2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第十四篇
职称英语理工类C级-14
职称英语理工类C级-14(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}第1部分：词汇选项{{/B}}(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.China does a lot of trade with many countries.（分数：1.00）A.a great deal of √B.a great many ofC.a large number ofD.a great level of解析：[解析] 划线词的意思是“许多(的)”，可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词，在此修饰不可数名词trade。
A项意为“大量(的)，许多(的)”，只能修饰不可数名词．例：He has a great deal of native intelligence, ability, charm, etc．他天生聪明、能力强、有魅力等等。
B项中的固定搭配不存在．英语中只有“a great many”，意为“大量”，只能修饰可数名词，例：You might find a great many helpful suggestions．你会得到许多有益的启迪。
C项意为“很多”，只能修饰可数名词，例：A large number of cables are needed in this project．这项工程需要大量电缆。
D项中的固定搭配不存在。
2.You look smart in the new suit.（分数：1.00）A.cleverB.handsome √C.loyalD.brave解析：[解析] 划线词的意思是“漂亮的”，B项意为“帅气的”，与划线词意思相近，例：Tom was a handsome young man．汤姆是一个帅气的小伙子。
A项意为“聪明的”，例：She knew him to be industrious and clever．她知道他既勤奋又聪明。
C项意为“忠诚的”，常和介词“to”，表示“忠于……”，例：We are loyal to our mother-land．我们忠于祖国。
2014年职称英语考试教材理工类新增文章
2014年职称英语考试教材理工类新增文章阅读判断:(A)第十一篇：Bill Gates: Unleashing Your CreativityI've always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted in my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the word a better place. For as long as I can remember, I've loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. But it changed my life. When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of "acomputer on every desk and in every home", which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have. And after 30 years, I'm still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity andinventiveness -- to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn't solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the world's knowledge. They're helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it "tap-dancing to Work". My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me "tap-danceing to work" is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetime's worth of photos, and they say, "I didn't know you could do that with a PC5 !"But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world6. There are still far too manypeople in the world whose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millions ofpeople die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world.My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a child anywhere else, and that it doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives.I'm still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world's toughestproblems is possible -- and it's happening every day. We're seeing new drugs for deadly diseases,new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.I'm excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, fortechnology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, we're going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime.注释：1.be rooted in：扎根于;深深地存在于2.It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比几乎干不了什么事。
2020年职称英语《理工类》概括大意练习(3)
2020年职称英语《理工类》概括大意练习（3）1 If a super-flu strikes,face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help,or harm,during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However,the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway,just in case1.2 But it's a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC）came up with2 preliminary guidelines. "We don't want people wearing them everywhere，" said the CDC. "The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure."3 When that's not possible3,the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First,you're healthy andcan't avoid going to a crowded place. Second,you're sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy,such as a family member checking on you4. Third,you live with someone who's sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection,but still need to go out.4 Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive,although concern is rising that the Asian birdflu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.5 During the flu pandemic,you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds,and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren't masks added to this self-protection list？ Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides,the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway5 instead.6 Nor does flu only spread through the air6. Say7 someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand,then touches a doorknob or subway pole8. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth,you've been exposed. It's harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat,and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.7 Whether people should or should not use face masksstill remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.练习：1.Paragraph 2 _________.2.Paragraph 3 _________.3.Paragraph 5 _________.4.Paragraph 6 _________.A Reasons for Excluding Masks from the Self-protection ListB Effort to Stop Flu from SpreadingC When to Use Face MasksD Guidelines on Mask UseE Warnings from the CDCF Danger of Infection through Germy Hands and Masks5.The scientists are trying to find out if masks may or may not _________.6.The CDC is afraid that the public may _________.7.The public will not know the answer about masks until scientists _________.8.We can infer from the passage that the US authorities _________.A overuse face masksB deal with the mask problem seriouslyC rub their faces and noses in the subwayD protest against the mask guidelinesE help protect people from being attacked by a fluF announce the results of their mask research答案与题解：1.D 第二段说美国疾病控制和预防中心出台口罩使用原则，防止公众过度使用口罩。
