【AAA】托福插入句子题练习.doc

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托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题(一)

托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一）托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。

此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。

针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。

在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。

当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。

对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下：①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象；②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置；③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。

接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。

案例：Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit?分析：本题待插入句中含有明显的指代词This，并有伴随有名词词组new form of manufacturing，这样可以推断出This指代的内容则为”new form of manufacturing”。

托福阅读-句子插入题4-19

逻辑上的纽带——过渡词/转折词附加并列：in addition first second third对比：however but in contrast举例：for example因果：because due to强调：clearly indeed in fact surely语法上的纽带——插入句子前后语法时态保持一致词汇上的纽带——代词（指代一直）例1 Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra高山苔原. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.例2、█Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton骨架and skin were often one.█Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.。

托福写作精彩插入句下载二

官方网站：托福写作精彩插入句下载二写作中的精彩插入句子也是考试中应用比较广泛的句子，使用插入句子可以让你的句子节奏性更强，所以，跟随托福资料下载的小编一起来看看这些精彩的插入局吧！各位一定要动起来，自己一定要动笔写，不要留在课下，一定要写完，光看光听边记不管用，然后呢，这个是语法是没有问题的，就是你这个后边这件事，还是说一点再简单了，明白吗，就是你在那什么，在文中的时候，因为感觉这句话有点白说了似的，一旦给人感觉好像就是浪费白说的似的呢，就可能会觉得你这篇文章不是，因为错字的感觉，一定言之有误，除了刚刚我说要言之有误那个问题之外，接着往下走，然后虚拟。

虚拟我觉得也是大家可以，可能就是平时说话，因为主要是就我刚刚说的，他是相互牵扯比较多一点，你要时刻注意，先看这个与现实，就对现状的虚拟，现状不是这样子的，他主要就是你一定要，尽量不用，可以用一用，因为他也算是指不定给你出个彩呢，是吧，看一下，他其实没别的，主要就是你要注意时态，时态其实也不算复杂，但是主要是大家平时用的很多的，它的从句，就现在虚拟的话，对呀，你看你就只记住If I were you，If I were you什么什么对不对，I would，这个就是现在的一个虚拟呀，对吧，I would take an umbrella.If I knew 如果加动词原形，其实很好，其实不难对吧，对过去一个虚拟，这个其实应该是我个人认为就是用的比较多的，你要是因为跟咱们平时说话那种逻辑上，可能也用的上，说话的话比刚刚那个现在虚拟可能更要广一点，它其实也不难，就是刚刚过去变成过去完成时，然后这个would/should大概不变，然后后面变成现在完成，它是一个现在完成，如果我早点到，I should/would have met her，或者说，就是一个现代，If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.对过去时你就注意现在完成跟过去对将来的，将来的其实就比刚才那个，可以说花样多一点，是吧，咱们先一句，他花样主要都在这从句，还有三种表示，主句还是一种，主句这个咱们可以翻回去看，主句的这个跟那个对现在虚拟是一回事，对吧，反正就是。

托福阅读句子插入题实例解析

托福阅读句子插入题实例解析为了帮助大家备考托福。

提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读句子插入题实例剖析，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读句子插入题实例剖析每篇阅读文章的倒数第二题为句子插入题。

此题给出一个额外的句子，并且在原文的几个句子间给出四个方块，每个方块分别代表前后两个句子之间的空位。

我们需将这个句子放入其中的某一个位置，作为最佳答案。

这种题长这样：怎么做插入句子题?题目给出的句子(后文直接称之为“插入句”)能被放入其中一个位置的原因，就是这个句子与正确位置的前后文存在着某种语义上的联系。

在阅读原文之前，若能根据一些信息词找出这种联系，并且推测前后文的信息，则我们在找答案的时候就会更准确。

做插入句子题时的步骤应该是酱紫的：1)仔细阅读插入句，准确理解句意2)根据句内信息词，推断插入位置前或后可能出现的内容3)寻找复合推测的位置4)将句子放入，讲插入句及前后两句话连起来通读一遍，检验是否流畅逻辑严谨、语意流畅信息词是啥?如何根据这类词推测?插入句子题中出现的信息词分两类：1. 代词;2. 逻辑词1)指代词这里的指代词指的是：1. 代词;2. 定冠词the+名词所组成词。

代词(Pronoun)是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。

the+名词的结构，在文中有时会起指代前文的作用。

大部分出现指代词的插入句子题非常简单。

当题目的句子中出现指代词，插入位置前面必然会提到其指代的内容。

这个时候，若我们能根据代词的种类、指代词的词义和插入句的句意推断出指代的具体内容，那么只需要将插入句放入出现该内容的句子之后的位置，即可满足指代关系，得到答案# 情况1如果四个位置中，只有一个位置前面出现句中指代词的指代对象，则这个位置就是我们的正确答案。

例题如下：句中出现代词“this massive population”，这巨大的群体数量来自于“twelve pairs of imported rabbits”，则插入位置前面必然提到巨大的兔群数量。

托福阅读题型之插入句子题

• Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production。 • Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 • This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers。 • Where would the sentence best fit?

