英国四个主要考试局
雅思考试是什么
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雅思考试是什么雅思考试是什么?雅思考试分哪些类型?雅思有机考吗?今天我就给大家带来了雅思考试是什么,希望能够帮助到大家,下面我就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
雅思考试是什么一、雅思考试是什么?雅思,简称IELTS,是由英国文化协会、剑桥大学考试委员会和澳大利亚教育国际开发署共同举办的国际英语水平测试。
此项考试是为申请赴英语国家(美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰等)留学、移民的非英语国家学生而设,用来评定考生运用英语的能力。
二、雅思考试分哪些类型?很多考鸭提到雅思考试的类型,仍然很迷茫。
出国留学到底该报考哪一种? 普通雅思和UKVI到底有啥区别?其实,雅思考试有三种:普通雅思考试,用于英国签证和移民的雅思考试(IELTS for UKVI),生活技能类雅思考试。
1、普通雅思分为学术类(A类)和培训类(G类)。
A类适合:出国留学申请本科、硕士及以上学位。
是学校考量学生英语水平是否满足学术学习要求的重要考量条件。
G类适合:英语国家申请移民,或者申请培训及非文凭类课程。
培训类雅思考试主要考察考生在社会及教育环境中的基本语言技能。
简单来说,A类更适合留学,而G类更适宜移民。
G类考试在听力和口语上,跟A类相同,但是写作和阅读相对而言简单一些。
不出国想要考雅思的同学们注意了!国内就业中,更加认可的是学术类雅思,所以如果考雅思的目的是求职,更建议大家报考学术类雅思。
2、那么IELTS for UKVI(英国签证及移民类雅思考试)是什么?在考试内容、考试难度、考官和评分标准上,UKVI跟普通雅思(A类)是一样的。
UKVI比普通雅思更贵。
2023年1月起,UKVI雅思考试的费用已经涨到2220元了,而普通雅思的价格在2170元。
UKVI雅思考试的考点比普通雅思考试的考点少,且安全监控技术和级别上要求更高。
如果想要出国读语言班,预科课程,本科以下课程,都必须要考UKVI雅思。
但是具体的要求还要以学校官网为准。
UKVI也适用于那些对自己语言成绩不是特别自信的同学们。
IGCSE课程和A-LEVEL课程详解
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很多家长在选择国际学校的时候,就需要为孩子考虑相应的课程。
一般来说在国内较为主流的国际课程主要有IB课程、A-level 课程、AP课程这三个,那么各位家长在选择这些课程的时候是否有所了解呢,关于这方面下面我就选取IGCSE课程和A-LEVEL课程为大家详细讲解一下。
说到IGCSE和A-LEVEL课程就不能不先介绍一下英国的教育体系。
英国是一个拥有悠久历史教育传统的国家。
他们的教育体系经过几百年的发展和沿革已经变得相当的完善和复杂,且具有多元性和包容性。
一、Alevel课程而Alevel就是英国普通高中教育证书考试高等水平课程,也就是英国学生大学入学考试的课程。
相当于我们的高中课程,因此A-LEVEL考试就像我国的高考一样。
A-LEVEL和IGCSE—样同样存四个考试局。
1、A-Level的学制英国高中课程(A-Level)的学制为两年:第一年称为AS水准,学生通常选择自己最擅长且最有兴趣的3~4门课,通过考试后获得AS证书。
第二年称为A2水准,学生可选择AS水准中优秀的3门课继续学习,通过考试后获得A-Level证书。
二、GCSE课程GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education)是英国的一种课程体系,在英国,学完GCSE的学生就结束了义务教育的学习。
如果学生选择上大学,会继续读A-LEVEL,如果学生去一些技术类的院校学习,毕业后会在相应的岗位就业。
GCSE和IGCSE课程一共有四个考试局:AQA、OCR、EDEXCEL、CIE,其中英国本土学校基本选择前两个考试局。
这两个考试局在四个考试局里面也较简单。
1、GCSE/GCSE 学制IGCSE/GCSE的学制是两年,学生学完后参加统一的考试。
但是在中国,很多学校把IGCSE 压缩为一年来学。
也有的学校把IGCSE课程称为PRE-A-LEVEL课程。
2、课程内容在IGCSE里,有64个可选科你可以在有限度的情况下自由选择,限度是:英文、数学、科学必修,其余的课程可以作为选修课程。
雅思赋分规则
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雅思赋分规则什么是雅思考试雅思(International English Language Testing System)是世界上最受欢迎的英语语言能力考试之一,由英国文化协会(British Council)、剑桥大学考试委员会(Cambridge Assessment English)和澳大利亚教育国际局(IDP Education Australia)联合管理。
雅思考试旨在评估非英语母语人士的英语能力,广泛应用于留学、移民、就业等领域。
雅思考试分为四个部分雅思考试分为听力、阅读、写作和口语四个部分。
每个部分都有特定的考试内容和评分标准。
听力听力测试主要通过录音材料来评估考生对于不同场景下的口语表达和理解能力。
测试时间约为30分钟,包括四个部分,共40道题目。
阅读阅读测试主要通过阅读材料来评估考生对于不同类型文章的理解能力。
测试时间约为60分钟,包括三个部分,共40道题目。
写作写作测试主要通过两篇独立的文章来评估考生的写作能力。
测试时间约为60分钟,包括两个任务。
口语口语测试主要通过面对面的对话来评估考生的口语表达能力。
测试时间约为11-14分钟,包括三个部分。
雅思考试评分规则雅思考试采用9个等级的评分体系,称为雅思赋分(IELTS Band Score)。
根据考生在每个部分的得分,最终会获得一个总体的雅思赋分。
听力和阅读听力和阅读部分的得分按照正确题数进行计算,并转换为0-9之间的整数。
例如,如果一个考生在听力和阅读部分都回答了35道题目并且全部正确,那么他们的得分将是9。
写作和口语写作和口语部分的得分则根据四个评判标准进行评估:1.任务响应(Task Response):是否清晰准确地回答了问题或完成了任务。
2.语言运用(Coherence and Cohesion):使用适当且连贯的句子结构、词汇和连接词。
3.词汇表达(Lexical Resource):使用丰富多样且准确地词汇表达意思。
中国与英美国家大学入学考试与录取制度对比
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中国与英美国家大学入学考试与录取制度对比摘要:中国的大学入学考试与录取是招考合一的模式,英美两国是招考分离的模式,分析两种模式的异同,追溯其产生原因,有助于加深对中西方文化的理解,也能为中国当前的教育改革提供借鉴和启示。
关键词:大学入学考试录取高考中国英美中西各国高等学校招生的过程中均存在“高考”,但是测试内容、所占比重等又有所不同。
本文拟从中、英、美国的考试教育制度入手,挖掘其形成的文化根源,探究其在人才培养方面的利弊得失,并得出了对中国高考改革的一些启示。
一、中国与英美国家大学不同的入学考试制度[1](一)中国的“高考”制度在中国大陆地区,高考是高等学校招生全国统一考试(特指普通、成人高等学校本专科招生全国统一考试)的简称,具有国家教育考试的性质。