职称英语综合类阅读理解第14篇Sleep
Sleep 睡眠We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that,broadly speaking,the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.我们都知道人们每天正常活动的周期是大约7—8小时的睡眠与大约16～17小时的清醒相交替。
一般来说，睡眠时间通常与黑夜的长短相一致。
Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. 我们目前关心的是要改变这一周期可以有多简单，并且可以改变到何种程度。
The question is no mere academic one3.这不只是个简单的学术问题。
The case,for example,with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines.例如，有的人从白天工作变为晚上工作，因为在工业生产中，自动化操作需要机器24小时连续工作。
It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping during the day and working at night.通常一个人需要五天至一周的时间来适应与常规生活颠倒的睡眠时间和清醒时间，即白天睡觉，晚上工作。
2020年职称英语考试《理工类》阅读理解专项题(2)
2020年职称英语考试《理工类》阅读理解专项题(2) Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack?In the aftermath of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, structural engineers are trying bard to solve a question that a month ago would have been completely unthinkable：Can building be designed to withstand catastrophic blasts inflict4ed by terrorists?Ten days after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers, structural engineers from the University at Buffalo and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) headquartered at UB traveled to ground zero as part of a project funded by the National Science Foundation. Visiting the site as part of an MCEER reconnaissance visit, they spent two days beginning the task of formulating ideas about how to design such structures and to search for clues on how to do so in buildings that were damaged, but still are standing.“Our objective in visiting ground zero was to go and look at the buildings surrounding the World Trade Center, those buildings that are still standing, but that sustained damage,” said M. Bruneau, Ph.D. “Our immediate hope is that we can develop a better understanding as to why those buildings remain standing, while our long-term goal is to see whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies to achieve enhanced performance of buildings in the event of terrorist attacks,” he added.Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail the monumental damage inflicted on the WorldTrade Center towers and buildings in the vicinity. Onebuilding a block away from the towers remains standing, but was badly damaged. “This building is many meters away fromthe World Trade Center and yet we see a column there thatused to be part of that building,” explained A Whittaker, Ph.D. “The column became a missile that shot across the road, through the window and through the floor.”The visit to the area also revealed some surprises, according to the engineers. For example, the floor framing system in one of the adjacent buildings was quite rugged, allowing floors that were pierced by tons of falling debristo remain intact. “Highly redundant ductile framing systems may provide a simple, but robust strategy for blast resistance,” he added. Other strategies may includeproviding alternate paths for gravity loads in the event that a load-bearing column fails. “We also need a better understanding of the mechanism of collapse,” said A Whittaker. “We need to find out what causes a building to collapse and how you can predict it.”A Reinhorn, Ph. D. noted that “Earthquake shakin g hasled to the collapse of many buildings in the past. It induces dynamic response and extremely high stresses and deformations in structural components. Solutions developed for earthquake-resistant design may be directly applicable to blast engineering and terrorist-resistant design. Part of our mission now at UB is to transfer these solutions and to develop new ones where none exist at present.”31 The question raised in the first paragraph is one__________.A that was asked by structural engineers a month agoB that is too difficult for structural engineers to answer even nowC that was never difficult for before the terrorist attackD that terrorists are eager to find a solution to32 The project funded by the National Science Foundation __________.A was first proposed by some engineers at UBB took about two days to completeC was to investigate the damage caused by the terrorist attackD was to find out why some buildings could survive the blasts33 The column mentioned by Dr. Whittaker _________.A was part of the building close to the World Trade CenterB was part of the World Trade CenterC was shot through the window and the floor of the World Trade CenterD damaged many buildings in the vicinity of the World Trade Center34 A surprising discovery made by the investigators during their visit to ground zero is that __________.。
2020职称英语《理工类》阅读判断模拟题及参考答案(4)