托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题

托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。

此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。

针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。

在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。

接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。

托福句子插入题

托福句子插入题1. 托福句子插入题，这不就是在文字迷宫里找线索嘛！就像你在一堆拼图碎片里，非要找出那关键的一块才能拼出完整的画面。

比如说，给你一段讲历史的文章，“古代的贸易路线非常重要，它们连接了不同的大陆。

（）丝绸、香料等珍贵物品通过这些路线流通。

” 你就得想想，这空里该插个啥句子，才能让文章顺溜起来！2. 托福句子插入题，简直是在考验我们的文字敏感度！这不就跟在茫茫人海中一下子认出你的老友一样难嘛？好比这段：“音乐有着神奇的力量，它能触动人们的心灵。

（）很多人在疲惫时都会选择听音乐来放松。

” 到底哪个句子能恰到好处地插进这里？3. 托福句子插入题，那可是文字游戏中的大挑战！就好像让你在混乱的书架上准确找到那本你急需的书。

像这样：“科学研究需要大量的时间和精力，成果也并非一蹴而就。

（）一个新的发现往往要经过多次实验和验证。

” 你能猜到该插啥句子吗？4. 托福句子插入题，这不就是在打乱的文字积木里搭建城堡嘛！难道不比在黑暗中摸索开关还难？比如：“绘画是一种视觉艺术，能够展现出作者的内心世界。

（）不同的绘画风格反映了不同的文化和时代背景。

” 哪个句子能完美嵌入？5. 托福句子插入题，这简直是在文字的海洋里捞针啊！难道不像在一堆乱麻中找出那根关键的线头？就像：“旅行能让人开阔眼界，增长见识。

（）你可以体验不同的风俗和文化。

” 你能找到合适的句子插进去吗？6. 托福句子插入题，这可真是对我们文字驾驭能力的大考！不就跟在错综复杂的迷宫里找出口一样让人头疼？比如说：“电影是一种强大的艺术形式，它能够引发观众的情感共鸣。

（）很多经典的电影至今仍被人们津津乐道。

” 你能猜到该插什么句子吗？7. 托福句子插入题，这简直是在文字的丛林里探险！难道不比在沙漠里找水源还费劲？比如这段：“阅读是获取知识的重要途径，它能丰富我们的思想。

（）各种类型的书籍为我们打开了不同的世界。

” 你知道该插哪个句子吗？8. 托福句子插入题，这可不就是在文字的棋局里布局吗！难道不像在浓雾中辨别方向那么难？就像：“运动有益于身心健康，能增强体质和免疫力。

托福阅读句子插入题技巧

托福阅读句子插入题技巧一、了解句子插入题。

托福阅读里的句子插入题啊，就像是给一篇文章补个小补丁。

你得找到最适合这个补丁的地方，让文章读起来顺顺当当的。

这种题主要就是考你对文章结构和逻辑关系的理解啦。

二、先看插入句。

拿到题，咱先瞅一眼要插入的那个句子。

这个句子就像个小钥匙，它里面往往有一些线索能帮咱们找到它该去的地方。

比如说，这个句子里可能会有指代的词，像“this”“that”“these”“those”之类的。

要是有“this theory”，那你就得在文章里找提到的相关理论呀。

还有的时候，插入句里会有一些逻辑连接词，像“however”“therefore”“moreover”之类的。

要是有“however”，那这个句子肯定是要放在和前面内容有转折关系的地方啦。

三、找文章中的线索。

1. 代词指代。

文章里也会有很多代词，这时候你就得把插入句里的代词和文章里的内容对应起来。

比如说，插入句里说“These animals”，那你就在文章里找提到的动物种类呗。

如果文章前面说了好几种动物，那你就得看哪个地方说的动物最符合“These animals”的指代内容，这个插入句就很可能放在那后面。

2. 逻辑关系。

文章里到处都是逻辑关系。

如果插入句是个表示因果关系的句子，像“Therefore, the population decreased.”那你就得在文章里找导致人口下降的原因，然后把这个句子放在原因的后面。

要是文章里前面说“Due to the lack of food and thespread of disease”，那这个插入句就可以放在这儿啦，这样整个逻辑就通了。

3. 话题相关性。

有时候呢，插入句讲的是一个特定的话题。

那你就在文章里找这个话题开始或者被提及的地方。

比如说插入句是关于“Ancient Greek architecture”的，那你就在文章里找啥时候开始讲古希腊建筑的，这个句子可能就放在那附近。

如何解决新TOEFL中的插入句子题

如何解决新TOEFL中的插入句子题在新TOEFL中出现了一种题型是以往老TOEFL中没有考过的一种题型就是插入句子题给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可.这种题目本身不难做,因为需要加入的句子有明确的提示,如This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.要求将这句话插入一段话中.我们只需要找到关健词question就可以直接去找哪句话可能是作者提出的问题,将这句话加在那句话之后即可.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■how was a gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?■ Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate or transitional between land mammals and cetace ans. ■ very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■ In 1979, a team looking for fossilsin northern Pakistan found what to be the oldest fossil whale.你会发现只有how was a gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?这句话是一个问题,所以应放在这句的后面.正确答案就是: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■how was a gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages. Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate or transitional between land mammals and cetaceans. ■ very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■ In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what to be the oldest fossil whale.针对这种题型我们到底要如何解决：1、分析要插入的句子的主干，重点看的是这句话的开头和结尾，因为这句子是承前启后，在这个前提下我们要抓住这句话的核心和主干。

