of content and text materials to understand the content according to different materials. For example, when dealing with the news materials, through the usual accumulation, students pay particular attention to the subconscious news blurbs and summary of the whole news, according to news features in accordance with the "inverted pyramid" understanding the details, while dealing with articles and interviews we need to distinguish hearers and all points of views (3) strengthen non-language distinguish information capabilities. In the daily teaching process, students focus only on literal meaning but ignore verbal behavior factors playing a major impact, such as tone, intonation, and other tenses and sentence in our teaching English practice, many students can’t use tone and emphasis very well, resulting in biased language understanding and communication barriers. In addition, high school students is usually only pay attention to meaning rather than on some form of keywords, and are not sensitive to the verb words.as a result, students can’t form a correct context that is the difference between the least bit lost in a thousand miles. Therefore, in the usual listening training, teachers should encourage students to contact a natural language, strengthen the listening material in tone, intonation, sentence and tenses targeted training and analysis, is non-verbal language students have better information Discrimination ability. (4) Stressed the importance of background knowledge. In cross-cultural communication, understanding deviations occur due to cultural differences lead time. For example, many students hear the "7-year-old student about to enter the junior school to learn," the content, because inconsistent with their existing knowledge, has been reluctant to answer. If they have considerable background knowledge to understand the British education system, we do not doubt his answer.Listening teaching is a necessary part of foreign language teaching, teachers should make full use of linguistic and pragmatic theory of effective contact teaching situation, open my mind to the student, the student's guide learning and contact.3.2 The Application of Speech Act Theory in Translation ClassWhen teaching English translation, teachers not only translate the meaning of the words expressed directly, but also on the behavior of the implication and indirect speech translation and discourse analysis. China's famous educators and scientists translate Yan pointed out that the principle of translation is a letter, and Elegance. Up, that is, the translation process cannot be limited to the original meaning. Yak means it is in the process of translation to be careful wording, choose decent words to express meaning. In this basic principle, the letter is the most important basic, so described, in the translation of an article, first of all we have to do is to be able to clearly and accurately express the meaning of the article translated, but will appear in the article Many implication and indirect speech, such as the Anglo-American people in accepting praise, will say: thank you. And this happens when the Chinese people will be relatively modest. Another example will meet Chinese people say, "You eat it." "Where do I?" In fact, this is a courtesy, it is not necessary in the translated word for word translation, and in that case it will cause embarrassment. For example:A: I have an eight-year-old daughter.B: well that is all right.A: I also have a dog.B: oh, I am sorry.Without specific context, the reader will have difficulty to understand the meaning of this dialogue. But the reader understand that this is a landlord and a tenant of dialogue, the meaning of this group of dialogue is very clear: A tenant would like to rent an apartment, he told the landlord B they have a 14 year old child, the landlord said he did not mind When A dog told the landlord that he still is not willing to accept the landlord of visitors.( 束定芳,2001) This passage shows that the psychological process of change in the landlord, leaving the specific context is not feasible. This requires teachers teach students knowledge of the language, while constantly widening knowledge to help students understand English the country's political economy, other background knowledge in order to better and more accurate translation of the article.Chapter Three Enlightenment3.1 Problems of Middle School English TeachingBy reading the literature and my own personal experience, I have found several negative factors that affect student learning:1. The students aren’t interest in learning English very much, resulting in poor learning attitude and enthusiasm.2. Self-learning ability is not very good, and very few students spare time to learn English, teacher assignments to be completed not serious, even wrong thing.3. The lack of confidence in English learning, passive candidate.4. The student have low acceptance on what English teacher told. It is thought that English Teaching lack of clarity of purpose and relevance of teaching content, boring teaching content, single teaching method, and teaching level is not ideal, and so on.So we have to effectively improve hobbies and mental state of students to sort prestige in the minds of students. The main focus on the content of classroom teaching may focus on the teaching content .if we want make content attractive, we must reform the current teaching content to make it more specific and reflect the clear purpose and targeted. Meanwhile, teachers need to help students learn to straighten mentality to them realize that the major power of studying is themselves. The more powerful learning motivation will produce high impact learning and lead to better learning results. Finally, emotional education cannot be ignored, the main task of the teacher is to teach students to learn knowledge, but also consciousness and observation, communication, helping students to overcome low self-esteem. In the classroom, we need to the students expressed our full respect to students.Facing many problems of English teaching in high school, as English teachers, we need to constantly renew and bring about new teaching methods. (1) Integrating different teaching methods. Many scholars and teachers in the actual teaching, use eclecticism, at the same time we can apply a variety of teaching methods in order to make full use of the advantages of a variety of teaching methods which results in good outcome. Qi Fengmei integrated grammar translation method and communicative language teaching method , she also take a modern multimedia teaching methods to develop students listening, speaking, reading and writing skills.(2)Combining traditional teaching methods and multimedia technologies. Traditional teaching methods need to constantly adjust and make full use of multimedia technology. Development of multimedia technology also makes it possible to carry out situational teaching to stimulate student interest in learning and actively participate in teaching activities practice their foreign language application and communication. In addition, the development of network technology, also allows students to get a lot of foreign language data through the network.3.2 Significance of Speech Act TheoryIf the students want to understand the meaning of discourse, they don’t need general knowledge, but also the practical knowledge, how to teach and develop the knowledge and ability of English teaching is really lacking. If English teachers use speech act theory to in daily English practice and study future which certainly has great significance for the future of English teaching, it will enable students to understand the language of expression accurately. Since the processes of language understanding of indicative meaning are two most important levels, semantic reasoning and pragmatic reasoning plays a role in varying degrees. It has shaken the dominance of structuralism in language teaching and has changed the traditional teaching theories and methods what’s more, the speech act theory provides a theoretical basis to communicative methods based on speech act theory or language functions.ConclusionThe basic unit of human language communication should not be the word, a sentence or any other form of language, but human words or sentences to complete behavior. Austin believes that in the traditional grammar of the sentences were divided into declarative according to their functions, etc. it is not conducive people to understanding and use of language, because the same sentence in different contexts with different functions. He believes that a lot of words not only provide information, but complete or help accomplish many behaviors. Facing many problems of teaching high school English about speech act theory, we should constantly update and create new teaching methods. when student in understand the meaning of discourse, they don’t need general knowledge of the language, but also the practical knowledge, and other pragmatic principles, teachers need to improve the methods of teaching and develop the ability of English teaching。

