考研数学三-多元函数微积分学(一).doc

考研数学三-多元函数微积分学(一)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section Ⅰ Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a (an) (1) for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it (2) a variety of functions in human life.The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the (3) of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest. (4) by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly (5) themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the (6) of violence in the media and its (7) harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media (8) , such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media, (9) television, (10) public concern and research attention.Another large societal concern on our young generation (11) by the media, is body image. (12) forces can influence body image positively or negatively. (13) one, societaland cultural norms and mass media marketing (14) our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of (15) beauty fill magazines and newspapers, (16) from our televisions and entertain us (17) the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media (18) on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a (19) defined standard of attractiveness, a(n) (20) that carries unrealistic physical expectations.（分数：10.00）(1).[A] alternative [B] preference [C] substitute [D] representative（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).[A] accomplishes [B] fulfills [C] provides [D] suffices（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).[A] risk [B] mercy [C] height [D] expense（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).[A] Absorbed [B] Attracted [C] Aroused [D] Addicted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).[A] identify [B] recognize [C] unify [D] equate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.(6).[A] abundance [B] incidence [C] prevalence [D] recurrence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).[A] disposed [B] hidden [C] implicit [D] potential（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).[A] merged [B] emerged [C] immerged [D] submerged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).[A] apart from [B] much as [C] but for [D] along with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).[A] promote [B] propel [C] prompt [D] prosper（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).[A] inspired [B] imposed [C] delivered [D] contributed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).[A] External [B] Exterior [C] Explicit [D] Exposed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).[A] As [B] At [C] For [D] In（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).[A] mark [B] effect [C] impact [D] shock（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).[A] generalized [B] regularized [C] standardized [D] categorized（分数：0.50）A.B.D.(16).[A] boom [B] bottom [C] brim [D] beam（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).[A] over [B] with [C] on [D] at（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).[A] play [B] take [C] profit [D] resort（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).[A] barely [B] carefully [C] narrowly [D] subjectively（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).[A] ideal [B] image [C] stereotype [D] criterion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Ⅱ Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Children attending schools located in high-traffic zones have a 45 percent increased risk of developing asthma, even though time spent at school only accounts for about one-third of a child's waking hours, according to new research.Asthma is the most common chronic childhood illness in developed countries and has been linked to environmental factors such as traffic-related air pollution. "While residentialtraffic-related pollution has been associated with asthma, there has been little study of the effects of traffic exposure at school on new onset asthma," says Rob McConnell, professor of preventive medicine at USC's Keck School of Medicine. "Exposure to pollution at locations other than home, especially where children spend a large portion of their day and may engage in physical activity, appears to influence asthma risk as well."The study appears online in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. The study drew upon data from the Children's Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal study of children in Southern California communities that was designed to investigate the chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory health. Using a cohort of 2 497 kindergarten and first grade children who were asthma-free when they entered the study, researchers examined the relationship of local traffic around schools and homes to diagnosis new onset asthma that occurred during three years of follow-up. Traffic-related pollution exposure was assessed based on a model that took into account traffic volume, distance to major roadways from home and school and local weather conditions.Regional ambient ozone, nitrogen dioxide (二氧化氮) and particulate matter were measured continuously at one central site in each of the 13 study communities. The design allowed investigators to examine the joint effects of local traffic-related pollution exposure at school and at home and of regional pollution exposure affecting the entire community. Researchers found 120 cases of new asthma. The risk associated with traffic-related pollution exposure at schools was almost as high as for residential exposure, and combined exposure accounting for time spent at home and at school had a slightly larger effect. Although children spend less time at school than at home, physical education, and other activities that take place at school may increase ventilation rates and the dose of pollutants getting into the lungs, McConnell notes.Traffic-related pollutant levels may also be higher during the morning hours when children are arriving at school.Despite a state law that prohibits school districts from building campuses within 500 feet of a freeway, many Southern California schools are located near high-traffic areas, including busy surface streets."It's important to understand how these micro-environments where children spent a lot of their time outside of the home are impacting their health," McConnell says. "Policies that reduce exposure to high-traffic environments may help to prevent this disease. " The study was funded by grants from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, and the Hastings Foundation.（分数：10.00）(1).Which one is NOT the reason that children increase risk of developing asthma?[A] There exists traffic-related pollution. [B] Schools are located in heavy-traffic areas.[C] Children are frequently exposed to pollution. [D] The vehicles increase rapidly.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What kind of illness does "asthma" belong to?[A] Mental sickness. [B] Respiratory disease. [C] Influenza. [D] Infectious disease.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We can infer from McConnell's view that______.[A] there has been little study of the residential traffic-related pollution[B] activities that take place at school may increase the risk of asthma[C] traffic-related pollutant level is lower during the morning hours[D] frequent exposure to outdoors appears to influence the risk of asthma（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The method of preventing asthma is to______.[A] reduce exposure to schools [B] do more activities at home[C] reduce exposure to heavy traffic zones [D] understand the micro-environments（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?