深入解析托福阅读句子插入题

深入解析托福阅读句子插入题托福阅读句子插入题是一种常见的题型，我们应该怎么去解答它呢?下面小编给大家带来深入解析托福阅读句子插入题，希望对大家有所帮助!深入解析托福阅读句子插入题句子插入题是托福阅读十大题型之一，从句子层面考察考生对句间逻辑关系、段落大意的理解和把握。

这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。

做这类题目的关键首先是理解该句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。

掌握衔接词对解答这类问题非常重要，因为它是理解上下文和这个句子的逻辑关系的核心。

衔接词语主要包括代词(指示代词，例如this, these their, it, such, another ，这些通常是上文提到过的，所以可以采用就近原则来做。

);关键同义词，重复出现的形容词，副词和名词;表示因果，转折等关系的过渡词语：如，therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等;递进扩展词：如，furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等;结构配对词：如，on the one hand…. on the other hand，some…others，同时还要注意一些表示顺序的词，如first ,second ,third等。

我们来具体来一个例子：1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4接下来再来看看如何解答这道题。

toefl阅读句子插入题

toefl阅读句子插入题托福阅读部分中的句子插入题相对于词汇题、句子简化题、事实信息题，它在每篇文章都会出现一道题，而且位置是固定的，一定在最后一题内容小结题之前的倒数第二题，如此一来若是答错了也不影响考生对文章的理解和做题。

那么如何应对该类考题呢?店铺接下来就跟大家分享toefl阅读句子插入题的解法。

既然这句插入的话对文章本身是没有影响的，那么插入的句子插在某段段首的几率大么?答案明显是否定的。

原因呢?因为外国人的思维模式比较直截了当，不会像中国人那样藏着掖着，抛砖引玉或是画龙点睛。

所以往往在某段第一句的句子在该段都起着至关重要的角色：主题句，它会总结上文，而更多的情况是引领下文。

我们排除了一个答案：就是段首的位置，但是还有三个干扰选项啊句子插入题到底在考察什么呢?答案是：上下文的衔接。

插入的句子一定要和上下文衔接得当。

下面环球托福老师就带广大的托儿们了解句子插入题解题方法。

步骤一：先阅读要插入的句子。

步骤二：关注插入的句子主语部分，要在该插入句子之前得以重复。

以TPO4 Deer Population of the Puget Sound的句子插入题为例。

Paragraph 2-3: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer'sdiet, where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants,the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrubor herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay anddormancy? Onecompensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed;also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder,and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeansinto Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundantdeer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack ofthis succulent game animal.Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence couldbe added to the passage.There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.Where would the sentence best fit?插入的句子主语部分出现两个单词there 和food, there是地点状语，说明插入的位置之前出现了地点和食物。

句子插入题托福

句子插入题托福以下是为您生成的二十条“句子插入题托福”相关的句子及例子：1. 托福句子插入题，难道不是在考验我对文章逻辑的火眼金睛？就像在迷雾中找路，稍不留神就会迷失！比如有篇文章说“大象体型庞大”，接下来一句如果是“但它们动作却很灵活”，你说该插在哪儿？2. 托福的句子插入题啊，简直是在我大脑里玩拼图游戏！每一个句子都像是一块关键的拼图，找不对位置就没法呈现完美的画面。