言语行为理论

言语行为理论

言语行为理论言语行为的应用语言作为一种行为存在于我们的日常交际中,被人们广泛的使用,对言语行为的关注有助于提高我们语言使用的语用意识。

在此,我对“请求”、“拒绝”和“撒谎”的言语行为进行一个讨论。

2.1“请求”言语行为“请求”是一种使役性的言语行为,它的使用涉及到面子的威胁也就是礼貌及其程度问题。

因此,人们在运用表示请求的言语时为了顾全面子,通常都不会直截了当的发出请求,而是借助一定的辅助性话语和间接性话语,以降低请求所产生的使役性,或减少该行为所带来的负面效应。

例如:(1) 嗨,小张,我的自行车坏了,可不可以借用一下你的?我明天一定还你。

例(1)是一个请求借用自行车的言语行为,在我们日常生活中此类的话语随处可见。

例(1)这一长串话语所表达的中心就是“借一下你的自行车”这一中心行为,其他部分都是服务于该中心的附加性话语,其中“嗨,小张”是一种称呼语,用于打招呼,表示友好,引起对方注意;“我的自行车坏了”是一个信息的陈述,是提供请求原因的辅助性话语,为之后所实施的请求的言语行为创造条件;“可不可以…?”是人们实施请求行为时采用的委婉形式,有助于降低请求产生的驱使性;“我明天一定还你”则是实施请求的后置辅助性话语,它可以推动促成该行为的顺利实施。