2020职称英语《理工类》阅读判断模拟题及参考答案（4）Engineering EthicsEngineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. At Texas A&M University, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas ASM, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.The increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster, the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways collapse, and the Exxon oil spill. As a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. This discipline will doubtless4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduceliterature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. Theyare most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. Many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. Hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.练习：1.Engineering ethics is a compulsory subject in every institute of science and technology in the Uniled States.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2.The number of students wishing to take the course of engineering ethics is declining at Texas A&SM University.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3.The National Science Foundation involves itselfdirectly in writing up material about ethical issues.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4.It seems that medical ethics and business ethics are more mature than engineering ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5.Several engineering professors have quit from teaching to protest against the creation of a new course in engineering ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6.Many engineering professors may not have time toprepare material for class discussion on professional ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7.It is likely that following this introductory passage, the author will provide the necessary material related to the topic of engineering ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案与题解：1.C 本文没有述及engineering ethics是一门必修课，也没有提到美国所有的理工院校都开设了这门学科。
2020年职称英语押题理工类阅读判断题及答案
2020年职称英语押题理工类阅读判断题及答案Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other. The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation （SDWF）1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 — but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.“We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves,” project leader Simon Berrow said. “Essentiall y we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make.”Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins' clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. “They do a whole range of oth er sound like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot,” he said. “The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.”“When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason asthe sperm whales.” Borrow said.References in local legend8 indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century9.They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannonferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year takespecial sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.练习：1. The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF scientists.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. Ronan Hickey analysed almost 2,000 different dialects of the bottle-nose dolphins.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 6. As early as the 6th century, Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. Irish dolphins attract tourists and over 25,000 people come to see them every year.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案与题解：1. C 本题所说的意思是宽吻海豚与巨头鲸送食习惯上大相径庭,这个点令科学家很感兴趣。
2020年职称英语考试真题理工类C(阅读理解)
2020年职称英语考试真题理工类C （阅读理解）第三部分：概况大意与完成句子New research lights the way to super-fast computers1) New research published today in the journal Nature Communications, has demonstrated how glass can be manipulated to create a material that will allow computers to transfer information using light. This development could significantly increase computer processing speeds and power in the future.2) The research by the University of Surrey, in collaboration with the University of Cambridge and the University of Southampton, has found it is possible to change the electronic properties of amorphous chalcogenides, a glass material integral to data technologies such as CDs and DVDs. By using a technique called ion doping, the team of researchers have discovered a material that could use light to bring together different computing functions into one component, leading to all-optical systems.3) Computers currently use electrons to transfer information and process applications. On the other hand, data sources such as the internet rely on optical systems; the transfer of information using light. Optical fibres are usedto send information around the world at the speed of light, but these signals then have to be converted to electrical signalsonce they reach a computer, causing a significant slowdown in processing.4) "The challenge is to find a single material that can effectively use and control light to carry information arounda computer. Much like how the web uses light to deliver information, we want to use light to both deliver and process computer data,"said project leader, Dr Richard Curry of the University of Surrey.5) "This has eluded researchers for decades, but now we have now shown how a widely used glass can be manipulated to conduct negative electrons, as well as positive charges, creating what are known as 'pn-junction' devices. This should enable the material to act as a light source, a light guide and a light detector - something that can carry and interpret optical information. In doing so, this could transform the computers of tomorrow, allowing them to effectively process information at much faster speeds."6) The researchers expect that the results of this research will be integrated into computers within ten years. In the short term, the glass is already being developed and used in next-generation computer memory technology known as CRAM, which may ultimately