欧洲文化入门-(-九-)
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks?And what was the chief difference between them?1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to monarchy and to servility.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter,Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus,and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2)There was one big difference.The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated.1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories,which were recorded later in the Old Testament,which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible.The Hebrews’major contribution to world civizalation wan Judasam.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity;⑵both originated in Palestine.1.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the RomanEmpire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance,a great manyGermanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England,France, Italy,and Germany in its place.These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions.The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion.Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.There was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds years.2.What were the cultural characteristics of the period from500to1000?Above all,the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position,foreign trade developed early in Italy.This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was anessential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late15th century,Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets,scholars, artists and sculptors.There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas,libraries and academies were founded.In the15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2.What are the main elements of humanism?How are these elementsreflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance? Humanist is the essence of Renaissance.Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body.This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism,and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy,from heaven to earth,from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy,senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,and Titian,etc.In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.DIVISION ONE1.战争双方:1200B.C Greece(希腊)and Troy(特洛伊)The5th centry B.C colsed with civil war between Athens(雅典)and Sparta in Greece(希腊).146B.C.the Romans conquered Greece。
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南一、课程基础:欧洲文化入门是全校外语类选修课程,本课程面向全校文理学生开设,是主要以提高学生的文化素养为主的课程。
二、适应对象:大学英语完成三级课程学习的本科学生。
三、教学目的:本课程教学目标为:了解欧洲文化的最基本知识,开阔视野,培养兴趣,促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时,激发学生学习英语的兴趣,从而提高语言能力,以达到充分体现素质教育,全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力,培养学生的综合文化素质,扩展国际视野。
四、内容提要:本课程的主要内容包括:希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。
由于学时所限,本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。
若学生对本门课感兴趣,想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课—欧洲文化入门(下)。
本课程以欧洲文化为语境,培养学生人文知识的底蕴,使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解,从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习。
五、自主学习授课模式:基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式是为了帮助学生达到大学英语应用提高阶段教学要求所设计的一种新型英语教学模式。
强调个性化教学与自主学习,以及教师可通过课堂进行辅导,传授知识和技能的特点,使学生可在教师的指导下,根据自己的特点、水平、时间,选择合适的学习内容,借助计算机的帮助,迅速提高自己的英语综合实用能力,达到最佳学习效果。
1、教学模式的构成图一、基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式2、基于计算机的英语学习过程大学外语应用提高教学阶段各门课程采用“以传统教学模式为主,以网络自主学习模式为辅”的教学模式。
如下图:图二、基于计算机的英语学习过程六、自主学习学习方法:依据建构主义学习理论,在教学中采用自主学习、讨论学习等教学方法,采用学生为主体进行自主学习和训练及教师为主导进行讲授相结合的教学方法。
(完整版)《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍
《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍《欧洲文化入门》是面向完成《大学英语》(1-4)学习的高年级学生的公共选修课之一,计划开设于第三学年第一学期,每周2课时,学程18周。
该课程以课堂讲授为主,涉及内容广泛,讲授内容包括对西方尤其是欧美的文化、宗教、哲学、历史、地理、人文、风俗、以及音乐、美术、文学、科技等各方面知识的介绍。
课程采用历史叙述法,系统介绍欧洲文化的基本知识,增强学生对欧洲文化的了解掌握,使学生把英美文化放在大的欧洲背景下,体验欧洲文化的一体以及多元性。
1. 学习目标:通过本课程的学习,学生可以了解欧洲文化的最基本知识,开阔视野,培养兴趣,促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时,激发学生学习英语的兴趣,从而提高语言能力,以达到充分体现素质教育,全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力,培养学生的综合文化素质,扩展国际视野的目的。
2. 教学语言和方式:英语和汉语;教师课堂讲授,多媒体展示,学生小组活动。
3. 对学生的要求:要求学生能够自觉训练使用英语去了解和表达,对欧洲文化有大体的了解。
广泛去接触欧洲文化,包括使用互联网,阅读相关书籍。
《欧洲文化入门》是一门兼具知识性与开放性的综合性课程。
教师通过网络教学平台、开放课程教学博客等,随着课程进展将复习练习、课外自学建议和学习材料等提供给选课学生。
4. 课程考核包括:1、出席率+小组活动与课堂报告20%;2、笔试60%(考题以问史实为主);3、项目化教学报告成绩(20%)。
5. 课程内容及课时分配:第一讲:古希腊文化;影片观摩(四课时);第二讲:古罗马;希腊、罗马文化比较与综述(四课时);第三讲:基督教的兴起;影片观摩(三课时);第四讲:《圣经》选读;欧洲的中世纪(三课时);第五讲:文艺复兴运动;文艺复兴时期的艺术(四课时);第六讲:宗教改革;十七世纪的欧洲(三课时);第七讲:启蒙运动、新古典时期;启蒙时代与古典时期的音乐(四课时);第八讲:浪漫主义;浪漫主义时期的文学与音乐(三课时);第九讲:现实主义;影片观摩(三课时);第十讲:二十世纪的欧洲与现代主义;现代美术作品观摩(三课时);6. 教材王佐良等《欧洲文化入门》,外语教学与研究出版社,1992。
欧洲文化入门TheRenaissance
16 century Italian Renaissance painting art interest on mature, and its representative painters are: Leonardo da Vinci ,Michelangelo and Raphael.