[A] In Southern California, many schools are located near heavy traffic zones.[B] The study was carried out by many organizations.[C] Rob McConnell is the leader of the study.[D] Asthma is the most common chronic childhood illness around the world.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanley's Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the "global labour arbitrage" is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centres that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.Alan Blinder, an economist at Princeton University, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so, the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages.Moreover, says Mr. Blinder, education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates has fallen by 6% since 9000, a bigger decline than in average wages.In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled Workers widened significantly. But since then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardised skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer, at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C., confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers innon-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.（分数：10.00）(1).To offshore services that were once non-tradable results from ______.[A] the blue-collar job market[B] the geographic location of the underdeveloped world[C] the fierce competition among skilled workers[D] the dive of telecoms fee（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring?[A] Service-sector has sustained a great loss.[B] White-collar workers will not have a narrow escape.[C] Most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring.[D] Outsourcing abroad has no significant impact.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, Forrester Research Prediction might be different if ______.[A] outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter much[B] the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise[C] more comprehensive factors are taken into account[D] education improvement in emerging economies plays a role（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on ______.[A] the standard retort to the arguments[B] off-shoring and the resulting income[C] the future off-shoring[D] the counter-measures at hand（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following could be the best title for the text?[A] Business consulting.[B] Blue-collar jobs.[C] Non-tradable services.[D] White-collar blues.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Supporters of abortion rights held a lunch recently in honor of a momentous victory for their cause: 40 years ago, New York became the first state to fully legalize abortion. That 1970 law began to reduce the death and injury toll from back-alley abortions and set the stage for the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision in 1973, which made abortion legal nationwide and recognized a constitutional right to privacy.But abortion-rights groups are newly anxious about new assaults on women's reproductive rights, including a fight over abortion that snarled the last days of the health care reform debate. Anti-abortion groups are newly emboldened. Kelli Conlin, head of Naral Pro-Choice New York, told guests at the lunch that "anti-choice forces are mobilizing in every single state to limit a woman's access to abortion in more insidious ways than we can imagine. "As Ms. Conlin was speaking, members of the Oklahoma House were getting ready to override vetoes of two punishing abortion measures. The state's Democratic governor, Brad Henry, rightly viewed these intrusions into women's lives and decision-making as unconstitutional. One of the measures, which seems destined to spawn copycat bills in other states, requires women to undergo an ultrasound before getting an abortion and further mandates that a doctor or technician set up the monitor so the woman can see it and hear a detailed description of the fetus. The other law grants protection from lawsuits to doctors who deliberately withhold fetal testing results that might affect a woman's decision about whether to carry her pregnancy to term.Several states have either passed or are considering bills that would ban abortion coverage in insurance plans sold through the state exchanges established by the federal health care law. A new Utah law criminalizes certain behavior by women that results in miscarriage. Embarking on a road that could lead to the Supreme Court, Nebraska last month banned most abortions at the 20th week of pregnancy based on a questionable theory of fetal pain. About two dozen states are looking at bills to increase counseling requirements or waiting periods prior to abortions. About 20 states are considering new ultrasound requirements. "One in three women in this country will have an abortion in her lifetime, and yet we're having exactly the same discussions and debates we were having forty years ago," Ms. Conlin said.Anti-abortion forces aim ultimately to make abortion illegal. So far, by reducing the number of abortion providers, making insurance coverage more expensive and harder to get, and throwing up other obstacles, they have primarily succeeded in making it harder for women of modest and meager means to obtain a safe and legal medical procedure.The painful decision to end a pregnancy should be made in private between a woman and her doctor —not in politically driven debate among members of Congress and state legislatures.（分数：10.00）(1).The Supreme Court's 1973 decision was important because[A] it made anti-abortion groups launch fiercer assaults.[B] it confirmed women's private rights to reproduction.[C] it put the 1970 law of New York state into wide application.[D] it marked the end of the efforts by abortion-rights groups.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Members of the Oklahoma House were trying to[A] make a similar law to that of the New York state.[B] beat anti-choice forces in their mobilization.[C] formulate two measures for punishing abortion.[D] make matters of abortion difficult for women.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Utah and Nebraska are mentioned to show[A] it is illegal for the two states to ban abortion coverage in insurance.[B] the states have no right in criminalizing abortion or miscarriage.[C] some states use subtle ways to restrict women's access to abortion.[D] many laws should be made by the Supreme Court, not by state legislatures.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an anti-abortion endeavor?[A] Specifying the conditions under which abortion can occur.[B] Reducing or banning abortion coverage in insurance plans.[C] Allowing one in three women to undergo abortion.[D] Raising the amount of abortion insurance coverage.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the author, the anti-abortion forces have done nothing but[A] spreading peril for women's privacy and freedom.[B] increasing insurance coverage for pregnant women.[C] obtaining safe and legal medical procedure for women.[D] ending pregnant women's pain in decision making.