be integrated with the advances reported.23. ______________ Paragraph 224. ______________ Paragraph 325. ______________ Paragraph 426. ______________ Paragraph 5A. Expectation of the discoveryB. the problem of current computersC. A new findingD. The purpose of the researchE. Public reaction to the discoveryF. The use of the new material27. _____ The result of the research can help computers toincrease ____28. ________________________________________ Current computers transfer information using _________________29. ____________________ The new glass material makes it possible to fulfill different computing function30. Glass is used in the research to carry and processA. optical informationB. processing speedsC. electronsD. positive chargesE. data technologiesF. all-optical systemsWhy Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-78
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-781、Science Fiction1 Amongst the most popular books being written today are those that are usually classified asscience fiction. Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people.Furthermore, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories.2 It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned with the presentation of some forms of ideal society,a theme that is still often found in modern stories.3 Most of the classics of science fiction, however, have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verve and H. G Wells, to mention just two well known authors, have been translated into many languages.4 Modern science fiction writers don't write about men from Mars or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds that are a reflection of the world that we live in now. Because of this their writing has obvious political undertones (涵义).5 In an age where science fact frequently overtakes (超过) science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology. Paragraph 4____【单选题】A.A Fairly New DevelopmentB.Classics of Science FictionC.Difficulty in Keeping ahead of Scientific AdvancesD.Origins of Science FictionE.Themes of Modern Science FictionF.SuccessfulFilms正确答案:E答案解析:第4段的起始句说现代科幻小说家们的兴趣不在火星和太空，这其实只是后面句群的铺垫，是为了引起读者对后文的关注，接下来的句子才说出他们真正的兴趣所在。
2020职称英语《理工类》阅读判断模拟题及参考答案(1)
2020职称英语《理工类》阅读判断模拟题及参考答案（1）Inventor of LEDWhen Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind ofvisible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes or1 LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in trafficlights and other everyday technology.On April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marksthe 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)has given the award to prominent inventors."Anytime you get an award, big or little2, it's always a surprise," Holonyak said.Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventorof the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school3, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to GeneralElectric4, where he invented a switch now widely used inhouse dimmer switches5.Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagueswere looking at how to generate invisible light, be wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now lastabout 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today. But didn't realize how many uses they would have."You don't know in the beginning. You think you're doing something important, you think it's worth doing, but you really can't tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. You just don't know," he said.The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson- MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of "molecular sieves" that can separate molecules by size.练习：1.Holonyak's colleagues thought he would fail in his research on LEDs at the time when he started it.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2.Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson-MIT Prize sooner or later.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3.Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4.Holonyak believed that LEDs would become very popularin the future.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5.Holonyak said that you should not do anything you arenot interested in.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6.Edith Flanigen is the only co-inventor of LEDs.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7.The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案与题解：1.A 第一段第一句就说：“When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic.”2.C 通篇文章没有提到Holonyak相信他的学生将获得Lemelson-MIT Prize这件事。
第十四篇：Family History
第十四篇：Family HistoryIn an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being (1) ______ to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating1 their own family history. They can try to (2) ______ out more about where their families came from and what they did. This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries with a (3) ______ short history, like Australia and the United States.It is (4) ______ thing2 to spend some time (5) ______ through a book on family history and to take the (6) ______ to investigate your own family's past. It is (7) ______ another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and (8) ______ yourself many problems which could have been (9) ______ with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you that you are (10) ______with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take over your research. Just (11) ______it as an interesting possibility. A simple system (12) ______ collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get in your (13) ______. The most important thing, though, is to (14) ______ started. Who knows what you (15) ______ find?