托福阅读背景知识：UFO或已访问地球
托福阅读中常考背景解释总结
托福阅读中常考背景解释总结辽阔的海洋既是一个硕大无比的储热库，它大量地吸收着太阳能；同时它又是一台极其巨大的调温机，随时都在调节着海洋的表面和深层的水温。
海洋中上下层水温的差异蕴藏着一定的'能量，专家们称之为海水温差能，也叫做海洋热能。
而这种海水温差能可以用来进行发电，人们把这种发电方式叫做海水温差发电。
早在本世纪20年代，科学家们就开始着手研究试验海水温差发电的方法。
1926年，法国物理学家G·克劳德进行了海水温差发电的小型试验。
他在烧瓶A里加入28℃的温水（这相当于海水表层的水温）；连接在另一端烧瓶B里放入冰块，并保持0℃水温（以代表海洋深层的水温）。
用真空泵将A烧瓶内的空气抽出（抽到压力低到每平方厘米0。
038）。
由于液体的沸点是随着加在液面上压力的减小而降低的，所以在此低压下，足以使得烧瓶中28℃的水沸腾起来。
要是能够使烧瓶内的真空度进一步提高，也就是使烧瓶内的压力变得更低，那么烧瓶内的温水就会提前沸腾而迅速蒸发。
这样，相对于烧瓶B内0℃的冰块，就产生了以水蒸汽压差为主的压力差。
于是，A烧瓶内蒸发的水蒸汽通过一个喷嘴喷出，推动涡轮发电机组进行发电。
克劳德试验成功以后，于1929年在古巴建造了一套专门进行海水温差发电的实验装置。
他用一根直径2米的铜管，在距离海岸2000米处，从 650米的深海中汲取冷海水。
当温海水的温度为27。
5℃而冷海水的温度为13℃时，其发电功率为22千瓦。
然而，他用水泵抽取冷海水时所消耗的功率却达 80千瓦。
这岂不是得不偿失吗？实际上不然，克劳德的这套实验装置的发电潜力并没有得到充分发挥，按计算其发电功率可达220千瓦。
但不管怎样，克劳德的实验表明：利用海水的温差来进行发电，在技术上是可行的。
现在的新型海水温差发电装置，是首先把海水引入太阳能加温池，将海水加温到45～60℃（有的可高达90℃），然后再将温海水引进保持真空的某一空间，让它蒸发，借助于水蒸汽来推动汽轮发电机组进行发电。
托福阅读理解文档
The ocean bottom , a region nearly times greater tha n the total la nd area of the Earth , is eve n today largely un explored. Un til about a century ago , the deep-ocean floor was completely in accessible and hidde n ben eath waters averaging over 3, 600 meters deep. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth's surface , the deep-ocean bottom is a strange environment to humans , in some ways as forbidding and remote as the outer space. Although researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks for over a century , the first detailed global study of the ocea n bottom did not actually start un til 1968 , with thebegi nning of the Nati onal Scie nee Foun dati on's Deep Sea Drilli ng Project (DSDP). Using tech niq ues first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry , the DSDP's drill ship , the Glomar Challenger , was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean'ssurface and drill in very deep waters , taking samples of rock from the ocea n floor.The Glomar Challe nger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year-research program that ended in November 1983. During this time , it sailed 600 , 000 kilometers and took almost20 , 000samples of rocks around the world. Those samples have allowed geologists to recon struct what the pla net looked likehun dreds of milli ons of years ago and to make out what it will probably look like millions of years in the future. Today , largely on the stre ngth of evide neegathered duri ng the Glomar Challenger's voyages , nearly all earth scie ntists agree on the theories of platetectonics （构造学）and continental drift that expla ins many of the geological processes.The samples of rocks drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also provided a climatic record stretching back hundreds of millions of years. Thein formati on of past climatic changes can be used to predict futureclimates.Basic to any un dersta nding of Can ada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive populati on growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 millio n mark. Most of this surg ing growth came from n atural in crease. The depressi on of the 1930's and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950's, producing a populati on in crease of n early fiftee n perce nt in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of in crease had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911, when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economicconditions of the 1950's supported a growth in the\ /population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an in crease in theaverage size of families. In 1957' the Can adia n birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Can ada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were stay ing at schoo I Ion ger; more wome n were work ing; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising; living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Wester n world since the time of the In dustrial Revoluti on.