由此可见,言语行为在具体运用于请求时,根据语境添加大量的附加性话语请求功能的顺利完成。

2.2“拒绝”言语行为“拒绝”言语行为是针对对方的请求、邀请或建议之后,说话人做出的一种“不合作性”选择,有时候也就是我们汉语所指的“婉言谢绝”、“断然拒绝”、“一口回绝”等说法,拒绝言语行为广泛存在于言语交际,而且形式多种多样。

例如,(2)女儿:妈妈,我去逛街了母亲:不可以,写作业!(3)小王:小明,你把橡皮擦借我用下吧小明:上次你都不借我(4)甲:明天下午去打球吧!乙:我明天有课(5)甲:请问考试是在什么时间啊?乙:你上网查查就知道了(6)售货员:就买这件吧,挺合适的顾客:贵了点,看看别的吧从以上的例子可以看出,“拒绝”言语行为在具体应用时是各种各样的:例(2)是直接拒绝,(3)是批评性的婉拒;(4)是提供原因或借口的婉拒;(5)是提供建议的婉拒;(6)则是提供借口,再建议,表示婉拒。

剖析言语行为理论研究评析研究性论文

剖析言语行为理论研究评析研究性论文

剖析言语行为理论研究评析研究性论文剖析言语行为理论研究评析研究性论文关键词:言语行为理论间接言语行为分类摘要:言语行为理论由Austin在20世纪50年代提出,后由Searle继承发展并在此基础上又提出一套更加完整的言语行为理论。

此理论已成为哲学、语言学的重要研究内容,尤其是现代语用学的核心课题之一。

本文对两位学者就言语行为理论所作的研究进行了总结评析,并指出了其作用与不足。

一、Austin的言语行为理论(一)Austin言语行为理论的产生早在19世纪末、20世纪初,索绪尔就把人类语言分为“语言”和“言语”。

到上世纪s0年代,美国语言学家乔姆斯基又进一步把人类语言分为“语言能力”(compr(competence)和“语言运用’’(performance)。

但真正对语言使用进行认真研究并将其上升到理论高度、提出言语行为理论的是牛津大学哲学家Austin。

他于19ss 年在哈佛大学进行讲座时提出了关于言语理论的观点,此后于19s7年发表了著名的论作《论言有所为》。

书中不仅探讨了语言的使用问题,而且对“为何说话本身就是一种行为”这一观点进行了系统、具体的论述。

他提出:“语言不仅是描述客观世界的工具,而且是一种行为,即言语行为。

”(二)Austin言语行为理论研究成果在((论言有所为》书中,Austin明确地把话语分成叙事句(performatives)和指陈性的语句,即施为句(consta-lives)。

前者描述所做的事情,而后者是说事同时也在做事。

他指出叙事句的功能在于断言或陈述、报道事实,是有真假之分的句子,如:1amanEnglishteacher.说此话时,此人只是陈述了自己是英语教师这一事实。

施为句则不具有报道,描述或表述的功能,而是在说话的同时实施了某种行为。

Austin认为对施为句不能用“真假”衡量,而是用“适宜性条件”或“得适宜性条件”“诚实”或“不诚实”“真实”(authentic)或“不真实”(inauthentic)“使用得当”(in-yoked)或“使用不得当”(misinvoked)来衡量(张莉,2005)如:Ideclaretheceremonyopen.此外,两者的句法特征也有所不同。

言语行为理论关于言语行为研究的历史现状及启示论文

言语行为理论关于言语行为研究的历史现状及启示论文

言语行为理论关于言语行为研究的历史、现状及启示论文论文关键词:言语行为经典理论传统研究新方向论文摘要:言语行为是分析哲学思潮中日常语言学派的一个重要研究领域,强调以言行事。