[2]纵观其演变进程,可以发现有以下几个特点:1.逐步向终身教育体系靠拢。
2001年教育部取消了对考生年龄和婚姻状况的限制,使大龄考生参考成为现实。
2.更加注重考试的统一性和多样性。
“3+x”模式和部分省、直辖市的自主命题权,使其考试内容既坚持了国家课程标准又符合了各个地区的教学发展情况。
3.一年一次,招考合一。
中国”高考”设在每年6月7、8日两天(个别地区除外),共分语文、数学、综合、英语四场,每科为两个到两个半小时。
录取工作主要在当年的7、8月进行,对达到志愿分数线的,由高到低择优录取。
这样的招生工作周期较短、成本较低,体现了中国“高考”管理的集中与权威。
但一年一次的考试使考生应试压力大,容易发挥不良,从而增加了其机会成本。
4.录取标准较为单一,逐步发展多种招生途径。
录取以考试分数为重,少数高校也在施行提前单独招生、免试保送和有限自主招生,力图发掘在学科竞赛、艺体特长等方面有突出表现或有志在从事一些特殊专业工作的学生。
这一方面体现了招生自主,但另一方面,也催生了众多以高考加分为功利目的的课余培训班。
(二)英美国家的“高考”制度[3]1.英国的“高考”英国拥有世界上最古老之一的教育体系,牛津大学和剑桥大学[4]为标志。
2011_GCSE Chinese 和 IGCSE Chinese 比较表
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GCSE Chinese 和 IGCSE Chinese 比较表英国中文教育促进会梁苑华徐淑君汇总执笔( 2011四月) 目前在英国提供中文GCSE考试的主要考试局有Edexcel和AQA。
AQA从2009年开始提供GCSE中文考试,可是只提供普通话和简体字。
Edexcel的GCSE中文考试历史悠久,而且接受考生用普通话或广东话,简体字或繁体字作答,所以Edexcel一直以来都是大多数中文社区学校的首选。
2011年是应考GCSE新形式的第一年,Edexcel 的中文GCSE 考生少了很多,除了去年很多学生赶坐「尾班车」使去年考生数目大增以外,为什么今年有学校鼓励学生参加IGCSE,究竟还有什么原因令今年的GCSE中文考生减少呢?现就今年开始的新GCSE与IGCSE的形式、内容等作一比较,使学校、家长、有兴趣华文教育人士有所了解。
如有谬误,请前辈先进不吝指正。
所有解释,均以Edexcel 的 specification 为准。
如引用此表, 请註明出处, 本表版权属促进会所有.参加GCSE与IGCSE的特点和需要考虑的地方。
请參考網站或邮电gcsechinese@ ;/quals/gcse/gcse09/mfl/chinese/pages/viewNotice.aspx?notice=2248/migrationdocuments/GCSE%20New%20GCSE/GCSE-Chinese-spec-Issue-3-UG025110.pdf /quals/gcse/gcse09/mfl/chinese/Pages/default.aspx/qual/newgcses/languages/new/chinese_overview.php。
全球三大国际课程:英国高中课程
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全球三大国际课程:英国高中课程A-Level英国高中课程(General Certificate of Education Advanced Level )简称A-Level课程,它是英国的普通中等教育证书考试高级水平课程,是英国的全民课程体系,也是英国学生的大学入学考试课程,就像我国的高考一样,A-Level课程证书被几乎所有英语授课的大学作为招收新生的入学标准。
在中国开设A-Level 课程旨在为中国学生提供进入国外大学的有效途径,具体目标为:培养在国内初高中成绩优秀的学生进入世界顶尖大学;培养在国内初高中成绩中等的学生进入世界一流大学;培养在国内初高中成绩一般的学生考取适合自己的大学。
课程简介该课程体系的教学大纲、课程设置及其考试分别由英国四个主要考试局Cambridge International Examinations 简称CIE, Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations 简称OCR, Assessment and Qualifications Alliance 简称AQA和EDEXCEL等设计并组织,其权威性得到了国际上的广泛认可。
迄今为止,全球已有5000多个教育机构开设了英国高中课程,每年有数百万学生参加由这些考试局组织的统一考试。
A- Level课程一般在中国开设数学、进阶数学(或称高等数学)、物理、计算机学、会计学、商业学、经济学等课程供学生选择。
应该选择哪几门课程是学生和家长都普遍关注的问题,但也是非常难回答的一个问题。
英国、加拿大、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰、新加坡等英语国家没有统一的大学入学标准,虽然它们都认可A-Level证书,但是各所大学、各个专业对学生学过哪几门A-Level课程以及成绩都有不同的要求。
所以怎样选择课程并没有一个唯一的答案。
数学、进阶数学和物理是大多数大学和专业招生时要求学过的A-Level科目(只有极专业的学科除外,例如法学),所以威久留学专家建议大家选择这三门课。
英国教育演变与教育体制zhshi
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Rt HON Ed Balls MP Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families
Jim Knight MP Minister of State for Schools and Learners RT HON Beverley Hughes MP Minister of State for Children, Young People and Families Lord Andrew Adonis Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Schools and Learners Kevin Brennan MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Children, Young People and Families
(三)1870-1899义务制教育的开始
1870年教育署长福斯特提出了初等教育法案并获得议会通过 ,即《初等教育法》,亦称《福斯特法》(Forster Act)。该 法案的目的是,通过国家在民间教育团体力所不及的地方填 补空缺来为全国提供良好的学校教育,使所有家长确信其子 女能够受到初等教育。 1876年,英国议会颁布了《桑登法》(Sandon's Act),规定 家长有义务使其子女接受足够的教育,否则将受到处罚。 1880年的《芒德拉法》(Mundella's Act)规定实施全面的强制 入学政策。 至1899年,义务教育的上限已提高到12岁。 随着义务教育年 限的逐渐延长,英国在19世纪末20世纪初出现了相当于中等 学校的高级学校。
二战后英国教育的发展
1.《1944年教育法》
英国四个主要考试局.