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The Renaissance was Western Europe in modern history a great spiritual revolution. It to western painting art and the whole art field, has great impact. The Renaissance is the banner of a profound thought liberation movement. It makes sure of people on real life value and status, respects for the feelings of person, the power of praise. Against religion to mental shackles and thought shackled. Advocate the scientific spirits, pursuing the truth and knowledge, against ignorance and false theological concepts.
欧洲文化入门
第二,三章Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德大王)(p102) Augustine of Hippo(p97)Bible (p52) influence (p86)Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》)(p105)Charlemagne( p101)Carolingian Renaissance(加洛林复兴)( p101) code of chivalry骑士制度(p94)Deuteronomy (p52)Exodus (p52)Experimental science(p103)Feudalism(封建主义)(p92)Genesis (Adam and Eve)(Noah’s Ark) (p52) Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟(P123)The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》))(P123)Gosepels four part of the New Testament(p77) Gothic(哥特式建筑)Hebrews (p51)Jesus (p73)Kinghthood(p94)Leviticus (p52)Lyric Poety(p13)Manor(p93)Monasticism (修道院制度)(p97)National Epics民族史诗(p105)Numbers (p52)Peter and Paul (P74)Pentateuch (p52)Pindar(ode on athletic game) (p13)Roger Bacon培根(103)占星术炼金术Romansque(p126)Sappho (p13)Lyric PoetrySong of Roland (《罗兰之歌》)(P111)St. Jerome(p97)St. Benedict(p97)St. Thomas Aquinas(p102)Ten Commandments (Peuteronomys) (p60)The Catholic Church(天主教)(the power and influence)(p98) The church in middle ages(p95)The Crucifixion(p83)The Crusades(十字军东征)(p99)the Middle agesThe Sermon on tjhe Mount(p79)第四章Albrecht Durer[p168]\\Amerigo V espucci[p180]Andreas V esalius(1514-1564)[p181]Aldus Manutius[p181]Bartholomeu dias[p180]Counter-Reformation(反宗教改革)(p149)Christopher Columbus哥伦布[p180]Calvinism(加尔文主义)(p147)(p151)Council of Trent特伦托会议(p149)Dante但丁[p182]Donatello(p137)(sculptor)Don Quixote 《堂吉诃德》(p162)El Greco埃尔。
欧洲文化入门总结
欧洲文化入门总结Introduction1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法) 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒,3只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。
欧洲文化入门名词解释题
欧洲文化入门名词解释题欧洲文化是一个广泛而丰富的主题,包含了许多名词和概念。
以下是一些常见的欧洲文化名词解释:1. 文艺复兴(Renaissance),指15世纪至17世纪期间在欧洲兴起的一场文化运动,标志着中世纪晚期的结束和现代时代的开始。
它在文学、艺术、科学和哲学等领域产生了重要影响。
2. 巴洛克(Baroque),巴洛克是17世纪至18世纪初期的一种艺术和建筑风格,以其复杂、夸张和华丽的特点而闻名。
它在欧洲各地留下了许多宏伟的教堂和宫殿。
3. 文艺复兴人文主义(Renaissance Humanism),文艺复兴时期的一种思想运动,强调人的价值和尊严,以人类中心主义为核心。
人文主义者关注人类的教育、人文科学和个人成就。
4. 启蒙运动(Enlightenment),18世纪欧洲的一场思想运动,强调理性、科学和个人自由。
启蒙运动的哲学家们反对封建主义和宗教教条,主张人民的权利和平等。
5. 文化多样性(Cultural Diversity),欧洲是一个多民族、多语言和多文化的大陆。
文化多样性指的是不同民族和文化群体之间的差异和共存。
欧洲的文化多样性是其独特之处。
6. 民主(Democracy),民主是一种政治制度,强调人民的参与和决策权。
欧洲有许多国家采用民主制度,并且民主原则被认为是现代欧洲社会的基石。
7. 宗教改革(Protestant Reformation),16世纪欧洲发生的一场宗教运动,由马丁·路德等人领导。
它对天主教教会的权威提出了质疑,并导致了新教派别的兴起。
8. 工业革命(Industrial Revolution),18世纪末至19世纪初期,在英国开始的一场经济和技术变革。
工业革命引发了工业化和城市化进程,对欧洲社会和经济产生了深远影响。
9. 现代主义(Modernism),20世纪初期的一种文化和艺术运动,强调创新、个人表达和对传统的反叛。
现代主义在绘画、音乐、文学和建筑等领域都有显著影响。
欧洲文化入门笔记
欧洲文化入门笔记(汉语版):第一章希腊罗马文化欧洲文化入门笔记(汉语版)《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂,琐碎,因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心,只要我们潜下心去,找出里面的规律和线索,这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法:一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史)二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐),以记忆每个时代的各要点为主,理解纵向的变迁为辅,后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
要研究欧洲发展的历史,我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。
一条是社会文化发展线索,那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索,即犹太教和基督教历史。
正如,想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。
下面我们将分章节进行综述。
在每章综述的最后,会有一两道重要的问答题分析。
每章还会附有一些练习题,希望大家好好做一做。
好,下面我们开始分章讲述。
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源,所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期,她形成于公元前800-500年,经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336年到公元前31年)。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年,希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有:1、公元前12世纪,随着特洛伊人的入侵,希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》)。
这里要注意的是,荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪,希腊世界开始有了全面改变,为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会,公元前594年,梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官,他的贡献在于,在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
欧洲文化入门笔记
1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer.5、They eve nts of Homer‘s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer‘s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。
In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒,3只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。
最新(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案讲课教案
最新(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案讲课教案欧洲文化入门课后习题答案:Division one: Greek culture and Roman culture希腊、罗马文化Ⅰ.Greek culture 希腊文化1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3.What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature?He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays dideach of them write?Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece. Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women5.Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides.Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?(1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought”had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the wor d “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens.(3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Some examples:(1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have them selves become classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’ s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Ⅱ. Roman culture 罗马文化1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chiefdifference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2.Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperorwith the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3.What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law?In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4.Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian”mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time?<1>Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. <2> Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.<3> No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5.Give th e example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6.Who was Lucretius? What did he do?(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.7.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the countries? In whatways is the book linked with the Greek past?(1)The book was Aeneid. (2)The story was about Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Ro me. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus in this way the book is linked with the Greek past.8.Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?Because Aeneas had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that he could fulfill his historic mission.9.What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.(1)The Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other withroads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.(2)Some examples:A.The Pantheon: the greatest the best preserved Roman temple built in 27B.C..B.Pont du Gard: it is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley insouthern France.10.Why are the wall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?Roman painting was strongly influenced by the art of Greece.And it also had pecularities of its own. Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, some wall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintings include stilllives, landscape paintings and figure paintings. Among them were Lady Musician and Young Girl, the Maiden Gathering Flowers and the Landscape.Division two: the Bible and Christianity基督教及其《圣经》1.What was the Hebrew’s major contrib ution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible. Thus the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributions to the world civilization.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?Judaism and Christianity are closely related: ⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christian ity; ⑵both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade route, which led to exchange ideas over wide areas.3.When did the great exodus take place?Around 1300 B.C., Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt, telling him that Yahweh wanted the pharaoh to end Hebrew slavery and let the Hebrew leave Egypt. With this began the Exodus, which lasted forty years.4.Who was Moses? What did he do for the Hebrews?Moses was a famous Hebrew leader. Around 1300 B.C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt for the Promised Land. This was called the Exodus which lasted forty years. When thewandering Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive form god message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments. He died shortly before the Hebrews arrived at their homeland.5.What are the Ten Commandments about?The Ten Commandment are a set of rules Moses commands all Israel to obey in the name of God: ⑴Yahweh is the only God al l Israel should worship;⑵ Do not carve and serve any idol to worship; ⑶Do not take the name of God in vain; ⑷Keep the Sabbath day and labor in the other six days; ⑸Honor and respect one’s parents; ⑹Do not kill; ⑺Do not commit adultery; ⑻Do not steal; ⑼Do not bear false witness against people; ⑽Do not desire one’s neighbor’s wife, nor his house, nor his field, nor his servants, nor his livestock, nor anything else.6.What writings make up the New Testament?The New Testament consists of 14 books. The four accounts, which were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers, are the first part of the New Testament and tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. Then come: the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement: the Epistles, or letters to the church groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the book of Revelation, a visionary accountof the final triumph of God’s purpose.7.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The early Christian were subject to persecutions by the Roman government. Jesus Christ was crucified by the Roman government. After Jesus died, his disciplines St. Peter and St. Paulsuffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A.D. Nero even burned Christians in his garden in 64 A.D. For 240 years after the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul, persecutions of Christians continued. The chief persecutions were under Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Valerian and Diocletian. Despite these persecutions, Christians continued to spread steadily over the Mediterranean region. It began to draw men and women from all classes and the attitude of the Roman government toward Christianity began to change. By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion. When ConstantineⅠ won the throne from his rivals, he believedthat God had helped him, and in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. Under Constantine Christianity made great contribution of the empire. The emperors who followed ConstantineⅠcontinued pro-Christian policies. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression toa weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.8.How did Christian monks help Western civilization survive?The Christian monks helped western civilization survive in many ways: ⑴The Christian monksspread Christianity to the Mediterranean region and some of them even suffered martyrdom;⑵Some monks translated the Old Testament into Greek and St. Jerome translated the wholeBible into Latin. Later some such as John Wycliffe and William Tyndale translat ed the Bible into the vernacular; ⑶In the MiddleAges, people in Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. Of these three classes, the only literate section was the clergy. The Christian monks did a lot to help preserve and transmit a large part of the traditional heritage of the western culture. They not only translated the Bible into Latin or the Vernacular but also copied or translated the ancient works into the vernacular, such as the monks in these monasteries set up by Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.9.Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anythingelse ever written?Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture. The Bible which is virtually related to every phase of human life greatly influences people’s daily life, especially in the Middle Ages when almost everyone was a Christian; The Bible has great impact upon western literature. For a long period of time, the Latin Bible was accepted as the authority and Latin was official language of the Roman Catholic Church, so most Europe literature at that time was in Latin. Besides it is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. Furthermore, the use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition. In fact few great English and American writers of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficientknowledge of the Bible; The study of the Christian teaching especially the Bible has become an important branch of knowledge—scholasticism which has been prevalent for centuries; The Bible has also influenced western philosophies and science. Thus the Bible has shaped western culture moredecisively than anything else ever written.中小学校岗位安全职责加强中小学生安全教育和管理工作,牢固树立“安全第一”思想是根本,明确并强化职责是核心,健全并落实制度是保证,狠抓措施落实是关键。
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题:1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________.27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释:1. Pax Romana答:In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答:1)Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens.2)Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题:1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答:There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Iri shman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答:1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答:1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题:1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story abo ut God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells abouta religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题:1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答:Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1)One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2)The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答:1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated fromthe Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version,first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答:1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题:1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern OrthodoxChurch.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors werefounded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic statereaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题:1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith?答:1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答:1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in re newing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答:1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. Hismain work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答:1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答:1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating anc ient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题:1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or TheAnglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves intranslating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题:1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答:The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig:Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to paya good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答:1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题:1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. T omas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. BourgeoisieRevolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释:1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? 答:1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics,owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There wasa prof ound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century?答:During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes inman’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答:1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a generalconclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答:For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power orgovernment backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution?1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.。
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门:
《欧洲文化入门》是一本为中国大学英语系学生编写的教科书,由外语教学与研究出版社出版。
书中介绍了英语中来自欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故﹑名言﹑成语﹑人名﹑地名等等,并按时间顺序对欧洲从古至今的历史进行了具体扼要的讲述。
相关概要:
《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书,为了教学需要而编写的。
学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中,往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。
英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作,希伯莱的圣经,文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。
如果对这些所知无多,读书未必全懂,对谈也难顺利。
而一旦对这些有了较多知识,则不仅了解程度会提高,而且由于通过文化来学习语言,语言也会学得更好
课程目的:
为学习英语的学生而设,因此用英语讲授,提到的地名,人名,书名,事件的名称等等也按英语惯例拼写,例如用Aristotle而不是Aristote(法)或Aristoteles(德)。
欧洲文化入门_名词解释