本文首先扼要分析奥斯汀和塞尔的经典言语行为理论框架及研究特点,次之总结国内外言语行为研究的特点及弊端.最后阐述当前出现的研究新方向。

言语行为研究的历史和传统告诉人们这已经不再是新生的语用学领域.但是当前出现的新方向反映出言语行为研究仍然有较大的发展空间。

言语行为理论是语用学研究的重要部分,其基本观点是:说话即做事。

在它之前的实证哲学家认定,句子只能用于描述某种情况或陈述某项事实,因此只适用正确或错误的价值。

然而言语行为理论家却指出,话语具备在现实中行事的能力,施事句没有对错,只有做与不做、恰当与不恰当之分。

正是这种以言行事的主张使言语行为理论脱颖而出,并极大地推动了分析哲学的发展步伐。

英国哲学家奥斯汀(JohnL.Austin,191l1960)被公认为是言语行为理论的创始者。

在他之后,他的弟子们,尤其是美国哲学家塞尔(JohnR.Searle),则进一步丰富了他的主张并使言语行为理论系统化。

此后,国内外对各式言语行为都做出一定的研究,如请求、道歉、赞美、感激、婉拒邀请、抱怨、拒绝、建议、批评等,其中有单语种环境下的研究,也有跨语种、跨文化的比较分析。

这些研究往往与语用学关系紧密,尤其是语际语用学,其中直接为外语教学服务的就不在少数。

不过,言语行为研究并没有局限于语用学,相反地,它在其他领域也得到了应用和发展,如哲学、逻辑学、法学、文学、神学等等。

一、经典言语行为理论在经典之作《如何以言行事》一书中,奥斯汀刚开始将话语分为述谓句(constative)和施事句(performative):述谓句用于描述或陈述事实,具有真假值;施事句则是以言行事,没有真假值。

不过,奥斯汀很快认识到,述谓句也能以言行事。

于是,他摒弃述谓句和施事句的区分而将重心转至言外之力(illocutionaryforce),并抽象出三种行为,依次为说话行为(1ocution)、施事行为(illocution)和取效行为(perlocution),其中他关注的重点便是施事行为,尤其是显施事句的施事行为。

论奥斯汀的言语行为理论探究

论奥斯汀的言语行为理论探究

论奥斯汀的言语行为理论探究"论文摘要:概述奥斯汀的言语行为理论;讨论奥斯汀的言语行为三分说:以言表意行为,以言施事行为和以言取效行为;研究言语行为理论的哲学意义及其发展和影响。

言语行为理论的提出,无论对语言研究还是对应用语言学、社会语言学、语用学,以及语言习得研究都产生了重大影响。

论文关键词:奥斯汀;以言表意行为;以言施事行为;以言取效行为英国哲学家奥斯汀(JohnI_allshawAustin,19l1—1960)的言语行为理论是当代西方语言哲学中日常语言学派的一种理论。

奥斯汀是英国剑桥大学哲学教授,他认为语言学研究的对象不应是词和句子,而应该是通过词和句子所完成的行为。

语言理论实际上应该是行为理论的一部分。

1奥斯汀的言语行为理论概述奥斯汀首先提出语言使用问题并对之进行认真研究。

他认为,语言研究的对象不应该是词和句子,而是应该通过词和句子所完成的行为。

他在《HowtoDoThingswithds》一书中不仅首先探讨了语言使用问题,而且系统、具体地研究了其中的一个问题,那就是说话本身为何就是一种行为。

他的言语行为理论认为人们在以言行事,说出某句话便是做出某件事,说任何一句话时,人们同时要完成3种行为:以言表意行为(theloeufionaryact)、以言施事行为(theiUoeutionaryact)、以言取效行为(thepelfocutionaryact)。

奥斯汀认为,以言表意行为表达的是字面意思;以言施事行为表达的是说话人的意图,也称言外之力;以言取效行为指行为意图一旦被受话人所领会而对其产生的影响或效果。

关于以言施事行为和以言取效行为,奥斯汀提出了独到的见解。

他认为,言语行为是以言表意行为的有意义的单位,完成行为方式的话语是言语行为的主要形式。

奥斯汀认为,以言施事行为是约定俗成的,并且言外之力通常也是约定俗成的。

对于以言施事行为,说话者必须在遵守一定的惯例的前提下才能完成。

而言后行为依赖于语境,不一定通过话语本身就能取得,因此是不确定的。

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语用学中言语行为理论研究综述摘要:20世纪初,西方传统哲学开始向语言学转向,形成了语言哲学研究的热潮。