词汇：attract /ə'trækt/v．吸引，有吸引力criminal /'kriminəl/adj．形式的，犯罪的investigate /in'vestigeit/ v．调查，研究adequate /'ædikwit / adj．充足的，适当的disorganize /dis'ɔ:gənaiz/ v．扰乱，瓦解complex / 'kɔmpleks/ adj．错综复杂的注释：1．One way+从句is by doing…：做某事的方法之一是通过……2．It is one thing…,it is another thing…：一方面……，另一方面……练习：1．A pushed B attracted C fetched D brought 2．A lay B make C put D find 3．A fairly B greatly C mostly D widely 4．A a B one C no D some 5．A seeing B moving C going D living 6．A idea B plan C purpose D decision 7．A quite B just C more D even 8．A produce B cause C build D create 9．A missed B lost C avoided D escaped 10．A connected B joined C attached D related 11．A treat B control C contact D direct 12．A with B by C for D through 13．A track B path C road D way14．A get B appear C be D feel 15．A should B might C ought D must 2014年职称英语教材综合类完型填空第十四篇：Family History答案与题解：1．B根据上下文，句意为人们被追溯往事所吸引。
全国职称英语等级考试试题-理工类(doc-35)
全国职称英语等级考试试题（理工类）第一部分阅读理解（75 分）Passage 1CATV is a short way of saying "community antenna （天线） television." But "cable television" is the term most people use. Cable television allows viewers to receive TV programs that they cannot pick up with their regular antennas.Television signals do not follow the curve （曲线）of the earth. They travel in straight lines inall directions. Signals from a TV station move toward the horizon （水平线） and then go into space. If you live only a few miles from a station, you may not get any picture at all. CATV began in 1948. People in places far from TV stations shared the cost of putting up high antennas. A community antenna was usually placedon a hill, a mountain, or on a high tower. The antenna picked up TV signals and fed them into a small local station. From the station, thick wires called cables ran out to nearby homes. Eachperson using the cable paid a monthly charge. CATV worked well, and soon new uses were found for it. Local stations could feed programs into empty channels that were not in use. People along the cable could have local news, weather reports, and farm and school news at no extra charge. Today, cable television has moved into cities. It brings in extra programs that city viewers with regular antennas cannot see. It is also used in many classrooms throughout the country.2. Of the following, which is NOT the way TV1. From the first paragraph we know that ___________ . O A. most people use cable televisionO B. "community antenna" is another name for"regular antenna"O C. a community antenna is used for cabletelevisionO D. regular antennas cannot pick up TV signals programssignals travel?O A. In a curve.O B.straight line.In aO C.direction.In allO D. Toward the horizon.3. Cable TV is b ecoming more and popular becauseO A.it is free of chargeO B.it can provide more programsOC. it provides all TV users good picturesOD. TV sets with regular antennas can also havethrough CATVa good reception4. On the whole, this passage is about _________ . O A.how to put up high antennasO B.a way of picking up better TV programsOC. how to use the empty channels on your TVsetOthe way that TV signals are sentD.Passage 2In earliest times, men considered lightning to be one of the great mysteries of nature. Some ancient people believed that lightning and thunder were the weapons of the gods.In reality, lightning is a flow of electricityformed high above theearth. A singl e flash oflightning 1.6 kilometers long has enoughelectricity to light one millionlightbulbs.The American scientist and statesman, BenjaminFranklin, was the firstto showthe connectionbetween electricityand lightning in1752. In the same year he also builtthe firstlightningrod.O A. TV has begunto be used for educationalpurposesO B. there isno chargefor CATVO C. cable TV cannot be used in mountainous areas O D. antennas for cableTV are usually put up inthe centerofa community5. From the passage we can infer thatThis device protects buildings from damage by lightning .Modern science has discovered that one stroke of lighting contains more than 15 million volts. A spark between a cloud and the earth may be as long as 13 kilometers, and travel at a speed of 30 million meters per second.Scientists estimate that there are about 2000million flashes of lightning per year. Lightninghits the Empire State Building in New York City30 to 48 times a year. In the United States along it kills an average of one person every day.The safest place to be in case of an electrical storm is in a closed car. Outside, one should go to low ground and not get under trees. Also, one should stay out of water and away from metal fences. Inside a house, people should avoid open doorways and windows and not touch wires or metal things.With lightning, it is better to be safe than sorry!6. Lightning is really ___________________O A. weaponO B.electricityOC.lightOD.mystery7. People once though that lightning came fromO A. scientistsO B. groundOC. lightning rodOD.gods8. One flash of lightning can produce enough electricity for _ _____ bulbs.OA. 10,000O B.1,000O C. 1,000,000O D. 1009. Benjamin Franklin ______________O A. made the first lightningO B. invented electricityrodO C. built the Empire State BuildingO D. prevented Lightning from hitting10. ________ is the best place to be during anelectrical storm.O A. Swimming