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)With a series of well-timed deals, private-equity firms are giving traditional media- managers cause to be envious. The Warner Music transaction, in which Edgar Bronfman junior and three private-equity firms paid Time Warner $ 2.6 billion for the unit in 2003, is already judged a financial triumph for the buyers. Their success is likely to draw still more private-equity into the industry. And the investments are likely to get bigger: individual private-equity funds are growing--a $10 billion fund is likely this year--so even the biggest media firms could come within range, especially if private-equity investors club together.Some private-equity firms have long put money in media assets, but mostly reliable, relatively obscure businesses with stable cash flows. Now, some of them are placing big strategic bets on the more volatile bits, such as music and movies. And they are currently far more confident than the media old guard that the advertising cycle is about to turn sharply upwards.One reason why private-equity is making its presence felt in media is that it has a lot of money to invest. Other industries are feeling its weight too. But private-equity's buying spree (狂购乱买) reveals a lot about the media business in particular. Media conglomerates( 联合公司) lack the confidence to make big acquisitions, after the last wave of deals went wrong. Executives at Time Warner, for instance, which disastrously merged with AOL in 2000, wanted to buy MGM, a movie studio, but the board (it is said) were too nervous. Instead, private- equity firms combined withSony, a consumer-electronics giant, to buy MGM late last year.Private-equity's interest also reflects the fact that revenue growth in media businesses such as broadcast TV and radio is now hard to come by. The average annual growth rate for 12 categories of established American media businesses in 1998-2003, excluding the internet, was just 3.4% , says Veronis Suhler Stevenson, an investment bank. Private-equity puts a higher value onlow-growth, high cashflow assets than the public stockmarket, says Jonathan Nelson, founder of Providence Equity Partners, a media-focused private-equity firm.What private-equity men now bring to the media business, they like to think, is financial discipline plus an enthusiastic attitude towards new technology. Old-style media managers, claim the newcomers, are still in denial about how technology is transforming their industry. Traditional media managers grudgingly agree that, so far, private-equity investors are doing very nicely indeed from their entertainment deals. The buyers of Warner Music have already got back most of their $ 2.6 billion from the firm by cutting costs, issuing debt and making special payouts to shareholders. This year, its investors are expected to launch an initial public offering, which could bring them hundreds of millions more.（分数：10.00）(1).The best title for the text might be[A] Private-Equity and the Media Industry.[B] Private-Equity and Traditional Media Managers.[C] Private-Equity's Role in Economic Development.[D] Private-Equity Has Much Profit to Make.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Traditional media managers might be envious because[A] Warner Music was acquired by private-equity firms at a very low price.[B] private-equity firms seem to be benefiting a lot from recent acquisitions.[C] more and more private-equity firms are entering the media industry.[D] even the biggest media firms could be acquired by private-equity firms.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word "volatile" ( paragraph 2 ) most probably means[A] changeable. [B] stable. [C] versatile. [D] expensive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the text that[A] private-equity pays more attention to fast growing industries.[B] newcomers deny the fact that technology is vital to media industry.[C] traditional media managers often deny the importance of technology.[D] the public stock market accentuates business with more cashflow.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The case of the executives at Time Warner was cited to show that[A] it was a big disaster for them to have merged with AOL in 2000.[B] the board of Time Warner was not qualified to lead the company.[C] MGM would give its buyer a sharper competitive edge.[D] leading media companies were "once bitten, twice shy".（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.八、Part B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.English has become the world's number one language in the 20th century. In every country where English is not the native language, especially in the Third World, people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities, if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries. 41．______A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English. For example, it has wiped out Hawaiian, Welsh, Scotch Gaelic, Irish, native American languages, and many others. Luckily, some of these languages are now being revived, such as Hawaiian and Welsh, and these languages will live again, hopefully, if dedicated people continue their work of reviving them. 42．______If this situation continues, the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities, particularly as a medium of instruction in schools.43．______According to many studies, only around 20 to 25 percent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction (English) as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English, they are already knowledgeable. These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders deliver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leaders' speeches because they are made in a foreign language.All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities, including education. From a psychological point of view, those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view, the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start. 44.There is nothing wrong, however, in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education.45.[A] But many people are concerned that English's dominance will destroy native languages.[B] But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one's native language first, then go abroad to have a university education in a foreign language.[C] Suppose you work in a big firm and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen. Now you are looking for a place where you can improve your English, especially your spoken English.[D] Nonetheless, a world full of different languages will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education, trade andeven politics continues.[E] Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants.[F] Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers. You may find the information you need.[G] The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving75 percent of their future leaders of a proper education.（分数：10.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________九、Part C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Our daily existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work many hours a day and we allow the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping. 46) The rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment.We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. 47) It is, I suppose, the decline of active play —of amateur sport —and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure "viewing" television programs, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition, we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48) There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them.49) It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work.Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing.50) There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 十、Section Ⅲ Writing(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十一、Part A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)。