日常分析哲学家奥斯汀提出了言语行为说,他的学生同为哲学家的塞尔对该理论进行了修正和补充,并进一步提出了间接言语行为理论,引起了语言学界、哲学界的普遮关注。

言语行为理论因此也得到了很好的应用与发展。

但在发展过程中,言语行为理论也暴露了其不足与缺陷。

为了进一步完善言语行为理论,这些问题还亟待语言学家、哲学家共同解决。

一、引言很久以来,哲学家(或逻辑实证主义者)所持的一种假设是:陈述之言的作用或是描述事物的状态,或是陈述某一事实,两者必居其一,别无他用,而陈述之言所作的描述或陈述只能是真实或者是谬误。

哲学家历来关心的只限于陈述的可验证性,即如何验证某一陈述是真实的或是谬误的,以及如何规定某一个真实的陈述必须满足的条件等。

语言学家奥斯汀则认为有时没有必要也无从区分语句的“真”或“假”,因为有些句子一说出来就是一种行为,而行为只有适当不适当之分,没有真假之分。

由此他提出了言语行为理论。

奥斯汀的理论第一次在西方学术界把言外之意正式提上了议事日程,在学术界引起了较大的反应。

二、言语行为理论早在19世纪末20世纪初,瑞士语言学家索绪尔就把人类语言区分为“语言”和“言语”。

到20世纪50年代,美国语言学家乔姆斯基又进一步把人类语言区分为“语言能力”和“语言运用”。

二者的理论所涉及的内容虽然有所不同,但无论是索绪尔还是乔姆斯基实际上都认为人类的语言活动涉及语言的体系和语言的使用两个方面。

但真正对语言使用进行认真研究并将其上升到理论高度、提出言语行为理论的是英国牛津大学教授约翰·兰索·奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论是语用学的重要理论之一。

他在1962年发表的How to Do Things With Words (《论言有所为》)被认为是言语行为理论的奠基著作和核论。

奥斯汀在探讨语言与行为之间的关系时,首先注意到这样一个事实:人说出话语不仅是提供信息,而且是完成许多其他行为。

换言之,语言不仅是描述和陈述客观世界的工具,而且是一种行为,即言语行为。

奥斯汀针对实证主义的真值条件语义论提出了了著名的“言语行为三分说”。

他认为,一个人在说话时,在大多数情况下同时实施着三种言语行为,即以言指事或表述性言语行为、以言行事或施为性言语行为和以言成事或成事性言语行为。

继奥斯汀之后,其弟子—美国著名哲学家塞尔在继承和批判他的日常语言哲学分析理论和方法的基础上,通过实施以言行事行为的必要和充分条件,发展了言语行为理论,将言语行为系统化、严格化,提出了间接言语行为理论。