像“她热爱音乐”，如果上下文是在讲不同人的爱好，那它该安插何处呢？3. 你能想象托福句子插入题那种让人抓耳挠腮的感觉吗？就好比在一堆乱麻中找线头！比如说文章讲“这个城市很繁华”，然后有一句“不过夜晚却很宁静”，到底该插在哪儿才合适呢？4. 托福句子插入题，不就是给文章缝缝补补的细致活儿吗？稍有差池，整个文章的逻辑就破了个洞！像是“他成绩优秀”，要是前后在讨论同学的表现，这一句该怎么插进去？5. 托福的句子插入题，难道不像在走迷宫找出口？一个不小心就会走进死胡同！好比“这场比赛很激烈”，如果前后在描述各种赛事，它得放在哪个位置才能通顺？6. 托福句子插入题，是不是像在搭积木，一块放错，整个结构就歪了？比如“她笑得很甜”，当文章围绕人物的情绪展开，这一句该何去何从？7. 你说托福句子插入题，是不是故意刁难人的呀？就跟解连环锁一样，一环错环环错！像“这道菜味道鲜美”，要是上下文在谈论美食，它该怎么插队？8. 托福的句子插入题，简直是在挑战我的耐心极限！好比在汹涌的海浪中掌舵，稍有不慎就会偏离方向！比如说“他很勇敢”，如果文章在讲述人物的品质，这一句该安插在哪里？9. 托福句子插入题，难道不是如同在黑暗中摸索明灯？稍不注意就会陷入迷茫！例如“这个小镇风景如画”，当文章在描绘不同地方的景色，它该如何插入？10. 托福的句子插入题啊，不就像是在打乱的拼图中寻找关键的那一块？一个失误就前功尽弃！好比“她唱歌很好听”，要是前后在说才艺表演，这一句得放在哪儿？11. 你觉得托福句子插入题，像不像在密密麻麻的星空中找特定的那颗星？太难了！比如“这次旅行收获满满”，如果文章围绕旅行经历展开，这一句该插到哪儿？12. 托福句子插入题，是不是就像在复杂的电路图中找正确的连接点？找错了整个电路就不通！像“这本书很有趣”，要是上下文在讨论书籍，它该怎么放？13. 托福的句子插入题，难道不像在没有地图的荒野中找路？一不小心就会迷路！比如说“他跑得很快”，如果文章在讲运动比赛，这一句该插在哪里合适？14. 托福句子插入题，简直是在跟文字玩捉迷藏！找不对地方就输了！例如“这个公园非常大”，当文章在介绍各种公园时，它该如何安插？15. 你能感受到托福句子插入题那种让人头疼的劲儿吗？就跟在乱哄哄的菜市场找特定的摊位一样！好比“她的舞蹈很美”，要是前后在说艺术表演，这一句该怎么插入？16. 托福的句子插入题，不就是在一堆乱码中找出正确的编码吗？太难为人了！比如“这部电影很精彩”，如果文章在评论影视作品，这一句该放在哪里？17. 托福句子插入题，难道不是像在混乱的音符中找出和谐的旋律？找不对就成噪音了！像“这个游戏很刺激”，要是上下文在讲各类游戏，它该怎么插队？18. 托福的句子插入题啊，是不是像在没有头绪的线索中找出真相？一个疏忽就错了！比如说“他的书法很棒”，如果文章在谈论才艺展示，这一句该安插在哪儿？19. 托福句子插入题，简直是在跟逻辑玩猫捉老鼠的游戏！一不小心就被绕进去了！例如“这个房子很温馨”，当文章在描述不同的房屋时，它该怎么插入？20. 你说托福句子插入题，像不像在茫茫大海中寻找那座神秘的小岛？太有挑战性了！好比“这场演出令人难忘”，要是前后在说各种表演活动，这一句该放在哪儿？。

左老师TOEFL托福阅读题型精讲7——句子插入题

Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans鲸类are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
题型样式
12. This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.
Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans鲸类are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was
found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits沉淀物that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.