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剑桥大学国际考试委员会(CIE)CIE(Cambridge International Examinations剑桥大学国际考试委员会)是世界上最主要的国际资质认证和考核机构之一。
根据国际教育与文化的需求,我们颁发的资格证书范围广泛,并力图使这些资质证书具有趣味性和实用性。
同时我们努力确保CIE(剑桥大学国际考试委员会)的资质证书得到世界上各大学、教育机构和企业的广泛认可。
CIE (剑桥大学国际考试委员会)是UCLES(剑桥大学考试委员会)的组成部分,该委员与剑桥大学一道享誉全球。
UCLES(剑桥大学考试委员会)还包括OCR(OCR考试部)和ESOL(剑桥大学英语考试部)。
OCR考试部在英国国内开展考试与评估工作;ESOL(剑桥大学英语考试部)为英语作为外国语的学生提供一系列的考试。
UCLES(剑桥大学考试委员会)在全球发展和推广资质认证已近150年,它很清楚对国际认可的资质认证的需求将持续增长。
CIE(剑桥大学国际考试委员会)于1998年正式成立,旨在提供高水准的资质认证服务,以满足了全世界企业和教育机构的需要。
考试内容向国际范围学生提供IGCSE、A-Level(AS及A2)、O-Level 等考试。
牛津、剑桥和RSA考试局(OCR)Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations,中文全称“牛津、剑桥和RSA考试局”,隶属剑桥大学“评估小组”。
每年约有300万人参加“OCR”组织的A-level课程考试。
目前不考虑在中国发展。
OCR的“单元报告”的三大特色课程作业报告(Coursework)课程作业是以解决现实生活中的一个具体问题为情境,要求学生完成的一项系统设计。
英国资格评估与认证联合会(AQA)AQA-英国资格评估与认证联合会(The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance)由英国联合考试局(The Associated Examining Board)和英国北方考试评估委员会( The Northern Examinations and Assessment Board)于2000年4月合并而成,目前为英国三大颁证机构之一,在全球享有盛誉。
国际英语语言测试系统IELTS(雅思)考试介绍
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国际英语语言测试系统IELTS(雅思)考试介绍IELTS考试的全称为:International English Language Testing System,中文译为"雅思".它是由University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate、IDP Education Australia及The British Council三家共同参与组织设计,并由英国文化教育委员会(The British Council)负责在世界各地组织考试。
设在中国的英国大使馆文化教育处专门设有考试部,负责IELTS考试工作。
此项考试是为非英语国家的人士赴英联邦国家高等教育机构就读和进修必须通过的语言测试。
现在大多的英联邦国家对本国申请技术移民的人士也采用这项考试做为申请人英语能力达标的认证。
IELTS考试分为学术类(Academic)和培训类(General Training),移民申请者被要求参加General Training类的考试,整个考试包括四个部分,听力(30分钟)阅读(60分钟)、写作(60分钟)和口语(15分钟)。
两类听力和口语采用相同试卷,阅读和写作采用不同试卷。
考试成绩的有效期为二年,并要求考生的连续参加考试的时间间隔三个月。
整个考试由英国文化教育处考官亲自主持。
目前在中国设有的固定考点有10个,包括北京、沈阳、西安、上海、南京、广州、福州、深圳、成都、香港。
北京和上海每月举办一次,其它地区2-3个月举办一次。
由于中国对外交流的迅速发展,英国文化教育处正在积极发展和推广此项考试,不久将会有更多的考点和考试时间满足各地考生的要求。
IELTS考试与目前的TOEFL和国内四、六级英语考试有一定的差异,它的听力和口语部分使用使用英音,它的书面考试部分,不采用标准多项选项形式,而以填写单词和短句为主,题目形式多样,较好地考察考生的实际英语能力,避免了答题的猜测因素。
英国课程体系详解-IGCSE课程和A-LEVEL课程详解_孩子出国留学家长必读!
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IGCSE 和A-LEVEL 课程介绍1英国教育体系概况IGCSE 课程和A-LEVEL 课程都是英国的教育体系,英国是一个有悠久教育传统的国家。
它的教育体系经过几百年的沿革,相当的完善和复杂,且具有非常大的灵活性。
总体来说分为三个阶段:义务教育(Compulsory Education),延续教育(Further Education)和高等教育(Higher Education)。
这里我们只讲义务教育中的小学教育和中学教育。
从小学到中学总共分为13个年级:Y1—Y6属于小学阶段(Primary Education),其中Y1—Y2是阶段一(Key Stage 1),Y3—Y6是阶段二(Key Stage 2);Y7—Y13属于中学阶段(Secondary Education),其中Y7—Y9是阶段三(Key Stage 3),Y10—Y11是阶段四(Key Stage 4 GCSE),Y12—Y13是最后阶段(Sixth Form GCE AS &A Level)。
中英学制对照,可以参考下图:2 IGCSE 概况GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)是英国的一种课程体系,在英国,学完GCSE的学生就结束了义务教育的学习。
如果学生选择上大学,会继续读A-LEVEL,如果学生去一些技术类的院校学习,毕业后会在相应的岗位就业。
GCSE课程是目前公认的最好的斜街高中课程的一种体系,因此越来越多的国家开始采用英国教育体系概况这种课程体系,除去英国本土,其余国家的GCSE课程叫IGCSE( International General Certificate of Secondary Education)。
GCSE课程和IGCSE课程内容基本一致,但是IGCSE 课程比GCSE课程稍难一些。
GCSE和IGCSE课程一共有四个考试局:AQA,OCR,EDEXCEL,CIE,其中英国本土学校基本选择前两个考试局,这两个考试局在四个考试局里面也较简单。
英国职业教育模式
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江西科技师范大学题目:英国职业教育模式组员:指导老师:年月日英国职业教育模式摘要:英国职业教育(BTEC)是一种在中等、高等职业教育和人才培训方面有高效性的职业教育模式,在关键技能教育的拓展方面有着卓越的表现和权威性。
现在世界上有100多个国家采用BTEC课程。
一、英国BTEC职业教育(一)BTEC简介BTEC(Business& Technology Education Council)是英国著名的职业资格授予机构之一——商业与技术教育委员会的简称,成立于1986年。
同时,BTEC也可以作为该机构颁发的职业资格的简称。
BTEC于1996年与伦敦考试与评估委员会合并。
爱德思Edexcel Foundation(下文简称爱德思),BTEC资格证书遂改由爱德思国家学历及职业资格考试委员会颁发。
爱德思是英国教育部授权成立、监管的机构,从事学术教育、学历评审以及资格认定等工作。
它是国际性教育组织,全球共有100多个国家的57000所教育机构操作运行爱德思的课程。
其颁发的BTEC证书被世界大多数国家所认可。
目前英国的BTEC课程分为文凭课程(Diploma)和证书课(Certificate)两类,从级别上分为初级(First)、中级(National)和高级(Higher National)三个级别。
共涉及9个大类、上千门专业,涵盖许多实用领域,如设计、商业、护理、电脑、工程、酒店和餐饮、休闲和旅游等。
其资格证书通过在学校、学院或大学以及工作场所的学习予以获得。
而BTEC(HND: Higher National Diploma)属于高级文凭类的职业资格证书,称“英国国家高等教育文凭”。
英国很多大学在开设大学本科学位教育的同时,还单独开设BTEC(HND)课程。
BTEC(HND)作为英国国家高等教育文凭在英国的教育系统中具有特殊的地位。
在大学全日制学习BTEC(HND)的学生能够与那些攻读学位的学生一样得到同样的支持与资金。
英国alevel课程体系
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英国alevel课程体系英国高中课程(General Certificate of Education Advanced Level )简称A-Level课程,它是英国的普通中等教育证书考试高级水平课程,是英国的全民课程体系,也是英国学生的大学入学考试课程,就像我国的高考一样,A-Level课程证书被几乎所有英语授课的大学作为招收新生的入学标准。
在中国开设A-Level课程旨在为中国学生提供进入国外大学的有效途径,具体目标为:培养在国内初高中成绩优秀的学生进入世界顶尖大学;培养在国内初高中成绩中等的学生进入世界一流大学;培养在国内初高中成绩一般的学生考取适合自己的大学。
大部分英国学生都是用两年的时间修完这种课程,但能力很强的学A-Level生有时也可在更短的时间内修完。
学生甚至可以直接在国内自学三到四门A-Level课程然后去北京、上海、广州等地英国文化委员会参加考试。
这种课程要求学生学习三门或四门主科课程并参加毕业考试,考试合格者即可进入大学就读。
学生的考试成绩及其所选修的A-Level课程在很大程度上决定着能否进入理想的大学和学习所选择的学位课程。
英国的大多数中学开设的ALevel课程科目相当广泛,有文科、商科、经济、语言、数学、理科、计算、法律、媒体、音乐等。
该课程体系的教学大纲、课程设置及其考试分别由英国四个主要考试局 Cambridge International Examinations, 简称CIE, Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations 简称OCR, Assessment and Qualifications Alliance 简称AQA 和EDEXCEL等设计并组织,其权威性得到了国际上的广泛认可。
迄今为止,全球已有5000多个教育机构开设了英国高中课程,每年有数百万学生参加由这些考试局组织的统一考试。
由于该课程的科学性和权威性,新加坡甚至直接将该课程考试作为大学入学的全国统一考试,香港也将该课程引进,作为大学入学的测试标准。
英国高考A-LEVEL(CIE考试局)经济学Economics 2014年AS & A2 考试大纲
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SYLLABUSCambridge International AS and A Level Economics9708For examination in June and November 2014University of Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre.© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011Contents1. Introduction (2)1.1 Why choose Cambridge?1.2 Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level?1.3 W hy choose Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics?1.4 C ambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma1.5 How can I find out more?2. Assessment at a glance (5)3. Syllabus aims and assessment (7)3.1 Aims3.2 Assessment objectives4. Curriculum content (10)4.1 Core (AS Level and A Level)4.2 Supplement (A Level only)5. Appendix: Resource list (24)6. Additional information (27)6.1 Guided learning hours6.2 Recommended prior learning6.3 Progression6.4 Component codes6.5 Grading and reporting6.6 Access6.7 ResourcesAlterations in the syllabus are indicated by black vertical lines on either side of the text.Introduction1. Introduction1.1 Why choose Cambridge?University of Cambridge International Examinations is the world’s largest provider of international education programmes and qualifications for 5 to 19 year olds. We are part of the University of Cambridge, trusted for excellence in education. Our qualifications are recognised by the world’s universities and employers.RecognitionA Cambridge International AS or A Level is recognised around the world by schools, universities andemployers. The qualifications are accepted as proof of academic ability for entry to universities worldwide, though some courses do require specific subjects.Cambridge International A Levels typically take two years to complete and offer a flexible course ofstudy that gives students the freedom to select subjects that are right for them. Cambridge InternationalAS Levels often represent the first half of an A Level course but may also be taken as a freestandingqualification. They are accepted in all UK universities and carry half the weighting of an A Level. University course credit and advanced standing is often available for Cambridge International A/AS Levels in countries such as the USA and Canada.Learn more at /recognitionExcellence in educationWe understand education. We work with over 9000 schools in over 160 countries who offer ourprogrammes and qualifications. Understanding learners’ needs around the world means listening carefully to our community of schools, and we are pleased that 98% of Cambridge schools say they wouldrecommend us to other schools.Our mission is to provide excellence in education, and our vision is that Cambridge learners becomeconfident, responsible, innovative and engaged.Cambridge programmes and