言语行为理论认为语言是传达信息的手段,人们是在以言行事,一切语言交流都包括言语行为。

语言是人类交际的手段,但人类交际的基本单位不仅仅是符号、词、句子或者这些符号、词、句子的标型,而是完成一定的行为,比如:陈述、请求、命令、提问、道歉、祝贺等。

不同的行为可以通过同一种言语来表达,同一行为也可以通过不同的言语得以实现。

言语行为理论强调说话人所表达的是话语的意思而不是语言本身的意思;对于一种结构的研究往往是对意义、语言的使用以及言外之意功能的预设。

三、言语行为理论的不足之处奥斯汀认为施事行为是规约行为。

但事实上,自然语境中的施事行为与仪式、典礼这种高度程式化的语境中的施事行为绝然不同,而且规约性更小。

现实生活中只有小部分施事行为是规约性的,他关于施事行为是规约性的观点具有片面性。

奥斯汀对施事行为的分类缺乏统一的标准。

奥斯汀把对施事行为的分类等同于对施事动词的分类。

他只是假定这两者之间有着一一对应的关系,而并不是客观事实。

如“announce"(公布)是一个施事动词,但不代表一种施事行为,只表明做某一施事行为的方式。

而且分类的各个类内部内容庞杂混乱。

如表态行为类就包括了感谢、道歉、赞扬、祝贺、怜悯等等,纷繁混杂。

另外一点是奥斯汀犯了行为等于效果的概念谬误。

顾日国(1994)说要判断说者是否做了某一取效行为不能不考虑他的动机和意向,奥斯汀忽略了这一点。

他认为这种谬误的产生是因为奥斯汀用因果关系来解释效果的产生,把话语产生效果解释为因引起果。

据顾日国(1994),国外学者对塞尔的言语行为理论的评判主要集中在:言语行为的充分和必要条件与构成规则;行为、句子、句义、语力;言语行为与会话分析三个大的方面。

他认为,塞尔经常把句义决定行为的两层涵义即句义界定行为的性质和句义帮助听者确认说者所做的行为混为一谈。

另外话语实际语力与说者所用语力是有区别的,塞尔并未加以区分。

在言语行为的分类上,比利时语用学家维什伦(1999)认为,虽然塞尔对言语行为的分类进行了调整,但和奥斯汀一样,分类都是从心理状态、适配范围和施事目的三个方面做出的,而且相互涵盖,如果换一个角度分析言语行为,就会有不同的分类。

另外他还认为,言语行为理论中,言语行为在结构上局限于句子层,言语行为总是以话语成分而不是以完整的话语的形式出现,因此运用言语行为理论的概念来分析更复杂的结构时,就无能为力了。

梅伊认为,为了说明自己的理论,奥斯汀和塞尔总是使用与之相关的即具有某一特定言语行为的句子,随着语用语言学的发展,这种个案方法的缺陷就日益明显了。

梅伊还认为塞尔的言语行为分类标准还应该加上言语行为的语境条件和参照人(说话人与听话人)。

列文森认为尽管塞尔对言语行为的分类在奥斯汀的基础上有所改进,但仍然是令人失望的,因为塞尔的分类缺少原则基础,甚至不是系统地基于合适条件的,没有任何理由认为该分类是确切或穷尽的。

四、言语行为理论的应用与发展奥斯汀创立言语行为理论后,在塞尔的进一步研究与发展下,言语行为理论引起了哲学界和语言学界的普遍关注,言语行为成为了西方哲学、语言学,尤其是语用学的研究核心。

国内外许多学者都投人到了言语行为的本体研究及其应用研究中,言语行为理论因而也得到了很好的发展与应用。

针对奥斯汀和塞尔的研究,国外有学者就英语中的言词用法、意义、言语行为动词和言语行为情态词进行研究。

威尔日比卡(1987)对英语言语行为动词进行了语义研究,并推出了力作《英语言语行为动词:语义词典》,作者根据语义联系,将英语中270多个SAVs分类成37组并对其意义及用法作了较全面的分析和论述,拓展了言语行为理论。

格莱斯(1989)对意义(尤其是含义)进行了深人的剖析,他从区别自然意义与非自然意义人手,把阐释意义跟交际双方的意图、信念和目的联系起来,通过确定阐释意义的中心点,建立一个既能阐释自然意义,又能阐释非自然意义的、整一的理论框架,并对会话含义进行了细致的研究。

维索尔伦(1999)对言语行为动词的施为性作了详细的解释,区分出一般行为动词和具有施为作用的言语行为动词。

他认为,如果行为动词意义上既能满足将要实施的行为的“行为条件或特征”,又能满足目前用语言表述的这个行为的“描述条件或特征”,那这个动词就是一个施为动词。

但当行为动词在意义上满足或符合“行为条件或特征”,而不能满足或符合“描述条件或特征”,该行为动词就不能算作言语行为动词。

国内也有许多学者对言语行为理论从哲学、认知、语义等方面进行了深人的分析与探讨,如:何兆熊(1988)、段开诚(1988),顾曰国(1989,1994)、束定芳(1989)、张绍杰(1989)等等。