托福阅读插句题

TPO4/3Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. █As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. █Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. █Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. █13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. ■Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. ■For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. ■They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). ■In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Later theories concentrate on journeys in the other direction.Where could the sentence best fit?Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. █By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. █About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. █Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. █It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or—300 million years later—in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.13.Look at the four squares [█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageThe findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world．Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 6: The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. ■Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. ■They spoke a language, proto-Bantu (―Bantu‖ means ―the people‖), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. ■Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration—or simply rapid demographic growth—may have also caused the Bantu explosion. ■13. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 2 ■Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafl oor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 1: The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. ■It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. ■Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. ■Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 5: Ir has not been common at Earth’s since the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. ■ These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. ■However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. ■So the unusually hi gh concentration of Ir seems to require a special explanation. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Consequently, the idea that the Ir in the boundary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannot be accepted.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. ■The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. ■But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continen tal ice began its final retreat. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization.Where could the sentence best fit?Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. ■These plants propagate by producing spores–tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant–but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. ■Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. ■Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. ■But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.So since the chances of survival for any individual spore are small, the plants have to produce many spores in order to propagate.Where could the sentence best fit?Paragraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. ■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations in coloring.Where could the sentence best fit?Paragraph 7: In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. ■There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. ■Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. ■Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Indeed, the contribution of volcanoes and solar activity would more likely have been to actually reduce the rate of warming slightly.Paragraph 6: The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to third parties. In this way, they provided credit. ■At mid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, ―0ne can no more trade wit hout bills of exchange than sail without water." ■Merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. ■An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. ■The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They could also avoid having to identify and assess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 4: Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. ■The function of these is quite different. ■Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. ■Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In fact, it is the action and not the figure itself that is important.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 1: We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? ■Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. ■When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. ■Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. ■Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which hand was dominant.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 3: Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. ■Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion. ■Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant's attention between two stimuli. ■Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. ■Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators of heightened interest in the new stimulus. Increases in nonnutritive sucking were first used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969. They devised an apparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to a counting device. As stimuli were presented, changes in the infant's sucking behavior were recorded. Increases in the number of sucks were used as an indicator of the infant's attention to or preference for a given visual display.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The repetition allows researchers to observe the infant's behavior until they reach agreement about the presence and the degree of the infant's response.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 1: To understand the ancient Mayan people who lived in the area that is today southern Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must first consider their environment, which we think of as "jungle" or "tropical rainforest."■This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. ■Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet or humid all year round. But the Maya homeland lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a "seasonal tropical forest." ■That is, while there does tend to be a rainy season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April. If one focuses on the wet months, one calls the Maya homeland a "seasonal tropical forest"; if one focuses on the dry months, one could instead describe it as a "seasonal desert."■12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The difference between the two climates challenged the Maya who had to deal with both.Where would the sentence best fit?Paragraph 3: Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. ■It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. ■It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. ■Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. ■Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7°C (12.6°F) warmer than the waters it swims through.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, these animals have additional means of staying warm.Where would the sentence best fit?The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. ■ Spices were the most sought-after commodities. ■ Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. ■ But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They were highly valued for a couple of reasons.Where would the sentence best fit?Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on forms of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances. ■The piercing cries of the rhinoceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest, as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons. ■In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation. ■In forests, visual signals can be seen only at short distances, where they are not obstructed by trees. ■The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display. The sounds made as each wing is opened carry extremely well over distance and advertise his presence widely. The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.There is also the long, rather terrifying call of the male orangutan, which carries over considerable distances to advertise his presence.Where would the sentence best fit?The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. ■The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. ■However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. ■At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. ■Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.One of the major effects was the rapid growth of the human population itself. Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.Transportation was becoming less of a problem for those who wished to move west and for those who had farm surpluses to send to marke t. ■Prior to 1815, western farmers who did not live on navigable waterways were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails. ■Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. ■The first step toward an improvement of western transportation was the construction of turnpikes. ■These roads made possible a reduction in transportation costs and thus stimulated the commercialization of agriculture along their routes.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.In fact, goods could be shipped more cheaply across the much greater distance of the Atlantic Ocean than they could from western New York to coastal cities. Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artific ially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100° centigrade.Paragraph 7: How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centers (the Southeast Asian mainland, Southwest Asia, Central America, lowland and highland South America, and equatorial Africa) at more or less the same time? Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals. ■Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages. ■To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and became sedentary, to develop methods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation. ■While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted, this became more difficult with farming. ■Furthermore, as the archaeological record shows, the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence cou ld be added to the passage.Because humans had built up this knowledge as hunter-gatherers, it is logical to conclude that over time they would have become extremely efficient.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph 4: Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. ■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. ■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. ■Areas near trafficlights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them.Where would the sentence best fit?。

托福插入句子题练习

托福插入句子题练习Newly compiled on November 23, 2020插入句子题练习（翻译被插入句子，并找出key words）1.1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flowamong Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own .Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.“These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations。

”翻译：_______________________________________________________________________2.Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpinetundra. ■Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. ■Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. ■At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. ■This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.3.■Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it isby no means the only theory about how the theater came into being.■Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. ■Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. ■Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.To enhance their listeners’ enjoyment, storytellers c ontinually make their stories more engaging and memorable.翻译：________________________________________________________________________4.Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or therock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. ■But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. ■It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.■The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.■What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away________________________________________________________________________5.■Modern architectural forms generally have three separatecomponents comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. ■The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. ■Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.■However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.翻译：________________________________________________________________________6.■Ecologists are especially interested to know what factorscontribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. ■The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. ■We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well asits recovery. ■In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.翻译：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _7.The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallalavaries. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water.■Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. ■The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.■In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. ■Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on thenational and international markets.But even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts, this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer.翻译：_________________________________________________________________________8.Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadowplants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer a lived in the harsher seasons of plant decoy and dormancy One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. ■Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. ■Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.■The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. ■The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ __9.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops orenvironmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. ■This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.■But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. ■Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.■Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.翻译：___________________________________________________________________10.Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom—buries the organicmatter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. ■As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. ■Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. ■Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.■Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 11.Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrateminerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. ■A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice.■Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees.■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ ___12.Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islands began as soon as outsiders encountered them; inthe absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders were variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. ■ Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. ■to navigate and colonize the Pacific. ■They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). ■ In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on the balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians).Later theories concentrated on journeys in the other direction.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ __13.One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period isthat early animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. ■Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. ■Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition. ■In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years. ■It is relatively rare because the fossilization of soft-bodied animals requires a special environment.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ __14.■Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. ■It liberated industry from dependence onrunning water. ■The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. ■The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well—to—do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal; blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials．The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to factories.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ ___15.Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a patternemerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. ■By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. ■About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. ■Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. ■It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ _16.What do you remember about your life before you were three ■Few people can remember anythingthat happened to them in their early years. ■Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. ■Most people remember only a few events-usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.■Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ __17. Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece.■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,”asked Horace in his e pistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist”They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.翻译:________________________________________________________________ _____18.The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people whomay have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. ■Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused b a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. ■They spoke a language, prior-Bantu (“Bantu”means “the people”), which is the parent tongue of a language of a lar ge number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. ■Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration—or simply rapid demographic growth—may have also caused the Bantu explosion.■These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ __19.The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, beganits growth by 200-100 . At its height, between about . 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. ■It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. ■Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. ■Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). ■In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.翻译：___________________________________________________________________20.It has not been common at Earth’s since the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because itusually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as th e planet cooled and consolidated. lr is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of lr in the boundary clay. ■These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. ■However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. ■So the unusually high concentration of lr seems to require a special explanation.■Consequently, the idea that the Ir in the boundary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannot be accepted.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ DDDDD BCBCD adbcc dbbdc。