\ /Although the growth in Canada's population had slowed dow n by 1966 (the in crease in the first half of the1960's was only nine percent), another large\ /population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children who were bornduring the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The adva ntages claimed for such foods over conven ti on ally grow n and marketed food products are now being debated. Advocates of organic foods freque ntly proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.The growing interest of consumers in the safety and nutritional quality of the typical North American diet is a welcome development. However, much of this in terest has bee n sparked by sweep ing claims that the food supply is un safe or in adequate in meet ing nutritional needs. Although most of these claims are not supported by scientific evidenee, the greater number of written material advancing such claims make it difficult for the general public to sep arate\ /fact from fiction. As a result, claims that eating a diet consist ing en tirely of orga ni cally grow n foodspreve nts or cures disease or provides other ben efits to health have become widely publicized and form. the basis for folklore.Almost daily the public is surrounded by claims for "no-aging" diets, new vitamins, and other wonder foods. There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that crops grow n with orga nic fertilizers are nu triti on ally superior to chose with chemical fertilizers, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like.One thi ng that most orga ni cally grow n food products seem to have in com mon is that they cost more tha n conven ti on ally grow n foods. But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality tha n conven ti on ally grow n foods. So there is real cause for concern ff consumers, particularly those with limited in comes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expe nsive orga nic foods in stead.There are many theories about the beg inning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumpti on that drama evolved from ritual（仪式）.The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beg inning, huma n beings viewed the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they sought through various means, to con trol these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eve ntually stories arose which expla ined or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama. Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual\ xalso argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the en tire com mun ity did not participate, a clear divisi onwas usually made betwee n the "acti ng area" and the "auditorium". In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importanee was attached to avoidi ng mistakes in the en actme nt of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks/and costumes, they often impersonated ( 模仿，扮演) other people, animals, or super natural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eve ntually such dramatic represe ntati ons were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the huma n in terest in storytelli ng. Accord ing to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and the n through the assumpti on of each of the roles by a differe nt pers on.A closely related theory traces theater to those dan ces that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal moveme nts and soun ds.Staggeri ng tasks confron ted the people of the Un ited States, North and South, when the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers flora both sides has to be demobilized, readjusted to civilia n life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy. Civil government also had to be put back on a peacetime basis and interferenee from the military had to be stopped.The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that recon structi on had to be un dertake n also in the North, though less spectacularly. Industries had to adjust to peacetime conditions: factories had to be retooled for civilia n n eeds.\Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. The n ati onal debt had shot up from a modest 565 millio n in 1861, the year file war started,\ /to nearly 53 billion in 1865, the year the war ended. This was a colossal sum for those days but one that aprude nt gover nment could pay. At the same time, war taxes had to be reduced to less burde nsome levels. Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and Border States, had to be repaired. This herculea n task was ultimately completed, but with discourag ing slow ness.Other important questions needed answering. What would be the future of the four million black people who were freed from slavery?. On what basis were the Southern States to be brought back into the Union? What of the souther n leaders, all of whom were liable to charge of treas on? One of these leaders, Jeffers on Davis, preside nt of the Souther n Con federacy, was the subject of an in sult ing popular Norther n song, "Ha ng Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple Tree" and eve n childre n sang it. Davis was temporarily chained in his prison cell duri ng the early days of his two-year impris onment. But he and the other souther n leaders were fin ally released, partly because it was un likely that a jury from Virgi nia, a souther n con federate state, would con vict them. All the leaders were fin allypard oned by Preside nt Joh nson in 1868 in an effort to help rec on structi on efforts proceed with as little bitter ness as possible.。
托福阅读中地理学的常识问题
托福阅读中地理学的常识问题（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福阅读中地理学的常识问题阅读中涉及地理学知识的时候，往往不会向太专业的方向靠拢，因此事先准备一下。
托福阅读真题及答案PASSAGE2
托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by theparticular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrographic network" (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness正确答案：AACCD CABD。
托福阅读tpo51R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO51阅读-2Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (8)背景知识 (10)原文Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth①A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically altera planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.②Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth,liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.③Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures.译文金星和地球的表面流体①流体是一种物质，例如液体或气体，其中的成分粒子（通常是分子）可以相互移动。
托福阅读生物类背景知识及真题
托福阅读生物类背景知识及真题珊瑚礁珊瑚礁(coral reef)是指造礁石珊瑚群体死后其遗骸(remains)构成的岩体。
珊瑚礁的主体是由珊瑚虫(polyp)组成的。
珊瑚虫是海洋中的一种腔肠动物在生长过程中能吸收海水中的钙和二氧化碳，然后分泌出石灰石(limestone)，变为自己生存的外壳。
每一个单体的珊瑚虫只有米粒那样大小，它们一群一群地聚居在一起，一代代地新陈代谢(metabolism)，生长繁衍，同时不断分泌出石灰石，并粘合在一起。
这些石灰石经过以后的压实、石化，形成岛屿和礁石，也就是所谓的珊瑚礁(coral reef)。
达尔文根据礁体与岸线的关系，划分出岸礁(fringing reef)、堡礁(barrier reef)和环礁(atoll)。
fringing reef暗礁沿大陆(mainland)或岛屿(island)岸边(shore)生长发育，亦称裙礁或边缘礁。
现代最长的岸礁沿红海沿岸发育，绵延约2700多公里，分布水深约36米。
中国台湾恒春半岛和海南岛沿岸也有岸礁发育。
barrier reef堡礁又称堤礁，是离岸有一定距离的堤状礁体，它与陆地隔以泻湖(环礁湖)(lagoon)。
现代规模最大的堡礁是澳大利亚昆士兰大堡礁，全长约2000公里，分布水深约30米。
atoll环礁礁体呈环带状围绕泻湖(lagoon)，有的与外海有水道相通。
环礁直径在几百米至几十公里，形态多样。
已知的环礁有330个之多,主要分布在西太平洋的信风带和印度洋热带海域。
环礁多坐落在大洋火山锥上，孤立于汪洋大海之中，展布受洋底火山(volcano)作用的控制，某些也可在大陆架(continental shelf)上见到。
环礁礁坪上常有灰砂(砾)岛或礁岩岛，统称为珊瑚岛。
马绍尔群岛上的夸贾林环礁和马尔代夫群岛的苏瓦迪瓦环礁，面积都在1800平方公里以上，是世界上最大的两个环礁。
南海发育的环礁颇具特色，有泻湖全被封闭的玉琢礁;有泻湖与外海有3个通道的华光礁;还有多通道开放式的永乐环礁，半月形全开放式的宣德环礁。
TOEFL阅读背景知识
TOEFL阅读背景知识为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理新托福阅读背景知识，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景知识：地球的旋转时间变短地球的旋转时间变短We have been talking about some of the effects that the human beings had on the earth. One you may not be aware of is that we actually begin to change the length of the day. In the other way to say, one day is the amount of time the earth needs to spin completely around an axis, the imaginary line around the center of the earth, from the north to the south. And of course there are a lot of physical causes th at can affect the speed of the earth’s rotation, but there was only one that is direct result of the human activity. Since 1950, human beings have built about ten thousand artificial reservoirs all over the world. These reservoirs have redistributed tremendous amount of the earth water. When they are used to be in the area near the equator, the imaginary line surround the middle of the earth, it’s now the reservoirs in the areas of differentlatitudes. The latitude matters because, well, thinking the earth and axis, the equator contains the areas on the earth that are the farthest away from axis. So water has been redistributed from the equator regions, then wherever the water is, to it’s close to the earth axis. It’s like when ice skaters perform spins when those skaters put their arms enclose to their bodies, they spin faster. So the earth is spinning faster because the reservoirs have redistributed the water close to its axis. And because the earth was spinning faster, since 1950 the length of day has decreased by about 8 millionths of second. I know that doesn’t sound like much but significant in that this is the first time that human beings ever had measurable affect on the earth’s motion.新托福阅读背景知识：潮汐发电潮汐发电凡在海边上生活过的人都知道，海水时进时退，海面时涨时落。