qualifications help Cambridge learners to become:• confident in working with information and ideas – their own and those of others• responsible for themselves, responsive to and respectful of others• innovative and equipped for new and future challenges• engaged intellectually and socially, ready to make a difference.Support in the classroomWe provide a world-class support service for Cambridge teachers and exams officers. We offer a widerange of teacher materials to Cambridge schools, plus teacher training (online and face-to-face), expertadvice and learner-support materials. Exams officers can trust in reliable, efficient administration of exams entry and excellent, personal support from our customer services. Learn more at /teachers Not-for-profit, part of the University of CambridgeWe are a part of Cambridge Assessment, a department of the University of Cambridge and a not-for-profit organisation.We invest constantly in research and development to improve our programmes and qualifications.2Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 9708Introduction3Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 97081.2 Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level?Cambridge International AS and A Levels have a proven reputation for preparing students well for university, employment and life. They help develop the in-depth subject knowledge and understanding which are so important to universities and employers.You can offer almost any combination of 55 subjects. Students can specialise or study a range of subjects, ensuring breadth. Giving students the power to choose helps motivate them throughout their studies. Cambridge International AS and A Level gives you building blocks to build an individualised curriculum that develops your learners’ knowledge, understanding and skills in: • in-depth subject content • independent thinking• applying knowledge and understanding to new as well as familiar situations • handling and evaluating different types of information sources • thinking logically and presenting ordered and coherent arguments • making judgements, recommendations and decisions• presenting reasoned explanations, understanding implications and communicating them clearly andlogically • working and communicating in English.The syllabuses are international in outlook, but retain a local relevance. They have been created specifically for an international student body with content to suit a wide variety of schools and avoid cultural bias.1.3 W hy choose Cambridge International AS and A LevelEconomics?Success in Cambridge International AS Level and A Level Economics is accepted by universities andemployers as proof of essential knowledge and ability. Successful Cambridge International AS and A Level candidates gain lifelong skills, including:• the ability to explain and analyse economic issues and arguments• the ability to evaluate economic information and organise, present and communicate ideas andjudgements clearly • a sound foundation of economic ideas including an introduction to the price system and governmentintervention, international trade and exchange rates, the measurement of employment and inflation and the causes and consequences of inflation.Introduction4Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 97081.4 C ambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate ofEducation) DiplomaCambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma is the group award of Cambridge International AS and A Level.Cambridge AICE Diploma involves the selection of subjects from three curriculum groups – Mathematics and Science; Languages; Arts and Humanities.A Cambridge International A Level counts as a double-credit qualification and a Cambridge International AS Level as a single-credit qualification within the Cambridge AICE Diploma award framework.To be considered for an AICE Diploma, a candidate must earn the equivalent of six credits by passing a combination of examinations at either double credit or single credit, with at least one course coming from each of the three curriculum areas.The AICE Diploma is comprised of examinations administered in May/June and October/November series each year.Economics (9708) falls into Group 3, Arts and Humanities.Learn more about the AICE Diploma at /qualifications/academic/uppersec/aice1.5 How can I find out more?If you are already a Cambridge schoolYou can make entries for this qualification through your usual channels. If you have any questions, please contact us at international@If you are not yet a Cambridge schoolLearn about the benefits of becoming a Cambridge school at /startcambridge .Email us at international@ to find out how your organisation can become a Cambridge school.Assessment at a glance5Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 97082. Assessment at a glanceNo previous study of the subject is assumed by the syllabus.Centres and candidates may choose to:• take all Advanced Level (Cambridge International A Level) and Advanced Subsidiary Level (CambridgeInternational AS Level) components at one exam series, leading to the full Cambridge International A Level qualification (Papers 1, 2, 3 and 4)• take the Cambridge International AS Level components (Papers 1 and 2) at one exam series and, havingreceived the AS qualification, take both Cambridge International A Level components (Papers 3 and 4) at a later series, leading to the full Cambridge International A Level qualification • take the Cambridge International AS Level components only (Papers 1 and 2) at one exam series,leading to the AS qualification.Papers 1 and 2 are for both AS Level and A Level candidates. Papers 3 and 4 test the topics in the Supplement, but also require a knowledge and understanding of the topics in the Core.Assessment at a glanceAvailabilityThis syllabus is examined in the May/June examination series and the October/November examinationseries.This syllabus is available to private candidates.Centres in the UK that receive government funding are advised to consult the Cambridge website for the latest information before beginning to teach this syllabus.Combining this with other syllabusesCandidates can combine this syllabus in an examination series with any other Cambridge syllabus, except: • syllabuses with the same title at the same level6Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 9708Syllabus aims and assessment7Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 97083. Syllabus aims and assessment3.1 AimsThe Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics syllabus aims to:• provide a basis of factual knowledge of economics • encourage the student to develop:• a facility for self-expression, not only in writing but also in using additional aids, such as statistics and diagrams, where appropriate• the habit of using works of reference as sources of data specific to economics • the habit of reading critically to gain information about the changing economy we live in•an appreciation of the methods of study used by the economist, and of the most effective ways economic data may be analysed, correlated, discussed and presented.3.2 Assessment objectivesThere are five Assessment Objectives (AOs) for Cambridge International AS and A Level economics. Students are expected to:AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specified content.AO2: Interpret economic information presented in verbal, numerical or graphical form.AO3: Explain and analyse economic issues and arguments, using relevant economic concepts, theoriesand information.AO4: Evaluate