解决托福大难题中的句子插入题

解决托福大难题中的句子插入题许多考生都习惯把学习重点放在发觉和讨论各类备考资料、解题技巧和高分阅历上，而对于托福考试基础的题型讨论却有所忽视。

今日我给大家带来了解决托福大难题中的句子插入题，盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧解决托福大难题中的句子插入题什么是句子插入题?在一个段落中，句子与句子间不是毫无关联的，而是通过肯定的连接手段联系起来，来实现整个段落内容上的统一和连贯。

而我们要做的就是通过查找原文方块前后句子中和待插句中的连接手段，通过这些连接线索，确定待插句最好的位置。

如何解决句子插入题?句子间的连接手段通常有以下三种：代词连接代词连接是句插题中最简单查找的突破口。

代词连接包括句子中消失的人称代词he, she, they, his, her, their和指示代词this, it, these, such等。

福阅读中考察的待插句通常会以代词+名词的形式消失。

代词通常指代前一句中提到过的东西。

根据这个思路，我们只需要依据待插句中代词后的名词回到原文中找到一样的名词或者该名词的同义改写，将待插句插到该句的后面即可。

举个例子：This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes largetracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.依据this后的名词短语economic reliance on livestock (对牲畜经济上的依靠)，回到原文对应段落，我们会发觉段首第一句中就消失了相关内容the raising of livestock is a major economic activity(饲养牲畜是一个主要的经济活动)。

这两个短语构成了一个代词连接。

所以，我们可以将待插句插到第一句后，即为其次个空处。

同时，当我们插入该空处通读这几句话后，我们会发觉，第一句中的in semiarid lands 和待插句中in certain regions构成呼应。

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插入句子题练习（翻译被插入句子，并找出keRwords）1. 1.ButthereisalsoanotherspecialkindofconversationalflowamongSouthernwomenthatcontributedtotheirwriting.2.Someoftheirtalktooktheformoftalesandvignettestoldfortheirownsake.3.So metimeshumorous,sometimessad;allwereasbrightasthefiguresinthefineneedlepoint.4.“Thesetalesincludedgrotesque,comic,andpoeticdescriptions,charactersketches,nar ratives,gustsoffeeling,delicateironies,andastuteobservations。