poolO B. a high groundO C. Under a treeO D. A carPassage 3Because of the energy crisis, scientists in theoil-consuming nations have become increasingly interested in the potential（潜在的) of solar energy. Some experts estimate that the present supply offossil （化石）fuel will not last until the endof the twentieth century. The problem that solar energy researchers face is how to harness （利用） the sun's energy effectively and inexpensively. One of the most popular methods currentlybeing testedcarsuses rooftop solar collectors and underground storage tanks. An advantage of a properly working system of this type is that it will not createany environmental pollution. Another advantage of using solar energy is that the cost of the fuel-the sun's rays-is zero. When a solar heating system is working at maximum （最大的） efficiency, it can provide up to 80 percent of winter heating needs.11. The main topic of this passage is ______________________ .O A. the shortage of fossil fuelO B. the problems that en ergy researchers faceO C. an environmental pollution problemO D. an inexpensive energy source12. One popular solar heating system makes use ofO A. roof collectors and un dergr ound storageO B. fossil fuel conversionO C. underground oil tanksO D. water collection and evaporationThe cost of using the sun's rays for heating 13.isO A. about the same as the cost of fossil fuels O B. several hundred dollars per yearO C. negligible compared with other energy sources O D. determined by the severity of the winter14. Which of the following describes an advantage of using solar energy?OThere is little or no environmental pollution A.O B. A large percentage of fuel costs can besaved.O C. Fossil fuels will become more plentiful.O D. The oil-consuming nations will not have to import oil.15. According to some experts, the supply of fossil fuel will not last . O A. one more centuryO B. an in determi nable timeO C. until the end of this centuryO D. indefinitely第二部分完成句子（25 分）根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。
2020职称英语答案：理工A(网友版)
2020职称英语答案：理工A(网友版) 2020职称英语答案：理工A(网友版)理工类(A级)试题第1部分：词汇选项1. I want to decent D.good2. Lower spur iB.encourage3. Steep stairs r hazard C.danger4. The project f diligent D.hardworking5. The two merge next year. bine6. He demolished m A.disproved7. Her father graceful manners. B.polite8. Regulaf immense C.great9. He was rather vague A.unclear10. He was appalling D.terrible11. I can't put up with C.tolerate12. I enjoyed funny A.humorous13. Your dog vigorous D.energetic14. Our turmoil. C.confusion15. Patricia resentment. B.anger第2部分：阅读判断Monarch without a Kingdom16 The 5，000 km A. Right17 The Monarch A. Right18 The Mexicans C. Not mentioned19 in bad winters about 70B. Wrong20 In early AprilA. Right21 Genetically B. Wrong22 Genetically C. Not mentioned第4部分：阅读理解 (第 31~45题,每题 3分 ,共 45分)第1篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright31. Which NOT A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.32. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding B What made our ancestors walk upright.33. Kyoto,Universitry’s study discovered tha t chimpanzees C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.34. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment? D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.35. What can we infer from the reading passage? D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.第2篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"36 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?C Because their activity affects the environment.37. As predators, antsA prey on small as well as large animals.38. Dir Sanders' study centered on how antsD produce such a big impact on the environment.39. What does paragraph 6 tell us?B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.40. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem?第6部分：完形填空Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk51 B.charge52C.suggest53 B.amount54 D. risk55B.charge56 B.enough57 A.unhealthy58 D.possibility59 A.degree60 D. like61 B.provided62C.custome63 A.measures64 B.wearing65 C.lowering更多推荐：。
2020年职称英语《理工A》阅读理解真题(文字版)
2020年职称英语《理工A》阅读理解真题(文字版) Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds wasinvestigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over thepast 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massivevolcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do.He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warmingthat followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera atthe time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent oneshardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused bythe impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.为了给考生提供更直观的真题答案解析，本站精心策划【】，请点击查看！Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical. Institute in Fran ce, says that Wignall’s idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power ofvolcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it isdifficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.。
2020年职称英语《理工类》模拟试题及答案(3)
2020年职称英语《理工类》模拟试题及答案(3)词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
答案一律涂在答题卡相对应的位置上。