欧洲文化入门名词解释1.P ax Romana 罗马帝国统治下的和平In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time,which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana2.T he New Testament 新约The Bible was divided into two sections:the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”,the agreement between God and Man.3.Pentateuch 摩西五经The Old Testament consists of 39 books,the oldest and most important of which are the first five books,called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books:Genesis (创世记),Exodus (出埃及记),Leviticus(教义记),Numbers (逃亡记),Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。
4.Genesis 起源Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch,it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people,including the origin of the world and of man,the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5.The Historical Books 史书was divided into seven sections:①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.6.the Middle ages 中世纪In European history,the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来),from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages,between ancient times and modern times.7. Feudalism 封建主义Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。
欧洲文化入门试题及答案
欧洲文化入门试题及答案work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR(0174)《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1. Two major elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon10. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11. It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras12.Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C..Rome B. Augustus C. The Roman Empire D. Pax Romana13. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero14. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis15. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 169B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B.C.16. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1611.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wyc liff’s versionD. Authorized version17. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version18. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament19. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.A. the 13th and 15th centuriesB. the 14th and mid-17th centuryC. the 15th and 16th centuriesD. the 14th and 16th centuries25. ____ is the essence of the Renaissance.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureAttempts to get rid of conservatismThe flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectureHumanism26. Fracesco Petrarch, the author of ____, is known as Father of Humanism.A. the DecameronB.CanzoniersC. DavidD. Sleeping Venus27. After Reformation, _____ came into being.A. ChristianityB. CalvinismC. LutheranismD. Protestantism28. Which was NOT true about Durer?A, The leader of the Renaissance in Germany B, A master of woodcutC, Never being to Italy D, A follower of Martin Luther29. Father of modern astronomy is ____.A. Da VinciB. Amerigo VespucciC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. Marchiavelli30. Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of _____.A. FabricaB. PrinceC. the Divine ComedyD. Lives of the Artists31. _____’s theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.A. Galileo GalileiB. Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizC. Sir Isaac NewtonD. Johannes Kepler32. In the first _____ , Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.A. the Advancement of LearningB. the New AtlantisC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Treatise of Civil Government33. Thomas Hobbes’s _____ is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.A. LeviathanB. the Advancement of LearningC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Treatise of Civil Government34. The theme of _____ is the fall of men.A. New MethodB. Treatise of Civil GovernmentC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Paradise Lost35. _____ was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.A. CorneilleB. RacineC. MolièreD. Descartes36. Which of the following artists helped to gring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?A. RubensB. BerniniC. BorrominiD. Caravaggio37. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S.constitution ______A. John LockeB. RousseauC. VoltaireD. Montesquieu38. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin______A. Philosophical ThoughtsB. Rameau’s NephewC. Elements of PhysiologyD. Encyclopedie39. _____ , novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.A. Walter ScottB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel JohnsonD. Samuel Richardson40. Which of the Lessi ng’s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German drama _____A. Minna Von BarnhelmB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgieD. Nathan the Wise41. In _____ , Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.A. the Sorrow of Young WertherB. FaustC. Wilhelm Meister’s TravelsD. Poetry and Truth42. Among Schiller’s works, _____ was a play best known to the Chinese audience.A. The RobbersB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. Wilhelm Tell43. Kant’s years of his philosophical studies are crystalized in three difficult books; among them ,_____ was the most important single book by any modern pholosopher.General History of Nature and Theory of the HeavensCritique of Practical ReasonC. Critiquue of JudgementD. Critique of Pure Reason44. It has been said that “ the world had waited centuries for _____ and he was only to rem ain here a moment”.A. BeethovenB. HaydnC. MozartD. Bach45. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel ______.A. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Walter Scott46. In 1798, _______, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Lyrical BalladsC. Isles of GreeceD. Ode to the West Wind47. Which of the f ollowing Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage _____A. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding48. ______ stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, ______ is generally recognized as his masterpiece.A. Lermontov, A Hero of Our TimeB. Pushkin, Luslan and LiudmilaC. Pushkin, Boris GodunovD. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin49. The publication of Mickiewicz’s _____ is uaually taken as the beginni ng of Romanticism in Polish literature.A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RamancesD. Pan Tadeusz50. Beethoven’s _____ is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller’s Ode to Joy.A. Symphony No. 3B. Symphony No. 5C. Symphony No. 6D. Symphony No. 951. _____ sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. Verdi52. Based on _____ , Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism. the German classical philosophy B. the English classical political economythe Utopian Socialism D. the Manifesto of the Communist Party53. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of _____, so Marx discovered the law of development of _____.the survival of the fittest, the communist partythe natural selection, the scientific socialismorganic nature, human historyD. natural species, historical societies54. In 1858 Darwin received a letter from _____, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.A. John Stevens HenslowB. Charles LyellC. Thomas HuxleyD. Alfred Russel Wallace55. Zola defined the theory of _____ and illustrated it in his great work entitled_____.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquarts B. naturalism, Madame BovaryC. realism, the Human ComedyD. realism, the Charterhouse of Parma56. ____ was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions andgo to life for his subjects.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy57. _____ holds an important position in his own country’s cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy58. Among Ibsen’s masterpieces, _____ is a plea for the emancipation of women.A. GhostsB. A Doll’s HouseC. the Wild DuckD. Hedda Gabler59. Among Charles Dickens’s works, _____ has the most intr icate, complicated plot.A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. David CopperfieldD. Bleak House60. _____, George Eliot’s masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finestEnglish novel of the 19th century.A. MiddlemarchB. The Mill on the FlossC. Adam BedeD. Silas Marner61. The term “ impressionism” was taken directly from the title of _____ Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).A. Renoir’sB. Pissarro’sC. Manet’sD. Monet’s62. _____ was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.A. RenoirB. DegasC. MonetD. Pissarro63. ______ reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emoyion and temperament.A. Paul CézanneB. Paul GauguinC. Vincent van GoghD. Auguste Rodin64. In Freudian system, _____ is the container of the instrinctual urges.A. IdB. EgoC. SuperegoD. Oedipus Comlex65. T.S. Eliot’s long poem _____ is his major contibution to English poetry.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock B. Four QuartetsC. the Waste LandD. imagism66. _____ by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. DublinersC. Finnegans WakeD. Ulysses67. The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the pub lication of _____ play Look Back in Anger (1956).A. John Osborne’sB. Kingsley Amis’sC. Allen Ginsberg’sD. Jack Kerouac’s68. _____ poem Howl, written in 1956, was regardedas an important development in American poetry.A. John Osborne’sB. Kingsley Amis’sC. Allen Ginsberg’sD. Jack Kerouac’s69. _____ is known as the first “ cubist” novel: in his novels , one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera’s eye.A. Samuel BeckettB. Nathalie SarrauteC. Jean-Paul SartreD. Alain Robbe-Grillet70. _____ masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was rememdered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.A. Nathalie Sarraute’sB. Samuel Beckett’sC. Jean-Paul Sartre’sD. Alain Robbe-Grillet’s II. Match the names of Column A with the appropriate items of Column B.Column A Column B1. Sophocles a. the founder of the inductive method2. Democritus b. Don Giovanni3. Virgil c. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory4. Thomas Aquinas d. a universal genius5. Da Vinci e. The Execution of the Third of May6. John Calvin f. Eugene Onegin7. Andreas Vesalius g. the Oedipus complex8. Giorgio Vasari h. The Aeneid9. Goya i. Fabrica10. Percy Bysshe Shelley j. Prometheus Unbound11. Alessandro Manzoni k. Critique of Pure Reason12. Aleksander Pushkin l. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs13. Immanuel Kant m. Encyclopédie14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau n. the first to use the term Renaissance15. René Descartes o. Institutes of the Christian Religion16. Francis Bacon p. the supreme figure in scholasticism17. Nicolaus Copernicus q. The Betrothed18. Jean Racin r. The Social Contract19. Diderot s. Phaèdra20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart t. the founder of analytical geometry21. Euclid [ ] (a) Eugene Onegin22. da Vinci [ ] (b) Ten Commandments23. Galileo [ ] ( c ) the Cantos24. T.S. Eliot [ ] (d) Elements25. Milton [ (e) Moll Flanders26. Defoe [ ] (f) Last Supper27. Pushkin [ ] (g) The Waste Land28. Mozart [ ] (h) Paradise Lost29. Moses [ ] ( i) The Marriage of Figaro30. Ezra Pound [ ] (j) the Starry Messenger21. Charlemagne [ ] (a) author of "The Red and the Black"22. Raphael [ ] (b) Polish astronomer23. Virgil [ ] (c) Emperor of the Romans24. Copernicus [ ] (d) Dutch Baroque painter25. Cromwell [ ] (e) author of the painting of Madonna26. Rembrandt [ ] (f) Latin poet27. Handel [ ] g) author of the poem "London"28. William Blake [ ] (h) Ulysses29. Stendhal [ ] (i) leader of the English revolution30. James Joyce [ ] (j) composer of Messiah21. Plato [ ] (a) the Society of Jesus22. Dante [ ] (b) Socialism : Utopian and Scientific23. Ignatius [ ] (c) Dialogues24. Bacon [ ] (d) the mazurkas25. Engels [ ] e) The Counterfeiters26. James Joyce [ ] (f) Faust27. Shelley [ ] (g) the Divine Comedy28. Goethe [ ] (h) the Advancement of Learning29. Chopin [ ] (i) Ulysses30. Andre Gide [ ] (j) Prometheus Unbound1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman EmpireA. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.3. The Bible has been regarded as __________.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. 'all of the above4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as__________.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization.5. The Crusades were wars between __________.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works __________.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope' s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was __________.A. What do I know?B. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who __________.A. discovered the Cape of Good HopeB. discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC. explored the mouth of the AmazonD. was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9. Which of the following laws was discovered by NewtonA. l,aw of inertia.B. Law of falting bodies.C. Law of" relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10. In Locke' s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was __________.A. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11. Which of the following is" not true about the developments of the Industrial Revolution?A. The substitution of water power for human power.B. The introduction of machine.C. The beginning of the factory system.D. The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by__________.A. VoltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13. In the works of __________.one can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14. The poem of Byron' s that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th centuryA. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15. Throughout his his, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music__________.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC. ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty16. __________. is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinC.SchubertD. Schumann17. Which of the following works was not written by Charles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18. The author of the short story The Necklace was __________.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was __________.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EliotD. William Butler Yeats20. __________.was regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. SholokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky第二部分非选择题In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of rifles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title ororganization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. ( 10 points, 1 point each)2l. Augustine ( ) (a) To the Lighthouse22. Aristotle ( ) (b) Ethics23. Shakespeare ( ) (c) Kubla Khan24. Mark Twain ( ) (d)A Hero of Our Time25. Titian ( ) (e) Othello26, Virginia Woolf ( ) (f) Meditations27. Newton ( ) (g) The Confession28. Coleridge ( ) (h) the Venus of Urbino29. Lermontov ( ) (i) Life on, the Mississippi30. Descartes ( ) ( j ) Mathematical Principles PhilosohyGive a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 20 points ,2 points each )31. What are the three styles in Greek architecture?32. What was Marcus Cicero noted for?33. What is the importance of the Middle Ages in terms of development of culture?34. Why was Jan Hus condemned to be burnt at stake?35. What is the theory put forward by Copernicus in his work "The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs"36. What is Montesquieu' s redefinition of law?参考答案I. 1.B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A II.A 12. B 13. C 14. D 15. C 16. B17. E 18. D 19. B 20. D11.21.8 22. b 23. e 24. i 25. h 26;a 27. j 28. e 29. d 30, fm. 31. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style (or the masculine style), the Ionic style(or the feminine style),and the Corinthian style.32. Marcus Cicero was noted for his oratory and fine writing style.33. The fusion and blending of different ideas and practices in the Middle ages paved the way for the development of what iv the present-day European culture.34. Because Jan Hus attacked the abases of the church in his sermons and writings.35. The theory put forward by Copernicus is that the sun, not the earth is the centre of the universe.36. Montesquieu redefined law as the necessary relationships which derive from the nature of things.Write between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10 points)45. What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art?45. The Renaissance art has the following distinctive features:(1) Art broke away from the domination of the church. Artists who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church to paint the design became a separate strata like writers and poets doing noble and creative work.(2)Themes of paintings changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible ,of God Jesus and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man. Even when the themes remained celestial, the heroes were given human qualities and given strong muscles and sinews Of man.(3) The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles ofancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors.(4) Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.。
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Honore de Balzac 巴尔扎克 (1799-1850)
Balzac has been called “the French Dickens”.
Works: La Comedie Humaine
( the Human Comedy)人间喜剧, Eugenie Grandet欧也妮·葛朗台,
菲尔
2. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特(pen name of Mary Ann Evans 1819-1880)
Works: Middlemarch 米德尔马契, The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊
William Makepeace Thackeray萨克雷 (1811-1863)
Le Pere Goriot 高老头 La Cousine Bette贝蒂表妹
Gustave Flaubert福 楼拜 (1821-1880)
Flaubert is one of the great literary artist of the 19th century.