economic information, arguments, proposals and policies, taking into consideration relevantinformation and theory, and distinguishing facts from hypothetical statements and value judgements.AO5: Organise, present and communicate economic ideas and informed judgements in a clear, logicaland appropriate form.The multiple choice components (Papers 1 and 3) will particularly test Assessment Objectives 1, 2 and 3.The data response part of Papers 2 and 4 will particularly test Assessment Objectives 2 and 3, and to a lesser extent Assessment Objectives 1, 4 and 5.The essay part of Papers 2 and 4 will particularly test Assessment Objectives 1, 3, 4 and 5, and to a lesser extent Assessment Objective 2.Syllabus aims and assessmentThe marks as a % available for each group of skills are as follows:The skills are weighted to give an indication of their relative importance. They are not intended to provide a precise statement of the number of marks allocated to particular skills.8Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 9708Syllabus aims and assessment BLANK PAGECurriculum content4. Curriculum contentOverview of the curriculum topics for AS Level and A Level EconomicsCurriculum contentCurriculum contentCandidates for Cambridge International AS Level should study only the Core Material.Candidates for Cambridge International A Level should study both Core and Supplementary topics.4.1Core (AS Level and A Level)Examples of other concepts and terms includedbartercheques coincidence of wants command economy costs of production division of labour economic goods economic growth economic problem entrepreneurfixed capitalfixed capital formation free goodsinterest investmentlaw (economic)liquiditymacroeconomicsmarketmarket systemmaximisationmeasure of valuemedium of exchangemicroeconomicsneedsother things being equalprimary sectorproduction frontierproduction transformationcurveresourcessecondary sectorSmith, Adamspecialisationstandard of deferredpaymentsstore of wealthtertiary sectorunit of accountvalue judgementwantsworking capitalCurriculum contentCurriculum contentExamples of other concepts and terms includedexcise dutiesexternal benefit external costfree rider government expenditure imperfectionsinformation failuremarket failurenegative externalitynon-excludabilitynon-rejectabilitynon-rivalnesspositive externalityCurriculum contentExamples of other concepts and terms includedbilateral tradecapital account of balance of payments comparative costscurrent account of balance of paymentscurrent transfersdeficitdumpingembargoesexports external balancefinancial account of balanceof paymentsglobalisationimportsinfant industry argumentinvisible balancemultilateral tradenet errors and omissionsnet investment incomequotasunrise/sunset industriessurplustarifftrade creationtrade diversiontrading possibility curvevisible balanceVoluntary Export Restraints(VERs)World Trade Organisation(WTO)Curriculum contentExamples of other concepts and terms includedbase yearclaimant count Consumer Price Index cost of living dependency ratio household expenditurelabourforce surveynominal valueparticipation ratereal valueRetail Prices Indexsamplingweightsworking populationCurriculum contentExamples of other concepts and terms includedanticipated inflation appreciationcost-push inflation deflationdemand-pull inflation depreciation devaluation‘dirty float’fiscal boost fiscal dragforeign exchangeForex MarkethyperinflationIMFJ-curveMarshall-Lerner conditionmenu costsmonetary inflationpurchasing power parityQuantity Theory of Moneyreflationrevaluationshoe leather costsstagflationunanticipated inflationvelocity of circulation Examples of other concepts and terms includedexchange controls expenditure dampening expenditure switchinginterest rate policytrade-off(s)Curriculum content4.2 Supplement (A Level only)Examples of other concepts and terms includedoptimum resource allocation Pareto optimalityCurriculum contentExamples of other concepts and terms includedaverage fixed cost average variable cost barriers to exitbreak-even pointcartelclosed shopcollective bargaining concentration ratio decreasing returns diseconomies of scale diversification economies of largedimensionsfinancial economies of scale horizontal integration immobility of labourimperfect competitionincreasing returnsindustrial concentrationintegrationmarginal physical productminimum efficient scale(MES)mobility of labourmonopsonynatural monopolynon-pecuniary advantagesoccupational mobilityparadox of valuepecuniary advantagespredatory pricingprice agreementsrisk-bearing economies ofscalesales maximisationsales revenue maximisationsatisficing profitssecond-best theorysharessupernormal profittechnical economiestransfer earningsvertical integrationwage driftCurriculum contentExamples of other concepts and terms includedcontracting out deregulation government failure means tested benefits negative income taxprice stabilisationsupply-side economicstax creditstechnical monopolythe poverty trapuniversal benefitsx-inefficiencyCurriculum contentCurriculum contentCurriculum contentExamples of other concepts and terms includedautomatic stabiliser canons of taxation flat taxlaffer curve marginal tax ratesopen market operationspoverty trapprogressive taxationproportional taxationquantitative easing (QE)regressive taxationwork disincentivesAppendix: Resource list5. Appendix: Resource listText booksThis is not a list of compulsory texts, but a range of alternatives which teachers may like to choose from.DictionariesAppendix: Resource listInternetTeachers will also find useful material on the following websites:and the Useful Websites page on the Subject Page for Economics on the Cambridge Students website: Resources are also listed on Cambridge’s public website at . Please visit this site on aregular basis as the Resource lists are updated through the year.Access to teachers’ email discussion groups, suggested schemes of work and regularly updated resourcelists may be found on the Cambridge Teacher Support website at . This websiteis available to teachers at registered Cambridge Centres.Appendix: Resource listKey Directive WordsAdditional information6. Additional information6.1 Guided learning hoursCambridge International A Level syllabuses are designed on the assumption that candidates have about360 guided learning hours per subject over the duration of the course. Cambridge International AS Level syllabuses are designed on the assumption that candidates have about 180 guided learning hours persubject over the duration of the course. (‘Guided learning hours’ include direct teaching and any othersupervised or directed study time. They do not include private study by the candidate.)However, these figures are for guidance only, and the number of hours required may vary according to local curricular practice and the candidates’ prior experience of the subject.6.2 Recommended prior learningCandidates beginning this course are not expected to have studied Economics previously.6.3 ProgressionCambridge International A Level Economics provides a suitable foundation for the study of Economics orrelated courses in higher education. Equally it is suitable as part of a course of general education.Cambridge International AS Level Economics constitutes the first half of the Cambridge InternationalA Level course in Economics and therefore provides a suitable foundation for the study of Economics at Cambridge International A Level and thence for related courses in higher education. Depending on localuniversity entrance requirements, it may permit or