1 Native American artwork and artifacts have been enthusiastically collected and studied abroad for a number of years.A eagerlyB periodicallyC thoroughlyD systematically2 Manufacturers spend millions of dollars on advertising to entice people to buy their products.A entertainB encounterC temptD force3 Enamel, the hardest substance in a human being's body, covers the entire crown of the tooth.A wholeB inseparableC superficialD main4 The Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of an epoch of exodus from rural areas to cities.A episodeB periodC migrationD story5 All gases and most liquids and solids expand when heated, but they do not expand equally.A simultaneouslyB randomlyC accuratelyD uniformly6 Pendulums are used to regulate motion in some scientific equipments.A laboratoriesB measurementsC apparatusesD experiments7 More than 89 of the buildings in Annapolis, Maryland, were erected before the Revolutionary War.A plannedB leveledC enlargedD constructed8 The North American desert, a vast belt of inhospitable terrain, stretches erratically down the western side of the continent.A endlesslyB irregularlyC ominouslyD longitudinally9 Scientists, who are now aware of how nautiluses regulate their buoyancy, have been able to dispel erroneous ideas about these creatures.A misconceptionsB misdemeanorsC misgivingsD misdirections10 George Washington Carver was esteemed for his contributions in the fields of botany and chemistry.A respectedB compensatedC criticizedD overlooked11 The five classic foot positions in ballet are the basis for the ethereal grace of the ballet dancer's art.A balancedB traditionalC disciplinedD delicate12 Molly Brown was labeled "unsinkable" after she helped to evacuate passengers from the ill-fated ship the Titanic.A anticipateB comfortC removeD shelter13 The painter Les Quinones, whose graffiti art has been exhibited in New York galleries, has also painted outdoor murals in various Manhattan neighborhoods.A soldB shownC keptD praised14 City dwellers are exhilarated by country air.A amazedB fannedC humbledD stimulated15 Today in the United States, adult educationfacilities face rising demand created by expanding leisure time.A relaxingB structuredC increasingD unused第一部分：1 A2 C3 A4 B5 D6 C7 D8 B9 A 10 A 11 D 12 C 13 B 14 D 15 C阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。
2020年职称英语考试真题理工类A级阅读理解(文字版)
2020年职称英语考试真题理工类A级阅读理解(文字版)Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds wasinvestigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over thepast 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massivevolcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do.He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warmingthat followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera atthe time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no massextinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused bythe impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical. Institute in France, says that Wignall’s idea is prov ocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power ofvolcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it isdifficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.Black Holes TriggerScientists have long understood that supermassive black holes weighing millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close.The black hotels gravity pullsharder on the nearest part of the star，an imbalance thatpulls the star apart over a period of minutes or hours，onceit gets close enough.Scientists say this Uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star.The strain of these unbalanced forces canalso trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroythe star from within.Matthieu Brassart and Jean-PierreLuminet of the Observatoire de Paris in Meudon，France1，carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such an unfortunate star‘s life，as it veered towards a supermassive black hole.When the star gets close enough，the uneven forcesflatten it into a pancake shape.Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart.But other studies had suggested that the picture would be complicated by shockwaves generated during the flattening process and that no nuclear explosion should occur.The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail，and found that even when their effects are included，the conditions favor a nuclear explo sion.“Therewill be an explosion of the star — it will be completely destroyed，” Brassart says. Although the explosionobliterates the star，it saves some of the star‘s matterfrom being devoured by the black hole.The explosion ispowerful enough to hurl mu ch of the star’s matter out of the black hole‘s reach，he says.The devouring of stars by black holes may already have been observed，although at a much later stage.It is thought that several months after the event that rips the star apart，its matter starts swirling into the hole itself.It heats upas it does so，releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays.If stars disrupted near black holes really do explode，then they could in principle allow these events to bedetected at a much earlier stage，says Jules Hatpern ofColumbia University in New York，US2.“It may make itpossible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough，” he says.Brassart agrees.“Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays，but it‘s something that needs to bemore studied，” he says.Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos，New Mexico，US3，says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate，and he is not sure whether the researchers have proven their case that they explode in the process.词汇：supermassive adj.特大质量的imbalance/im5bAlEns/n.不平衡，不平衡veer/ viE/v.转向，改变方向flatten/5flAtn/v.使成扁平，夷平pancake/5pAnkeik/n.薄煎饼obliterate/E5blitEreit/v.抹去，除去，消除devour/di5vauE（r）/v.吞没；毁灭swirl/swE：l/打旋，旋动gamma rays γ 射线supernova/7sju：pE5nEuvE/n.超新星。