”翻译：_______________________________________________________________________ 2.AbovethetreelinethereisazonethatisgenerallRcalledalpinetundra.■ImmediatelRadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlRcompletecoveroflow-lRingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whil ehigherupthenumberanddiversitRofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasio nalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.■Someplantscanevensurviveinfavorabl emicrohabitatsabovethesnowline.Thehighestplantsintheworldoccurataround6,100meterson MakaluintheHimalaRas.■Atthisgreatheight,rocks,warmedbRthesun,meltsmallsnowdrifts.■ThiseRplainshow,foreRample,alpinecushionplantshavebeenfoundgrowingatanaltitudeof6,180meters.翻译：3.■Althoughorigininritualhaslongbeenthemostpopular,itisbRnomeanstheonlRtheorRabouthowth etheatercameintobeing.■StorRtellinghasbeenproposedasonealternative.■UnderthistheorR,relatingandlisteningtostoriesareseenasfundamentalhumanpleasures.■Thus,therecallingofanevent(ahunt,battle,orotherfeat)iselaboratedthroughthenarrator’spantomimeandimpersonationandeventuallRthrougheachrolebeingassumedbRadifferentpers on.Toenhancetheirlisteners’enjoRment,storRtellerscontinuallRmaketheirstoriesmoreenga gingandmemorable.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 4.Muchofthewaterinasampleofwater-saturatedsedimentortherockwilldrainfromitifthesampleisputinasuitabledrRplace.■Butsomewillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.■ItisheldtherebRthefo rceofsurfacetensionwithoutwhichwaterwoulddraininstantlRfromanRwetsurface,leavingittotal lRdrR.■Thetotalvolumeofwaterinthesaturatedsamplemustthereforebethoughtofasconsistingo fwaterthatcan,andwaterthatcannot,drainawaR.■What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaRsandwhatproportiondrainsawaR?翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 5.■ModernarchitecturalformsgenerallRhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsoft hehumanbodR;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipme nt,similartothebodR’svitalorgansandsRstems.■Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.■OfcourseinearlRarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.■However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcretero rair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifRingskeletonandskin.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 6.■EcologistsareespeciallRinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunities becauseclimaRcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelRdamagedordestroRedbRhuman activities.■ThedestructioncausedbRthevolcaniceRplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedSt ates,foreRample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbRhumans.■WeneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunitRaremostimportanttothecommunitR’sresistancetodestruction,aswellasitsrecoverR.■Infact,damagetotheenvironmentbRhumansisoftenmuchmoreseverethandamagebRnaturaleventsandprocesses.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 7.ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.ManRhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbRirrigatinglessfrequentlRorbRswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.■Other ,however,haveadoptedthephilosophRthatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallRprofi tabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.■Theincentiveofthefarmerswh owishtoconservewaterisreducedbRtheirknowledgethatmanRoftheirneighborsareprofitingbRu singgreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentire region’s watersupplies.■InthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplRcrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbRcanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi,theMissouri,ortheArkansasrivers.■UnfortunatelR,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanRoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.Butevenifuncooperativefarmersweretojoinintheconservationefforts,thiswouldonlRdelaRthedepletionoftheaquifer.翻译：_________________________________________________________________________ 8.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberrR,salal,dogwood,andalmostanRothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeralivedintheharsherseasonsofplantdecoRanddormancR?Oneco mpensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.■DeermaRmovefromhigh-elevation browseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.■Evenwithsnowontheground,thehig hbushRunderstorRiseRposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafRbranchesofcedar,hemlock,red alder,andotherarborealfodder.■ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlRsincetheentrRofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountrR.■TheearlReRplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearlR1800sandRetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.Therefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughoutthewinter.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 9.ThesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlRanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.Perhaps,likemanRcontemporarRpeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwom enbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathofinjurR,andifthatwereindeedtheirb elief,itmighteRplainwhRhumanfiguresarerarelRdepictedincaveart.AnothereRplanationforthefoc usonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.■ThistheorRissuggestedbRevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebRspearsthrownat thedrawings.■Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoeRplainwhRon lRafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.■PerhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbRtheneedtoincreasethesupplRofanimals.Caveartseemstoha vereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasi ng.■Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someothereRplanationisneeded.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ 10.Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.■AsmuddRsedimentsarepressedtogether,thegasandsmalldropletsofoilmaRbesqueezedoutofthe mudandmaRmoveintosandRlaRersnearbR.■Overlongperiodsoftime(millionsofRears),accumulationsofgasandoilcancollectinthesandRlaRers.■Bothoilandgasarelessdensethanwater,sotheRgenerallRtendtoriseupwardthroughwater-saturate drockandsediment.■Unlesssomethingactstohaltthismigration,thesenaturalresourceswilleventuallRreachthesurfa ce.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 11.Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhRperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.■AsurveRofknownhRperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copp er,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.■HRperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.■TheRmaRbeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.■ManRmembersofthemustardfamilR,spurgefamilR,legumefamilR,andgrassfamilRaretophRpera ccumulators.ManRarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasofthemetalsmaRaffordsomeprotectio nagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens. CertainmineralsaremorelikelRtobeaccumulatedinlargequantitiesthanothers.翻译：______________________________________________________________________ 12.SpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandsbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem;intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manRfancifulandmutuallReRclusiveth eoriesweredevised.PacificislanderswerevariouslRthoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,South America,EgRpt,Israel,andIndia,aswellasSoutheastAsia.■ManRoldertheoriesimplicitlRdeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativitRofthe Pacificislanders.■ForeRample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerrRassumedthatonlREgRptianswoul dhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.■TheRinferredthattheEgRptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorl d(NorthandSouthAmerica).■In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeRerdahldriftedonthebalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsan dcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorRthatPacificislanderswereNativeA mericans(alsocalledAmericanIndians). LatertheoriesconcentratedonjourneRsintheotherdirection.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 13.Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsduringthisimportant100-million-RearperiodisthatearlRanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplRdidnotfossilize.■Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelRthanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoc cur.■Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsincludeverRrapidcoveringbRsediments thatcreateanenvironmentthatdiscouragesdecomposition.■Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalshavebeenknownformanRRears.■ItisrelativelRrarebecausethefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsrequiresaspecialenvironment.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 14.■Watt'ssteamenginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.■ItliberatedindustrRfromdependenceonrunningwater.■TheengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbRdrivingefficientpumps,whichmadepossibledeeperandd eepermining.■ThereadRavailabilitRofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewformof nighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredinamillenniumandahalf.CoalgasrivaledsmokRoillampsandfl ickeringcandles,andearlRinthenewcenturR,well—to—doLondonersgrewaccustomedtogaslithou sesandevenstreets.Ironmanufacturerswhichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoalalsob enefitedfromever-increasingsuppliesofcoal;blastfurnaceswithsteam-poweredbellowsturnedout moreironandsteelforthenewmachinerR.SteambecamethemotiveforceoftheIndustrialRevolutiona scoalandironoreweretherawmaterials．Thefactoriesdidnothavetogotothestreamswhenpowercouldcometofactories.翻译：______________________________________________________________________ 15.NotonlRcouldSmithidentifRrockstratabRthefossilstheRcontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:certainfossilsalwaRsappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestrat abecomemorerecent.■BRfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEngland'searthintorelativetemporalsequ ence.■Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverRwhilestudRingtherocksaroundParis.■Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlRinEnglandorFra ncebutvirtuallReverRwhere.■ItwasactuallRaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationt hroughtimeasdidfauna.LimestonemaRbefoundintheCambrianor-300millionRearslater-intheJura ssicstratabutatrilobite—theubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrian—willnever befoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian. ThefindingsofthesegeologistsinspiredotherstoeRaminetherockandfossilrecordsindifferentp artsoftheworld.翻译：____________________________________________________________________ 16.WhatdoRourememberaboutRourlifebeforeRouwerethree?■FewpeoplecanrememberanRthingthathappenedtothemintheirearlRRears.■Adults'memoriesoftheneRtfewRearsalsotendtobescantR.■MostpeoplerememberonlRafewevents-usuallRonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive,suchasb einghospitalizedora sibling’s birth.■Otherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandweddings.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 17. ModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfinitelRimpressedtothethoroughdisgusted.■AsalwaRs,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallRamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoad mirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletRofGreece.■Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodRofopinionthatdislikesRome.■FormanR,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.■GreekcivilizationhadqualitR;Rome,merequantitR.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchand developmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreintellectualRoma ns.”hadtheG reeksheldnoveltRinsuchdisdainas we,”askedHoraceinhisepistle,“what workofancientdatewouldn oweR ist?”TheResteemsRmbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveColosseum.翻译:_____________________________________________________________________ 18.ThediffusionofagricultureandlaterofironwasaccompaniedbRagreatmovementofpeoplewhomaRhavecarriedtheseinnovations.ThesepeopleprobablRoriginatedineasternNigeria.■TheirmigrationmaRhavebeensetinmotionbRanincreaseinpopulationcausedbamovementofpeop lesfleeingthedesiccation,ordrRingup,oftheSahara.■TheRspokealanguage,prior-Bantu(“Bantu”means“thepeople”),whichistheparenttongueofalangu ageofalargenumberofBantulanguagesstillspokenthroughoutsub-SaharaAfrica.WhRandhowthes epeoplespreadoutintocentralandsouthernAfricaremainsamRsterR,butarchaeologistsbelievethat theirironweaponsallowedthemtoconquertheirhunting-gatheringopponents,whostillusedstoneim plements.■Still,theprocessisuncertain,andpeacefulmigration—orsimplRrapiddemographicgrowth—maRha vealsocausedtheBantueRplosion.■Thesepeoplehadasignificantlinguisticimpactonthecontinentaswell.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 19.ThecitRofTeotihuacán,whichlaRabout50kilometersnortheastofmodern-daRMeRicoCitR,beganitsgrowthbR200-100B.C.Atitsheight,betweenaboutA.D.150and700,itprobablRhadapopulationof morethan125,000peopleandcoveredatleast20squarekilometers.■Ithadover2,000apartmentcompleRes,agreatmarket,alargenumberofindustrialworkshops,anadm inistrativecenter,anumberofmassivereligiousedifices,andaregulargridpatternofstreetsandbuildin gs.■ClearlR,muchplanningandcentralcontrolwereinvolvedintheeRpansionandorderingofthisgreatme tropolis.■Moreover,thecitRhadeconomicandperhapsreligiouscontactswithmostpartsofMesoamerica(mod ernCentralAmericaandMeRico).■Infact,artifactsandpotterRfromTeotihuacánhavebeendiscoveredinsitesasfarawaRastheMaRa nlowlands,theGuatemalanhighlands,northernMeRico,andtheGulfCoastofMeRico.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ 20.Ithasnotbeencommonat Earth’s sincetheverRbeginningofthe planet’s historR.BecauseitusuallReRistsinametallicstate,itwaspreferentiallRincorporatedin Earth’s coreastheplanetcooledandconsol idated.lrisfoundinhighconcentrationsinsomemeteorites,inwhichthesolarsR stem’s originalchemic alcompositionispreserved.EventodaR,microscopicmeteoritescontinuallRbombardEarth,fallingo nbothlandandsea.BRmeasuringhowmanRofthesemeteoritesfalltoEarthoveragivenperiodoftime, scientistscanestimatehowlongitmighthavetakentodeposittheobservedamountoflrintheboundarRclaR.■ThesecalculationssuggestthataperiodofaboutonemillionRearswouldhavebeenrequired.■However,otherreliableevidencesuggeststhatthedepositionoftheboundarRclaRcouldnothavetake nonemillionRears.■SotheunusuallRhighconcentrationoflrseemstorequireaspecialeRplanation.■ConsequentlR,theideathattheIrintheboundarRclaRcamefrommicroscopicmeteoritescannotb eaccepted.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ DDDDDBCBCDadbccdbbdc。