关于外星人来到地球的英语作文
外星人的地球访问One fateful day, as people were busy with their daily lives, an unknown spacecraft appeared in the sky, coming from a distant star system. Its appearance caused panic and curiosity among Earthlings. Could this be a visitation from aliens? What would they want with us? These were the questions that filled the minds of people everywhere.The spacecraft landed peacefully in a deserted area, and a door opened, revealing a being that was completely alien to Earth. It had a large head, two large eyes, and a small body. Its skin was a deep purple color, and it appeared to be made of some unknown material. The alien being looked around curiously, taking in the sights and sounds of Earth.The governments of the world quickly responded, sending experts to investigate this extraordinary event. They were cautious, not knowing what to expect from these aliens. Would they be friendly? Or would they pose a threat to Earth?The alien being seemed harmless and friendly. It introduced itself as an emissary from a distant planet, seeking to establish diplomatic relations with Earth. It said that they had been watching Earth for a long time and were fascinated by our culture and civilization.The alien being shared its knowledge and technology with Earthlings, showing us advanced ways of energy production, medicine, and technology. It also warned us about the dangers of overusing resources and polluting the planet, saying that we must take care of our home if we want to survive.The people of Earth were amazed by the alien's knowledge and technology. They were also grateful for the warning about the dangers of destroying our planet. The governments of the world decided to work together with the aliens to create a better future for both Earth and their planet.However, not everyone was happy about the alien's arrival. There were those who feared the unknown and were paranoid about the aliens' intentions. They formed groupsand protested against the aliens, calling them invaders and demanding that they leave Earth.The situation became tense, and there were even reports of violence against the aliens and their spacecraft. The governments of the world had to take action to ensure the safety of the aliens and to quell the anger of the protesters.In the end, the alien emissary left Earth peacefully, saying that they would always be friends with us and would come back in the future. They left us with a message of peace, unity, and responsibility towards our planet.The people of Earth learned a valuable lesson from the alien's visit. We realized that we must work together to create a better world, not divide ourselves based on fear and paranoia. We also learned that we must take care of our planet if we want to survive and thrive as a species.The alien's visit was a turning point in the history of Earth. It brought us together, taught us valuable lessons, and left us with a message of hope and unity. Let us remember this lesson and work towards creating a better future for ourselves and for all life on Earth.**外星人的地球访问**在一个命运多舛的日子里，当人们忙于日常生活时，一艘来历不明的太空船突然出现在天空中，它来自遥远的恒星系。
外星人访问地球
外星人访问地球
2089年，地球来了一群特殊的客人——火星人。
当ufo不明飞行物着落的时候人们惊呆了因为我们眼前看到的是一道强光，当外星人一下来，外星人一下飞行船头一句话就说：“你好，我们是来访问你们地球的武器，交通工具、食物”。
他们说：“我们先来考察一下你们的武器吧！”。
世界各国都拿出了新开发的武器而他们摇头说：“嗨这种菜鸟而又低级武器我们早在五百年就有了。
”我一听惊呆了这可是刚刚研制出来的超光速武器呀！“外星人又问你们人类有什么好吃”？我们赶紧拿出全国各地的名菜风味小吃。
外星人吃先赞不绝口连声：“好吃”。
最后，他们要看看我们的交通工具我们立即拿出了光速飞机，超光速轮船……他们才满意的点点头。
火星人要走了，他们留了一本书，这本书记叙了地球的起因、未来还有跟其他有生命的星球的联系方式……天啊！他们最落后的一个武器都可以把我们地球给毁了！
我们地球必需得努力研究太空外的世界！。
外星人来访地球的故事作文