2020职称英语考试真题及答案：理工类B级补全短文(文字版)
2020职称英语考试真题及答案：理工类B级补全短文(文字版)补全短文What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about thestrange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that thisnighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an importantpart of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us abouta person’s mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought thatdreams contained messages from God. ___E________(46)The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person tostudy dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are anexpression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people toexpress the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express inreal life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 wasonce a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose ofa dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. ______F_____(47) Forexample, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high anopinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroesmay learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to developtheories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life,thoughts, and behavior. ______C_____(48)Domhoff believes that there is a connectionbetween dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as muchas adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mentalskill that needs time todevelop.He has also found a link between dreams andgender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. ____A_______(49)This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this genderdifference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, includingboth modern andtraditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves?Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways._____D______(50)The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event willactually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is notthe real world.A. For example, the people in men's dreamsare often other men. and the dreams often involve fighting.B. Men and women dream about differentthings.C. A criminal, for example, might dreamabout crime.D. However, one thing they agree on this：If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn't panic.E. It was only in the twentieth centurythat people started to study dreams in a scientific way.F. He thought people could leam more aboutthemselves by thinking about their dreams.。
2009年职称英语理工类新增文章参考译文
2009年职称英语理工类教材新增部分内容参考译文第二部分阅读判断（两篇）第十二篇科学家研究预测地中海地区大地震公元365年，东部地中海地区发生特大地震和海啸，摧毁了亚历山大市，科学家们已经找到了证据证明：那里存在的一直被人忽视的断层，每隔800年就有可能就引发一次强地震和海啸。
通过运用放射性碳素技术和计算机仿真模型，研究者们重建了古代那场灾难，以便证实是断层引发了地震。
“我们认为每800年就会出现一次这种类型的地震。
”负责此项研究的剑桥大学地震学家贝丝·肖恩女士说道。
科学家们研究以往的地震，为的是确定未来出现同种大地震的可能性。
肖恩女士说：对于地中海地区上千万的居民来说，确定是断层引发了公元365年地震和海啸非常重要。
她在一次电话访问中进而补充说：克里特岛西南海岸附近的断层最后一次引发足以引起海啸的大地震是在公元1300年左右，这就意味着下一次强地震将在未来的l00年中出现。
肖恩女士说，她和她的同事测量了断层两侧的震动强度，并确定大规模地震多久发生一次才会引起这样的震动强度，从而推算出地震产生的大致间隔时间。
根据其计算机仿真模型显示，如果断层产生8级的震动，那么它引发的海啸就会淹没亚历山大市和北非的沿海地区、希腊和西西里岛的南部海岸、以及从亚得里亚海到杜布罗夫尼克的广大地区。
这个近似于公元365年摧毁大部分希腊地区的地震，当时地震引发的海啸吞噬了亚历山大市和尼罗河三角洲，造成了上千万人死亡。
第十五篇观测火星上的尘粒美国国家航空航天局的凤凰号火星登陆器通过其携带的望远镜观测到了迄今为止第一幅火星微粒的照片。
这次微粒的图象比以往任何拍摄地球以外的物质使用的放大率都要高。
据测成原形的微粒直径只有一千分尺，也就是一百万分之一米。
“此次观测需要清晰度最高的望远镜，同时要专门设计能够握持火星尘粒的设备。
”Pike说到，他是伦敦帝国学院凤凰号科学小组的成员之一。
“我们过去一直认为观察体积如此小的微粒是具有很高的挑战性的”。
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2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第十四篇
第十四篇 Primer on Smell
In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what
does the sense of smell do for us?
Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are，” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University
professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. 1 “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell，，，says Reed.
Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble —
spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert，，，offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.
With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very
intense emotion. Let’s say, for example，that the smell is purple petunias. 2 Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden.
You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor.
Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts?
That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells，about as many as a mouse.
Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a
human brain it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it，s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about
the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of yo ur thumb in a bloodhound.”
Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute?
Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. 4 A trained “nose，，，such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients.
“In a modes t amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.”
What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age?
Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. 5 Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,says Leopold.
词汇：
scent /sent/ n.气味，香味 petunia /pa^tjurnia/ n. _ 队花olfactory /DlTaekt(0)ri/ adj.嗔觉的，味道的 sniff/snif v.嗔，闻，用力吸
注释：
1. bring out：使显出，使变得明显
2. warn of：发出关于的警告。
wamsb. ofsth.：警告某人某事。