assist progression directly to university courses inEconomics or some other subjects. It is also suitable as part of a course of general education.Teachers and Learners should take into account that, in some countries, universities advise that some combinations of subjects with similar content should be avoided where possible, for example Economics, Business Studies and Accounting. Learners are advised to contact universities in advance of makingdecisions about subject combinations that include two or more of these subjects.6.4 Component codesBecause of local variations, in some cases component codes will be different in instructions about makingentries for examinations and timetables from those printed in this syllabus, but the component names willbe unchanged to make identification straightforward.Additional information6.5 Grading and reportingCambridge International A Level results are shown by one of the grades A*, A, B, C, D or E indicating thestandard achieved, Grade A* being the highest and Grade E the lowest. ‘Ungraded’ indicates that thecandidate has failed to reach the standard required for a pass at either Cambridge International AS Level orA Level. ‘Ungraded’ will be reported on the statement of results but not on the certificate.If a candidate takes a Cambridge International A Level and fails to achieve grade E or higher, a Cambridge International AS Level grade will be awarded if both of the following apply:• the components taken for the Cambridge International A Level by the candidate in that series included all the components making up a Cambridge International AS Level• the candidate’s performance on these components was sufficient to merit the award of a Cambridge International AS Level grade.For languages other than English, Cambridge also reports separate speaking endorsement grades(Distinction, Merit and Pass), for candidates who satisfy the conditions stated in the syllabus.Percentage uniform marks are also provided on each candidate’s statement of results to supplement their grade for a syllabus. They are determined in this way:• A candidate who obtains…… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade A* obtains a percentage uniform mark of 90%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade A obtains a percentage uniform mark of 80%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade B obtains a percentage uniform mark of 70%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade C obtains a percentage uniform mark of 60%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade D obtains a percentage uniform mark of 50%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade E obtains a percentage uniform mark of 40%.… no marks receives a percentage uniform mark of 0%.Candidates whose mark is none of the above receive a percentage mark in between those stated according to the position of their mark in relation to the grade ‘thresholds’ (i.e. the minimum mark for obtaining agrade). For example, a candidate whose mark is halfway between the minimum for a Grade C and theminimum for a Grade D (and whose grade is therefore D) receives a percentage uniform mark of 55%.The percentage uniform mark is stated at syllabus level only. It is not the same as the ‘raw’ mark obtained by the candidate, since it depends on the position of the grade thresholds (which may vary from one series to another and from one subject to another) and it has been turned into a percentage.Cambridge International AS Level results are shown by one of the grades a, b, c, d or e indicating thestandard achieved, Grade a being the highest and Grade e the lowest. ‘Ungraded’ indicates that thecandidate has failed to reach the standard required for a pass at Cambridge International AS Level.‘Ungraded’ will be reported on the statement of results but not on the certificate.For languages other than English, Cambridge will also report separate speaking endorsement grades(Distinction, Merit and Pass) for candidates who satisfy the conditions stated in the syllabus.The content and difficulty of a Cambridge International AS Level examination is equivalent to the first half ofa corresponding Cambridge International A Level.Additional information29Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics 9708Percentage uniform marks are also provided on each candidate’s statement of results to supplement their grade for a syllabus. They are determined in this way:• A candidate who obtains…… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade a obtains a percentage uniform mark of 80%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade b obtains a percentage uniform mark of 70%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade c obtains a percentage uniform mark of 60%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade d obtains a percentage uniform mark of 50%.… the minimum mark necessary for a Grade e obtains a percentage uniform mark of 40%.… no marks receives a percentage uniform mark of 0%.Candidates whose mark is none of the above receive a percentage mark in between those stated according to the position of their mark in relation to the grade ‘thresholds’ (i.e. the minimum mark for obtaining a grade). For example, a candidate whose mark is halfway between the minimum for a Grade c and the minimum for a Grade d (and whose grade is therefore d) receives a percentage uniform mark of 55%.The percentage uniform mark is stated at syllabus level only. It is not the same as the ‘raw’ mark obtained by the candidate, since it depends on the position of the grade thresholds (which may vary from one series to another and from one subject to another) and it has been turned into a percentage.6.6 AccessReasonable adjustments are made for disabled candidates in order to enable them to access theassessments and to demonstrate what they know and what they can do. For this reason, very fewcandidates will have a complete barrier to the assessment. Information on reasonable adjustments is found in the Cambridge Handbook which can be downloaded from the website Candidates who are unable to access part of the assessment, even after exploring all possibilities through reasonable adjustments, may still be able to receive an award based on the parts of the assessment they have taken.6.7 ResourcesCopies of syllabuses, the most recent question papers and Principal Examiners’ reports for teachers are on the Syllabus and Support Materials CD-ROM, which we send to all Cambridge International Schools. They are also on our public website – go to /alevel . Click the Subjects tab and choose your subject. For resources, click ‘Resource List’.You can use the ‘Filter by’ list to show all resources or only resources categorised as ‘Endorsed byCambridge’. Endorsed resources are written to align closely with the syllabus they support. They have been through a detailed quality-assurance process. As new resources are published, we review them against the syllabus and publish their details on the relevant resource list section of the website.Additional syllabus-specific support is available from our secure Teacher Support website which is available to teachers at registered Cambridge schools. It provides past question papers and examiner reports on previous examinations, as well as any extra resources such asschemes of work or examples of candidate responses. You can also find a range of subject communities on the Teacher Support website, where Cambridge teachers can share their own materials and join discussion groups.*2897769789*。
英国私校的4+、7+、11+、13+、16+是什么考试呢?