外星人来访地球的故事作文英文回答：In the vast expanse of the cosmos, where celestial bodies dance in intricate harmony, a momentous encounter unfolded on the azure planet Earth. From the depths of uncharted star systems, an enigmatic spacecraft descended, its gleaming hull reflecting the golden rays of the celestial sphere.Within the confines of this extraterrestrial vessel, a crew of advanced beings embarked on a mission of exploration and discovery. Their arrival on Earth was shrouded in mystery and awe, as the inhabitants of this world gazed skyward in wonder and trepidation.As the spacecraft hovered over major cities, casting an ethereal glow upon the urban tapestry, fear and curiosity surged through the hearts of humanity. Governments scrambled to decipher the intentions of these celestialvisitors, while scientists yearned to unravel the secrets they carried from the distant realms of the galaxy.Initial attempts at communication proved futile. The aliens' language was a symphony of unfamiliar sounds, beyond the comprehension of human ears. Yet, as days turned into weeks, a breakthrough occurred. Through advanced technology and intuitive understanding, a rudimentary dialogue was established.To the astonishment of Earth's inhabitants, the extraterrestrials came with a message of peace and goodwill. They had traversed the interstellar void not to conquer or enslave, but to share their knowledge, wisdom, and technology.With open hearts and eager minds, humanity embracedthis cosmic encounter. Scientists collaborated with their extraterrestrial counterparts, unlocking unprecedented advancements in fields such as medicine, energy, and space exploration. Artists found inspiration in the aliens'unique perspectives, creating masterpieces that celebratedthe unity of all living beings.As the bond between Earth and its celestial visitors grew, so too did the understanding of our place in the vastness of the universe. The extraterrestrials imparted invaluable lessons on environmental stewardship, cosmic harmony, and the interconnectedness of all life.In the years that followed, the alien spacecraft became a symbol of hope and progress for humanity. It served as a constant reminder that amidst the vast expanse of the cosmos, we are not alone. And as the celestial visitors prepared for their eventual departure, they left behind a legacy of knowledge, friendship, and the promise of future encounters.中文回答：在浩瀚无垠的宇宙中，天体在错综复杂的和谐中翩翩起舞，一个重大的相遇在地球这个蔚蓝色的星球上展开。
托福阅读tpo41R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo41R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Climate Of Venus①Earth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere.By contrast,Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide.The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth,or outgassed,by volcanoes.The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth,such as Mount Saint Helens,are predominantly water vapor,carbon dioxide,and sulfur dioxide.These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth.Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets,icy bodies formed in the outer solar system.②In fact,water probably once dominated the Venusian atmosphere.Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass,so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth,and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces.Studies of how stars evolve suggest that the early Sun was only about70percent as luminous as it is now,so the temperature in Venus’early atmosphere must have been quite a bit lower.Thus water vapor would have been able to liquefy and form oceans on Venus.But if water vapor and carbon dioxide were once so common in the atmospheres of both Earth and Venus,what became of Earth’s carbon dioxide?And what happened to the water on Venus?③The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth,but now,instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide,it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks,such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.If Earth became as hot as Venus,much of its carbon dioxide would be boiled out of the oceans and baked out of the crust.Our planet would soon develop a thick,oppressive carbon dioxide atmosphere much like that of Venus.④To answer the question about Venus’lack of water,we must return to the early history of the planet.Just as on present-day Earth,the oceans of Venus limited theamount of atmospheric carbon dioxide by dissolving it in the oceans and binding it up in carbonate rocks.But being closer to the Sun than Earth is,enough of the liquid water on Venus would have vaporized to create a thick cover of water vapor clouds.Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas,this humid atmosphere—perhaps denser than Earth’s present-day atmosphere,but far less dense than the atmosphere that envelops Venus today—would have efficiently trapped heat from the Sun.At first,this would have had little effect on the oceans of Venus.Although the temperature would have climbed above100°C,the boiling point of water at sea level on Earth,the added atmospheric pressure from water vapor would have kept the water in Venus'oceans in the liquid state.⑤This hot and humid state of affairs may have persisted for several hundred million years.But as the Sun’s energy output slowly increased over time,the temperature at the surface would eventually have risen above374°C.Above this temperature,no matter what the atmospheric pressure,Venus’oceans would have begun to evaporate,and the added water vapor in the atmosphere would have increased the greenhouse effect.This would have made the temperature even higher and caused the oceans to evaporate faster,producing more water vapor. That,in turn,would have further intensified the greenhouse effect and made the temperature climb higher still.⑥Once Venus’oceans disappeared,so did the mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.With no oceans to dissolve it,outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere,intensifying the greenhouse effect even more.Temperatures eventually became high enough to"bake out"any carbon dioxide that was trapped in carbonate rocks.This liberated carbon dioxide formed the thick atmosphere of present-day Venus.Over time,the rising temperatures would have leveled off,solar ultraviolet radiation having broken down atmospheric water vapor molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.With all the water vapor gone,the greenhouse effect would no longer have accelerated.译文金星的气候①地球的海洋中有丰富的水，但在相对稀薄的大气层中只有很少的二氧化碳。
托福阅读练习题目解析整理三
托福阅读练习题目解析整理三下面给大家提供托福阅读练习题目解析整理，希望你们喜欢。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:始祖鸟的飞行问题C卷Passage 3托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析简单托福阅读考试练习题目大致内容生物：始祖鸟的飞行问题。
人们才开始并不知道始祖鸟的飞行方式，就观察别的动物。
爬行动物可以滑行，所以始祖鸟是爬行动物到鸟类的一个过度。
有很多不同的假设说明其飞行方式。
始祖鸟的飞行问题(在新SAT中有类似文章) 托福阅读考试练习题目解析:恐龙灭绝原因A卷Passage 1托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析适中托福阅读考试练习题目大致内容生物：关于恐龙灭绝的原因。
与TPO一篇有重叠内容，所以讲的知识点是比较熟悉的，就是因为Irodium的存在确定恐龙灭绝和陨石撞地球有关系。
但文章内容主要讲的是其灭绝的主要原因以及论据。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:欧洲饮食演变A卷Passage 2托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析偏难托福阅读考试大致内容欧洲某时期diet的演变。
讲穷人吃不起肉，只能吃beans等一些当季蔬菜，因为这些蔬菜在某些季节没有所以nutrients跟不上，因此得病，后来美国的营养价值高的potato来了，他们有了生存的食物，并且还替代了Grains.托福阅读考试练习题目解析:物种活动所需能量A卷Passage 3托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析适中托福阅读考试大致内容生物：关于species在活动时候所需要用到的能量。
不可思议的是人在走路时用到的能量特别多，比鸟飞和鱼游用的都多，其中，鱼用得少的原因是他们和水的密度差不多，说鱼用到少只针对于哪些常年在水下submerge的生物，因为surface还要去克服重力，举例还是鸭子。
鸟飞用的比鱼多，因为他们要保持在一定高度飞行。
人用的多是因为经纪人运动去调节速度，以骑自行车为例。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:欧洲经济衰退A卷Passage4托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析适中托福阅读考试大致内容Economic Decline in Europe During the Fourteenth Century.。
托福考试阅读题目详细解析(25)
托福考试阅读题目详细解析(25)【学科分类】：科学类【标题】Earth Atmosphere and the Ocean【内容】早期地球的大气的形成还有海洋的形成是hotly debated，有人认为是地下的mantle含有大量的水，随着地质变化例如火山运动等到达了地表，冷凝形成水，而地球上m antle的水含量也确实多。
有些人认为，可能是外太空的comet或者meteorite带来的，但是如果是这样应该有大量的外太空的元素例如H，有一个例子证实了这个点。
后期还需要好好研究。
Earth science，earth atmosphere and the ocean。
早期地球的大气的形成还有海洋的形成是 hotly debated，有人认为是地下的 mantle 含有大量的水，随着地质变化例如火山运动等到达了地表，冷凝形成水，而地球上 mantle 的水含量也确实多。
有些人认为，可能是外太空的 comet 或者 meteorite 带来的，但是如果是这样应该有大量的外太空的元素例如 H，有一个例子证实了这个点。
后期还需要好好研究。
内容回顾：Ice layers can provide information of the past climate, top layers are rece ntly produced and bottom of the layers are formed for many years.Air bubbles in the ice can yield climate information as well. By investing the gases in the bubbles, the correlation and conection of carbon dioxide and t emperature are revealed.Some sea sediments can also tell information of the climate.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
托福阅读背景知识：UFO或已访问地球
托福阅读背景知识：UFO或已访问地球Hillary Clinton has vowed to "get to the bottom" of UFOs if she becomes the next President of the United States.