有些学者运用言语行为理论对汉语语言进行分析研究,讨论汉语施事行为的表示方法,涉及汉语句类与言语行为类别的关系和汉语显性施为句表达式的结构及其特点。

也有的学者讨论了汉语间接言语行为的分类,并对其间接语义和相应言语行为目的的推导进行探讨。

刘焕辉深人讨论了汉语言语行为问题,提出汉语的七种基本言语行为方式及言语行为实现的若干条件等等。

有些学者将言语行为理论应用于汉外对比等研究中。

塞尔在言语行为理论发展的后期,将言语行为的研究局限于人的大脑机制(即心智),忽视言语行为是一种人类的社会交往活动(即社会性)的特点,没有将两者有机的结合起来研究,导致言语行为理论的发展走进了胡同。

奥斯汀认为从施为式与叙事式的区分转向言语行为中的说话行为与施事行为的区分使他从特殊的言语行为理论转向了一般的言语行为理论。

,但塞尔对施事行为的研究也只是局限在对施事行为动词的孤立研究上。

然而除了如承诺、警告、命令等施事行为动词外,还有许多其它动词也可用在言语中使言语具有施事行为功能,一个动词在不同的语境中可有不同的功能,在同一语境中也可具有多种功能。

另外,即使没有动词的话语,也一样具有施事行为功能。

如“what!”可用来表示惊讶、警告等等。

因此话语具有言语行为功能或潜势,一旦在具体的语境中使用,这种言语行为潜势即得到实现。

“言即行”意味着所有话语均能做事,并非只有施事行为动词才能用来做事,间接言语行为等也证明了这一点。

我们认为在这方面,言语行为理论犯了一个明显的错误,即将言语行为中话语的功能等同于话语中施事行为动词的功能。

而事实上,言语行为中的话语完全可以没有所谓的施事行为动词。

而且奥斯汀的演讲名就叫(如何以言行事) (" How to Do Things with Words"),而不是《如何以施事动词来行事》就说明用来行事的并非只有施事行为动词,而是所有的词语。

连奥斯汀自己也说:“以前我们需要一张显性施为式动词表,但根据更为一般的言语行为理论,我们现在明白我们需要的是一张话语施事功能表。

”Leech说我们分析施事行为动词时,我们在处理语法问题,但当我们分析话语的施事功能时,我们处理的是语用问题。

但是奥斯汀和塞尔却错误地认为对施事行为动词的语义的详细分析可导向对施事功能的理解。

这是一种动词中心论的表现。

塞尔等人还没有真正将言语行为理论当作行为理论的一部分来研究,还没有将言语行为理论推进到言语行为的语用理论,还只是局限在言语行为的句法和语义理论,没有跳出真值条件语义理论的园囿。

如塞尔说语力的表示方法包括词序、重音、语调模式、标点、动词的语气及所谓的行为动词,同时他又说通常在实际言语情境中,语境会使话语的施事功能十分明确,不必要借用合适的显性施事功能标示词.这一切都表明言语行为的研究必须上升到语用行为的研究。

参考文献:[1]何自然.推理和关联[J].外语教学,1997,(4).[2]何自然.语用学概论[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,1998.[3]何自然,陈新仁.当代语言学[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005.[4]许国璋.论言有所为[J].语言学译丛,1979,(1).[5]刘宝山.英语的施为句[J].现代外语,1979,(4).[6]束定芳:《中国语用学研究论文精选》[M].上海外语教育出版社2001年版,第300~302页。

[7]孙淑芳:《言语行为理论中若干争议问题》[J].《中国俄语教学》1998年第1期,第9页。

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