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英国私校的4+、7+、11+、13+、16+是什么考试呢?越来越多的中国家长开始关心英国中小学教育,对送孩子前往英国留学充满了兴趣,但是由于家长们在国内能接触的直接有效的信息比较有限,因此大家对英国中小学的课程设置和入学升学考试充满了困惑。
其中就包括究竟什么是英国所谓4+、7+、11+、13+、16+考试呢?今天英伦云小将为大家做一个系统的深度解析:4+是英国私立学校(independent school,不是private school 哦)的入学招生考试,这个时候孩子刚好4岁,所以通常叫4+考试,而这一阶段的学校通常被叫做pre prep school 。
但并不是所有的学校都需要考试,通常分为3种情形:1、按照报名注册的先后顺序,先到先得的学校:这种形式的热门学校名额都是很紧缺的,所以会出现妈妈在医院生孩子,爸爸就在产房里给学校打电话注册的情况。
2、需要对学生进行assessment(评估)的学校:这种学校是selective(要选择)的,通常会提前1年对学生进行面试等环节的筛选,而且不同学校具体筛选的标准和方式也不近相同,通常会以面试为主。
3、按照报名注册先后顺序决定是否有资格assessment的学校:这种学校也需要尽早报名注册,并根据是否入围来准备考试机会,是前两种方式的结合。
相对以后的入学门槛而言,4+招生是比较轻松的。
7+7+是私立学校招收3年级学生的入学考试,通常会在孩子2年级的时候进行(要计算是几年级,直接用年龄减去4就是几年级,比如7岁就是3年级),而这一阶段的学校叫做preparatory school, 简称prep school 。
7+考试相对于4+考试就要激烈和严格的多,考试内容通常分为两部分,笔试和面试。
其中笔数主要考察数学、英语、写作、智力逻辑(verbalreasoning和non-verbal reasoning),不同的学校侧重点不一样,部分学校还会增加创作和动手能力测试等。
英国政府结构
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The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a queen and a Parliament that has two houses: the House of Lords, with 574 life peers, 92 hereditary peers, and 26 bishops; and the House of Commons, which has 651 popularly elected members. Supreme legislative power is vested in Parliament, which sits for five years unless dissolved sooner. The House of Lords was stripped of most of its power in 1911, and now its main function is to revise legislation. In Nov. 1999 hundreds of hereditary peers were expelled in an effort to make the body more democratic. The executive power of the Crown is exercised by the cabinet, headed by the prime minister.
有410个咨询性NDPB。以商业部为例,设有多个咨询性NDPB,包括负责就最低工资事宜提供咨询意见的低薪酬委员会,就如何发展地区经济
提供咨询意见的地区产业发展理事会等。
(IE工业工程)IELTS雅思考试简介
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雅思雅思考试(IELTS - International English Language Testing System,国际英语语言测试系统)是一种较全面地针对听说读写四项能力的、为打算到英语国家学习、工作或定居的人们设置的英语水平考试。
雅思考试由剑桥大学考试委员会外语考试部、英国文化协会及IDP教育集团所共同拥有。
雅思分学术类和普通类两种题型,学术类主要适合留学,普通类主要适合移民。
雅思考试产生听说读写四个单项分数,单项的满分是9分(精通英语),其次是8分(优秀英语),7分(良好英语),6分(掌握英语),5分(勉强掌握),4分(有限英语),3分(少量英语),2分(少量单词),1分(不懂英语),0分(没有考试)。
全球超过170个国家8,000余所院校机构、政府部门和职业机构认可雅思成绩并将其作为一项权威有效的测试英语沟通能力的方法。
雅思考试自1989年创办以来,雅思考试在世界各地得到验证和信任。
它在全球范围内提供了一种可靠、可信的考试方式,以测试考生在真实的语言环境中用英语进行沟通的能力。
全球超过170个国家8,000余所院校机构、政府部门和职业机构认可雅思成绩。
雅思从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。
雅思分学术类(Academic)和普通类(General Training)两种题型,学术类主要适合留学生或访问学者,普通类主要适合移民申请人和某些非留学类别(例如工作签证)的申请人。
雅思考试产生听说读写四个单项分数,单项的满分是9分(精通英语),其次是8分(优秀英语),7分(良好英语),6分(掌握英语),5分(勉强掌握),4分(有限英语),3分(少量英语),2分(少量单词),1分(不懂英语),0分(没有考试)。
[1]2012年,全球范围内共有近200万人参加雅思考试[2],进一步奠定了雅思考试作为全球最受欢迎高端英语语言考试领导者的地位。
[3-4]2认可程度在2013年,雅思已得到8,000多个机构的认可,涵盖全球170个国家的教育机构、雇主单位、专业协会和政府部门。
英国剑桥A-Level生物实验考试的试题特点及启示
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38 2021年7月
考试研究
教
育
英国剑桥 A-Level 生物实验考试的试题特点及启示
测
量
与
英国剑桥 A-Level 生物考试的评价维度是 处理信息与解决问题的能力;试卷 3 和试卷 5 则
评
价
多元的,主要有3个评价目标:知识理解(AO1)、 用于考查考生的实验技能与研究能力。
信 息 处 理 与 解 决 问 题(A O 2)、实 验 技 能 与 研 究 (AO3)。三大评价目标体现了英国剑桥 A-Level 生物考试对考生生物知识和能力的多方面考查。 (见表 1)
4. 当颜色从棕色变成黄色时,停止吹气。
在步骤 1 到步骤 4 中,你需要使用此试管进
行颜色比较。
你将使用比例稀释来制备不同浓度的酵母悬 浮液。你将需要制备 20 cm3 的每一种浓度的酵母
1. 试卷 3 的试题特点
悬浮液。
下文以 2020 年冬季考试试卷 3 的部分真题[5]① (ii)(2 分)
表 3 英国剑桥 A-Level 生物实验考试的内容、时间和分值比例[3]
试卷 类型
试题内容
分值权重 考试 时间 AS A2
Level Level
试卷 3 (实验 操作)
试卷从不同层次教学大纲中抽取 2 个或 3 个实验,要求考生在规定 的时间内进行实验操作。考生需 2 小时 要回答所有的问题并在试卷上相
表 1 2016—2021 年英国剑桥 A-Level 生物考试评价目标[3]
评价目标
评价内容
知识理解(AO1)