希拉里承诺，若能成功当选总统，将彻查UFO的真相。
And the Democratic presidential candidate believes we may already have been visited by extraterrestrials.
这位民主党总统候选人认为外星人可能已造访过地球。
Responding to a question about UFOs from a journalist while campaigning in New Hampshire, she reportedly said: "Yes, I'm going to get to the bottom of it."
当希拉里在新罕布什尔州参加竞选活动时，一位记者提出了关于UFO事件的疑问。
希拉里回答说：“我会将这件事调查清楚。
”
Clinton, who could become America's first female president if elected in November, also said she would send a "task force" into Area 51 - a top secret base in Nevada where UFO enthusiasts believe alien technology is being back-engineered.
希拉里若能在11月的选举中成功当选，将成为美国首位女性总统。
她还表示，届时会向“51区”派遣一支特别小组。
“51区”是位于内华达州的一个军事基地，也是美国政府的最高机密。
UFO迷认为美国正于此地暗中研究外星科技。
John Podesta, her campaign chairman, has previously called for the release of all UFO files as the “American people can handle the truth”.
此前，希拉里的助选主席约翰•波德斯塔曾要求公开所有有关UFO的文件，因为“美国人民有能力面对真相”。
Last year he famously tweeted his biggest regret of 2014 was not securing the release of the UFO files before he retired.
去年他在推特上发表过一条著名推文，称自己2014年最大的遗憾就是没能在退休前争取把UFO的有关文件公之于众。
He said: "Finally, my biggest failure of 2014: Once again not securing the #disclosure of the UFO files. #the truthisstilloutthere".
他在推文中说：“最后说说我在2014年的最大遗憾：还是没能争取#公开UFO的有关文件#。
#真相还有待公布#。
”
Podesta was also her husband Bill Clinton's chief of staff when he was in the White House and a top advisor to President Barack Obama.
波德斯塔还曾是希拉里丈夫比尔•克林顿在任期间的白宫办公厅主任，也担任过现任总统奥巴马的高级顾问。
Hillary said: “He has made me personally pledge we are going to get the information out. One way or another. Maybe we could have a task force go to Area 51."
希拉里说：“我答应过波德斯塔，无论如何也要公开真相。
或许我们可以向“51区”派遣一支特别小组。
”
Last year Bill Clinton told US chat show host Jimmy Kimmel he wouldn't be surprised if alien life visited Earth but said he hoped it "wouldn't be like Independence Day".
去年比尔•克林顿在吉米•坎摩尔主持的脱口秀节目中提到，如果外星人已经造访过地球，他并不会感到惊讶，但希望情况别是《独立日》里演的那样。
He also said he had looked into Area 51 but added: "There are no aliens there."
他还表示他也调查过“51区”，但又补充说：“那里没有外星人。
”
When asked about her husband's comments, Hillary said: "I think we may have been (visited already). We don't know for sure."
当被问及自己丈夫的言论时，希拉里说：“我想外星人可能已经来过地球了。
但我们还不清楚具体情况。
”
扫描二维码限时获取免费视频课程。
来源于：时代焦点。