Work: Madame
Realism in France
Stendhal (pen name of Marie Henri Beyle, 1783-1842)司汤达
Works: Armance Le Rough et le Noir
( The Red and the Black)红与黑,
la Chartreuse de Parme (The
a. Edouard Manet爱杜 尔·马奈 (1832-1883)
Manet was regarded as the leader of the impressionist movement.
Works: le Dejeuner sur L’herbe,
Foliers Bergers
b. Claude Monet克 劳德·莫奈 (1840-
Works:
Leaves of Grass 草叶集
When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d当丁香花最 后在庭院开放的时候.
Mark Twain马克·吐温 (pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens 1835-1910)
卡拉马佐夫兄弟
Count Leo Tolstoy 列夫·托尔 斯泰(1828-1910)
With Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy made the Russian realistic novel a literary genre that ranks in importance with classical Greek tragedy and Elizabethan drama.
Works: Dead Souls死魂灵
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev 屠格涅夫(1818-1883)
Turgenev was the first Russion author to gain recognition in the West.
Works: A Hunter’s Sketches
Division Nine Realism
Contents
General Introduction Realism in France Realism in Russia Realism in Northern Europe Realism in England Realism in the United States Art Music at the Turn of the Century
Bovery包法利夫人
Emile Zola 左拉(1840-1902) Zola was the founder of the
naturalist school.
Work: Les Rougen-Macquarts罗根.马 塔里 .
Guy de Maupassant莫泊桑 (18501893)
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov契科夫
Works: The Seagull海鸥, Uncle Vanya万尼亚舅舅, The Three Sisters三姊妹, The Cherry Orchard樱桃园
Realism in Northern Europe
Henrik Ibsen 易卜生 (1828-1906)
The Prince and the Pauper
王子与穷人
Henry James亨利·詹姆斯 (1843-1916)
Works:The Portrait of Lady贵妇画像,
The Passionate Pilgrim and Other
Stories, Daisy Miller黛西米勒, The Golden Bowl金碗
Son of a Servant女仆的儿子
Realism in England
Charles Dickens 狄更斯 (1812-1870)
Works: Pickwick Papers匹 克威克外传 ,
A Tale of Two Cities双城记, Oliver Twist雾都孤儿,
Hard Times 艰难时事 Bleak House荒凉山庄, David Copperfield大卫科波
德伯家的苔丝
Jude the Obscure无名的裘德
George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳 (1856-1950)
Shaw won the Nobel Prize in 1925.
Works:
Heartbreak House伤心之家, St. Joan圣女贞德, The Apple Cart 苹果车 Major Barbara芭芭拉少校
Art
in Art Gustave Courbet居
斯塔夫·库尔贝 (1819-1877) works: The Stonebreakers,
Burial at Ornans
b. Jean-Francois Millet让·弗朗索瓦·米勒 (1814-1875)
His works generally depict one or two peasant figures quietly engaged in earthly or domestic toil.
Works:The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Caravras Country
卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙
The Adventures of Hckberry
Finn哈克贝利分历险记, The Gilded Age镀金时代,
The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer汤姆索菲亚历险记,
Work: Vanity Fair名利场
Thomas Hardy哈代
Works: Far from the Madding
Crowd远离尘嚣, The Return of the Native还乡, The Mayer of Casterbridge卡斯 特桥市长,
Tess of the d’Urberyvilles
Works: A Doll’s House玩 偶之家,
Ghosts群鬼,
An Enemy of the People
人民公敌 The Wild Duck野鸭 and
Hedda Gabler海达高布乐
August Strindberg奥古斯特·斯特林堡
(1849-1912) Works: Master Olaf奥洛夫老师, The
1926)
c. Camille Pissarro 卡米耶·毕沙罗 (1830-1903)
Work: The Place du Theatre Francais
d. Pierre Aguste Renoir皮埃尔-奥古斯 特·雷诺阿
Background
The Historical Background
The realist movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was the age of railway, wireless telegraphy and countless other mechanical inventions that revolutionized the nature of society within a very short span of time.
Works: The Sower,
Gleaners
Impressionism in Art
Generally speaking, the impressionists aimed at capturing the fleeting image of a scene taken in by the eye in real life and recreating the transitory experience with brushstrokes which are eventually transformed into a web of infinitely varied, tiny units that dissolve solied objects into a dense, colored atmosphere.
Definition
What is Realism?
In art and literature the term realism is used to identify a literary movement in Europe and the united States in the Last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. The realists wanted a truthful representation in their works of contemporary life and manners.