1. 科学现象、事实、定律、定义、概念和理论 2. 科学用语、术语和既定规则(包括符号、数 量和单位) 3. 用于生物学的科学仪器和其他仪器,包括 操作技术和安全事项 4. 生物量及其测定 5. 科学和技术应用及其对社会、经济和环境 的影响
英国文官考录程序评介
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英国文官考录程序评介在西方国家中,最早建立文官制度及最完备的国家是英国,而后被世界各国纷纷效仿。
英国在建立现今文官制度之初经历了漫长的历史性改革,而在这漫长的改革中,从“诺斯科特-杜维廉报告”到富尔顿改革再到撒切尔夫人改革,这每个重要时期都对于形成现今英国完备的文官制度起着至关重要的作用。
这里主要把英国文官制度的改革分为两个重要时期,以二战为分水岭,运用文献研究法分析并论述了从“诺斯科特-杜维廉报告”到富尔顿改革这两个大事件背后英国文官考录制度经历了巨大的变化,探索考试、内容、录取流程以及完整文官制度的建立及其发展。
现今英国文官考试“快速通道”的建立更加丰富了英国文官考试制度,在其发展史上又增添一笔色彩。
标签:英国文官考录程序;文官制度改革;“诺斯科特-杜维廉报告”;“富尔顿改革”;“快速通道”1688年英国光荣革命爆发后,英国的政治、经济等受到多方面的刺激而不得不顺势建立新的政治体制和经济体制以及新的政府,英国将面临更多的社会问题和社会压力,此前所实行的“恩赐官职制”和“政党分肥制”则带来巨大的负面影响,降低政府效率,严重损害广大人民的切身利益,有失社会公平,故新的文官制度的建立呼之欲出。
18世纪末,英国打通了与中国的外交通道,开始学习中国的文学、历史、哲学和习俗,明清时期的中国科举制度正值繁荣昌盛时期,几乎系统完善的科举考试选拔官员制度完全吸引了英国人乃至世界各国的目光,随后在各国的杂志上纷纷报道中国的科举制,并对其评价颇高,评价中国的行政管理水平远远超过世界各国。
此时急需建立全新并系统化文官制度的英国研究起了中国的科举制度,并结合本国的需求逐渐建立起适合其发展的文官制度。
一、英国文官考录制度的历史沿革(一)英国文官制度的概念文官一词的英文是Civil Servant,Civil有公民的、文职的释义,Servant有仆人、雇工的释义,从字面上可以理解为人民的公仆或文职服务员,后经各国发展为专有名词“公务员”,在英国也可称为“文官”,也有国家将其称为政府雇员,如美国。
aqa 考试规则
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aqa 考试规则
1. 考试科目和时间:aqa考试局提供的考试科目非常广泛,包括GCSE、AS和A-level等不同阶段的考试。
考试时间通常在每年的5月至6
月和10月至11月之间进行。
2. 考试形式:aqa考试局采用笔试、实验考试和计算机考试等多种
形式进行考试。
具体考试形式取决于考试科目和级别。
3. 评分标准:aqa考试局的评分标准非常严格,每个科目都有具体
的及格分数线。
考生需要达到及格分数线才能通过考试并获得相应的证书。
4. 证书:通过考试的考生将获得aqa证书,该证书是英国最重要的
高中证书之一,对于申请大学和就业具有重要意义。
5. 注意事项:考生需要在规定的时间内报名参加考试,并按照考试
局的要求准备相应的考试材料。
在考试期间,考生需要遵守考试规则和时间限制,不得抄袭、作弊或协同作弊等行为。
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剑桥大学国际考试委员会(CIE)CIE(Cambridge International Examinations剑桥大学国际考试委员会)是世界上最主要的国际资质认证和考核机构之一。
根据国际教育与文化的需求,我们颁发的资格证书范围广泛,并力图使这些资质证书具有趣味性和实用性。
同时我们努力确保CIE(剑桥大学国际考试委员会)的资质证书得到世界上各大学、教育机构和企业的广泛认可。
CIE (剑桥大学国际考试委员会)是UCLES(剑桥大学考试委员会)的组成部分,该委员与剑桥大学一道享誉全球。
UCLES(剑桥大学考试委员会)还包括OCR(OCR考试部)和ESOL(剑桥大学英语考试部)。
OCR考试部在英国国内开展考试与评估工作;ESOL(剑桥大学英语考试部)为英语作为外国语的学生提供一系列的考试。
UCLES(剑桥大学考试委员会)在全球发展和推广资质认证已近150年,它很清楚对国际认可的资质认证的需求将持续增长。
CIE(剑桥大学国际考试委员会)于1998年正式成立,旨在提供高水准的资质认证服务,以满足了全世界企业和教育机构的需要。
考试内容
向国际范围学生提供IGCSE、A-Level(AS及A2)、O-Level 等考试。
牛津、剑桥和RSA考试局(OCR)Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations,中文全称“牛津、剑桥和RSA考试局”,隶属剑桥大学“评估小组”。
每年约有300万人参加“OCR”组织的A-level课程考试。
目前不考虑在中国发展。
OCR的“单元报告”的三大特色课程作业报告(Coursework)课程作业是以解决现实生活中的一个具体问题为情境,要求学生完成的一项系统设计。
英国资格评估与认证联合会(AQA)
AQA-英国资格评估与认证联合会(The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance)由英国联合考试局(The Associated Examining Board)和英国北方考试评估委员会( The Northern Examinations and Assessment Board)于2000年4月合并而成,目前为英国三大颁证机构之一,在全球享有盛誉。
AQA为独立的非盈利性颁证机构。
AQA在全球的考试种类包括有GCSE,GCE,GNVQ,VCE,Entry Level等几十种,在世界各地共有7500多万考生。
AQA的宗旨为通过最好的评估训练来达到考生自己的目标,并使他们的等级真实可信。
AQA-英国资格评估与认证联合会(The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance)由英国联合考试局(The Associated Examining Board)和英国北方考试评估委员会( The Northern Examinations and Assessment Board)于2000年4月合并而成,
目前为英国三大颁证机构之一,在全球享有盛誉。
AQA为独立的非盈利性颁证机构。
AQA在全球的考试种类包括有GCSE,GCE,GNVQ,VCE,Entry Level等几十种,在世界各地共有7500多万考生。
AQA的宗旨为通过最好的评估训练来达到考生自己的目标,并使他们的等级真实可信。
Edexcel
Edexcel-英国爱德思国家职业学历与学术考试机构,是英国最大的颁证机构,也是英国唯一的具备颁发学术类考试证书和职业教育资格证书的机构。
爱德思提供的证书是最广泛和最全面的。
英国国家学历证书体系入门级至七级,Edexcel 均有相应证书提供,Edexcel均有相应的课程提供。
爱德思主要包括两大类业务,BTEC职业类教育和培训以及学术类Academic考试,同时爱德思还提供相关认证和咨询服务。
考试时间
Edexcel(爱德思A-Level)考试时间为每年1-2月份及5-6月份,也就是对于刚刚入学的新生来说,通过半年的学习参加第一春季考试,然后经过一段时间学习后参加夏季考试,成绩出来后在每年10月份的时候开始第二年A2阶段的学习,同样可以参加一年两次的A2阶段的考试。
而且因为之前已经获得了有条件录取通知书,所以可以同时办理出国签证手续。
Edexcel(爱德思)A-Level考试因为是全球同步考试,并且所用试卷全球统一,所以每个科目以每个但与的成绩都是被所有爱德思考试机构及所有A-Level高中及考试机构所认可,具有很强的移植性,适合学生在不同阶段出国读4书,所考取成绩被所有学校承认,四年之内成绩均有效。